Q1.

This question is about the periodic table of elements.

Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer these questions.

In 1869 Dmitri Mendeleev produced an early version of the periodic table.

(a)     Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.

(i)      Mendeleev first arranged the elements in order of

 
atomic weight.

their date of discovery.

electron number.

(1)

(ii)     Mendeleev then placed elements with similar properties in columns

 
groups.

called periods.

shells.

(1)

(iii)    When the next element did not fit the pattern,

 
ignored the element.

Mendeleev left a gap.

put the element at the end of the row.

(1)

(iv)    Mendeleev was not able to include the noble gases (Group 0) in his periodic
 
are not elements.

table because the noble gases are not reactive.

had not been discovered by 1869.

(1)

(b)     Use the correct word from the box to complete each sentence.

Page 1 of 80
 
electrons molecules neutrons protons

In the modern periodic table elements are arranged in order of the number of

______________________ in their nucleus. Elements in the same group have the

same number of ______________________ in their highest energy level

(outer shell).
(2)

(c)     Sodium (Na) is in Group 1 of the periodic table.

Nickel (Ni) is a transition element.

Tick ( ) two correct statements about sodium and nickel.

 
Statement Tick ( )

Sodium and nickel are both metals.  

Sodium has a higher melting point than

 
nickel.

Sodium is more reactive than nickel.  

Sodium is harder than nickel.  

(2)

(d)     Chlorine, bromine and iodine are in Group 7 of the periodic table.

Chlorine is more reactive than bromine.

(i)      Complete the word equation for the reaction between chlorine and sodium
bromide.

            chlorine    +    sodium bromide         ____________    +    sodium chloride

(1)

(ii)     Why does iodine not react with sodium bromide solution?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q2.
The positions of eight elements in the modern periodic table are shown below.

Page 2 of 80
  

Choose the correct chemical symbols to complete each sentence.

(a)     The two metals that react vigorously with water are ____________ and

____________ .
(1)

(b)     The element used as a catalyst in the Haber process is ____________ .

(1)

(c)     The two elements with five electrons in their outer shell (highest energy

level) are ____________ and ____________ .

(1)

(d)     Iron has ions with different charges.

The other metal that has ions with different charges is ____________ .
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

Q3.
In 1866 John Newlands produced an early version of the periodic table.

Part of Newlands’ periodic table is shown below.

 
Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

  H Li Be B C N O

  F Na Mg Al Si P S

  Cl K Ca Cr Ti Mn Fe

Newlands’ periodic table arranged all the known elements into columns in order of their
atomic weight.

Page 3 of 80
 Newlands was trying to show a pattern by putting the elements into columns.

(a)     Iron (Fe) does not fit the pattern in column 7.

Give a reason why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     In 1869 Dmitri Mendeleev produced his version of the periodic table.

Why did Mendeleev leave gaps for undiscovered elements in his periodic table?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c)     Newlands and Mendeleev placed the elements in order of atomic weight.

Complete the sentence.

The modern periodic table places the elements in order of

______________________ .
(1)

(d)     Lithium, sodium and potassium are all in Group 1 of the modern periodic table.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q4.
The diagram shows the chemical symbols of five elements in the periodic table.

Page 4 of 80
  

(a)     Choose the correct chemical symbol to complete each sentence.

(i)      The element that is an alkali metal is _____________ .

(1)

(ii)     The element that is a transition metal is _____________ .

(1)

(iii)    The element in Group 4 is _____________ .

(1)

(iv)    The element with a full outer energy level (shell) of electrons is

_____________ .
(1)

(b)     Which other element goes in the shaded box?

_______________________
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Q5.
This question is about elements and the periodic table.

(a)     Use the correct answers from the box to complete the sentences.
 
atoms atomic weights electrons proton numbers

Newlands’ and Mendeleev’s periodic tables show the elements in order of

their __________________________ .

Following the discovery of protons and _________________, the modern periodic

table shows the elements in order of their ________________ .

(3)

(b)     Figure 1 shows the position of six elements in the modern periodic table.

Page 5 of 80
  

(i)      Which one of these six elements has the lowest boiling point?

_____________________________________
(1)

(ii)     Complete the sentence.

In the periodic table, rubidium (Rb) is in Group ____________ .

(1)

(iii)    Which of these three elements is the most reactive?

 
Tick (✔) one box.  

Lithium (Li)

Sodium (Na)

Potassium (K)

(1)

(iv)     Which two statements are correct?

 
Tick (✔) two boxes.  

Iron has a higher density than

potassium.

Iron is softer than potassium.

Iron reacts vigorously with water.

Iron forms ions that have different

charges.
(2)

(c)     Figure 2 shows sodium being put into water.

Page 6 of 80
  

Describe three observations that can be seen when sodium is put into water.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

Q6.
Five elements, V, W, X, Y and Z, are shown in the periodic table.

The letters are not the chemical symbols of the five elements.

Use the correct letter, V, W, X, Y or Z, to answer each question.

 

(a) Which element is a transition metal?

(1)
 

Page 7 of 80
 (b) Which element is in Group 2?

(1)
 

(c) Which element is a noble gas?

(1)
 

(d) Which element has an atomic (proton) number of 4?

(1)
 

(e) Which element forms only 1+ ions?

(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Q7.
The table below shows information about some elements.
 
Element Melting point
Boiling point
in °C
in °C

Fluorine –202 –188

Chlorine –101 –35

Bromine –7 59

Iodine 114 184

Astatine  

(a)     Look at the table above.

Describe the trend in melting point from fluorine to astatine.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     Estimate the boiling point of astatine.

Use the table above to help you.

Page 8 of 80
 Boiling point of astatine = _________________ °C
(1)

(c)     Room temperature is 20 °C.

Which element in the table above is a liquid at room temperature?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d)     To which group of the periodic table do the elements in the table above belong?

Tick one box.

 

Group 0

Group 1

Group 5

Group 7

(1)

(e)     A chlorine atom has 17 electrons.

On the figure below, use crosses to show the arrangement of electrons in the outer
shell of a chlorine atom.

 
(1)

(f)     Chlorine reacts with sodium bromide solution to produce bromine and sodium
chloride solution.

Complete the symbol equation for the reaction.

___Cl2   +   ______ NaBr          _________  +   ____________

(2)

(g)     Which element in the table above will react with sodium chloride solution?

Page 9 of 80
 Give a reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q8.
In 1869 there were 60 known elements.

Mendeleev arranged the elements in order of their atomic mass (atomic weight).

He realised that elements with similar properties occurred at regular intervals.

(a)     Suggest why one of the groups that is on today’s periodic table was not in
Mendeleev’s periodic system.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     Explain the arrangement of the first 20 elements in today’s periodic table.

You should answer in terms of atomic structure.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c)     A student put some potassium bromide solution in a test tube.

She added a few drops of chlorine solution and observed the result.

She repeated the process using different potassium halide salts and different
halogens.

The table below shows the student’s results.

Page 10 of 80
 
Potassium Potassium Potassium
Solution of
chloride bromide iodide
halogen
solution solution solution

Orange colour Brown colour

Chlorine  
forms forms

Brown colour
Bromine No reaction  
forms

Iodine No reaction No reaction  

Give the order of reactivity of the halogens from the results in the table above.

Explain how you used the results to show this order of reactivity.

Order               ______________________________________________________

Explanation     _______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d)     Write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction of chlorine with bromide ions in
solution.

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(e)     Explain the order of reactivity of Group 7 elements.

Include information about atomic structure.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Q9.
Elements are made up of atoms.

Page 11 of 80
 (a)     What is the approximate radius of an atom?

Tick one box.

 

1 × 10 m

1 × 10−1 m

1 × 10−10 m

1 × 10−100 m

(1)

(b)     The figure below shows the atoms of five elements.

The letters are not the symbols of these elements.

Complete the sentence.

All of the elements in the figure above are in Group

_____________ of the periodic table.

(1)

(c)     Which two atoms in the figure above are isotopes of the same element?

Explain your answer fully.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d)     The halogens are in Group 7 of the periodic table.

Explain the trend in reactivity of the halogens.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 12 of 80
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 11 marks)

Q10.
The diagrams show five different atoms, A, B, C, D and E.

(a)     Which atom, A, B, C, D or E:

(i)   has an atomic number (proton number) of 3

Atom
(1)

(ii)  has a mass number of 2

Atom
(1)

(iii)  is in Group 2 of the periodic table?

Page 13 of 80
 Atom
(1)

(b)     Which two atoms from A, B, C, D and E are isotopes of the same element?

Atom and Atom

(1)

(c)     Which particle in an atom has a negative charge? ____________________

(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Q11.
This question is about the periodic table.

In 1864 John Newlands suggested an arrangement of elements.

Figure 1 shows the arrangement Newlands suggested.

Figure 1

(a)     Give two differences between the groupings in Figure 1 compared with the modern
periodic table.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

In 1869 Mendeleev produced his periodic table.

(b)     Why was Mendeleev’s table called a periodic table?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 14 of 80
 (1)

(c)     When Mendeleev was developing his periodic table he changed the order of some
of the elements.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d)     Explain why the elements are ordered differently in the modern periodic table.

You should refer to isotopes.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e)     Figure 2 shows part of the modern periodic table.

Figure 2

Draw one line from each statement about an element to the letter representing that
element.

Page 15 of 80
 (3)
(Total 10 marks)

Q12.
  The diagrams show the electronic structure of four different atoms.

Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer these questions.

(a)      Name the two sub-atomic particles in the nucleus of an atom.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     Why is there no overall electrical charge on each atom?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c)     Why is Atom A unreactive?

___________________________________________________________________

Page 16 of 80
 (1)

(d)     Which two of these atoms have similar chemical properties?

Give a reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q13.
The diagrams show the sub-atomic particles in four different atoms.

Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer these questions.

(a)     Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
 
    energy level.

(i) The centre of each atom is called the molecule.

    nucleus.

(1)
 
    bonds.

(ii) The centre of each atom contains neutrons and electrons.

    protons.

(1)

(b)     Complete the sentence.

Page 17 of 80
 There is no overall electrical charge on each atom because the

number of ___________ is equal to the number of ___________

(1)

(c)     What is the name of the element represented by atom D? ____________

(1)

(d)     Which two of the atoms, A, B, C and D, are in the same group of the periodic table?

Give a reason for your answer.

Atom and atom

Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q14.
The diagram represents a magnesium atom.

(a)     Use words from the box to answer these questions.

 
electron neutron nucleus proton

(i)      What is the name of the central part of the atom? ______________________

(1)

(ii)     What is the name of the particle with no charge? _______________________

(1)

(iii)    What is the name of the particle with a negative charge? _________________

(1)

Page 18 of 80
 (b)     Use the diagram above to help you answer these questions.

(i)      Draw a ring around the atomic (proton) number of this magnesium atom.
 
12 24 36
(1)

(ii)     Draw a ring around the mass number of this magnesium atom.

 
12 24 36
(1)

(c)     The diagram shows how magnesium and iodine atoms form magnesium iodide.

Only the outer electrons are shown.

The dots (●) and crosses (×) are used to represent electrons.

Use the diagram to help you to answer this question.

Describe, as fully as you can, what happens when magnesium reacts with iodine to
make magnesium iodide.

To gain full marks you should use the words atom, electron and ion in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 19 of 80
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 9 marks)

Q15.
Aluminium has many uses.

(a)     An aluminium atom has 13 electrons.

(i)      Draw the electronic structure of an aluminium atom.

 
(1)

(ii)     Name the two sub-atomic particles in the nucleus of an aluminium atom.

_____________________________ and _____________________________

(1)

(iii)    Why is there no overall electrical charge on an aluminium atom?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     Rail tracks are made from steel.

Molten iron is used to weld rail tracks.

The reaction of aluminium with iron oxide is used to produce molten iron.

(i)      Balance the chemical equation for the reaction.

 
(1)

(ii)     Why does aluminium react with iron oxide?

Page 20 of 80
 ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Q16.

This question is about atoms and molecules.

(a)     Complete the table to show the relative masses of the particles in atoms.
 
Name of particle Relative mass

Proton ______________

Neutron 1

Electron ______________

(2)

(b)     The diagram shows an oxygen atom.

Use the correct number to complete each sentence.

 
8 16 18 24

The atomic (proton) number of the oxygen atom shown above is ______________ .

The mass number of the oxygen atom shown above is ______________________ .

(2)

(c)     (i)      Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.

 
  isotopes.

Oxygen atoms with different numbers of neutrons are called molecules.

  polymers.

(1)

Page 21 of 80
 (ii)     An oxygen atom with a different number of neutrons has 10 neutrons.

Draw a ring around the symbol which represents this atom.

                                                   

(1)

(d)     A water molecule contains hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

(i)      Use the correct answer to complete the sentence.

 
a compound an element a mixture

Water is ___________________________________ .
(1)

(ii)     Draw a ring around the correct structure of a water molecule.

H – O – H                         O – H – H                          O – H – O
(1)

(iii)    Draw a ring around the type of bonding in a water molecule.

      covalent                         ionic                          metallic
(1)

(iv)    Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.

 
  gaining  

The bonds in a water molecule are formed by losing electrons.

  sharing  

(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q17.
The Sun produces helium atoms from hydrogen atoms by nuclear fusion reactions.
 
Hydrogen Helium

Page 22 of 80
 (a)     Describe the differences in the atomic structures of a hydrogen atom and a helium
atom.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b)     The Sun consists of 73% hydrogen and 25% helium.

The rest is other elements.
One of the other elements in the Sun is neon.

Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer these questions.

(i)      Complete the diagram to show the electronic structure of a neon atom.

 
(1)

(ii)     Why is neon in the same group of the periodic table as helium?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Q18.
The Sun is mainly hydrogen and helium.
The diagrams show an atom of hydrogen and an atom of helium.
 
Hydrogen   Helium

Page 23 of 80
  

(a)     Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
 
    molecule.

(i) The centre of each atom is called the nucleus.

    shell.

(1)

(ii)     The circle (labelled R) around the centre of each atom

 
  a bond.

is called an electrical charge.

  an energy level (shell).

(1)

(b)     Use the diagrams in part (a) to help you to answer these questions.

Draw one line from each question to its correct answer.

 
Question   Answer

    1

How many protons are there in the

   
hydrogen atom?

    2

How many electrons are there in

   
the helium atom?

    3

What is the mass number of the

   
helium atom?

    4

(3)

Page 24 of 80
 (c)     The Sun is 73% hydrogen and 25% helium. The rest is other elements.

What is the percentage of other elements in the Sun?

_______________ %
(1)

(d)     One of the other elements in the Sun is neon.

Neon is in the same group of the periodic table as helium.

Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer these questions.

(i)      How many protons are there in a neon atom?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii)     Which group of the periodic table are helium and neon in?

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Q19.
Fossil fuels contain carbon.

(a)     The figure below represents a carbon atom.

Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.

 
an electron.

(i) The name of the particle with a positive charge is a neutron.

a proton.

(1)
 
(ii) The centre of the atom is called the energy level.

molecule.

Page 25 of 80
 nucleus.

(1)

(iii)     Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer this question.

Use the correct number from the box to complete each sentence.
 
4                6                8                10                12
 

The mass number of this carbon atom is

In the periodic table, carbon is in Group

(b)     Coal is a fossil fuel.

A piece of coal contains:

•        80% carbon

•          9% oxygen

•          1% sulfur

•          5% hydrogen.

The rest of the coal is other elements.

(i)      What is the percentage of other elements in this piece of coal?

________________ %
(1)

(ii)     Coal burns in air to produce carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and water.

Draw one line from each product to the type of pollution caused by each
product.
 
Product   Type of pollution

    Acid rain

Carbon dioxide    

    Global dimming

Sulfur dioxide    

    Global warming

Page 26 of 80
 Water    

    No pollution

(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Q20.
(a)     The symbols for seven different elements are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1
 
                                  He

  Be                                

Na                             S   Ar

  Ca           Fe                    

                                   

                                   

                                   

Choose the correct symbol from Figure 1 to answer each question.

You may use each symbol once, more than once or not at all.

Write the symbol that represents:

(i)      a Group 1 element

______________________________
(1)

(ii)     a transition metal

______________________________
(1)

(iii)    an element with electrons in the same number of energy levels as an atom of
argon (Ar)

______________________________
(1)

(iv)    an element which forms an oxide that dissolves in water to form an acidic
solution

______________________________

Page 27 of 80
 (1)

(v)     an element that forms a chloride with the formula XCl

______________________________
(1)

(b)     A teacher put a cube of sodium metal into water containing universal indicator, as
shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

The equation for the reaction is:

 
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH (aq) + H2(g)

sodium + water sodium + hydrogen

hydroxide

(i)      The sodium floated on the surface of the water. The universal indicator turned
purple.

Give three other observations that would be seen during the reaction.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii)     Name the ion that made the universal indicator turn purple.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c)     Figure 3 represents the electronic structure of a sodium atom.

Figure 3

Page 28 of 80
  

In the space below, draw the electronic structure of a sodium ion. Include the charge
on the ion.

 
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Q21.
The diagram shows a carbon atom.

(a)     (i)       A proton is labelled.

Use the correct answer from the box to label each of the other sub-atomic
particles.
 
electron           ion           molecule           neutron

(2)

(ii)     The atom of carbon is represented as:

Page 29 of 80
 What is the mass number of this carbon atom?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

6           13           19

(1)

(iii)    Complete the sentence.

Atoms of carbon have no overall electrical charge because the number

of protons is the same as the number of _______________________ .

(1)

(b)     Butane is represented as:

(i)      Use the correct answer from the box to complete each sentence.
 
bond     compound      helium      hydrogen      mixture      oxygen

Butane is a ___________________ .

Butane contains atoms of carbon and ___________________ .

Each line between the atoms in butane represents a chemical

_________________ .
(3)

(ii)     Which is the correct formula for butane?

Tick (✔) one box.

C4H4

C4H8

C4H10

(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Q22.
(a)     Figure 1 shows an atom of element G.

Page 30 of 80
 Figure 1

Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.

(i)      Label A shows

an electron                an ion                a nucleus

(1)

(ii)     The particle labelled B is

an isotope                a molecule                a neutron

(1)

(iii)    The mass number of element G is

5                6                11
(1)

(iv)    Use the periodic table to identify element G.

Element G is

boron                carbon                sodium
(1)

(b)     Figure 2 shows a compound of G and hydrogen.

Figure 2

Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.

(i)      The formula of the compound in Figure 2 is

Page 31 of 80
 GH3                G3H                3HG
(1)

(ii)     The type of bonding shown in Figure 2 is

covalent                ionic                metallic
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q23.
This question is about atoms and isotopes.

(a)     Atoms contain protons, neutrons and electrons.

A lithium atom has the symbol

Explain, in terms of sub-atomic particles, why the mass number of this lithium atom
is 7.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b)     Amounts of substances can be described in different ways.

Complete the sentences.

One mole of a substance is the relative formula mass in

___________________________________________________________________

The relative atomic mass of an element compares the mass of an atom of an

element with the mass of an atom of

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c)     Two isotopes of oxygen are and

Describe the similarities and differences between the isotopes and

You should refer to the numbers of sub-atomic particles in each isotope.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 32 of 80
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Q24.
There are eight elements in the second row (lithium to neon) of the periodic table.

(a)     Figure 1 shows a lithium atom.

(i)      What is the mass number of the lithium atom in Figure 1?

 
Tick (✔) one box.  

(1)

(ii)     What is the charge of an electron?

 
Tick (✔) one box.  

–1

+1

Page 33 of 80
 (1)

(iii)    Protons are in the nucleus.

Which other sub-atomic particles are in the nucleus?

 
Tick (✔) one box.  

ions

molecules

neutrons

(1)

(b)     What is always different for atoms of different elements?

 
Tick (✔) one box.  

number of neutrons

number of protons

number of shells

(1)

(c)     Figure 2 shows the electron arrangements of three different atoms, X, Y and Z.

These atoms are from elements in the second row (lithium to neon) of the periodic
table.

Which atom is from an element in Group 3 of the periodic table?

 
Tick (✔) one box.  

Atom X

Atom Y

Page 34 of 80
 Atom Z

(1)

(d)     Figure 3 shows the electron arrangement of a different atom from an element in the
second row of the periodic table.

(i)      Give the chemical symbol of this element.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii)     Why is this element unreactive?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Q25.
This question is about atomic structure and elements.

(a)     Complete the sentences.

(i)      The atomic number of an atom is the number of _______________________

(1)

(ii)     The mass number of an atom is the number of ________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     Explain why an atom has no overall charge.

Use the relative electrical charges of sub-atomic particles in your explanation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 35 of 80
 ___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c)     Explain why fluorine and chlorine are in the same group of the periodic table.

Give the electronic structures of fluorine and chlorine in your explanation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d)     The diagram shows the electronic structure of an atom of a non-metal.

What is the chemical symbol of this non-metal?

Tick ( ) one box.

 

Ar

Si

(1)

(e)     When elements react, their atoms join with other atoms to form compounds.

Complete the sentences.

Page 36 of 80
 (i)      Compounds formed when non-metals react with metals consist of

particles called _________________________ .

(1)

(ii)     Compounds formed from only non-metals consist of

particles called ____________________ .

(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q26.
This question is about magnesium.

(a)     (i)      The electronic structure of a magnesium atom is shown below.

Use the correct answer from the box to complete each sentence.
 

electrons neutrons protons shells

The nucleus contains protons and ____________________ .

The particles with the smallest relative mass that move around the nucleus are

called ____________________ .

Atoms of magnesium are neutral because they contain the same number of

electrons and ____________________ .

(3)

(ii)     A magnesium atom reacts to produce a magnesium ion.

Which diagram shows a magnesium ion?

Tick ( ) one box.

Page 37 of 80
  
(1)

(b)     Magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid react to produce magnesium chloride
solution and hydrogen.

        Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

(i)      State two observations that could be made during the reaction.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii)     In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising
information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.

Describe a method for making pure crystals of magnesium chloride from

magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid.

In your method you should name the apparatus you will use.

You do not need to mention safety.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Page 38 of 80
 ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 12 marks)

Q27.
This question is about elements and the periodic table.

(a)     Newlands and Mendeleev both produced early versions of the periodic table.

(i)      Complete the sentence.

In their periodic tables, Newlands and Mendeleev arranged the elements in

order of __________________________ .
(1)

(ii)     Name the particle that allowed the elements to be arranged in order of their
atomic number in the modern periodic table.

____________________________________
(1)

(b)     The diagram below shows the position of nine elements in the modern periodic
table.

(i)      Which one of the nine elements shown in the diagram above has the lowest
boiling point?

____________________________________
(1)

(ii)     Copper and potassium have different melting points and boiling points.
Give one other difference between the properties of copper and potassium.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii)    Explain why the reactivity of the elements increases going down Group 1 from

Page 39 of 80
 lithium to rubidium but decreases going down Group 7 from fluorine to iodine.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

Q28.
There are eight elements in the second row (lithium to neon) of the periodic table.

(a)     Figure 1 shows an atom with two energy levels (shells).

(i)      Complete Figure 1 to show the electronic structure of a boron atom.

(1)

(ii)     What does the central part labelled Z represent in Figure 1?

____________________________________
(1)

(iii)    Name the sub-atomic particles in part Z of a boron atom.

Page 40 of 80
 Give the relative charges of these sub-atomic particles.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b)     The electronic structure of a neon atom shown in Figure 2 is not correct.

Explain what is wrong with the electronic structure shown in Figure 2.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Q29.
This question is about atoms and chemical elements.

Mendeleev’s periodic table has groups of elements with similar properties.

Figure 1 shows part of Mendeleev’s periodic table.

Figure 1

Page 41 of 80
 (a)     Compare Mendeleev’s periodic table with the modern periodic table.

Which group is missing from Mendeleev’s periodic table?

Tick one box.

 

Group 1

Group 2

Group 7

Group 0

(1)

(b)     In the early periodic tables some elements were placed in the wrong groups.

Mendeleev overcame some of these problems in his periodic table.

Give two ways Mendeleev did this.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Atoms were thought to be tiny spheres that could not be divided.

(c)     Draw one line from each scientist to the discovery the scientist made.
 
Discovery the
Scientist  
scientist made

    Discovered electrons

Page 42 of 80
      

Electrons orbit the

Neils Bohr  
nucleus

     

    Existence of neutrons

     

Mass of atom
James Chadwick  
concentrated at centre

     

    Proton found in nucleus

(2)

(d)     A beam of electrons, neutrons and protons can be separated by passing them
through an electric field.

Figure 2 shows the directions of the three particles after entering the electric field.

Figure 2

Charged particles are attracted to the oppositely charged plate in the electric field.

Which direction, A, B or C, does each particle follow?

Complete the table.

 
Particle Direction

Electron  

Neutron  

Proton  
(2)

(e)     Calculate the mass of one atom of sodium.

Use the equation:

Page 43 of 80
 Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 1023
Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mass = ____________________ g
(3)

(f)      The radius of a sodium atom is 227 picometres.

1 picometre = 10–12 metres (m)

The radius of a nucleus is  of that of the atom.

Which calculation shows the radius of a sodium atom’s nucleus?

Tick one box.

 

227 × 10 000 m

227 ×  m

227 × 10–12 × 10 000 m

227 × 10–12 ×  m
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

Q30.
The elements in Group 1 of the periodic table are metals.

(a)     The elements in Group 1 are called the alkali metals.

Why are they called the alkali metals?

___________________________________________________________________

Page 44 of 80
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)     Explain the increase in reactivity of elements further down the group.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(c)     Lithium oxide is an ionic compound.

Draw a dot and cross diagram to show how lithium and oxygen combine to form
lithium oxide.

Only show the electrons in the outer shell of each atom.

Give the charges on the ions formed.

(4)
(Total 10 marks)

Q31.
The elements in the periodic table are arranged in groups.

(a)     What is similar about the elements in the same group?

Tick one box.

 

Chemical properties

Atomic numbers

Relative atomic masses

(1)

Page 45 of 80
 (b)     Figure 1 shows the arrangement of electrons in an atom.

Figure 1

What group of the periodic table is this atom in?

      Group _________________
(1)

(c)     Why are the elements in Group 0 unreactive?

Tick one box.

 

They are all gases at room temperature

They all have the same atomic number

They are all in the same group of the periodic table

They all have a stable arrangement of electrons

(1)

(d)     A teacher demonstrates the reaction of some alkali metals with water.

Look at Figure 2.

Figure 2

The students write what they see.

1.   The alkali metals float on water.

2.   The alkali metals fizz when they react with water.

3.   The universal indicator changes from green to purple.

Page 46 of 80
 4.   The sodium disappears faster than the lithium.

Give a reason for each of the four things that the students see.

1.   The alkali metals float on water.

Reason   ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2.   The alkali metals fizz when they react with water.

Reason   ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

3.   The universal indicator changes from green to purple.

Reason   ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

4.   The sodium disappears faster than the lithium.

Reason   ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 7 marks)

Q32.
The figure below shows an atom of boron.

(a)     When the mass of the boron atom is calculated, the mass of the electrons is
ignored.

Why is the mass of the electrons ignored?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     How many electrons are there in the boron atom?

Page 47 of 80
 ___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c)     What is the electrical charge on the nucleus of the boron atom?

Tick one box.

 

+1

+5

+6

+11

(1)

(d)     The mass number of boron is 11.

Use the figure above to calculate the number of neutrons in the nucleus of the boron
atom.

Explain how you worked out the answer.

Number of neutrons = _________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(e)     Phosphorus has a mass number of 31 and has 16 neutrons.

What percentage of the mass number of phosphorus is the number of neutrons?

Give your answer to two significant figures.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Percentage = ____________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q33.
This question is about the periodic table.

Page 48 of 80
 In 1864 John Newlands suggested an arrangement of elements.

Figure 1 shows the arrangement Newlands suggested.

Figure 1

(a)     Give two differences between column 1 in Figure 1 and Group 1 in the modern
periodic table.

Use the periodic table to help you.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)     In 1869 Mendeleev produced his periodic table.

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

 
insoluble magnetic undiscovered unreactive

Mendeleev left gaps in his periodic table for elements that were

_________________________________________ .
(1)

(c)     How are the elements ordered in the modern periodic table?

Tick one box.

 

Atomic mass

Atomic number

Melting point

Page 49 of 80
 Reactivity

(1)

Figure 2 shows part of the modern periodic table.

Figure 2

(d)     Complete the sentences about the elements in Figure 2.

Choose the answers from the box.

 
A D E G J

Sodium is an alkali metal and is represented by the letter ____________________.

An element in group 3 is represented by the letter ____________________.

A gaseous non-metal element is represented by the letter ____________________.

(3)

(e)     Figure 3 shows the electronic structure of an atom.

Figure 3

This element is in the shaded group on Figure 2.

Why is this element unreactive?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 50 of 80
 (1)

(f)      Name the group of elements in the shaded column on Figure 2.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q34.
John Newlands arranged the known elements into a table in order of atomic weight.

Figure 1 shows part of Newlands’ table.

                                    Figure 1
 
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

  H Li Be B C N O

  F Na Mg Al Si P S

  Cl K Ca        

(a)     What are the names of the elements in Group 5 of Newlands’ table?

Tick one box.

 

Calcium and sulfur

Carbon and silicon

Chlorine and silver

Chromium and tin

(1)

(b)     In what order is the modern periodic table arranged?

Tick one box.

 

Atomic mass

Atomic number

Atomic size

Page 51 of 80
 Atomic weight

(1)

(c)     Give two differences between Group 1 of Newlands’ table and Group 1 of the
periodic table.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d)     In 1864, atoms were thought to be particles that could not be divided up into smaller
particles.

By 1898, the electron had been discovered and the plum pudding model of an atom
was proposed.

Figure 2 shows the plum pudding model of an atom of carbon and the nuclear
model of an atom of carbon.

Figure 2

Compare the position of the subatomic particles in the plum pudding model with the
nuclear model.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 52 of 80
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(e)     Models are used to show the differences between elements, compounds and
mixtures.

Which circle shows a model of a mixture?

Tick one box.

 
(1)

(f)     Figure 3 shows a model of carbon dioxide.

Figure 3

What does each line between the atoms in Figure 3 represent?

Tick one box.

 

Covalent bond

Intermolecular force

Ionic bond

Page 53 of 80
 Metallic bond

(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q35.
A sodium atom and a fluorine atom react together to form an ionic compound.

Figure 1 shows the electron arrangements in the atoms and the ionic compound.

Only the outer shell electrons are shown.

Figure 1

(a)     What is the name of the ionic compound shown in Figure 1?

Tick one box.

 

Sodium fluorate

Sodium fluoride

Sodium fluorine

(1)

(b)     What type of force acts between the ions in an ionic compound?

Tick one box.

 

Electrostatic

Frictional

Gravitational

Magnetic

(1)

(c)     What are two properties of ionic compounds?

Page 54 of 80
 Tick two boxes.
 

Conducts electricity when molten

High melting point

Low boiling point

Small molecules

Weak bonds between particles

(2)

(d)     Describe what happens when a sodium atom reacts with a fluorine atom to form an
ionic compound.

Use Figure 1.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(e)     Figure 2 shows the structure of the ionic compound formed in the reaction.

Figure 2

Suggest one limitation of using Figure 2 to show the structure of this compound.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 55 of 80
 (Total 9 marks)

Page 56 of 80
Mark schemes

Q1.
(a)     (i)      atomic weight
1

(ii)     groups
1

(iii)    left a gap
1

(iv)    had not been discovered by 1869

1

(b)     protons
must be in correct order
1

electrons
1

(c)     sodium and nickel are both metals

1

sodium is more reactive than nickel

1

(d)     (i)      bromine
allow Br2 / Br
do not allow bromide
1

(ii)     iodine is less reactive (than bromine)

it = iodine
allow converse
do not allow bromide
1
[10]

Q2.
(a)     Li and K
either order
allow lithium and potassium
1

(b)     Fe
allow iron
1

(c)     N and As

Page 57 of 80
 either order
allow nitrogen and arsenic
1

(d)     Cu
allow copper
1
[4]

Q3.
(a)     (iron) is a metal
accept transition element
allow (iron) had different properties (to oxygen and sulfur)
ignore electrons
1

(b)     so that elements with similar properties could be placed together
allow to make the pattern fit
ignore undiscovered elements
1

(c)     atomic number(s)

allow proton number(s)
1

(d)     all have one electron in the outer shell (highest energy level)
allow same number of electrons in the outer shell (highest
energy level)
1

(so they) have similar properties

or
react in the same way
allow specific reactions e.g. with water
1
[5]

Q4.
(a)     (i)      Na
allow sodium
1

(ii)     Cu
allow copper
1

(iii)    C
allow carbon
1

Page 58 of 80
 (iv)    He
allow helium
1

(b)     H
allow hydrogen
do not allow H2
1
[5]

Q5.
(a)     atomic weights
must be in this order
1

electrons
1

proton numbers
1

(b)     (i)      H/hydrogen
allow H2 or h
1

(ii)     one / 1
allow alkali metals
1

(iii)    Potassium (K)
1

(iv)    Iron has a higher density than potassium

1

Iron forms ions that have different charges

1

(c)     any three from:

•        melts
•        fizzes / bubbles / effervesces
allow gas produced
•        sodium floats
•        size of the sodium decreases
allow dissolves / disappears
•        sodium moves
allow two marks for moves around on the surface of the
water
3
[11]

Q6.

Page 59 of 80
 (a)     Y
1

(b)     W
1

(c)     V
1

(d)     W
1

(e)     X
1
[5]

Q7.
(a)     the melting point increases
1

(b)     337 °C
allow an answer in the range 278 °C to 337 °C
1

(c)     bromine
1

(d)     Group 7
1

(e)     

 
7 electrons in outer shell
1

(f)     Cl2 + 2NaBr   Br2 + 2NaCl

correct formulae for products
1
correct balancing
1

(g)     fluorine
1

Page 60 of 80
 (because it is) more reactive than chlorine
allow because it is the most reactive element
1
[9]

Q8.
(a)     did not appear because they had not been discovered or they are unreactive or
they did not form compounds
1

(b)     arranged in order of atomic / proton number

1

elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in the outer shell
1

(c)     chlorine>bromine>iodine

table shows that chlorine displaces bromine and iodine

1

and bromine displaces iodine

1

(d)     Cl2(aq) + 2 Br–(aq)   Br2(aq)  +  2 Cl–(aq)

correct formulae
1
correct balancing
1
correct state symbol
1

(e)     the further down the group, the halogen becomes less reactive because outer
electrons are further from the nucleus
1

so less attractive force on an incoming electron

1
[10]

Q9.
(a)     1 × 10−10 m
1

(b)     1 / one

allow alkali metals
1

(c)     R and S

1

because they have the same number of protons

allow same atomic number, different mass number

Page 61 of 80
 1

and a different numbers of neutrons

1

(d)     Level 3 (5–6 marks):

A relevant and coherent explanation of the trend in reactivity. The response makes
logical links between the points raised and considers both the number of energy
levels
and the distance between the nucleus and the outer energy level.

Level 2 (3–4 marks):

Statements that are linked to provide a simple explanation of the trend in reactivity
using either the number of energy levels or the distance between the nucleus and
the outer energy level.

Level 1 (1–2 marks):

Simple statements made about the halogens or the trend in reactivity.

0 marks:
No relevant comment

Indicative content

Simple statements / descriptions

•        have 7 electrons in the outer shell
•        need to gain an electron
•        form ions with a -1 charge
•        halogens further down the group are less reactive (or vice versa)
•        halogens further down the group have more shells or energy levels (or
vice versa)

Linked statements / explanations

•        have 7 electrons in the outer shell so need to gain an electron to have
the electronic structure of a noble gas
•        halogens further down the group are less reactive because they have
more shells or energy levels (or vice versa)
•        halogens further down the group have more shells or energy levels so
less attractive force on the incoming electron (or vice versa)
•        halogens further down the group have more shells or energy levels so
more ‘shielding’ against the incoming electron (or vice versa)
•        outer electrons of halogens further down group are further away from the
attractive force of the nucleus (or vice versa)
•        an electron is less easily gained because there are more shells or
energy
levels (or vice versa)
•        an electron is less easily gained because the outer electrons are further
from
the attractive force of the nucleus (or vice versa)
6
[11]

Q10.

Page 62 of 80
 (a)      (i)     B
1

(ii)     A
1

(iii)    C
1

(b)     D and E

1

(c)     electron
1
[5]

Q11.
(a)     any two from:
•        hydrogen is in a group
allow converse arguments
allow hydrogen is with the halogens
•        only seven groups
•        no group 0
allow no noble gases
•        halogens are in Group 1
allow fluorine and / or chlorine are in Group 1
•        other elements are in one group higher
allow one example of this
•        transition metals included in groups
allow one example, eg, iron in same group as aluminium
2

(b)     similar properties occur at regular intervals

1

(c)     some elements appeared to be in the wrong group

1

(when) the elements were arranged in order of relative atomic mass

allow (so) he placed them into groups with similar properties
1

(d)     most elements are mixtures of isotopes

1

(so) should be arranged in order of atomic number

1

(e)

Page 63 of 80
  
1
1
1
[10]

Q12.
(a)     protons (and) neutrons
both needed for 1 mark
ignore p / + and n / 0
do not accept electrons
1

(b)     because the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons

allow protons and electrons balance / cancel out
allow positive / + and negative / - balance / cancel out
1

(c)     it = atom A

because atom A has a full highest energy level or full outer shell
allow all the shells are full or no incomplete shell

or because atom A has a stable arrangement of electrons

allow because atom A is in Group 0 / a noble gas
1

(d)     (atom) B / lithium / Li (and)

(atom) C / sodium / Na
both needed for 1 mark
1

because they have the same number/one outer electron(s)

linked to answer for first mark
accept because both need to lose one / an electron
allow because (atoms) B and C are in Group 1 / the same
group / are alkali metals
1
[5]

Q13.
(a)     (i)      nucleus
1

Page 64 of 80
 (ii)     protons
1

(b)     protons / + / positive

electrons / – / negative
both words needed in any order for 1 mark
1

(c)     nitrogen
allow N or N2
1

(d)     B and C
both letters needed in any order for 1 mark
allow Li and Na
1

(both) have one electron or same number of electrons in the outer energy
level / shell
allow both are in Group 1
allow both are alkali metals
allow both can lose only one electron or become +1 ions
allow this mark if no letters given in boxes
1
[6]

Q14.
(a)     (i)      nucleus
1

(ii)     neutron
1

(iii)    electron
1

(b)     (i)      12
1

(ii)     24
1

(c)     any four from:

sharing / covalent / metallic = max 3

•         magnesium (atom) reacts with two iodine (atoms)

•         magnesium (atom) loses electrons

•         2 electrons (from each atom)

•         Iodine (atom) gains electron(s)

Page 65 of 80
 •         1 electron or an electron (to each atom)

•         iodide ion formed

allow iodine ion

•         iodide has negative charge / is a negative ion / particle

allow iodine
ignore I2–

•         magnesium ion formed

•         magnesium has positive charge

•         oppositely charged ions attract

•         a giant structure / lattice is formed

allow 1 mark for unqualified reference to ion formation or
ionic bonding
4
[9]

Q15.
(a)     (i)      2.8.3
any sensible symbol can be used to represent an electron
1

(ii)     proton(s) and neutron(s)

both needed for the mark
1

(iii)    number of protons is equal to number of electrons

allow positive and negative charges cancel out
allow same amount of protons and electrons
1

(b)     (i)       2 Al + Fe2 O3 → 2 Fe + Al2 O3

equation must be balanced
1

(ii)     aluminium is more reactive (than iron)

it = aluminium
accept converse
accept aluminium displaces iron
accept aluminium is higher in the reactivity series (than iron)
1
[5]

Q16.
(a)    proton 1
ignore ±

Page 66 of 80
 1

electron very small owtte

allow zero
allow values from 1 / 1800 to 1 / 2000 or 0.0005 – 0.00055
1

(b)     8
1

16
1

(c)     (i)      Isotopes
1

(ii)        
1

(d)     (i)      compound
1

(ii)     H-O-H
1

(iii)    covalent
1

(iv)    sharing
1
[10]

Q17.
(a)    hydrogen has one proton whereas helium has two protons
accept numbers for words
accept hydrogen only has one proton
ignore references to groups
1

hydrogen has one electron whereas helium has two electrons

accept hydrogen only has one electron
allow helium has a full outer shell (of electrons)
1

hydrogen has no neutrons or helium has two neutrons

if no other mark awarded, allow helium has more electrons /
protons / neutrons for 1 mark
1

(b)     (i)      2 electrons on first shell and

8 electrons on outer shell

1

Page 67 of 80
 (ii)     they have a stable arrangement of electrons
accept they have full outer energy level / shell of electrons
do not accept they have the same number of electrons in
their outer energy level / shell
allow they are noble gases
ignore they are in group 0
1
[5]

Q18.
(a)     (i)       nucleus
1

(ii)     an energy level (shell)

1

(b)

 
3

(c)     2 / two(%)

1

(d)     (i)      10 / ten

1

(ii)     (group) 0
accept noble gases
ignore (group) 8
1
[8]

Q19.
(a)     (i)      a proton
1

(ii)     nucleus
1

(iii)    12
order must be correct
1

4
1

(b)     (i)      5 / five (%)

Page 68 of 80
 1

(ii)     Carbon dioxide > global warming

1

Sulfur dioxide > acid rain

1

Water > no pollution

 
1
[8]

Q20.
(a)     (i)      Na
allow sodium / phonetic spelling
if more than one answer is given apply list principle
1

(ii)     Fe
allow iron / phonetic spelling
if more than one answer is given apply list principle
1

(iii)    Na or S
allow sodium or sulfur / sulphur / phonetic spelling
if more than one answer is given apply list principle
1

(iv)    S
allow sulfur / sulphur / phonetic spelling
if more than one answer is given apply list principle
1

(v)     Na
allow sodium / phonetic spelling
if more than one answer is given apply list principle
1

(b)     (i)      any three from:

•        effervescence / fizzing or bubbles or gas produced

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 do not allow incorrectly named gas
•        sodium melts or turns into a ball
•        sodium moves (on the surface)
•        steam / mist / vapour is produced
ignore heat / temperature / flame / spark
•        sodium gets smaller / disappears
allow dissolves
•        colour of indicator is darker / more intense near the sodium
Must be linked to near the sodium.
3

(ii)     hydroxide or OH–
allow OH without a charge
do not allow OH+
1

(c)    

 
diagram showing electron configuration of ion is 2,8
1
charge on ion is +
Bracket not necessary
[2,8]+ is worth 1 mark as there is no diagram
1
[11]

Q21.
(a)     (i)      Neutron (top label)
1

Electron (bottom label)

1

(ii)     13
1

(iii)    electrons
1

(b)     (i)      compound
1

hydrogen
1

bond

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 1

(ii)     C4H10
1
[8]

Q22.
(a)     (i)      an electron
1

(ii)     a neutron
1

(iii)    11
1

(iv)    boron
1

(b)     (i)       GH3

1

(ii)     covalent
1
[6]

Q23.
(a)     because this lithium atom has

3 protons
1

and 4 neutrons
1

mass number is total of neutrons and protons

accept protons and neutrons have a mass of 1
accept number of neutrons = 7 - 3(protons)
ignore mass of electron is negligible
1

(b)     grams
accept g
1

12
C
allow carbon-12 or C-12
ignore hydrogen or H
1

(c)     any three from:

max 2 if no numbers given

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 numbers if given must be correct

•        both have 8 protons

accept same number of protons
•         O has 10 neutrons
18

•        16O has 8 neutrons

accept different number of neutrons or 18O has two more
neutrons for 1 mark
•        both have 8 electrons.
accept same number of electrons
3
[8]

Q24.
(a)     (i)      7
1

(ii)     –1
1

(iii)     neutrons
1

(b)    number of protons
1

(c)    atom Y
1

(d)     (i)      Ne
allow neon
1

(ii)     has a full outer shell

allow in Group 0
allow a noble gas

or

full outer energy level

allow the shells are full

or

has 8 electrons in its outer shell

ignore in Group 8
1
[7]

Q25.
(a)     (i)      protons

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 allow “protons or electrons”, but do not allow “protons and
electrons”
1

(ii)     protons plus / and neutrons

1

(b)     (because the relative electrical charges are) −(1) for an electron and +(1) for a
proton
allow electrons are negative and protons are positive
1

and the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons

if no other mark awarded, allow 1 mark for the charges
cancel out
1

(c)     (the electronic structure of) fluorine is 2,7 and chlorine is 2,8,7
allow diagrams for the first marking point
1

(so fluorine and chlorine are in the same group) because they have the same
number of or 7 electrons in their highest energy level or outer shell
if no other mark awarded, allow 1 mark for have the same /
similar properties
1

(d)     S
1

(e)     (i)      ions
1

(ii)     molecules
1
[9]

Q26.
(a)     (i)      neutrons
this order only
1

electrons
1

protons
1

(ii)     box on the left ticked

1

(b)     (i)      effervescence / bubbling / fizzing / bubbles of gas

do not accept just gas alone
1

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 magnesium gets smaller / disappears
allow magnesium dissolves
allow gets hotter or steam produced
ignore references to magnesium moving and floating /
sinking and incorrectly named gases.
1

(ii)     Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of

Communication (QC) as well as the standard of the scientific response.
Examiners should also refer to the information in the Marking Guidance
and apply a ‘best–fit’ approach to the marking.

0 marks
No relevant content

Level 1 (1−2 marks)

There are simple statements of some of the steps in a procedure for
obtaining magnesium chloride.

Level 2 (3−4 marks)

There is a description of a laboratory procedure for obtaining
magnesium chloride from dilute hydrochloric acid and magnesium.

The answer must include a way of ensuring the hydrochloric acid is fully
reacted or a method of obtaining magnesium chloride crystals.

Level 3 (5−6 marks)

There is a well organised description of a laboratory procedure for
obtaining magnesium chloride that can be followed by another person.

The answer must include a way of ensuring the hydrochloric acid is fully
reacted and a method of obtaining magnesium chloride crystals.

examples of the points made in the response:

•        hydrochloric acid in beaker (or similar)
•        add small pieces of magnesium ribbon
•        until magnesium is in excess or until no more effervescence
occurs *
•        filter using filter paper and funnel
•        filter excess magnesium
•        pour solution into evaporating basin / dish
•        heat using Bunsen burner
•        leave to crystallise / leave for water to evaporate / boil off water
•        decant solution
•        pat dry (using filter paper).

*Student may choose to use a named indicator until it turns a neutral

colour, record the number of pieces of magnesium added then repeat
without the indicator.
6
[12]

Q27.

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 (a)     (i)      atomic weights
allow atomic masses
1

(ii)     proton
allow proton number
1

(b)     (i)      F/fluorine
allow F2
1

(ii)     any one from:

•        copper has a higher density
•        copper is stronger
•        copper is harder
•        copper is less reactive
allow named property
ignore colour, conductivity, melting point and boiling point
allow converse for potassium
1

(iii)    relative distance from nucleus

allow more / fewer energy levels / shells or larger / smaller
atom
1

relative attraction to nucleus

allow more / less shielding
1

relative ease of gain or loss of electron

1

opposite explanation of ease of gain or loss of electron for other group

1
max 3 marks if ‘outer’ not mentioned
[8]

Q28.
(a)     (i)      electronic structure 2,3 drawn
allow any representation of electrons, such as, dots, crosses,
or numbers (2,3)
1

(ii)     nucleus
1

(iii)     protons and neutrons

do not allow electrons in nucleus
1
(relative charge of proton) +1

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 allow positive
1
(relative charge of neutron) 0
allow no charge/neutral
1
ignore number of particles

(b)     too many electrons in the first energy level or inner shell

allow inner shell can only have a maximum of 2 electrons
1

too few electrons in the second energy level or outer shell

allow neon has 8 electrons in its outer shell or neon does not
have 1 electron in its outer shell
allow neon has a stable arrangement of electrons or a full
outer shell
1

neon does not have 9 electrons or neon has 10 electrons

allow one electron missing
allow fluorine has 9 electrons
1
ignore second shell can hold (maximum) 8 electrons or 2,8,8
rule or is a noble gas or in Group 0
max 2 marks if the wrong particle, such as atoms instead of
electrons
if no other mark awarded allow 1 mark for the electronic
structure of neon is 2,8
[8]

Q29.
(a)     group 0
1

(b)     left gaps

1

in some places changed the order based on atomic weights

1

(c)

 
1
1

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 (d)     (electron) A

(neutron) B

(proton) C
3 correct answers scores 2 marks
1/2 correct answers scores 1 mark
2

(e)      
1

3.820598... × 10–23
1

3.8 × 10–23
an answer of 3.8 × 10–23 scores 3 marks
1

(f)      227 × 10–12 ×  m

1
[11]

Q30.
(a)     because they form hydroxides
1

that give alkaline solutions (in water)

1

(b)     the atoms have more electron shells (as move down the group)
1

so the electron in the outer shell is further away from the nucleus
1

which reduces the attraction to the nucleus

1

so the electron is lost more easily from the atom

1

(c)     

 
electronic structure of lithium drawn correctly
1
electronic structure of oxygen drawn correctly
1
correct charge on ions (Li and O )
+ 2–

Page 77 of 80
 correct number of each ion (2 lithium, 1 oxygen)
1
[10]

Q31.
(a)     Chemical properties
1

(b)     three / 3
1

(c)     They all have a stable arrangement of electrons

1

(d)     less dense than water

allow lighter than water
1

gas / hydrogen produced

1

an alkali / hydroxide is produced

1

sodium is more reactive than lithium

1
[7]

Q32.
(a)     because the mass of an electron is very small
do not accept has no mass
1

(b)     5 / five

1

(c)     +5
1

(d)     6
1

(because) mass number = no. protons + no. electrons

allow atomic number = 5
1

(so the number of) neutrons = 11 – 5

allow mass number – number of protons
1

(e)     (16 / 31) × 100 = 51.6

1

= 52

Page 78 of 80
 incorrect sig. figs max 1 mark
1
[8]

Q33.
(a)     any two from:
•        hydrogen is in group 1 on Newlands table
•        fluorine / chlorine / halogens are in group 1 on Newlands table
•        alkali metals are in group 2 on Newlands table
allow converse arguments relating to modern table
allow lithium / sodium / potassium for alkali metals
2

(b)     undiscovered
1

(c)     atomic number

1

(d)     D
1

E
1

A
1
must be in this order

(e)     has a complete outer shell of electrons

allow because has a stable arrangement of electrons
1

(f)      noble gases

1
[9]

Q34.
(a)     Carbon and silicon
1

(b)     Atomic number

1

(c)     Hydrogen / fluorine / chlorine are not in Group 1 of the periodic table
or
Hydrogen and fluorine / chlorine are not in the same group of the periodic table
1
Lithium / sodium / potassium are in Group 1 of the periodic table
1

(d)     plum pudding model has a single ball of positive charge and nuclear model has
positive charges in the centre / nucleus

Page 79 of 80
 1

plum pudding model has electrons in random positions and nuclear model has
electrons
in fixed positions
1

plum pudding model has no nucleus and the nuclear model has a nucleus
1

plum pudding model has no neutrons and the nuclear model has neutrons in the
nucleus
1

(e)     

 
1

(f)     Covalent bond

1
[10]

Q35.
(a)     sodium fluoride
1

(b)     electrostatic
1

(c)     conducts electricity when molten

1

high melting point

1

(d)     any four from:

•        sodium loses electron(s)

•        fluorine gains electron(s)
•        reference to one electron being transferred
•        (forming) positive sodium ion and negative fluoride ion
•        ions have complete outer shells
•        oppositely charged ions are attracted towards each other
4

(e)     the diagram only shows a two-dimensional representation

or
the diagram is not three-dimensional
1
[9]

Page 80 of 80