CH 1 - Matter and Measurement

U N IVERSIT Y OF IN D ON ESIA
Introduction:
Matter and Measurement
Introduction: Matter
and Measurement
• The Study of Chemistry
• Classification of Matter
• Properties of Matter
• Units of Measurement
• Uncertainty in Measurement
• Dimensional Analysis
The Study of
Chemistry
• Chemistry is the study of matter and the
changes that matter undergoes.
• Matter is made up of almost infinitesimally
small building blocks called atoms.
• Atoms can combine together to form
molecules.
• Molecules of a few familiar substances are
represented here.
The Study of
Chemistry
The Study of
Chemistry
The Study of
Chemistry
The Study of
Chemistry
The Study of
Chemistry
Classification of Matter
• Matter can exist in one of three states of

matter: a gas, a liquid, or a solid.
– A gas is highly compressible and will assume both
the shape and the volume of its container.
– A liquid is not compressible and will assume the
shape but not the volume of its container.
– A solid also is not compressible, and it has a fixed
volume and shape of its own.
• Matter can also be classified according to its

composition.
• Most of the matter that we encounter exists in
mixtures, which are combinations of two or
more substances.
• Mixtures can be homogeneous or

heterogeneous.
• Mixtures can be separated into
– pure substances, and pure substances can be
either
• compounds or
• elements.
• A familiar example of a mixture is salt water.

• A sample of salt water has the same
composition throughout.
• It can be separated into pure substances—
water and ordinary table salt—by a physical
process, such as distillation.
•Pure water is collected in the flask on the right.

•When all of the water has been distilled from the
mixture, pure salt—NaCl—will remain in the flask
on the left.
•Both water and salt are pure substances.

•They cannot be further separated into simpler substances
by any physical process.
•Each, however, can be decomposed into other substances
by a chemical process, namely electrolysis.
Electrolysis
• The substances produced by the electrolysis of

water cannot be further separated by any
physical or chemical means.
• Oxygen and hydrogen are elements.
• When water is separated into its constituent
elements, the relative amounts of those
elements are always the same.
• Water is 11 percent hydrogen and 89 percent

oxygen by mass.
• This is an example of the law of constant
composition, also known as the law of
definite proportions.
• Salt can also be separated into its constituent

elements, sodium and chlorine, by
electrolysis.
• Sodium chloride also has a constant
composition, as do all pure substances. It is 39
percent sodium and 61 percent chlorine by
mass.
DEMO01-2.MOV
Properties of Matter
• Different types of matter have different

distinguishing characteristics that we can use
to tell them apart.
• These characteristics are called physical
properties and chemical properties.
• Physical and chemical properties may be
intensive or extensive.
• Intensive properties such as density, color, and

boiling point do not depend on the size of the
sample of matter and can be used to identify
substances.
• Extensive properties such as mass and volume
do depend on the quantity of the sample.
• Physical properties are those that we can

determine without changing the identity of the
substance we are studying.
• For instance, we can observe or measure the
physical properties of sodium metal.
– It is a soft, lustrous, silver-colored metal with a
relatively low melting point and low density.
– Hardness, color, melting point and density are all
physical properties.
– Figure 7.15 shows a chunk of metallic sodium, which is
soft enough to be cut with a knife.
• Chemical properties describe the way a

substance can change or react to form other
substances.
• These properties, then, must be determined
using a process that changes the identity of
the substance of interest.
• One of the chemical properties of alkali metals

such as sodium and potassium is that they
react with water.
• To determine this, though, we would have to
combine an alkali metal with water and
observe what happens.
Section 1.3
• Sodium metal (Na) reacts rather vigorously

with water to produce sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) and hydrogen gas (H2).
• After the reaction has occurred, although we
now have evidence of one of sodium metal's
chemical properties, we no longer have
sodium metal.
• Potassium reacts even more vigorously with

water to produce potassium hydroxide (KOH)
and hydrogen gas.
• As with sodium, once we have determined a
chemical property of potassium metal, we no
longer have potassium metal.
• To determine the chemical properties of a
substance, it is necessary to change the
substance's chemical identity.
• The changes undergone by sodium and

potassium when they react with water are
chemical changes, also known as chemical
reactions.
• Matter can also undergo physical changes in
which the chemical identity of the matter
does not change.
• One example of a physical change is the

melting of a solid.
• When ice melts, it changes from a solid state
to a liquid state, but its chemical identity
(H2O) is unchanged.
• All changes of state are physical changes.
Units of Measurement
• The scientific community uses SI units for

measurement of such properties as mass,
length, and temperature.
• There are seven SI base units from which all
other necessary units are derived.
• Although the meter is the base SI unit used for

length, it may not be convenient to report the
length of an extremely small object or an
extremely large object in units of meters.
• Decimal prefixes allow us to choose a unit that is
appropriate to the quantity being measured.
• Thus, a very small object might best be measured
in millimeters (1 millimeter = 0.001 meters),
while a large distance might best be measured in
kilometers (1 kilometer = 1000 meters).
• The SI unit of temperature is the kelvin,

although the Celsius scale is also commonly
used.
• The Kelvin scale is known as the absolute
temperature scale, with 0 K being the lowest
theoretically attainable temperature.
• K = oC + 273.15
• Note that there are no units of volume in

Table 1.4.
• For measurements of volume, density, and
other properties, we must derive the desired
units from SI base units.
• In the case of volume, which has units of
length cubed, (length)3, the basic SI unit for
volume is the cubic meter (m3).
• This is an extremely large volume, though, and

more often you will see volumes reported in
liters, L (1 cubic decimeter, or 1 dm3), or
milliliters, mL (which are the same as cubic
centimeters: 1 mL = 1 cm3).
• Density has units of mass per unit volume and is
often reported as grams per cubic centimeter,
g/cm3.
Uncertainty in
Measurement
• Even the most carefully taken measurements
are always inexact.
• This can be a consequence of inaccurately
calibrated instruments, human error, or any
number of other factors.
Uncertainty in
Measurement
• Two terms are used to describe the quality of
measurements: precision and accuracy.
• Precision is a measure of how closely individual
measurements agree with one another.
• Accuracy refers to how closely individually
measured numbers agree with the correct or
"true" value.
Uncertainty in
Measurement
Uncertainty in
Measurement
• Whatever the source, all measurements
contain error.
• Thus, all measured numbers contain
uncertainty.
• It is important that these numbers be
reported in such a way as to convey the
magnitude of this uncertainty.
Uncertainty in
Measurement
• Consider a fourth-grade student who, when
asked by his teacher how old the Earth is,
replies "Four billion and three years old."
– (The student had been told by a first-grade
teacher three years earlier that the Earth was four
billion years old.)
• Obviously, we don't know the age of Earth to
the year, so it is not appropriate to report a
number that suggests we do.
Uncertainty in
Measurement
• In order to convey the appropriate uncertainty
in a reported number, we must report it to the
correct number of significant figures.
• The number 83.4 has three digits.
– All three digits are significant.
– The 8 and the 3 are "certain digits" while the 4 is
the "uncertain digit.“
Uncertainty in
Measurement
• As written, this number implies uncertainty of
plus or minus 0.1, or error of 1 part in 834.
• Thus, measured quantities are generally
reported in such a way that only the last digit
is uncertain.
• All digits, including the uncertain one, are
called significant figures.
Uncertainty in
Measurement
• Guidelines
– Nonzero digits are always significant–457 cm (3
significant figures); 2.5 g (2 significant figures).
– Zeros between nonzero digits are always
significant–1005 kg (4 significant figures); 1.03 cm
(3 significant figures).
– Zeros at the beginning of a number are never
significant; they merely indicate the position of
the decimal point–0.02 g (one significant figure);
0.0026 cm (2 significant figures).
Uncertainty in
Measurement
• Guidelines
– Zeros that fall at the end of a number or after the
decimal point are always significant–0.0200 g (3
significant figures); 3.0 cm (2 significant figures).
– When a number ends in zeros but contains no
decimal point, the zeros may or may not be
significant–130 cm (2 or 3 significant figures);
10,300 g (3, 4, or 5 significant figures).
Uncertainty in
Measurement
• To avoid ambiguity with regard to the number of
significant figures in a number with tailing zeros
but no decimal point, such as 700, we use
scientific (or exponential) notation to express the
number.
• If we are reporting the number 700 to three
significant figures, we can leave it written as it is,
or we can express it as 7.00 102.
• There is no ambiguity in the latter regarding the
number of significant figures, because zeros after
a decimal point are always significant.
Uncertainty in
Measurement
• However, if there really should be only two significant
figures, we can express this number as 7.0 x102.
• Likewise, if there should be only one significant figure,
we can write 7 x102.
• Scientific notation is convenient for expressing the
appropriate number of significant figures.
• It is also useful to report extremely large and extremely
small numbers.
• It would be most inconvenient for us to have to write
all of the zeros in the number 1.91 10-24
(0.00000000000000000000000191).
Uncertainty in
Measurement
• When measured numbers are used in a calculation, the
final answer cannot have any greater certainty than the
measured numbers that went into the calculation.
• In other words, the precision of the result is limited by
the precision of the measurements used to obtain that
result.
• For example: If we measure the length of one side of a
cube and find it to be 1.35 cm; and we then calculate
the volume of the cube using this measured length, we
get an answer of 2.460375 cm3.
Uncertainty in
Measurement
• Our original measurement had three significant
figures.
• The implied uncertainty in 1.35 is 1 part in 135.
• If we report the volume of the cube to seven
significant figures, we are implying an uncertainty
of 1 part in over two million!
• We can't do that.
• In order to report results of calculations so as to
imply a realistic degree of uncertainty, we must
follow the following rules.
Uncertainty in
Measurement
• When multiplying or dividing measured
numbers, the answer must have the same
number of significant figures as the measured
number with the fewest significant figures.
• When adding or subtracting, the answer can
have only as many places to the right of the
decimal point as the measured number with
the smallest number of places to the right of
the decimal point.
Uncertainty in
Measurement
• Using these rules, we would report the
volume of the cube in the example above as
2.46 cm3.
Uncertainty in
Measurement
Uncertainty in
Measurement
Dimensional Analysis
• Solving problems in chemistry requires careful

manipulation of numbers and their associated
units, a method known as dimensional
analysis.
• For example: What is the volume of a 5.25-
gram sample of a liquid with density 1.23
g/mL?
• The density of the liquid can be used as a
conversion factor.
• For the liquid in the example, 1.23 grams are

equal to 1 milliliter (1 mL).
• When the numerator and denominator of a
fraction are equal, the fraction has a value of
1, meaning that we can multiply by it for the
purpose of changing units.
• The density conversion factor can be

expressed in either of the following two ways.
Thank You

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U N IVERSIT Y OF IN D ON ESIA

• Matter can exist in one of three states of

• Matter can also be classified according to its

• Mixtures can be homogeneous or

• A familiar example of a mixture is salt water.

•Pure water is collected in the flask on the right.

•Both water and salt are pure substances.

• The substances produced by the electrolysis of

• Water is 11 percent hydrogen and 89 percent

• Salt can also be separated into its constituent

• Different types of matter have different

• Intensive properties such as density, color, and

• Physical properties are those that we can

• Chemical properties describe the way a

• One of the chemical properties of alkali metals

• Sodium metal (Na) reacts rather vigorously

• Potassium reacts even more vigorously with

• The changes undergone by sodium and

• One example of a physical change is the

• The scientific community uses SI units for

• Although the meter is the base SI unit used for

• The SI unit of temperature is the kelvin,

• Note that there are no units of volume in

• This is an extremely large volume, though, and

• Solving problems in chemistry requires careful

• For the liquid in the example, 1.23 grams are

• The density conversion factor can be

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