Name:_____________________

Date:_____________________

Study Guide for Unit 2 TEST: Atomic Models and Periodic Table

Topic 1: Rutherford-Bohr Atomic Models

All matter is made up of small particles called atoms. There are three subatomic
particles in an atom:
Particle Charge Location
Electron Negative (-) Outside the nucleus found
in shells (energy levels)
Proton Positive (+) Inside the nucleus
Neutron Neutral (0 charge) Inside the nucleus

The Rutherford-Bohr atomic model represents the atom as:

 Having mostly empty space with a very dense, positively charged nucleus at the
center.
 Negatively charged electrons moving in shells (energy levels) around the nucleus.
 Being neutral. This means that the number of protons in the nucleus must EQUAL
the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus.

The nucleus:

 Contains the protons and neutrons.

 Is positively charged.
 Contains nearly all of the mass of the atom
 Is much smaller than the overall size of the atom

 The number of protons = the atomic number (the small number above the
symbol of the element)
 The number of protons = number of electrons
 The number of neutrons =
mass (big number below the symbol of the element) – number of protons.

 Electron shells can only hold a maximum number of electrons

 First shell can hold a maximum of 2 electrons
 Second shell can hold a maximum of 8 electrons
 Third shell can hold a maximum of 8 electrons

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  Fourth shell can hold a maximum of 2 electrons

Steps in Drawing Rutherford-Bohr atomic model

Step 1: Locate the element for that atom in the periodic table. The carbon atom will be
used as an example:

The atomic number represents the number of protons. The number of protons equals
the number of electrons. In this example, carbon has 6 protons and 6 electrons.

Step 2: Look at the atomic mass (the larger number) and round the number to the
nearest whole number. As a result, 12.01 becomes 12. The mass number =12

In order to determine the number of neutrons:

Mass number – atomic number
12-6 = 6 neutrons

Step 3: Draw a nucleus and include the number of protons and neutrons.

6n0
Step 4: Add in the number of electrons for each energy level. Make sure to fill up an
energy level before placing electrons on the next level.

Carbon has 6 electrons, so there are 2 electrons in the first orbital and 4 electrons in the
second orbital:

6n0

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Sample Problems on the Atomic Models

1. Fill the missing information and draw the atom for each of the following elements:

a) Sulphur Atomic #:________________

Atomic Mass:_____________

# of protons:_____________

# of electrons:____________

# of neutrons:_____________

b) Neon Atomic #:________________

Atomic Mass:_____________

# of protons:_____________

# of electrons:____________

# of neutrons:_____________

c) Potassium
Atomic #:________________

Atomic Mass:_____________

# of protons:_____________

# of electrons:____________

# of neutrons:_____________

Topic 2: Groups and Periods in the Periodic Table

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The periodic table of elements is an organization of elements according to their physical
and chemical properties.

Groups
 Each column (vertical line) is called a group. There are 8 groups in the periodic
table.

 The group number represents the number of valence electrons. The valence
electrons are the electrons in the last shell. For example, those in the group IA,
are in the 1st column and therefore, have 1 valence electron.

Periods
 Each row is called a period.

 This number represents the number of electron shells (energy levels). For
example, elements in row 3 would have 3 shells in their Rutherford-Bohr atomic
model.

Common Characteristics Within A Group:

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  Because all elements situated in the same group have the same number of
valence electrons, they will display similar chemical properties.

Group IA (Column 1)- The Alkali Metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr).
Note: Hydrogen is NOT an alkali metal

 They have ONE valence electron

 Soft, light metals that melt at low
temperatures.
 Very reactive, especially with water and
air.
 Excellent conductors

Group IIA (Column 2)- The Alkaline Earth Metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra)

 They have TWO valence electrons

 Harder, higher-melting metals
 Reactive with acids, water and oxygen,
but not as violently as alkali metals
 Excellent conductors
 Mainly found in rocks

Group VIIA (Column 7)- The Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, At)

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  They have SEVEN valence electrons
 Very reactive
 Are often used to disinfect
 At room temperature, they are all found
as gases
 Toxic and corrosive

Group VIIIA (Column 8) – The Noble Gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)

 They have EIGHT valence electrons

(EXCEPT for He which has TWO)
 They do not react. (They are chemically
inactive)
 Often used in light fixtures

Metals vs. Nonmetals

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  Metals also react strongly with acids to produce hydrogen gas. Nonmetals do
not.

 Metalloids have properties that are a combination of metals and nonmetals.

Sample Problems on the Periodic Table

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2. Identify the element and fill in the blanks.

3. The following diagram is a Rutherford-Bohr diagram of an atom.

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To which group and period does the atom belong to?

A) Group 2, period 2

B) Group 2, period 8

C) Group 8, period 2

D) Group 8, period 8

4. Draw a Rutherford-Bohr atomic model of the element in the 3 rd row and in the 5th
column in the Periodic Table.

Name of element:____________________

5. Here is a sample periodic table entry. Use the words in the box to identify each item
of information it contains

6. Listed below are the characteristics of an element from the periodic table.
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- it is a metal

-Its outermost energy level has 2 electrons

-It is found in bones and teeth.

To which group in the periodic table does this element belong?

A) Alkali metals B) Alkaline earth metals C) Halogens D) Noble gas

7. The valence electrons are those electrons situated _________________ of the atom:.

A) on the first energy level

B) on the second energy level

C) on the third energy level

D) On the last energy level

8. Why do elements in the same group display similar chemical properties?

A) They have similar sizes

B) They have the same number of energy levels

C) They have the same number of valence electrons

D) They belong to the same period

9. Listed below are the characteristics of an element from the periodic table.

-It is a nonmetal
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-It’s outermost energy level has 7 electrons

-It’s used to purify and disinfect water

To which group in the periodic table does this element belong?

A) Alkali metals B) Alkaline earth metals C) Halogens D) Noble gas

10. The following diagram is a Rutherford-Bohr diagram of one element from the
periodic table.

To which group and period does this element belong to?

A) Period 3 and group 4 C) Period 3 and group 1

B) Period 4 and group 4 D) Period 1 and group 3

11. Which is the correct description for the Rutherford-Bohr atomic model below?

A) The element is located in period 1 and is an alkaline earth metal

B) The element is located in period 1 and is an alkali metal

C) The element is located in period 2 and is an alkali metals

D) The element is located in period 2 and is an alkaline earth metal

12. A lab experiment requires potassium (K). However, there isn’t any left in the lab.
Instead of cancelling the lab, which element could be used as a substitute?

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 Argon (Ar); calcium (Ca); fluorine (F); sodium (Na)

Substitute?_______________-

Explain your reasoning:_____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

13. Two elements X and Y have the following properties:

Element X Element Y
 Metallic luster  No luster
 Two valence electrons  Four valence electrons
th
 Located in the 4 period  6 protons
Which symbols from the periodic table correspond to element X and Y, respectively?

A) Ca and C
B) K and B
C) K and C
D) Ca and B

14. The table below gives the chemical symbols of four elements and provides space to
indicate the following characteristics: the number of valence electrons, the number of
energy levels, chemical reactivity (low, high or none) and the family number. Fill out the
BLANK SPACES.

15. Different atoms are represented according to the Rutherford-Bohr model.

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Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Atoms 1 and 4 belong to the same group.

B) Atoms 2 and 3 belong to the same period.

C) Atoms 2 and 4 belong to the same period.

D) Atoms 3 and 4 belong to the same group.

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16. Which of the following correctly matches elements with their location in the periodic
table?

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Topic 3: Ions and Lewis Diagrams

An atom is neutral. This means it has equal number of protons (positives) and electrons
(negatives).

When an atom loses or gains electrons, it becomes charged and is known as an ion.

If an ion is positively charged, then it has LOST an electron. Metals tend to lose
electrons.

If an ion is negatively charged, then it has GAINED an electron. Nonmetals tend to gain
electrons.

NOTICE: The number of protons (positives) NEVER change

ALSO: A solution that contains ions will conduct electricity

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Lewis Diagrams

The Lewis notation is a representation of the atom in which the valence electrons are
illustrated by dots placed around the chemical symbol of the element.

For example: Carbon is column 4 and has 4 valence electrons. It would be represented
as follows

Neon is in column 8 and has 8 valence electrons. It would be represented as follows

Dots should be added in a clockwise arrangement.

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Sample Problems on Ions and Lewis Diagrams

17. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) There are three types of ions: positive (+), negative (-) and neutral (0)
B) Sodium ions could carry electricity because they have an electrical charge
C) Positive ions gain protons while negative ions gain electrons
D) Ions are harmful to humans

18. Which one of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Positive ions are atoms that have gained protons.

B) Negative ions are atoms that have gained protons.
C) Positive ions are atoms that have lost electrons.
D) Negative ions are atoms that have lost electrons.

19. Oxygen forms an O2- ion. Which of the following statements is correct?

A) The oxygen atom loses 2 protons to form its ion.

B) The oxygen atom loses 2 electrons to form its ion.
C) The oxygen atom gains 2 electrons to form its ion.
D) Oxygen neither gains nor loses electrons when forming its ion.

20. Lithium forms a Li+ ion. Which of the following statements is correct?

A) The lithium atom loses 1 proton to form its ion.

B) The lithium atom loses 1 electron to form its ion.
C) The lithium atom gains 1 electron to form its ion.
D) Lithium neither gains nor loses electrons when forming its ion.

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21. When chlorine becomes an ion, what is its ionic notation?

A) Cl- B) Cl2- C) Cl+ D) Cl2+

22. When sodium becomes an ion, what is its ionic notation?

A) Na- B) Na+ C) S2- D) S2+

23. When aluminum becomes an ion, what is its ionic notation?

A) Al3- B) Al3+ C) Al13- D) Al13+

24. When neon becomes an ion, what is its ionic notation?

A) Ne- B) Ne+ C) Ne8- D) None of the above

25. Draw the Rutherford-Bohr model for the following ions:

a) The sodium ion

b) The nitrogen ion

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26. Draw the Lewis structure for each of the following elements.

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