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Thomson’s model of atom
Thomson’s model of atom
 Thomson’s model of atom

J. J. Thomson, in 1898, proposed that an atom possesses a spherical shape (radius

approximately 10–10 m) in which the positive charge is uniformly distributed. The
electrons are embedded into it in such a manner as to give the most stable
electrostatic arrangement.

This model is also known as

plum pudding, raisin pudding or watermelon.
 Thomson’s model of atom

Limitations

This model could not satisfactorily explain the results of scattering experiment carried
out by Rutherford who worked with Thomson
Q : Which of the following properties of atom could be explained by Thomson Model
of atom?

A Overall neutrality of atom

B Spectra of hydrogen atom

C Position of electrons, protons and neutrons in atom

D Stability of atom
Q : Which of the following properties of atom could be explained by Thomson Model
of atom?

A Overall neutrality of atom

B Spectra of hydrogen atom

C Position of electrons, protons and neutrons in atom

D Stability of atom
Rutherford’s Model
Rutherford and his students (Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden)
bombarded very thin gold foil with α–particles.

● A stream of high energy alpha particles from a radioactive

source was directed at a thin foil (~100 nm) of gold metal .
● A thin gold foil had a fluorescent zinc sulphide screen
around it.
● whenever the alpha particles struck the screen, a tiny
flash of light was produced at that point.
 Observation
➢ Most of the α-particles passed through the foil without undergoing any deflection
 Observation
➢ Few α-particles underwent deflection through small angles.
 Observation
➢ A very few α– particles (∼1 in 20,000) bounced back, that is, were deflected by
nearly 180°
 Conclusion
➢ Most of the space inside an atom is empty as most particles went through
unaffected
➢ Alpha particles being positively charged Helium nuclei, they can be deviated
by a positive charge. So, there must be some positively charged region in the
atom.
➢ As only a few particles deviated, it was concluded that the positively charged
region was very small as compared to the atom.
OR
➢ The positive charge of the atom is concentrated in a miniscule region called
“The Nucleus” (The radius of a nucleus is 10-15 m and that of an atom is about
10-10m)
 Rutherford’s atomic model

➢ An atom consists of the tiny positively charged nucleus at its centre.

➢ Nucleus contain positively charged particles. Almost entire mass of an

atom and all the positive charge is concentrated in the nucleus.

➢ Electron revolve around the nucleus in circular paths called as

orbits.This model resembles the solar system thus called as planetary
model

➢ The electron and nucleus are held together by electrostatic force of

attraction.
 Rutherford’s atomic model

Limitations
➢ According to classical theory of electromagnetic waves, (Maxwell’s
theory) when a charge particle is subjected to acceleration around an
opposite charge it radiates energy continuously in form of radiations and
thus will lose energy.
➢ This means that the electron in Rutherford’s Model should lose energy and
follow a spiral path and collapse into the nucleus in 10–8s. Although this does
not happen but Rutherford had no explanations for the same.

➢ It says nothing about the structure of atom, i.e. how the electrons are
distributed around the nucleus and their energies
 Electromagnetic radiations

● The oscillating electrical/magnetic field are electromagnetic radiations.

Experimentally, the direction of oscillations of electrical and magnetic field
are perpendicular to each other.
 Electromagnetic radiations

E = Electric field,
B = Magnetic field

The direction of propagation is given by :

Cross product of electric and magnetic field
→ →
(E) × (B)
 Characteristics of a Wave

Wave length (λ):

The distance between two neighbouring troughs or crests is known as wavelength. It is denoted
by λ and is expressed in cm, m, nanometers (1nm=10–9m) or Angstrom (1Å=10–10m).
 Characteristics of a Wave
Frequency, 𝛎 :
The number of waves passing through a point in space in a unit time. Its
units are s-1 or Hertz (Hz), Cycles per second etc.
 Characteristics of a Wave

Amplitude:
It is the height of the crest or depth of the trough of a wave and is denoted by a. It
determines the intensity or brightness of the beam of light.
 Characteristics of a Wave

Wave number ⊽ :
It is defined as number of wavelengths per cm. It is denoted by ⊽ and is
expressed in cm–1.
Planck’s Quantum Theory
Planck’s Quantum Theory
According to Planck’s quantum theory,

❏ Different atoms and molecules can emit or absorb energy in discrete quantities only. The
smallest amount of energy that can be emitted or absorbed in the form of electromagnetic
radiation is known as quantum.

❏ The energy of the radiation absorbed or emitted is directly proportional to the frequency of
the radiation.
Mathematically
● Energy of photon is proportional to Frequency
E∝ν

● The constant of proportionality is called Planck’s constant represented by “h”

E=hν
● If there are “n” photons of the same frequency then the total energy will be:
E = nhν
● This is also called “Quantisation of Energy”. This means that total light energy will be a
multiple of a basic least value, which is the energy of photon.
E = nh ν

● This can also be expressed in terms of wavelength:

c =speed of light
λ =wavelength
h =planck’s constant
 Quantisation
Quantisation has been compared to standing on a staircase. A person can
stand on any step of a staircase, but it is not possible for him/her to stand
in between the two steps.
The energy can take any one of the values from the following set, but
cannot take on any values between them.
Bohr’s Atomic model
Bohr model of the atom was
proposed by Neil Bohr in 1913 to
overcome the drawback of
Rutherford’s model of atom.
Neils Bohr was the first to explain
quantitatively the general
features of the structure of
hydrogen atom and its spectrum .
He used planck’s concept of
quantisation of energy.
Postulates:
➢ The electrons in the atom can move around the nucleus in a circular path of
fixed radius and energy. These paths are called orbits, stationary states or
allowed energy states. These orbits are arranged concentrically around the
nucleus.
Postulates:
● Electron revolves around the nucleus due to the centripetal force provided by the
electrostatic force of attraction (kZe2/r2).

● This centripetal force is balanced by centrifugal force of circular motion (mv2/r).

Postulates:
➢ Energy of the shells is fixed for a given atom and these shells are called stationary
energy level i.e., an electron will not lose or gain energy when it is present in a shell.
➢ When electrons gain energy they get excited to higher energy levels and when they
get de-excited they lose energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation and come
down to lower energy levels.
Postulates:
➢ Energy is emitted or absorbed when an electron jump from one orbit to another.
The amount of energy emitted or absorbed is given by the difference of energies of
the two energy levels concerned, i.e. ,

ΔE=E2 -E1

Where E1 and E2 are the energies of the lower and higher allowed energy states respectively.
Postulates:
➢ Only those orbits are permitted in which the angular momentum of the electron
is a whole number multiple of h/2π.

This means that, like energy, angular momentum of the electrons in an atom is also
quantized.
Radius of nth orbit
Radius of nth orbit
Radius of nth orbit
 Energy of nth orbit
The total energy, E of the electron is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy.
Energy of nth orbit
 Energy of nth orbit

Total Energy of the electron moving in nth orbit

Energy of nth orbit
Velocity of electron in nth orbit
Velocity of electron in nth orbit
Q : According to Bohr’s atomic theory , which of the following is/are correct ?

A Potential energy of electron ∝ Z/n2

B The product of velocity and n ∝ Z2

C Frequency of revolution of electron in an orbit ∝ Z2 /n3

D Coulombic force of attraction on the electron ∝ Z2 / n2

Q : According to Bohr’s atomic theory , which of the following is/are correct ?

A Potential energy of electron ∝ Z/n2

B The product of velocity and n ∝ Z2

C Frequency of revolution of electron in an orbit ∝ Z2 /n3

D Coulombic force of attraction on the electron ∝ Z2 / n2

Q : Which of the following is discreted in Bohr’s theory ?

A Potential Energy

B Kinetic Energy

C Velocity

D Angular momentum
Q : Which of the following is discreted in Bohr’s theory ?

A Potential Energy

B Kinetic Energy

C Velocity

D Angular momentum
Limitations:
● He could not explain the line spectra of atoms containing more than one electron.

● He could not explain the presence of multispectra lines.

● Bohr could not explain the de broglie’s concept of dual nature of matter.

● Bohr could not explain splitting of spectral lines in presence of electrical field
(Stark effect) and magnetic field (Zeeman effect)

● He could not explain Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.

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