1.

Atoms, elements and compounds

Key objective
BONDING, STRUCTURE & THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER
I can describe 2 features of solids, liquids and gases.

I do
Carbon can exist in a number of different structures.

Figure 1 shows an atom of carbon.

Figure 1

Describe the atomic structure of this carbon atom.

You should include the number of electrons, neutrons and protons.

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(6)
We do

Five elements, V, W, X, Y and Z, are shown in the periodic table.

The letters are not the chemical symbols of the five elements.

Use the correct letter, V, W, X, Y or Z, to answer each question.

(a) Which element is a transition metal?

(1)

(b) Which element is in Group 2?

(1)

(c) Which element is a noble gas?

(1)

(d) Which element has an atomic (proton) number of 4?

(1)

(e) Which element forms only 1+ ions?

(1)
You do

The table gives the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in some atoms and ions of
elements. The letters used in the table are not the chemical symbols of the elements.

Use this information to answer the following questions.

Each letter can be used once, more than once or not at all.

(a) Give the letters of:

(i) two atoms of the same element; ______________ and ______________

(ii) a positive ion; ______________

(iii) a negative ion; ______________

(iv) an atom or ion which has a mass number of 20; ______________

(v) an atom of a very reactive metal; ______________

(5)

(b) How many electrons does an atom with an atomic number of 12 have?

____________________________
(1)

(c) (i) X is an ion. In which group of the periodic table is the element from which
X is formed?

____________________________
(1)

(ii) From the table above, give the letter of another atom which reacts in a similar
way to the element from which ion X is formed.

____________________________
(1)
Independent task

Q1.
There are eight elements in the second row (lithium to neon) of the periodic table.

(a) Figure 1 shows a lithium atom.

(i) What is the mass number of the lithium atom in Figure 1?

Tick (✔) one box.

(1)

(ii) What is the charge of an electron?

Tick (✔) one box.

–1

+1

(1)
(iii) Protons are in the nucleus.

Which other sub-atomic particles are in the nucleus?

Tick (✔) one box.

ions

molecules

neutrons

(1)

(b) What is always different for atoms of different elements?

Tick (✔) one box.

number of
neutrons

number of protons

number of shells

(1)

(c) Figure 2 shows the electron arrangements of three different atoms, X, Y and Z.

These atoms are from elements in the second row (lithium to neon) of the periodic table.
Which atom is from an element in Group 3 of the periodic table?

Tick (✔) one box.

Atom X

Atom Y

Atom Z

(1)

(d) Figure 3 shows the electron arrangement of a different atom from an element in the
second row of the periodic table.

(i) Give the chemical symbol of this element.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Why is this element unreactive?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Q5.
(a) The electronic arrangements of six elements are shown in the diagrams below. They
are labelled A-F. Each electron is shown by an x.
(i) Which element is in group 6 of the periodic table?

_______________________

(1)

(ii) Three of the elements are metals.

Give the letters of two elements which are metals.

_______________________
(1)

(b) When element B reacts with another element, each atom of B loses its outer
electron to leave an ion with a full outer shell of electrons.

What will be the charge on the ion formed from an atom of element B?

_______________________

(1)
Challenge
The diagrams represent three stable atoms with complete outer shells.

Lithium fluoride is formed when lithium reacts with fluorine. Lithium fluoride is made of
lithium ions, Li+, and fluoride ions, F–. Its formula is LiF.
The arrangement of electrons around Li+ is like the arrangement around helium.
The arrangement of electrons around F– is like the arrangement around neon.

(a) The atomic number of potassium is 19. Potassium fluoride is formed when potassium
reacts with fluorine.

Write the symbol for a potassium ion.

_______________________
(1)

(b) Oxygen atoms have six outer electrons.

(i) Write the symbol for an oxide ion.

_______________________
(1)

(ii) Write the formula for potassium oxide.

_______________________
(1)

(c) Magnesium has two outer electrons.

(i) Write the formula for magnesium fluoride.

_______________________
(1)

(ii) Write the formula for magnesium oxide.

_______________________
(1)
 2. Conservation of Mass

Key objective
QUANTITATIVE CHEMISTRY
I can calculate masses of simple compounds.

I do

(a) Magnesium burns in oxygen, forming magnesium oxide.

This equation represents the reaction.

Mg (s) + O2 (g) → MgO (s)

(i) Balance the equation.

(1)

(ii) Give the meaning of the state symbols (s) and (g).

(s) _______________________

(g) _______________________
(2)

(b) Use the Formulae of Some Common Ions table on the Data Sheet to help you to
answer this question.

Magnesium also reacts with chlorine to form magnesium chloride.

Give the formula of magnesium chloride _________________________________

(1)

We do

A student investigated the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulfate solution and
hydrochloric acid.

Figure 1 shows the apparatus used.

Figure 1
 When hydrochloric acid is added to sodium thiosulfate solution, the mixture gradually
becomes cloudy.

A smaller percentage of light from the light source reaches the light sensor as the mixture
becomes more cloudy.

This is the method used.

1.  Measure 50 cm3 of sodium thiosulfate solution into the beaker.

2.  Add 10 cm3 of hydrochloric acid to the sodium thiosulfate solution.

3.  Immediately start a timer.

4.  Record the percentage of light from the light source that reaches the light sensor
every 20 seconds for 120 seconds.

(a)  Balance the equation for this reaction.

Na S O + 2 HCl → ____ NaCl + H O + SO + S

2 2 3 2 2

(1)

(b) State the Law of conservation of mass.

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(3)
You do

Balance the following equations and fill in the checks.

a.

Zn + HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

Left Right

Zn

Cl

b.

CaO + HCl → CaCl2 + H2O

Left Right

Ca

Cl
Independent task

Q1.
(a) The chemical formula for hydrochloric acid is HCl.
The chemical formula for sodium hydroxide is NaOH.

When they react together, two products are formed.

The chemical formula for one product is NaCl.

(i) Complete the word equation below with the names of both products.
(1)

(ii) On the dotted line, give the chemical formula of the other product.

sodium + hydrochloric _______________ + _______________

hydroxide acid
NaOH HCl NaCl ...............
(2)

(b) In experiment 1, Molly put two beakers on a balance.

One contained 20 cm3 of hydrochloric acid.
The other contained 20 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.
The total mass was 163.5 g.

She poured the acid onto the sodium hydroxide. They reacted.
Why did the reading on the balance not change?

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______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) In experiment 2, Molly put two beakers on a balance.

One contained 20 cm3 of hydrochloric acid.
The other contained 5 g of sodium carbonate.

She poured the acid onto the sodium carbonate. They reacted.
Two of the products are the same as in experiment 1.

(i) Complete the word equation with the names of the three products.

sodium + hydrochloric → ___________ + ___________ + ___________

carbonate acid
(1)

(ii) The total mass at the start was 149.0 g.

When the reaction stopped, the reading on the balance was 147.0 g.

Why was there a loss of mass in this reaction?

______________________________________________________________

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(1)

Q2.
A science teacher showed her class three experiments, A, B and C.
The experiments and the word equations for the reactions that took place are shown
below.
All the experiments were done in a fume cupboard.
(a) From the substances in experiments A, B and C, above, give the name of:

(i) one metallic element;

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) one non-metallic element;

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) two compounds.

__________________ and __________________

(1)

(b) In experiment B, the iron filings weighed 2.0 g at the beginning of the experiment
and the iron sulphide produced weighed 2.8 g.

Explain this increase in mass.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Complete the word equation for the chemical reaction in experiment C.

copper + chlorine ? _________________________________________

(1)

Q3.
Shuli investigated differences between physical and chemical changes.

She put three chemicals in separate crucibles and weighed each one.
She heated each crucible as shown below.
She weighed each crucible again when it had cooled down.
 She recorded her observations in a table as shown below.

experiment name of observations change

chemical in
mass

A magnesium The silvery increase

(a silvery solid) magnesium burned
brightly in air.
A white powder was
formed.

B potassium The purple crystals decrease

permanganate crackled and turned
(purple crystals) black.
A colourless gas
was given off.

C zinc oxide The white powder no change

(a white powder) turned pale yellow
on heating.
It turned white again
on cooling.

(a) (i) In experiment A, magnesium reacts with a gas in the air.

Complete the word equation for the reaction in experiment A.

magnesium + _______________________ → _______________________

(2)

(ii) Explain the increase in mass in experiment A. Use your word equation to help you.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The gas given off in experiment B re-lit a glowing splint.

Give the name of this gas.

______________________________________________
(1)

(c) Name the white powder left at the end of experiment C.

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(1)
 (d) In each experiment, did a chemical change or a physical change take place?
Tick one box for each experiment.

experiment chemical physical

change change

C
(1)

Challenge

Another fraction obtained from crude oil is petrol.

(a)  Petrol contains a hydrocarbon with the formula C9H20

Complete the equation for the complete combustion of C9H20

You should balance the equation.

C H + __________ → __________ + __________

9 20

(2)

(b)  Petrol obtained from crude oil contains sulfur impurities.

Explain why sulfur impurities are removed before petrol is burned in car engines.

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(2)
 3. Conservation Of Mass II

Key objective 3. QUANTITATIVE CHEMISTRY

I can calculate masses of simple compounds.

I do

This question is about silver iodide.

Silver iodide is produced in the reaction between silver nitrate solution and sodium iodide solution.

The equation for the reaction is:

AgNO3(aq) + NaI(aq) → AgI(s) + NaNO3(aq)

(a)  A student investigated the law of conservation of mass.

This is the method used.

1.   Pour silver nitrate solution into a beaker labelled A.
2.   Pour sodium iodide solution into a beaker labelled B.
3.   Measure the masses of both beakers and their contents.
4.   Pour the solution from beaker B into beaker A.
5.   Measure the masses of both beakers and their contents again.

The table below shows the student’s results.

Mass before mixing in g Mass after mixing in g

Beaker A and contents 78.26 108.22

Beaker B and contents 78.50 48.54

Explain how the results demonstrate the law of conservation of mass.

You should use data from the table above in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

We Do

Another student also tests the law of conservation of mass using the same method.

The student uses a different reaction.

This is the equation for the reaction.

Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCI(aq) ⟶ 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(I)

Explain why this student’s results would not appear to support the law of conservation of mass.
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
You Do

A student also tests the law of conservation of mass, the initial mass was 150g, the final mass was 136g.

This is the equation for the reaction.

Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCI(aq) ⟶ 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(I)
Explain why this student’s results would not appear to support the law of conservation of mass
using values.

___________________________________________________________________

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(3)

Independent work

1. A pupil heated 2g of copper carbonate strongly. The chemical reaction which took place is
represented by the equation:
CuCO3(s) → CuO(s) + CO2(g)

a) What type of reaction is this chemical reaction?

___________________________________________________________________

(1)
b) Name the reactant in this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
c) Name the products in this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

(1)
d) How many different elements are there in CuCO3 ? Name them.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
(1)
e) Which of the substances in this chemical reaction are solids? How do you know?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
(2)
f) Which of the substances in this chemical reaction are gases? How do you know?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
(2)

g) Explain why this chemical reaction may appear to go against the law of conservation of mass.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
(1)

2. A pupil heated a piece of magnesium ribbon strongly. The chemical reaction which took
place is represented by the equation:
2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)

a) What type of reaction is this chemical reaction? (1) C____________

b) Name the reactants in this reaction. (1) Hint: this is the left hand side of the equation

M____________ and o_____________.

c) Name the product in this reaction. (1) Hint: this is the right hand side of the equation

M____________ o_________.

d) How many different elements are there in MgO? Name them.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
(2)

e) Which of the substances in this chemical reaction are solids? How do you know?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
(2)

f) Which of the substances in this chemical reaction are gases? How do you know?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
(2)
 g) Explain why this chemical reaction may appear to go against the law of conservation of
mass.(1)

The reaction appears to go against the law of conservation of mass because one of the
____________ (reactants/products) is a gas. This would mean the reaction would appear to
___________ (gain/lose) mass. You cannot measure the mass of a _______ (gas/solid).

3. (a) A pupil heated 1.24 g of copper carbonate strongly. The chemical reaction which took place
is represented by the equation:

CuCO3(s) → CuO(s) + CO2(g)

After the solid which remained had cooled, he weighed it.

He found that its mass was 0.80 g.

(i) Why did the pupil find a decrease in mass in this experiment?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) He then heated the 0.80 g of solid again. When he weighed it after cooling, its mass was
still 0.80 g. Explain why it had not changed in mass this time. Hint: law of conservation of
mass.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) (i) In another experiment, he burnt magnesium ribbon in air. He found that the mass of
the powder formed was greater than the original mass of the ribbon. Explain this.

When magnesium reacts with oxygen it produces m________ o________.

The powder contains o________ as well as the m__________.

(1)
Challenge
Formulae and equations are used to describe chemical reactions.
(a) Aluminium reacts with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to produce aluminium sulfate,
Al2(SO4)3 and hydrogen (H2).

Complete and balance the equation for this reaction.

____Al + _____________ _____________ + ____________

(2)
(b) Zinc carbonate decomposes when heated.
A student heated 25 g zinc carbonate (ZnCO3).
The figure below shows how he set up the apparatus.

The balanced chemical equation for the decomposition reaction is:

ZnCO3 (s) ZnO (s) + CO2 (g)

The student measured the mass of solid product after heating until there was no
further change in mass.

The student did the experiment four times. The table below shows the results.

Experiment 1 2 3 4

Mass of solid product in g 17.4 19.7 17.6 16.9

Calculate the mean mass of the solid product.

Do not use any anomalous results in your calculation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mean mass = _________________ g

(2)

(c) Explain why this reaction may appear to not abide by the law of conservation of
mass.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
 4. Relative Formula Mass

Key objective
QUANTITATIVE CHEMISTRY
I can calculate masses of simple compounds.

I do
Show that the relative formula mass of the reactants is equal to the relative formula mass of the
products.
SF2O3 + 3F2 → SF6

Relative atomic masses (Ar): S = 32; F = 19

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________
(4)

We Do

Calculate the relative formula mass (Mr) of gold chloride (AuCl3).

Relative atomic masses (Ar): Cl = 35.5 Au = 197

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Relative formula mass (Mr) = _______________

(2)
You do

Calculate the relative formula mass (Mr) of magnesium fluoride (MgF2).

Relative atomic masses (Ar): F = 19  Mg = 24

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Relative formula mass (Mr) = _______________

(2)

Independent work

Q1.
The formula for the chemical compound magnesium sulphate is MgSO4.

Calculate the relative formula mass (Mr)of this compound. (Show your working.)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Q2.
Follow the steps to find the percentage of iron in iron oxide.

Relative atomic masses: O 16; Fe 56.

(i) Step 1

Calculate the relative formula mass of iron oxide, Fe2O3.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Step 2

Calculate the total relative mass of just the iron atoms in the formula, Fe2O3.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Step 3

Calculate the percentage (%) of iron in the iron oxide, Fe2O3.

___________________________________________________________________

Percentage of iron _________________ %

(1)

Q3.

Iron chloride has the formula FeCl3

Relative atomic masses (Ar): Cl = 35.5; Fe = 56.

(i) Calculate the relative formula mass (Mr) of iron chloride (FeCl3).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Relative formula mass (Mr) of iron chloride = ___________________

(2)

(ii) Calculate the percentage of iron in iron chloride (FeCl3).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Percentage of iron in iron chloride = _________________________%

(2)
Q4.
Calcium carbonate CaCO3 tablets are used to treat people with calcium deficiency.

(a) Calculate the relative formula mass (Mr) of calcium carbonate.

Relative atomic masses: C = 12; O = 16; Ca = 40.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Relative formula mass = _______________

(2)

Q5. A metal oxide has a relative formula mass (Mr) of 81. The formula of this metal oxide is XO. X is not
the correct symbol for the metal. The relative atomic mass (Ar) of oxygen is 16. Calculate the relative
atomic mass (Ar) of metal X.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Relative atomic mass (Ar) = _________

Use your answer to part 1 and the periodic table on the Data Sheet to name metal X.
(1)

The name of metal X is ______________

Swimming pools are treated in order to kill microbes. One type of treatment is adding calcium
hypochlorite tablets to the water. Calcium hypochlorite formula is CaCl2O2

Calculate the relative formula mass (Mr) of calcium hypochlorite.

Relative atomic masses: O = 16; Cl = 35.5; Ca = 40.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Relative formula mass (Mr) of calcium hypochlorite = _________________

(2)
Challenge

Show that the relative formula mass of the reactants is equal to the relative formula mass of the
products

2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl

Relative atomic masses (Ar): Na = 23; Cl = 35.5

___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________
(4)
 5. Relative Formula Mass II

Key objective
QUANTITATIVE CHEMISTRY
I can calculate masses of simple compounds.

I do
This question is about atomic structure and the periodic table.

Gallium (Ga) is an element that has two isotopes.

(a)  Give the meaning of ‘isotopes’.

You should answer in terms of subatomic particles.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Calculate the relative formula mass (Mr) of gold chloride Ca(OH)2.

Relative atomic masses (Ar): Ca =40 O = 16 H=1

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Relative formula mass (Mr) = _______________

(2)
We Do

Calculate the relative formula mass (Mr) of gold chloride (NH3).

Relative atomic masses (Ar): H = 1 N = 14

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Relative formula mass (Mr) = _______________

(2)
You do

Calculate the relative formula mass (Mr) of gold chloride (K2CO3).

Relative atomic masses (Ar): K = 39, C = 12, O = 16

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Relative formula mass (Mr) = _______________

(2)
Independent work
An atom of element Y has:
•   an atomic number of 9
•   a mass number of 19.

Give the number of electrons and the number of neutrons in this atom. Choose answers from the
box.

1 9 10 19 28

Number of electrons _______________

Number of neutrons ________________

(2)

The table below shows information about two isotopes of element Z.

Mass number Percentage

abundance (%)

Isotope A 39 93.3

Isotope B 41 6.7

(c)  Calculate the relative atomic mass (Ar) of element Z.

Use the table above and the equation:

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

___________________________________________________________________

Ar (3 significant figures) = _______________

(3)
(d)  Suggest the identity of element Z.

Use the periodic table.

Element Z ____________________
(1)

(e)  Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

electrons neutrons protons

Isotopes of the same element have different mass numbers because the isotopes

have different numbers of _______________.

(1)
f) Calculate the relative formula mass, Mr, of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2.

(Ar of Ca = 40, Ar of O = 16, Ar of H = 1)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Relative formula mass = _______________

(2)

g) Calculate the relative formula mass, Mr, of magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2.

(Ar of Mg = 24, Ar of N = 14, Ar of O = 16)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Relative formula mass = _______________

(2)
h) Calculate the relative formula mass, Mr, of calcium hydroxide, Zn(CN)2.

(Ar of Zn= 65, Ar of C = 12, Ar of N = 14)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Relative formula mass = _______________

(2)

I) Calculate the relative formula mass, Mr, of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2.

(Ar of Ca= 40, Ar of O = 16, Ar of H = 1)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Relative formula mass = _______________

(2)

Challenge

Two isotopes of potassium are shown.

Explain what is meant by isotopes. You must include numbers of electrons, neutrons
and protons in your explanation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)