Cellular Respiration – Learning Objectives

 Write and explain the overall chemical reaction for cellular respiration.

 Explain how cellular respiration produces ATP from glucose and other molecules
with high potential energy.

 Describe the four components of cellular respiration. List the phases of glucose
metabolism and explain what occurs in each phase. Be able to describe the starting
point of each phase and the net products. Indicate where they occur in a eukaryotic
cell.

 Compare how ATP is made via substrate-level phosphorylation and how it is made
via oxidative phosphorylation.

 Describe some of the types of structural changes that are made, the types of
enzymes involved, and the types of regulation that occur during glycolysis and the
citric acid cycle, but don’t memorize chemical structures.

 Explain how oxidation of glucose releases energy and how that energy is
harnessed in high-energy molecules that are useful to the cell.

 Explain the role of NAD+ and FAD in cellular respiration, and how the cell uses
these molecules.

 Diagram ATP synthase and explain how a proton gradient creates conformational
changes that lead to the production of ATP.

 Describe how fermentation operates in the absence of the electron transport chain.
Explain how the reactions specific to fermentation are useful to the cell.

 Compare the pay off in useful high-energy molecules from fermentation vs.
pyruvate processing/citric acid cycle/electron transport chain.

 Explain why pyruvate processing, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport
chain all shut down in the absence of oxygen (for most organisms).

 Provide, explain, and analyze examples from the process of cellular respiration in
which exergonic and endergonic processes are coupled. Explain how these
examples are involved in meeting a cell’s energetic needs.