Cambridge IGCSE™ Chemistry

Language development activities

Contents
1 Cloze activities ................................................................................................ 3

Atoms and elements ........................................................................................ 3

Molecules, compounds and all that! ................................................................ 3

Petrochemical industry..................................................................................... 3

Alkenes ............................................................................................................ 3

2 Comprehension ........................................................................................ 4

The Periodic Table ........................................................................................... 4

Manufacture of ammonia ................................................................................. 5

Crude oil........................................................................................................... 6

3 Correct spelling ......................................................................................... 7

Chemical terms ................................................................................................ 7

4 Crosswords ............................................................................................... 8

Acids and bases ................................................................................................ 8

Nitrogen ......................................................................................................... .9

Making salts ................................................................................................... 10

Electrochemistry ............................................................................................ 11

Chemical reactions and calculations .............................................................. 12

Group I metals................................................................................................ 13

5 Jumbled words ........................................................................................ 14

Bonding not James Bonding! ......................................................................... 14

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Solutions, colloids and all that! ...................................................................... 14

What is the element? ...................................................................................... 14

What’s in an atom? ........................................................................................ 15

6 Matching pairs ........................................................................................ 16

Organic chemistry 1 ....................................................................................... 16

Organic chemistry 2 ....................................................................................... 17

Elements and their symbols ........................................................................... 18

7 Statement ordering ................................................................................. 18

Carrying out a titration ................................................................................... 18

Extraction of aluminium ................................................................................ 18

Extraction of iron ........................................................................................... 19

Making sulfuric acid ...................................................................................... 19

8 Predicting................................................................................................ 19

Rates of reaction ............................................................................................ 19

Elements, compounds and mixtures .............................................................. 20

All about matter ............................................................................................. 20

9 Summary ................................................................................................ 20

Our energy problem ....................................................................................... 20

10 Wordsearches ......................................................................................... 22

Atmospheric pollution ................................................................................... 22

Elements and their properties......................................................................... 23

Ionic bonding ................................................................................................. 24

Covalent bonding ........................................................................................... 25

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Cloze activities
Atoms and elements
Choose from the terms below to complete the paragraph:
one, atomic number, isotopes, elements, electrons, mass number, nucleus, protons, atoms,
neutrons
_________________ are pure substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances by
physical means. _________________ are the smallest parts of an element that have all of the
properties of that element. An element contains only _________________ kind of atom.
Each atom has a nucleus at its centre which contains _________________ which are positively
charged particles and _________________ which are particles with no charge. Orbiting the nucleus
of an atom are negatively charged particles called _________________. The number of protons in
an atom’s nucleus determines its _________________. The number of protons plus the number of
neutrons in the nucleus of an element is its _________________. _________________ are atoms
of the same element, but they have a different mass number owing to differing numbers of neutrons
in the _________________.
Molecules, compounds and all that!
Choose from the following terms to complete the paragraph:
chemical change, oxidised, reduction, chlorine, physical, compounds, water, bond, oxidation,
molecules
When two or more atoms of a particular element _________________ together they create
_________________, for example _________________, Cl2. Different elements chemically bond
together, in a fixed proportion, to form _________________, for example _________________,
H2O. A compound cannot be separated into its constituent elements by _________________
means. When a new substance is formed during a chemical reaction, a _________________ has
taken place. When substances such as calcium and hydrogen combine with oxygen in this way,
these elements are said to be _________________. The process is known as _________________.
The opposite type of reaction is called _________________.
Petrochemical industry
Choose from the following terms to complete the paragraph:
carbon, petrochemical, reactive, plastics, raw, alkene, cracking, fractional distillation,
alkanes, hydrocarbon
Fossil fuels, such as oil, are used as _________________ materials for the _________________
industry. _________________ are the substances found in oil. They are _________________
molecules and are obtained by _________________. Hydrocarbons contain hydrogen and
_________________ atoms only.
Ethene, an _________________, is produced by _________________ larger molecules obtained
from oil. It is quite _________________ and widely used as a raw material for the production of
synthetic organic products such as _________________, pharmaceuticals, insecticides and
industrial chemicals.
Alkenes
Choose from the following terms to complete the paragraph:
monomers, addition, reactive, ethene, unsaturated, atoms, C=C, polymer
The reactions of _________________, an alkene, are largely determined by its
_________________ double _________________ bond. It undergoes _________________
reactions and involves _________________ or groups of atoms adding across a double bond.

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These reactions are characteristic of _________________ hydrocarbons, including ethene. They

will even add to each other to form the _________________ poly(ethene).
Polymers are molecules made up of small repeating units called _________________.

Comprehension
Read the passages and then answer the questions that follow.
The Periodic Table
The Periodic Table shows all the elements that we know of. At the present time, the number of
elements is 118. The elements within the Periodic Table are arranged in order of increasing atomic
number. The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of the element.
Another important detail related to the atoms of an element is the mass number, which is the sum
of the number of protons and neutrons found in the nucleus. Within the Periodic Table, the columns
are called groups whilst the rows are called periods. The group number of an element is given by
the number of its outer shell electrons. For example, the atoms of the Group 1 elements have one
electron in their outer shell, whilst Group VII elements have seven electrons in their outer shell.
Moving downwards through Group I (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs), the elements get more reactive, whilst
moving downwards through Group VII (F, Cl, Br, I, At), the elements get less reactive.
1 How are the elements in the Periodic Table arranged?
a in order of increasing number of atoms
b in order of increasing number of electrons
c in order of increasing number of protons
d in order of increasing number of neutrons
2 What are the particles that are found in the atoms of elements?
a neutrons, protons, electrons
b nucleus, protons, electrons
c neutrons, nucleus, electrons
d neutrons, protons, nucleus
3 Which is the most reactive element in Group I?
a Na
b Cs
c Rb

d Li

4 Which is the most reactive element in Group VII?

a F

b I
c Br
d Cl
5 How many electrons are there in the outer shell and what is the number of protons in the
Group VI element sulfur, which has an equal number (16) of neutrons and protons?
a 16, 6

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b 6, 32
c 6, 22
d 6, 16

Manufacture of ammonia
Ammonia is made industrially by the Haber process. This process involves an exothermic reaction
between the gases nitrogen and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst:
nitrogen + hydrogen ⇌ ammonia
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) ΔH = –292 kJ/mol
An exothermic reaction is one that liberates thermal energy to its surroundings. The reaction will
have a negative enthalpy change, –ΔH.
Nitrogen is obtained from the air and hydrogen is obtained by the steam reforming of methane:
carbon monoxide + steam ⇌ hydrogen + carbon dioxide
CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ H2(g) + CO2(g)
The amount of ammonia gas produced from this reaction is affected by both the temperature and
the pressure at which the process is run. The process can be manipulated according to the
observations of Le Chatelier. He was a French scientist who suggested that, if you make
adjustments to the conditions of a reversible reaction, the reaction will move in a direction to offset
the change you are making. Ammonia is a covalently bonded substance. It contains only single
bonds made by sharing a single pair of electrons. Ammonia is used to make several essential
substances such as nitric acid and fertilisers. However, ammonia cannot be used to make plastics.
1 What is the formula for ammonia?
a N2
b H2
c NH3
d H2O
2 From equations for the Haber process, how do you know it is an exothermic reaction?
a The reaction has a +ΔH.
b The reaction has a –ΔH.
c The reaction has no ΔH.
d The reaction is reversible.
3 If the pressure was increased on this Haber process reaction, what would the effect be on the
amount of ammonia produced?
a Less ammonia would be produced.
b More ammonia would be produced.
c More and then less ammonia would be produced.
d No effect would be observed on the amount of ammonia produced.
4 Which set of statements is true of ammonia?
a It is a solid, it is made by the Haber process, it is used to make fertilisers.
b It is a gas, it is made by the Haber process, it is used to make plastics.
c It is a solid, it is made by the Haber process, it is used to make plastics.

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d It is a gas, it is made by the Haber process, it is used to make fertilisers.

5 What type of chemical bonding does ammonia have?
a double covalent
b single covalent
c triple covalent
d ionic

Crude oil
Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons which belong to the homologous series called the alkanes.
A homologous series is a family of organic compounds which have similar structures, name
endings and chemical properties. They show a trend in physical properties and their formulae can
be represented by a general formula. For example, alkanes are represented as CnH2n+ 2. This
mixture can be separated into fractions by the process of fractional distillation. For example, the
petrol or gasoline fraction contains hydrocarbons with 5 to 12 carbon atoms. Fractions are simple
mixtures or single substances obtained from fractional distillation. Some of the fractions obtained
are used as fuels. Some of the other alkane fractions are subjected to catalytic cracking in order to
make alkene hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons contain a C=C bond which makes them
unsaturated and very reactive molecules. They can react with their own molecules in the process of
polymerisation to produce polymers.
Alkanes, even though they are not very reactive because they are saturated, can be converted into
substances which are used as solvents. To do this, the alkane is reacted with a halogen (Group VII),
such as chlorine, in the presence of high-energy radiation: ultraviolet (UV) light. UV light is often
used in photochemical reactions. The high-energy UV light can break the single covalent bond in a
chlorine molecule. During this reaction, the alkane molecules undergo substitution via highly
reactive chlorine atoms.
1 Which word refers to the ability of alkene molecules to react with each other?
a saturated
b unsaturated
c polymer
d polymerisation
2 What properties are shown by a homologous series?
a They have similar structures, name endings and chemical properties, and show a trend in
physical properties.
b They have similar structures, name endings and chemical properties, and show no trend in
physical properties.
c They have differing structures, name endings and chemical properties, and show a trend in
physical properties.
d They have differing structures, name endings and chemical properties, and show no trend
in physical properties.
3 Which sentence suggests that a type of hydrocarbon can be converted into another type of
hydrocarbon?
a This mixture can be separated into fractions by the process of fractional distillation.
b Some of the other alkane fractions are subjected to catalytic cracking in order to make
alkene hydrocarbons.
c Alkanes can be converted into substances which are used as solvents.

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d Fractions are simple mixtures or single substances obtained from fractional distillation.
4 Which term refers to UV radiation and means that it can break covalent bonds?
a low energy
b used in photochemical reactions
c high energy
d very reactive
5 Which word means that the alkenes have a different chemical structure to the alkanes?
a reactive
b polymers
c unsaturated
d saturated

Correct spelling
Chemical terms
Below you will see 18 lists. In each one there is a chemical term spelt several ways, one of
which is correct. Identify the correct spelling in each list.
1 fermentation, ferrmentation, fermmentation, ferrmmentation
2 hydrasion, hydration, hidration, hidrasion
3 ecwilibrium, ecuilibrium, quilibrium, equilibrium
4 condensasion, condensattion, condensaton, condensation
5 polution, pollution, pollusion, polusion
6 galvannised, galvanysed, galvanised, galvannysed
7 unsachurated, unssaturated, unsatturated, unsaturated
8 combusttion, combustton, combuston, combustion
9 vaporisation, vapourisation, vaporissation, vapourissation
10 atmosfere, atmozphere, atmozfhere, atmosphere
11 sollution, solution, soluwtion, solushon
12 precipetate, precypitate, precypetate, precipitate
13 kracking, cracking, craking, kraking
14 amfoteric, amphoterik, amphoteric, amfoterik
15 corosion, corrotion, corotion, corrosion
16 decompositon, dekomposition, decomposition, dekompositon
17 tietration, titraytion, tietraytion, titration
18 compownd, compound, comppound, comppounde

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Crossword
Acids and bases

Across
2 An ion that is not involved in the ionic equation
4 pH 7
7 A substance that neutralises an acid
9 A strong acid
10 A weak acid
11 A soluble base
Down
1 pH 1–7
3 A substance that behaves as an acid and a base
5 A reaction that can go both ways
6 A volumetric method of determining the concentration of acids and alkalis
8 Made by replacing the hydrogen of an acid with a metal
11 pH 7–14

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Crossword
Nitrogen

Across
4 Compounds containing nitrogen that are spread on land before crops are sown.
5 Haber process is used to make this gas.
7 Group in the Periodic Table that nitrogen is in.
8 Element found below nitrogen in the Periodic Table.
10 A solid hydroxide used in the laboratory preparation of ammonia.
Down
1 Next most abundant gas in the air after nitrogen.
2 Salts of nitric acid.
3 Bond that holds nitrogen atoms together in nitrogen molecules.
6 Acid made by the oxidation of ammonia.
9 Molecules of nitrogen are ...

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Crossword
Making salts

Across
2 Produced when copper(II) sulfate solution evaporates slowly.
6 Colour of copper(II) oxide.
8 Gas produced when a metal reacts with an acid.
10 Metals in order of their chemical reactions.
11 Salts made from nitric acid.
13 Colour of copper(II) sulfate.
14 When an acid is cancelled out by an alkali.
Down
1 Salts made from sulfuric acid.
3 Alkali used to make sodium chloride.
4 A technique used to separate a solid from a liquid.
5 Common salt.
7 Salts made from hydrochloric acid.
9 A solution does this when it is heated.
12 Produced when the hydrogen of an acid is replaced with a metal.

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Crossword
Electrochemistry

Across
1 Point at which electricity enters and leaves a cell.
4 Ion attracted to cathode.
8 Involves loss of electrons.
9 Product at cathode during electrolysis of lead(II) bromide.
Down
2 Involves the gain of electrons.
3 Ion attracted to anode.
5 Positive electrode.
6 Product at anode during electrolysis of water.
7 Negative electrode.

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Crossword
Chemical reactions and calculations

Across
2 Short for relative molecular mass.
3 Substances which react in a chemical reaction.
5 Fuel gas that gives out a lot of heat when it burns.
7 Relative formula mass for water, H2O (Ar: H = 1, O = 16)
9 Relative formula mass for sulfuric acid, H2SO4 (Ar: S = 32, O = 16, H = 1)
10 Relative formula mass for nitric acid, HNO3 (Ar: N = 14, O = 16, H = 1)
11 The type of reaction involving oxygen.
12 Particles need to do this to react.
Down
1 Relative formula mass for ammonia, NH3 (Ar: H = 1, N = 14)
2 Short for relative formula mass.
4 Reaction between acids and alkalis.
6 Reaction in which heat energy is taken in.
8 Reaction in which heat energy is given out.
10 Relative formula mass for sulfur dioxide, SO2 (Ar: S = 32, O = 16)

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Crossword
Group I metals

Across
5 Gas produced when a Group I metal reacts with water or acid.
7 Formula for lithium hydroxide.
8 Alkali produced when potassium reacts with water.
Down
1 Formula for sodium hydroxide.
2 This happens when a Group I metal reacts with acid.
3 Another name for Group I.
4 A hazard associated with alkalis.
6 Least reactive of lithium, sodium and potassium.
8 Most reactive of lithium, sodium and potassium.
9 ‘Skull and crossbones’ hazard warning label often found on bottles containing Group I metals.

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Jumbled words
Bonding not James Bonding!
Unscramble the words in bold to make sense of each statement.
1 Graphite and diamond are examples of tigan covalent structures.
2 Ionic compounds such as sodium chloride can be broken down by sseiellcrtoy.
3 Methane contains only aveclton bonds.
4 Weak intermolecular forces exist between lleeumsco.
5 The transfer of eeclsnort from metal to non-metal takes place in an ionic bond.
6 In an ionic bond, there is an ctcelettiarso force of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
7 In a covalent bond, electrons are raheds.
8 The metal structure is made up of positive metal ions in a ‘sea’ of ledisldeoca electrons.
9 Ionic substances are usually lenlicrayst.
10 Metals are good scrodtonuc of heat and electricity.

Solutions, colloids and all that!

Unscramble the words in bold to make sense of each statement.
1 nraobwni noomti is the chaotic movement of visible particles caused by much smaller
invisible ones.
2 All soluble ionic compounds in water are lseecytrotel.
3 Oil and vinegar don’t mix, they are cmeiisiblm.
4 Ethanol (alcohol) and water are islecimb because they mix.
5 A teentcoradnc solution has a relatively large amount of solute.
6 A nsluooti contains particles that will not settle out.
7 Sodium chloride is an ionic losteu that readily dissolves in water.

What is the element?

Unscramble the words to make the names of some elements.
1 onne
2 ghderony
3 nescrai
4 mantutii
5 domisu
6 ytrkopn
7 goyenx
8 mumuliian
9 aedl
10 soptsmuia
11 preopc
12 ngrao

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13 emnirbo
14 imiltuh
15 vrslie
16 lodg
17 olrceinh
18 smgaaneen
19 loctab
20 wcumerlnai

What’s in an atom?
Unscramble the words in bold to make sense of the statements about atoms.
1 A uernotn has a smsa of eon and a ahercg of roze.
2 A otrpno has a sams of noe and a ghreac of lpsu one.
3 sltrceneo have gelginiebl mass and a ahercg of inmsu one.
4 The luseunc is found at the encert of the otma and contains otw particles.
5 The geenyr vesell contain the ntrcseelo.

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Matching pairs
Organic chemistry 1
Match up the statements on the right with the molecular formulae on the left.

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Matching pairs
Organic chemistry 2
Match up the statements on the right with the formulae of molecules/substances on the left.

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Matching pairs
Elements and their symbols
Match up the names of elements on the left with their symbols on the right.

Statement ordering
Carrying out a titration
The stages below are those carried out for a titration to find the concentration of potassium
hydroxide solution.
The statements are in the wrong order. Rearrange them into the correct order.
A The hydrochloric acid is added to the alkali until the pink colour of the indicator just
disappears.
B A standard solution of hydrochloric acid is placed in the burette using a filter funnel until it is
filled up exactly to the zero mark.
C The reading on the burette at the end-point is recorded and further titrations are carried out until
consistent results are obtained (within 0.1 cm3 of each other).
D The filter funnel is now removed.
E 25 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution is pipetted into a conical flask and a few drops of
phenolphthalein indicator are added.
F The hydrochloric acid is added to the potassium hydroxide solution in small quantities. The
contents of the flask are swirled after each addition.
Write the correct order of the statements here: _________________________________
Extraction of aluminium
The stages below are those carried out in the extraction of aluminium.
The stages are in the wrong order. Rearrange them into the correct order.
A Melt the mixture of bauxite and cryolite.

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B The liquid aluminium is collected from the cell through a syphon mechanism and made into
ingots.
C Pass an electric current through the molten mixture of bauxite and cryolite.
D Mix the purified bauxite with cryolite.
E Aluminium forms at the cathode and oxygen forms at the anode.
F Sodium hydroxide is added to the ore (bauxite) to remove impurities.
Write the correct order of the statements here: _____________________________
Extraction of iron
The stages below are those carried out in the extraction of iron.
The stages are in the wrong order. Rearrange them into the correct order.
A The coke burns in the preheated air and carbon monoxide and calcium oxide are formed.
B The molten iron and slag trickles to the bottom of the furnace and they are tapped off at regular
intervals.
C A blast of hot air is sent in near the bottom of the furnace through holes which makes the
‘charge’ glow.
D The ‘charge’ is loaded into the blast furnace.
E Iron ore is mixed with coke and limestone to make the ‘charge’ for the blast furnace.
F After it has been produced, carbon monoxide reduces the iron ore, and the calcium oxide forms
slag.
Write the correct order of the statements here: ___________________________
Making sulfuric acid
The stages below are those carried out in the production of sulfuric acid.
The stages are in the wrong order. Rearrange them into the correct order.
A The sulfur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid.
B Dust and impurities are removed from the sulfur dioxide, as well as any unreacted oxygen.
C Sulfur dioxide is produced by burning the sulfur in air.
D The sulfuric acid produced will be of the required concentration.
E The ‘clean’ gases are heated to a relatively high temperature and passed over a catalyst to
produce sulfur trioxide.
F The oleum is added to the correct amount of water.
Write the correct order of the statements here: _________________

Predicting
Rates of reaction
The following headings relate to ‘factors affecting the rate of reaction’.

Write down the headings. Under those headings, write down the words and phrases,
chosen from the list that follows, that you think may be found under the headings in
the sections of text about ‘factors that affect the rate of reaction’. Some of them may
be used under more than one heading.

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Headings
1 Surface area
2 Concentration
3 Temperature
4 Catalysts
Words and phrases
surface area, catalyst, particles, collision rate, collisions, Haber process, flour mill, lump, powder,
powdered, kinetic energy, explosion, catalytic converters, activation energy, pressure
Elements, compounds and mixtures
The following headings relate to ‘separating solid/liquid mixtures’.
Write down the headings. Under those headings, write down the words and phrases, chosen
from the list that follows, that you think may be found under the headings in the sections of
text about ‘separating solid/liquid mixtures’. Some of them may be used under more than one
heading.
Headings
1 Filtration
2 Evaporation
3 Crystallisation
4 Simple distillation
Words and phrases
desalination plant, residue, sieve, particles, solution, heated, sea water, filtering, steam, saturated
solution, mixture, crystallise, solute, temperature, insoluble solid, filtration, Liebig condenser,
condenses, pure water, salt, filtrate, solvent, dissolved
All about matter
The following headings relate to ‘matter’.
Write down the headings. Under those headings, write down the words and phrases, chosen
from the list that follows, that you think may be found under the headings in the sections of
text about ‘matter’. Some of them may be used under more than one heading.
Headings
1 Solids, liquids and gases
2 The kinetic theory of matter
3 Change of state
Words and phrases
states of matter, vibrate, particles, energy, melting point, molecules, stronger forces, boiling points,
cooling curves, evaporate, atmospheric pressure, volume, condense, physical change, atoms,
temperature, movement, expansion, ions, shape, contraction, freezes, compressible, spread out,
physical properties, sizes, faster, slowly

Summary
Our energy problem
Read the two passages below about using fossil fuels and nuclear power to generate
electricity, then produce a table for the different types of fuel with the headings:

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fuel, renewable or non-renewable, method of energy creation, advantages, disadvantages

Using fossil fuels
A major use of fossil fuels is in the production of electricity. Coal, oil and natural gas are burned in
power stations to heat water to produce steam, which is then used to drive large turbines. A high
proportion of the electricity generated worldwide is derived from fossil fuels. However, it should
be noted that the relative importance of the three major fossil fuels is changing. Coal and oil are
becoming less important, while natural gas is increasingly important.
Fossil fuels are generally seen as a convenient and reliable source of energy for producing
electricity. However, they produce large amounts of carbon dioxide gas when they burn, which
creates the greenhouse effect and causes global warming. In addition, these fuels contain sulfur,
which, when the fuel is burned, produces sulfur dioxide gas which dissolves in rainwater and is a
major cause of acid rain.
Fossil fuels are an example of non-renewable resources, so called because they are not being
replaced at the same rate as they are being used up and will therefore eventually run out. For
example, we have approximately a 55-year supply of crude oil remaining from known reserves if
we continue to use it at the current rate as a source of energy and chemicals. It is important to use
non-renewable fuels very carefully and to consider alternative renewable sources of energy for use
now and in the future.
Using nuclear power
Nuclear fuel is a renewable source of energy and can be used to produce electricity. Unlike fossil
fuels such as coal, nuclear fuel is not burned. Instead, nuclear fission in a nuclear reactor releases
huge amounts of heat energy because of the changes that take place in the nucleus of atoms used in
the fuel. The energy released from the reaction is obtained in a controlled way and the energy
produced is used to create steam, which in turn is used to generate electricity. This source of energy
has been found to be reliable.
Although nuclear power is ‘clean’, there are problems associated with it. The main problem
associated with a nuclear power station is that the reactor produces highly radioactive waste
materials. These waste materials are difficult to store and cannot be disposed of very easily.
Additionally, leaks of radioactive material have occurred at various sites throughout the world.
Accidents at a few nuclear power stations, such as Chernobyl in Ukraine, Three Mile Island in the
USA and Fukushima in Japan, have led to a great deal of concern about their safety. When nuclear
accidents happen, large numbers of people can be seriously affected by direct irradiation and
contamination. There is also a cost implication. The cost of building and closing down, or
decommissioning, nuclear power stations is enormous and they are only really useful for generating
electricity for about 30 years. In fact, a nuclear power station may cost more money to build and
decommission than the amount of money it makes from generating electricity.

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Word searches
Atmospheric pollution

Find the following words in the above grid.

acid rain
carbon monoxide
catalyst
fossil fuels
hydrocarbons
nitrogen oxides
particulates
pollution
sulfur dioxide
sulfuric acid

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Elements and their properties

Find the following words in the above grid.

aluminium
ductile
atoms
elements
brittle
malleable
carbon
metal
conductors
non-metal
copper
shiny
density
sulfur

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Ionic bonding

Find the following words in the above grid and use them to fill in the cloze passage below.
compounds
electrons
ionic
ions
metals
negative
positive
Cloze passage
Ionic bonds are usually found in _________________ that contain _________________ combined
with non-metals. During bond formation, _________________ are transferred from the metal
atoms to the non-metal atoms. The new species produced are called _________________. The
charges on the metal ions are _______________ and on the non-metal ions are
_________________. They balance each other. This type of bonding is called _________________
bonding.

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 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Student activities

Covalent bonding

Find the following words in the above grid and use them to fill in the cloze passage below.
carbon dioxide
compounds
electrons
elements
hydrogen
non-metals
oxygen
shared
water
Cloze passage
Covalent bonds are usually found in _________________ and _________________ that contain
_________________ only. During bond formation, _________________ are _________________
between the non-metal atoms. Examples of elements that contain this type of bond are
_________________ and _________________. Examples of compounds that contain this type of
bond are _________________ and _________________.

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