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Experimental determination of yarn pull-out properties of para-aramid

(Kevlar (R)) woven fabric

Article  in  Journal of Industrial Textiles · January 2012

DOI: 10.1177/1528083711413411

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Original article
Textile Research Journal
83(1) 13–33

Stick–slip behavior of para-aramid ! The Author(s) 2013

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DOI: 10.1177/0040517512449052
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Kadir Bilisik

Abstract
The aim of this study was to understand the stick–slip properties of para-aramid woven fabrics. Para-aramid Twaron
CTÕ 716 (CT716) and Twaron CTÕ 714 (CT714) woven fabrics were used to conduct the pull-out tests. CT716 and
CT714 woven fabrics have low and high fabric densities, respectively. Data generated from the single and multiple yarn
pull-out tests using various lengths of CT716 and CT714 woven fabrics included fabric stick–slip force and accumulative
retraction force. Stick–slip force and accumulative retraction force depend on fabric density and the number of pulled
ends in the fabric. Stick–slip force and accumulative retraction force in the multiple-yarn pull-out test were higher than
those of the single-yarn pull-out test. Stick–slip force and accumulative retraction force in single- and multiple-yarn pull-
out tests in the dense CT716 fabric were higher than those of the loose CT714 fabric. In addition, long fabric samples
showed high stick–slip force compared with that of the short fabric samples.

Keywords
Ballistic fabrics, single and multiple yarn pull-outs, stick–slip force, accumulative retraction force, pull-out fixture

Ballistic fabrics with higher pull-out force have been
shown to perform favorably in impact tests.1 Some
studies have stated that to understand the mechanism
of yarn pull-out it is necessary to understand the role of
yarn pull-out friction in fabrics and engineering fric-
tional properties to enhance their ballistic performance.
Yarn pull-out was defined by Kirkwood et al. as one
end of the yarn being pulled out from the fabric struc-
ture by the motion of the penetrator. They reported
that the force required to pull the yarn from the
fabric structure was the sum of the frictional forces
between the yarn sets at all intersecting points.2,3 The
three distinct modes of fabric failure observed by Erlich
et al. in slow penetration tests were yarn pull-out, local
yarn rupture and remote yarn failure.4 Ballistic per-
formance depends upon friction and material proper-
ties such as elastic modulus and strength of the yarn.5
Another study revealed that very high inter-yarn fric-
tion could lead to premature yarn rupture during
impact load and eventually reduce the energy absorbing
ability of the fabric. In addition, the crimp in the woven
fabric could be considered as another factor.6,7 On the
other hand, the tribological behavior of woven fabric
made from KevlarÕ yarns of different linear densities
was compared with the friction properties of their
constituent yarns using different surface treatments.
Both yarn texture and surface treatment were seen to
have an influence on the friction coefficient. Linear
density and woven structure had the largest impact
on friction.8 The softening treatment of fabric was
shown to reduce inter-yarn adhesion and inter-yarn
sliding friction.9 Frictional processes within a fabric
are important for both normal indentation and ballistic
deformations as they control the effective stiffness of
the material. It was found that fabrics with high friction
and the lowest effective moduli dissipated larger
amounts of energy relative to fabrics with lower fric-
tion. Relatively small changes in friction produced
much greater changes in the deformational behavior
of an assembly of cross-over contacts.10
Erciyes University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Textile
Engineering, Talas-Kayseri, Turkey
Corresponding author:
Kadir Bilisik, Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Erciyes University, 38039 Talas-Kayseri, Turkey.
Email: kadirbilisik@gmail.com

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14 Textile Research Journal 83(1)

Modeling studies have shown that friction contrib-
uted to delaying fabric failure and increasing impact
load thus allowing the fabric to absorb more energy.
Also, it was reported that fabric boundary condition
was a factor that influenced friction.11 Projectile–
fabric friction delayed yarn breakage by distributing
the maximum stress along the periphery of the project-
ile–fabric contact zone. The delay of yarn breakage
substantially increased the fabric’s energy absorp-
tion during the later stages of impact. Yarn-to-yarn
friction hindered the relative motion between
yarns and thus resisted decrimping of fabric weave
tightness. It induced the fabric to fail earlier during
the impact process.12 The effect of yarn slippage at
the cross-over point as well as within the clamp was
modeled and yarn fracture during impact in single-ply
woven fabric was determined using a kinetic energy
relation.13
A review of the factors that influence ballistic per-
formance can be outlined as the material properties of
the yarn, fabric structure and multiple plies, projectile
geometry and velocity, friction between fabric and pro-
jectile and yarn-to-yarn in the fabric and far-field
boundary conditions.14, 15 The fabric maximum pull-
out forces in para-aramid fabric structures have been
investigated with regards to their ballistic performance.
It was found that stitched ballistic layered structures
showed high pull-out force which eventually enhanced
the ballistic resistance of structures.16 The fabric dis-
placement stage and crimp extension stage in single-
and multiple-yarn-ends pull-out have been investigated.
It was concluded that the fabric displacement stage
could be utilized to determine fabric shear behavior17,18
and the crimp extension stage could be used to explain
fabric failure under tensile loads.19 The stick–slip phe-
nomenon has been identified in nature and has been
used to explain seismic movement, the flow of glaciers20
and textile materials,21 and even everyday life. The
stick–slip phenomenon was considered during single-
and multiple-yarn-ends pull-out in fabric.19 As seen in
the literature, the friction in the stick–slip stage of pull-
out in fabric structure was an important energy absorp-
tion mechanism for soft ballistics. Therefore, the aim of
this study was to understand the behavior of the stick–
slip stage of para-aramid single woven fabric under
single- and multiple-yarn pull-outs.
Materials and methods
Para-aramid fiber and woven fabrics
The woven fabric was constructed with the para-aramid
type of fibers (TwaronÕ of Teijin, Japan). The fiber and
fabric properties are presented in Table 1. Two types of
fabrics were used. These were Twaron CTÕ 716
(CT716) and Twaron CTÕ 714 (CT714). They were
both plain weave and the warp and filling yarn linear
densities were 110 tex. The warp and filling densities of
the CT716 and CT714 fabrics were 12.2 and
8.5 ends/cm, respectively. The weights of the fabric
unit areas were 280 and 190 g/m2, respectively. Water
repellent treatment was also applied to both fabrics.
Crimp measurement was performed using a Tautex
digital instrument (James H. Heal Co., UK) according
to ISO 7211-3. Fabric thickness measurement was per-
formed using an R&B cloth thickness tester (James H.
Heal Co., UK) according to ISO 5084. Fabric weight
measurement was performed based on ISO 6348. The
fabric’s initial angle between warp and weft was mea-
sured by an optical microscope (Olympus SZ61-TR).
Pull-out tests
Pull-out tests were conducted to determine the yarn-
to-yarn friction on single or multiple yarn ends in the

Table 1. Properties of high-modulus para-aramid Twaron CTÕ fibers22 and fabrics

Fiber Tensile Tensile Elongation Decomposition

diameter Fiber density strength modulus at break point
Fiber type (mm) (g/cm3) (GPa) (GPa) (%) (C )

Twaron CTÕ, Teijin 12 1.45 3.2 115 2.9 550

Weave Yarn linear Density Weight Crimp Thickness Treatment

Fabric type type density (tex) (per cm) (g/m2) (%) (mm)
warp filling warp filling warp filling

Twaron CTÕ 714 Plain 110 110 8.5 8.5 190 1.38 1.98 0.30 Water repellent (wrt)
Twaron CTÕ 716 Plain 110 110 12.2 12.2 280 6.36 1.96 0.40 Water repellent (wrt)

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Bilisik
Figure 1. Pull-out fixture with fabric on the tensile testing
instruments.18
frayed edge of the plain fabric structure. For this
reason, a pull-out fixture was developed.
Figure 1 shows the fixture and the pull-out test carried
out in the testing instrument.18 Fabric from both edges
was clamped. In this set-up, the fabric stick–slip stage
was defined as ‘the end of one yarn set (either warp or
weft) passes through from each of the consecutive inter-
secting points in the fabric during single or multiple
yarn pull-out after the maximum pull-out force stage
is completed’. Figure 2 shows the schematic views of
the fixture and pull-out test during the stick–slip stage.
In addition, ‘the pulled yarn end in the fabric is released
from the each yarn which is normal to the pulled yarn
direction in where the response of the remaining part of
the pulled yarn in the fabric is defined as the accumu-
lative retraction force’. Fabric crimp interchange
during the pull-out test was ignored. The residual ten-
sion on the fabric due to clamped fabric edges was
also ignored. The yarn slippages and yarn flattening
in warp and weft directions in the fabric interlacement
regions were not considered for simplification purposes.
It was also observed that some of the filaments in the
pulled yarn structure were broken. These broken fila-
ments were also ignored. The testing instrument
used was the Instron 4411 and the testing speed was
100 mm/min.
Fabric dimensions for performing the pull-out test
were prepared as a fabric width of 360 mm for the total
sample dimension, and 300 mm for the sample dimen-
sion in the fixture. Fabric lengths ranged from 50 to
350 mm at 50 mm increments. The pull-out direction
was in the warp direction of the fabrics. The frayed
yarn length of the sample was 150 mm and the total
edge length holding the sample in the fixture edge was
60 mm. In the single-yarn pull-out test, only one yarn
was pulled from the middle of the fabric sample. In the
multiple-yarn pull-out test, 2 and 3 yarns were pulled
from the middle of the each fabric sample. The Instron
4411 pull head draws individual yarn ends from the
frayed edge of the single fabric.
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15
Results and discussion
Stick–slip stage in the yarn pull-out
Single- and multiple-yarn pull-out tests on CT716 and
CT714 fabric samples were carried out. Single- and
multiple-yarn pull-out force–displacement curves were
obtained. In the yarn pull-out force–displacement
curve, the stick–slip stages of the kinetic friction part,
which was from the beginning of the maximum pull-out
force to the end of the yarn pull-out test, in CT716 and
CT714 fabrics were considered. The curve in the kinetic
region has one maxima and one minima for each of the
two crossing points where from maximum to minimum
(one minima) is called stick–slip and from minimum to
maximum (one maxima) is called the accumulative
retraction force due to the fabric structure.
Figures 3(a) and (b) show the stick–slip stages of the
single-yarn pull-out force–displacement curves for
CT716 and CT714 fabrics, respectively. The 11 meso-
cells of CT716 fabric were considered to investigate the
stick–slip stage of the single-yarn pull-out force–
displacement curve as seen in Figure 3(a) whereas the
eight meso-cells of CT714 fabric were considered to
investigate the stick–slip stage of the single yarn pull-
out force–displacement curve as seen in Figure 3(b). On
the other hand, Figures 4(a) and (b) show the stick–slip
stages of the multiple yarn pull-out force–displacement
curves for CT716 and CT714 fabrics, respectively. The
11 meso-cells of CT716 fabric were considered to inves-
tigate the stick–slip stage of the multiple yarn pull-out
force–displacement curve as seen in Figure 4(a) whereas
the eight meso-cells of CT714 fabric were considered to
investigate the stick–slip stage of the multiple yarn pull-
out force–displacement curve as seen in Figure 4(b).
Therefore, we considered only the first 11 meso-cells,
where one meso-cell is composed of one stick and
one slip region, for the CT716 fabric and the first 8
meso-cells for the CT714 fabric from single- and
multiple-yarn pull-out force–displacement curves
which were from the beginning of the maximum pull-
out force to the corresponding number of meso-cells,
respectively.
Figure 5 shows the schematic views of meso-cells
which include one stick region and one slip region. In
the stick region, there is pressure between the warp and
weft yarns either on the front face or back face of the
fabric during the pulling of the warp yarn as shown
schematically in Figure 6. In the slip region, there is
pressure between the warp and weft yarns where the
warp is crossed during the pulling of the warp yarn as
shown in Figure 6. The amount of pressure is propor-
tional, as given in the following relationships. We also
assume that dry fabric has no initial tension in the
yarns and the only force in the yarn was pull-out
16
Figure 2. Schematic views of the fabric and yarn positions measured during pull-out test: (a) fabric position before pull-out test;
(b) stick–slip stage of fabric position during pull-out test.
force, F, during pull-out test and the pull-out force F is
momentarily the same in all of the crossing points in the
fabric:
F1 ¼ cos   F
F2 ¼ sin   F
where F is the pull-out force,  is the initial crossing
angle, F1 is the in-plane direction pull-out force com-
ponent and F2 is the out-of-plane direction pull-out
force component.
The initial crossing angle () depends on the direc-
tional fabric density and directional crimp ratio. Under
the pull-out force on warp yarn, fabric displacement
and crimp extension stages occurred first.17 This
causes straightening of the pulled warp yarn and  is
decreased from its initial value. The measured average
initial  values for CT716 and CT714 fabrics were
10.37 and 4.41 , respectively. Figure 7 shows the mea-
sured initial crossing angles of CT716 and CT714 fabric
structures. If we use Equations (1) and (2), we get
F1 ¼ 0.984 F and F2 ¼ 0.175 F for CT716, and
F1 ¼ 0.996 F and F2 ¼ 0.087 F for CT714. As seen in
the relations, the out-of-plane direction pull-out force,
F2, was very small and the in-plane direction pull-out
force, F1, was very high for both fabric structures. In
the stick regions, the in-plane direction pull-out force
component (F1) is the most likely main force to gener-
ate pressure on the yarn in the fabric structure. In the
slip regions, the out-of-plane direction pull-out force
component (F2) is the most likely force to generate
pressure on the crossing part of the yarn in the fabric
structure as shown in Figures 5 and 6. However, more
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Textile Research Journal 83(1)
research is required to define the yarn pressure in the
slip region of the fabric during pull-out.
When we look at the meso-cells in the stick–slip
stages of the single- and multiple-yarn pull-out force–
ð1Þ displacement curves in Figures 3 and 4, there is an
exponential function which has periodic decrease and
ð2Þ increase lines. It is most likely that the decreasing line
corresponds to each stick–slip region (Sk–Sp) whereas
the increasing line corresponds to each accumulative
retraction force by fabric structure (Af) as shown in
Figure 8. After the maximum pull-out force stage was
completed, the first decreasing line occurred due to the
first yarn stick–slip region. When the first yarn (weft)
was released from the fabric structure, the first increas-
ing line occurred due to accumulative retraction
force by the fabric structure coming from the remaining
eight yarns in the end of the pulled yarn (warp)
as shown in Figures 6 and 8. When the pull-out phe-
nomena was repeated, the second decreasing line
occurred due to the second yarn stick–slip region.
Immediately afterwards, the second yarn was released
from the fabric structure and the second increasing line
occurred due to accumulative retraction force by the
fabric structure coming from the remaining seven
yarns in the end of the pulled yarn. This phenomenon
was repeated until the ninth yarn was released from the
pulled yarn.
Stick–slip force in single-yarn pull-out
The stick–slip force and accumulative retraction
force obtained from the single-yarn pull-out force–
displacement curve of CT716 fabric for 11 meso-cells
Bilisik 17

Figure 3. Stick–slip stages of single-yarn pull-out force–displacement curves with chosen number of meso-cells: (a) CT716
fabric (chosen number of meso-cells: 11); (b) CT714 fabric (chosen number of meso-cells: 8). (Fabric width: 300 mm; fabric
length: 50 mm.).

and CT714 fabric for 8 meso-cells are presented in
Tables 2 and 3, respectively. An example of the calcu-
lation of stick–slip force from the pull-out force–displa-
cement curve of CT716 fabric in MC-1 (fabric length:
50 mm, number of pull-out ends:1) was given as stick
force (Sk)  slip force (Sp) ¼ 16.10575 12.08432 ¼
4.021 N and accumulative retraction force (Af) ¼
j12.08432  14.36516 j ¼ 2.281 N. Figure 9 shows the
relationship between stick–slip force and various
fabric lengths in the single-yarn pull-out test of
CT716 fabric. Figure 10 shows the relationship between
stick–slip force and the number of meso-cells in the
single-yarn pull-out test of CT716 fabric. Figure 11
shows the relationship between stick–slip force and
various fabric lengths in the single-yarn pull-out test
of CT714 fabric. Figure 12 shows the relationship
between stick–slip force and the number of meso-cells
in the single yarn pull-out test of CT714 fabric.
As seen in Figures 9 and 11, and Tables 2 and 3,
the warp directional single-yarn stick–slip force in the
first meso-cell (MC-1) and eleventh meso-cell (MC-11)
of CT716 and, in the first meso-cell (MC-1) and eighth
meso-cell (MC-8) of CT714 fabric generally slightly
increased when the fabric length increased due to the
increasing number of crossing points. The warp direc-
tional single-yarn stick–slip forces in the MC-1 of

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18 Textile Research Journal 83(1)

Figure 4. Stick–slip stages of multiple-yarn pull-out force–displacement curves with chosen number of meso-cells: (a) CT716 fabric
(chosen number of meso-cells: 11); (b) CT714 fabric (chosen number of meso-cells: 8). (Fabric width: 300 mm; fabric length: 50 mm;
pulled yarn ends: 3.).

CT716 and CT714 fabrics were higher than those in the

Figure 5. The schematic views of stick–slip stage in the meso-
cells of para-aramid fabric structures after pull-out force is applied.
MC-11 of CT716 and the MC-8 of CT714 fabrics due
to the remaining crossing points in the fabric during
pull-out. On the other hand, the warp directional
single-yarn stick–slip forces in CT716 fabric were
higher than those in CT714 fabric due to fabric density.
Fabric length considerably affected the stick–slip forces
of dense CT716 fabric and loose CT714 fabric due to
the increasing number of crossing points.
As seen in Figures 10 and 12, and Tables 2 and 3, the
warp directional single-yarn stick–slip forces from MC-
1 to MC-11 of the short and long CT716 fabric samples
decreased due to the decreasing number of crossing
points. In addition, the warp directional single-yarn
stick–slip forces from MC-1 to MC-8 of the short

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Bilisik
Figure 6. The schematic views of pull-out force components in the stick–slip stage of the para-aramid fabric after pull-out force is
applied.
Figure 7. The cross-sectional views of the measured initial
crossing angle () between warp and weft in dry form
para-aramid fabric: (a) CT716 fabric structure; (b) CT714 fabric
structure. (Optical microscope view,20 magnification.).
and long CT714 fabric samples decreased due to the
decreasing number of crossing points.
The warp directional single-yarn stick–slip forces
from MC-1 to MC-11 of the long CT716 fabric
sample were higher than those of the short CT716
fabric sample due to the number of crossing points in
the fabric during pull-out. In addition, the warp direc-
tional single-yarn stick–slip forces from MC-1 to MC-8
of the long CT714 fabric sample were higher than those
of the short CT714 fabric sample due to the number of
crossing points in the fabric during pull-out.
On the other hand, the warp directional single-yarn
stick–slip forces in the meso-cells of the CT716 fabric
were higher than those of the CT714 fabric due to
fabric density. Fabric length considerably affected the
stick–slip forces of the meso-cells of the CT716 and
CT714 fabrics due to the number of crossing points.
Accumulative retraction force due to fabric structure
in single-yarn pull-out
The accumulative retraction forces obtained from the
single-yarn pull-out force–displacement curves of
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19
CT716 fabric for 11 meso-cells and those of CT714
fabric for 8 meso-cells are presented in Tables 2
and 3, respectively.
Figure 13 shows the relationship between accumula-
tive retraction force due to fabric structure and vari-
ous fabric lengths in the single-yarn pull-out test of
CT716 fabric. Figure 14 shows the relationship between
accumulative retraction force due to fabric structure
and the number of meso-cells in the single-yarn
pull-out test of CT716 fabric. Figure 15 shows the
relationship between accumulative retraction force
due to fabric structure and various fabric lengths in
the single-yarn pull-out test of CT714 fabric. Figure
16 shows the relationship between accumulative retrac-
tion force due to fabric structure and the number of
meso-cells in the single-yarn pull-out test of CT714
fabric.
As seen in Figures 13 and 15, and Tables 2 and 3, the
warp directional single-yarn accumulative retraction
forces in various fabric lengths of CT716 fabric varied
from 1.741 to 3.631 N in MC-1 and from 0.540 to
3.901 N in MC-11. The warp directional single-yarn
accumulative retraction forces in various fabric
lengths of CT714 fabric varied from 1.481 to 0.709 N
in MC-1 and from 1.611 to 0.333 N in MC-8. We
did not find any significant differences in the MC-1
and MC-11 of various fabric lengths of CT716
fabric. However, the warp directional single-yarn accu-
mulative retraction forces in MC-1 of CT716 and
CT714 fabrics were higher than those in the MC-11
of the CT716 and MC-8 of CT714 fabrics due to
the remaining crossing points in the fabric during
pull-out. On the other hand, the warp directional
single-yarn accumulative retraction forces in CT716
fabric were higher than those of CT714 fabric due to
fabric density.
As seen in Figures 14 and 16, and Tables 2 and 3, the
warp directional single-yarn accumulative retraction
forces from MC-1 to MC-11 of the short CT716
20
Figure 8. The schematic views of stick–slip stage in the representative pull-out force–displacement curve of para-aramid fabric
during pull-out.
fabric samples decreased due to the increasing number
of released yarns (weft). However, the warp directional
single-yarn accumulative retraction forces from MC-1
to MC-11 of the long CT716 fabric samples were
almost equal. In addition, the warp directional single-
yarn accumulative retraction forces from MC-1 to
MC-8 of the short CT714 fabric samples decreased
due to the increasing number of released yarns (weft).
However, the warp directional single-yarn accumula-
tive retraction forces from MC-1 to MC-8 of the long
CT714 fabric samples were almost equal. The warp dir-
ectional single-yarn accumulative retraction forces
from MC-1 to MC-11 of the long CT716 fabric
sample were higher than those of the short CT716
fabric sample due to the number of crossing points in
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Textile Research Journal 83(1)
the fabric during pull-out. The warp directional single-
yarn accumulative retraction forces from MC-1 to MC-
8 of the long CT714 fabric sample were higher than
those of the short CT714 fabric sample due to the
number of crossing points in the fabric during pull-
out. On the other hand, the warp directional single-
yarn accumulative retraction forces in the meso-cells
of the CT716 fabric were higher than those of the
CT714 fabric due to fabric density.
Stick–slip force in multiple-yarn pull-out
The stick–slip force and accumulative retraction
force obtained from the multiple-yarn pull-out
Bilisik 21

Table 2. Stick–slip force and accumulative retraction force obtained from the single-yarn pull-out force–displacement curve of
CT716 fabric for 11 meso-cells

MC-1 MC-2 MC-3 MC-4 MC-5 MC-6

Fabric Ends Sk  Sp Af Sk  Sp Af Sk  Sp Af Sk  Sp Af Sk  Sp Af Sk  Sp Af
length of yarn (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N)

50 mm 1 yarn 4.021 2.281 2.421 1.080 2.691 1.210 2.421 1.080 1.881 1.070 1.070 0.670
100 mm 1 yarn 5.912 3.631 3.761 2.821 3.361 1.611 2.821 1.611 2.551 1.881 2.681 1.611
150 mm 1 yarn 7.393 2.551 4.832 2.151 4.432 2.281 3.891 2.151 3.491 2.011 3.221 2.011
200 mm 1 yarn 7.783 2.151 5.102 2.141 4.292 1.741 3.491 1.210 2.951 1.471 2.951 1.481
250 mm 1 yarn 6.312 2.151 4.161 2.011 3.621 1.881 3.361 1.751 3.091 1.751 2.961 2.021
300 mm 1 yarn 6.442 2.151 3.091 1.611 2.951 2.151 2.961 2.151 3.221 2.421 2.961 2.281
350 mm 1 yarn 6.172 1.741 2.551 1.481 2.421 1.611 2.411 1.871 2.551 1.881 2.281 1.751

MC-7 MC-8 MC-9 MC-10 MC-11

Fabric Ends Sk  Sp Af Sk  Sp Af Sk  Sp Af Sk  Sp Af Sk  Sp Af
length of yarn (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N)

50 mm 1 yarn 2.021 1.210 1.341 0.810 1.080 0.270 1.210 0.810 0.940 0.540
100 mm 1 yarn 2.421 1.611 2.551 1.611 2.281 1.481 0.940 0.400 1.611 0.940
150 mm 1 yarn 2.821 1.751 2.691 1.881 2.681 1.741 2.551 1.751 2.281 1.611
200 mm 1 yarn 2.551 1.341 2.421 1.481 2.421 1.481 2.281 1.481 2.021 1.340
250 mm 1 yarn 2.821 2.011 2.951 2.151 2.821 2.151 2.961 2.151 2.821 2.151
300 mm 1 yarn 2.951 2.421 3.221 3.351 3.761 2.551 2.951 3.891 4.432 3.901
350 mm 1 yarn 2.551 2.011 1.881 1.340 2.281 1.881 2.281 1.741 2.141 1.741
MC, meso-cell; Sk  Sp, stick  slip; Af, accumulative retraction force due to fabric structure.

Table 3. Stick–slip force and accumulative retraction force obtained from the single-yarn pull-out force–displacement curve of
CT714 fabric for 8 meso-cells

MC-1 MC-2 MC-3 MC-4

Fabric length Ends of yarn Sk  Sp (N) Af (N) Sk  Sp (N) Af (N) Sk  Sp (N) Af (N) Sk  Sp (N) Af (N)

50 mm 1 yarn 1.141 0.709 0.787 0.573 0.662 0.560 0.595 0.489

100 mm 1 yarn 2.411 1.481 1.881 1.470 1.881 1.351 1.621 1.350
150 mm 1 yarn 2.551 1.481 1.751 1.210 1.470 1.200 1.471 1.210
200 mm 1 yarn 2.551 1.070 1.611 1.080 1.481 1.210 1.340 1.070
250 mm 1 yarn 2.421 0.810 1.480 0.940 1.481 0.940 1.200 0.940
300 mm 1 yarn 3.901 1.481 2.551 1.481 2.021 1.340 1.871 1.340
350 mm 1 yarn 4.292 1.340 2.691 1.481 2.281 1.480 2.151 1.611

MC-5 MC-6 MC-7 MC-8

Fabric length Ends of yarn Sk  Sp (N) Af (N) Sk  Sp (N) Af (N) Sk  Sp (N) Af (N) Sk  Sp (N) Af (N)

50 mm 1 yarn 0.675 0.483 0.580 0.404 0.501 0.404 0.498 0.333

100 mm 1 yarn 1.611 1.341 1.481 1.341 1.471 0.940 0.940 0.800
150 mm 1 yarn 1.621 1.350 1.481 1.210 1.481 1.341 1.341 1.210
200 mm 1 yarn 1.340 1.070 1.340 1.070 1.210 1.080 1.210 1.070
250 mm 1 yarn 1.210 1.070 1.341 1.070 1.341 1.070 1.200 1.070
300 mm 1 yarn 1.751 1.340 1.611 1.210 1.471 1.200 1.611 1.350
350 mm 1 yarn 2.151 1.611 2.011 1.611 2.011 1.611 1.881 1.611
MC, meso-cell; Sk  Sp, stick–slip; Af, accumulative retraction force due to fabric structure.

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22 Textile Research Journal 83(1)

9
Meso-cell
8 MC-1
MC-11
7
Stick- slip force (N)
6

0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Fabric length (mm)

Figure 9. Relationship between the stick–slip force and various fabric lengths in the single-yarn pull-out test of CT716 fabric.

7
Fabric length
6 50 mm
350 mm
5
Stick- slip force (N)

0
MC-1 MC-2 MC-3 MC-4 MC-5 MC-6 MC-7 MC-8 MC-9 MC-10 MC-11
Meso- cells

Figure 10. Relationship between the stick–slip force and the number of meso-cells in the single-yarn pull-out test of CT716 fabric.

force–displacement curves of CT716 fabric for 11 meso-
cells and CT714 fabric for 8 meso-cells are presented
in Tables 4 and 5, respectively. Figure 17 shows the
relationship between stick–slip force and various
fabric lengths in the multiple-yarn pull-out test of
CT716 fabric. Figure 18 shows the relationship between
stick–slip force and the number of meso-cells in
the multiple-yarn pull-out test of CT716 fabric.
Figure 19 shows the relationship between stick–slip
force and various fabric lengths in the multiple-yarn
pull-out test of CT714 fabric. Figure 20 shows the rela-
tionship between stick–slip force and the number
of meso-cells in the multiple yarn pull-out test of
CT714 fabric.
As seen in Figures 17 and 19, and Tables 4 and 5, the
warp directional multiple-yarn stick–slip forces in
the MC-1 and MC-11 of CT716, and in the MC-1
and MC-8 of CT714 fabric generally increased when
the fabric length increased due to the increasing
number of crossing points. The warp directional

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Bilisik 23

6
Meso-cell
MC-1
5
MC-8

Stick- slip force (N)

4

0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Fabric length (mm)

Figure 11. Relationship between the stick–slip force and various fabric lengths in the single-yarn pull-out test of CT714 fabric.

5
Fabric length
4.5
50 mm
4 350 mm

3.5
Stick- slip force (N)

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
MC-1 MC-2 MC-3 MC-4 MC-5 MC-6 MC-7 MC-8
Meso- cells

Figure 12. Relationship between the stick–slip force and the number of meso-cells in the single-yarn pull-out test of CT714 fabric.

multiple-yarn stick–slip forces in the MC-1 of CT716
and CT714 fabrics were higher than those in the MC-11
of CT716 and in the MC-8 of CT714 fabrics due to the
remaining crossing points in the fabric during pull-out.
On the other hand, the warp directional multiple-yarn
stick–slip forces in CT716 fabric were higher than those
of CT714 fabric due to fabric density. Fabric length
and the number of pull-out ends considerably affected
the stick–slip forces of the dense CT716 fabric and
loose CT714 fabric.
As seen in Figures 18 and 20, and Tables 4 and 5, the
warp directional multiple-yarn stick–slip forces from
MC-1 to MC-11 of the short and long CT716 fabric
samples decreased due to the decreasing number of
crossing points. In addition, the warp directional multi-
ple-yarn stick–slip forces from MC-1 to MC-8 of the

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24 Textile Research Journal 83(1)

4.5
Meso-cells
4 MC-1

Accumulative retraction force due to

MC-11
3.5

fabric structure (N) 3

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Fabric length (mm)

Figure 13. Relationship between the accumulative retraction force due to the fabric structure and various fabric lengths in the
single-yarn pull-out test of CT716 fabric.

3
Fabric length
50 mm
Accumulative retraction force due to

2.5
350 mm
fabric structure (N)

1.5

0.5

0
MC-1 MC-2 MC-3 MC-4 MC-5 MC-6 MC-7 MC-8 MC-9 MC-10 MC-11
Meso- cells

Figure 14. Relationship between the accumulative retraction force due to the fabric structure and the number of meso-cells in the
single-yarn pull-out test of CT716 fabric.

short and long CT714 fabric samples decreased due to CT714 fabric sample were higher than those of
the decreasing number of crossing points. the short CT714 fabric sample due to the number of
The warp directional multiple-yarn stick–slip forces crossing points in the fabric during pull-out. On
from MC-1 to MC-11 of the long CT716 fabric sample the other hand, the warp directional multiple-yarn
were higher than those of the short CT716 fabric stick–slip forces in the meso-cells of CT716 fabric
sample due to the number of crossing points in the were higher than those of CT714 fabric due to fabric
fabric during pull-out. The warp directional multiple- density. Fabric length and the number of pull-out
yarn stick–slip forces from MC-1 to MC-8 of the long ends affected the stick–slip forces in the meso-cells of

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Bilisik 25

2.5
Meso-cell
MC-1

Accumulative retraction force due to

2 MC-8

fabric structure (N) 1.5

0.5

0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Fabric length (mm)

Figure 15. Relationship between the accumulative retraction force due to the fabric structure and various fabric lengths in the
single-yarn pull-out test of CT714 fabric.

2.5
Fabric length
50 mm
Accumulative retraction force due to

2 350 mm
fabric structure (N)

1.5

0.5

0
MC-1 MC-2 MC-3 MC-4 MC-5 MC-6 MC-7 MC-8
Meso- cells

Figure 16. Relationship between accumulative retraction force due to fabric structure and the number of meso-cells in the single-
yarn pull-out test of CT714 fabric.

CT716 and CT714 fabrics due to the number of cross- CT716 fabric for 11 meso-cells and CT714 fabric
ing points. for 8 meso-cells are presented in Tables 4 and 5,
respectively.
Accumulative retraction force due to fabric structure Figure 21 shows the relationship between accumula-
tive retraction force due to fabric structure and various
in multiple-yarn pull-out
fabric lengths in the multiple-yarn pull-out test of CT716
The accumulative retraction force obtained from the fabric. Figure 22 shows the relationship between accu-
multiple-yarn pull-out force–displacement curves of mulative retraction force due to fabric structure and the

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26 Textile Research Journal 83(1)

Table 4. Stick–slip force and accumulative retraction force obtained from the multiple-yarn pull-out force–displacement curve of
CT716 fabric for 11 meso-cells

MC-1 MC-2 MC-3 MC-4 MC-5 MC-6

Fabric Ends Sk  Sp Af Sk  Sp Af Sk  Sp Af Sk  Sp Af Sk  Sp Af Sk  Sp Af
length of yarn (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N)

50 mm 2 yarns 10.074 3.361 3.091 1.751 2.551 2.821 2.821 2.151 1.881 1.341 0.670 1.210
3 yarns 15.316 3.631 8.193 6.852 8.863 6.712 6.312 5.102 3.761 2.951 5.362 3.621
100 mm 2 yarns 10.074 2.281 3.491 2.551 2.821 2.021 3.361 2.151 2.551 1.881 2.551 1.741
3 yarns 33.842 6.042 11.684 5.512 8.063 6.312 4.562 1.741 3.091 0.140 3.891 2.551
150 mm 2 yarns 18.927 4.021 9.663 4.702 6.312 0.940 3.091 1.341 3.891 2.551 3.361 4.162
3 yarns 74.527 4.572 6.452 6.582 7.653 5.642 5.102 3.891 2.681 4.021 2.821 1.611
200 mm 2 yarns 19.067 0.540 7.113 3.751 6.982 4.302 5.912 4.702 5.642 4.572 3.891 1.871
3 yarns 288.283 6.302 7.513 2.681 4.562 2.011 3.491 4.432 4.562 4.432 3.491 5.772
250 mm 2 yarns 22.288 1.210 5.912 0.540 0.810 1.881 5.102 1.070 1.611 1.881 8.183 1.470
3 yarns 271.647 33.702 22.018 0.400 11.544 5.772 9.663 6.042 7.793 4.972 6.983 5.502
300 mm 2 yarns 6.722 1.080 15.716 1.481 10.474 0.940 8.993 0.800 7.923 1.751 6.983 1.881
3 yarns 313.943 3.091 16.516 7.523 17.186 9.934 6.172 9.533 5.642 1.341 13.565 7.253
350 mm 2 yarns 20.687 11.824 16.926 12.354 16.786 11.014 18.257 11.674 16.376 11.544 15.706 13.155
3 yarns 293.795 33.032 20.677 7.253 16.116 15.045 20.417 16.656 22.158 13.695 20.677 16.786

MC-7 MC-8 MC-9 MC-10 MC-11

Fabric Ends Sk  Sp Af Sk  Sp Af Sk  Sp Af Sk  Sp Af Sk  Sp Af
length of yarn (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N)

50 mm 2 yarns 4.172 1.210 2.281 0.670 3.221 1.210 1.881 0.800 1.611 0.810
3 yarns 4.302 3.491 4.161 2.961 6.722 3.631 6.582 3.361 6.712 2.951
100 mm 2 yarns 1.881 1.751 2.011 1.881 1.751 0.810 0.810 2.821 2.151 0.140
3 yarns 4.161 2.951 2.151 2.709 3.491 1.471 7.001 0.140 1.350 0.410
150 mm 2 yarns 29.541 0.410 2.421 0.400 2.411 0.800 2.681 0.670 8.993 0.400
3 yarns 2.141 0.800 20.947 0.140 11.014 2.151 13.295 2.421 13.165 2.691
200 mm 2 yarns 1.341 2.551 20.407 0.400 2.551 0.410 4.972 0.400 13.825 0.130
3 yarns 3.221 2.151 10.214 0.940 6.042 0.940 4.832 1.080 4.432 0.800
250 mm 2 yarns 0.270 0.140 7.523 1.751 6.722 1.210 5.772 1.210 5.102 1.210
3 yarns 8.863 3.891 9.123 3.891 8.863 4.031 8.593 4.692 8.593 4.842
300 mm 2 yarns 6.312 1.741 5.632 1.741 5.102 2.011 5.372 2.291 5.372 2.141
3 yarns 2.951 8.863 16.786 7.523 3.901 7.793 15.846 8.323 4.562 7.783
350 mm 2 yarns 16.786 11.684 15.035 12.354 15.446 10.474 12.755 10.064 13.025 10.614
3 yarns 21.488 16.656 20.947 15.175 18.397 15.976 18.267 15.446 20.007 16.386
MC, meso-cell; Sk  Sp, stick–slip; Af, accumulative retraction force due to fabric structure.

number of meso-cells in the multiple-yarn pull-out test of
CT716 fabric. Figure 23 shows the relationship between
accumulative retraction force due to fabric structure and
various fabric lengths in the multiple yarn pull-out test
of CT714 fabric. Figure 24 shows the relationship
between accumulative retraction force due to fabric
structure and the number of meso-cells in the multiple
yarn pull-out test of CT714 fabric.
As seen in Figures 21 and 23, and Tables 4 and 5,
the warp directional multiple-yarn accumulative
retraction force in various fabric lengths of CT716
fabric varied from 3.091 to 33.702 N in MC-1 and
from 0.410 to 16.383 N in MC-11. The warp directional
multiple-yarn accumulative retraction force in various
fabric lengths of CT714 fabric varied from 0.130 to
3.491 N in MC-1 and from 1.210 to 6.982 N in MC-8.
We did not find any significant differences in the MC-1
and MC-11 of various fabric lengths of CT716 fabric.
However, the warp directional multiple-yarn accumu-
lative retraction forces in the MC-1 of the CT716

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Bilisik 27

Table 5. Stick–slip force and accumulative retraction force obtained from the multiple-yarn pull-out force–displacement curve of
CT714 fabric for 8 meso-cells

MC-1 MC-2 MC-3 MC-4

Fabric length Ends of yarn Sk  Sp(N) Af(N) Sk  Sp(N) Af(N) Sk  Sp(N) Af(N) Sk  Sp(N) Af(N)

50 mm 2 yarns 2.681 1.471 1.881 1.481 1.611 1.481 1.611 0.930

3 yarns 3.221 1.351 1.881 1.470 1.611 1.481 2.021 1.210
4 yarns 3.621 0.940 2.151 1.481 1.611 1.200 2.011 1.340
5 yarns 4.432 1.751 2.551 1.471 2.811 1.741 2.011 1.340
6 yarns 4.292 1.341 2.281 1.070 2.951 2.011 3.091 1.881
100 mm 2 yarns 4.031 2.291 3.091 2.411 2.551 1.881 2.281 1.611
3 yarns 6.312 3.491 4.972 3.761 4.562 3.221 2.951 2.281
4 yarns 10.344 2.951 6.302 3.891 4.162 2.821 4.972 3.891
5 yarns 13.835 0.810 6.852 3.091 8.733 4.842 7.523 6.582
6 yarns 24.839 1.470 5.502 1.340 4.021 1.741 4.702 1.210
150 mm 2 yarns 6.572 2.281 3.761 2.421 3.231 2.421 3.091 2.691
3 yarns 10.614 2.151 6.042 3.361 4.702 3.351 4.962 3.761
4 yarns 21.348 1.751 10.614 4.031 8.193 4.832 7.783 5.502
5 yarns 30.751 1.480 19.067 5.232 14.505 7.253 12.354 8.063
6 yarns 65.393 1.350 19.067 4.832 13.835 5.372 11.814 6.852
200 mm 2 yarns 7.253 2.411 4.432 2.961 4.162 2.811 3.491 2.561
3 yarns 13.565 2.821 7.793 3.761 6.712 4.031 5.512 3.491
4 yarns 27.530 1.881 16.646 5.632 13.425 7.253 11.814 7.243
5 yarns 82.440 2.551 19.877 8.323 19.197 10.074 17.326 9.803
6 yarns 165.019 4.562 18.397 5.642 17.456 6.712 14.765 3.221
250 mm 2 yarns 8.463 3.221 5.642 3.631 4.972 3.491 4.562 3.891
3 yarns 17.456 3.491 11.004 5.772 9.403 5.912 8.733 6.312
4 yarns 36.923 2.011 21.478 7.923 17.596 10.344 16.656 10.614
5 yarns 125.955 0.400 13.555 0.130 10.334 2.811 10.204 1.341
6 yarns 248.809 0.130 16.516 0.140 15.315 2.021 15.315 2.821
300 mm 2 yarns 6.452 2.281 3.891 2.151 3.221 2.551 3.761 2.821
3 yarns 9.944 0.680 5.912 2.011 4.962 2.681 4.702 3.091
4 yarns 39.874 0.800 8.723 1.210 7.793 2.421 5.912 2.021
5 yarns 121.253 0.270 14.775 1.881 12.214 1.611 9.944 3.491
6 yarns 271.777 0.530 15.706 2.281 13.425 3.221 12.354 0.540
350 mm 2 yarns 9.403 0.270 4.702 1.070 4.162 1.210 3.491 1.340
3 yarns 22.828 0.130 13.695 1.881 10.614 4.171 9.673 4.562
4 yarns 91.173 2.281 13.295 3.891 12.214 6.172 11.814 6.042
5 yarns 205.304 2.281 20.948 6.182 16.656 4.702 14.775 7.253
6 yarns 305.079 1.340 30.071 6.982 25.519 6.982 22.558 9.403

MC-5 MC-6 MC-7 MC-8

Fabric length Ends of yarn Sk  Sp(N) Af(N) Sk  Sp(N) Af(N) Sk  Sp(N) Af(N) Sk  Sp(N) Af(N)

50 mm 2 yarns 1.341 1.080 1.080 0.940 1.340 0.670 0.940 0.810

3 yarns 1.611 1.210 1.481 1.351 1.611 1.200 1.741 1.210
4 yarns 1.741 1.210 1.751 1.210 2.021 1.210 1.340 0.810
5 yarns 2.421 1.751 2.281 1.471 1.471 0.800 1.470 0.940
6 yarns 2.281 0.940 2.151 0.940 1.341 0.540 1.210 0.940
(continued)

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28 Textile Research Journal 83(1)

Table 5. Continued
MC-5 MC-6 MC-7 MC-8

Fabric length Ends of yarn Sk  Sp(N) Af(N) Sk  Sp(N) Af(N) Sk  Sp(N) Af(N) Sk  Sp(N) Af(N)

100 mm 2 yarns 2.011 1.611 1.881 2.011 1.881 1.210 1.611 1.210
3 yarns 3.621 3.621 3.221 2.011 2.821 2.151 3.361 3.231
4 yarns 5.772 4.702 5.102 3.621 5.902 4.292 5.372 4.162
5 yarns 8.323 6.842 8.053 4.962 7.113 4.432 5.242 3.091
6 yarns 4.702 1.481 5.642 1.751 5.912 1.481 4.702 0.540
150 mm 2 yarns 2.961 2.551 3.081 2.551 2.821 2.281 2.821 2.281
3 yarns 4.572 3.491 4.292 3.891 4.432 3.491 4.432 3.621
4 yarns 7.113 4.832 6.842 5.632 6.042 4.832 6.842 4.292
5 yarns 12.084 8.593 11.284 8.463 10.744 6.172 7.923 5.912
6 yarns 11.284 6.312 8.993 3.621 8.463 4.161 7.513 5.642
200 mm 2 yarns 3.231 2.421 2.951 2.281 2.821 2.281 2.821 2.281
3 yarns 5.362 3.891 5.102 3.351 5.102 4.031 5.242 4.302
4 yarns 10.064 6.572 9.934 6.712 9.663 7.253 9.944 6.312
5 yarns 15.576 8.993 11.944 7.243 10.334 8.193 11.414 8.053
6 yarns 11.144 6.172 10.474 6.982 10.744 5.102 9.934 3.891
250 mm 2 yarns 4.562 3.491 4.302 3.361 3.901 3.091 3.621 2.951
3 yarns 8.193 6.582 8.723 6.442 8.593 7.653 8.863 6.982
4 yarns 14.505 9.934 14.495 11.944 14.895 12.755 15.716 12.084
5 yarns 9.263 4.161 9.794 4.562 9.673 4.702 9.393 3.491
6 yarns 12.755 2.151 9.934 2.411 11.684 3.631 10.874 3.221
300 mm 2 yarns 3.221 2.681 3.221 2.551 3.091 2.421 2.951 2.411
3 yarns 4.832 2.681 4.021 2.951 4.432 3.491 4.432 3.361
4 yarns 5.642 2.551 6.042 4.161 6.982 3.221 5.232 2.811
5 yarns 9.393 1.741 8.053 2.951 8.463 2.561 6.983 2.141
6 yarns 9.263 1.881 8.463 2.421 7.923 2.811 9.663 2.151
350 mm 2 yarns 3.221 1.340 2.811 1.471 2.821 1.480 2.681 1.471
3 yarns 8.723 4.562 7.653 4.432 7.383 4.432 6.852 4.432
4 yarns 11.684 6.712 11.414 6.983 11.814 7.523 11.554 7.253
5 yarns 14.365 5.912 14.775 7.123 15.576 6.302 14.765 5.372
6 yarns 21.218 9.933 19.337 8.863 17.456 10.474 18.256 8.593
MC, meso-cell; Sk  Sp, stick–slip; Af, accumulative retraction force due to fabric structure.

fabric were higher than those in the MC-11 of CT716
but the warp directional multiple-yarn accumulative
retraction forces in the MC-1 of the CT714 fab-
ric were higher than those in the MC-8 of CT714. On
the other hand, the warp directional multiple-yarn
accumulative retraction forces in CT716 fabric
were higher than those of CT714 fabric due to fabric
density.
As seen in Figures 22 and 24, and Tables 4 and 5, the
warp directional multiple-yarn accumulative retraction
forces from MC-1 to MC-11 of the short CT716 fabric
samples decreased due to the increasing number of
released yarns (weft). However, the warp directional
multiple-yarn accumulative retraction forces from
MC-1 to MC-11 of the long CT716 fabric sam-
ples were almost equal except for MC-1. In addition,
the warp directional multiple-yarn accumulative retrac-
tion forces from MC-1 to MC-8 of the short CT714
fabric samples slightly decreased due to the increasing
number of released yarns (weft). However, the warp
directional multiple-yarn accumulative retraction
forces from MC-1 to MC-8 of the long CT714 fabric
samples were almost equal except for MC-1 and MC-2.
The warp directional multiple-yarn accumulative
retraction forces from MC-1 to MC-11 of the long
CT716 fabric sample were higher than those of
the short CT716 fabric sample due to the number
of crossing points in the fabric during pull-out.

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Bilisik 29

450
Meso-cell
400 MC-1
MC-11
350

Stick- slip force (N)

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Fabric length (mm)

Figure 17. Relationship between the stick–slip force and various fabric lengths in the multiple-yarn pull-out test of CT716 fabric.
(Pulled yarn ends: 3.).

300
Fabric length
50 mm
250
350 mm
Stick- slip force (N)

200

150

100

50

0
MC-1 MC-2 MC-3 MC-4 MC-5 MC-6 MC-7 MC-8 MC-9 MC-10 MC-11
Meso- cells

Figure 18. Relationship between the stick–slip force and the number of meso-cells in the multiple-yarn pull-out test of CT716 fabric.
(Pulled yarn ends: 3.).

The warp directional multiple-yarn accumulative

retraction forces from MC-1 to MC-8 of long CT714
Conclusions
fabric sample were higher than those of the short Single- and multiple-yarn pull-out tests were conducted
CT714 fabric sample due to the number of crossing in order to understand the stick–slip stage properties
points in the fabric during pull-out. On the other of high- and low-density para-aramid fabrics in soft
hand, the warp directional multiple-yarn accumulative ballistic applications. Data were generated from
retraction forces in the meso-cells of the CT716 fabric single- and multiple-yarn-ends pull-out tests for high-
were higher than those of the CT714 fabric due to density CT716 and low-density CT714 para-aramid
fabric density. fabrics.

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30 Textile Research Journal 83(1)

35
Meso-cell
MC-1
30
MC-8

Stick- slip force (N) 25

20

15

10

0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Fabric length (mm)

Figure 19. Relationship between the stick–slip force and various fabric lengths in the multiple-yarn pull-out test of CT714 fabric.
(Pulled yarn ends: 3.).

25
Fabric length
50 mm
20 350 mm
Stick- slip force (N)

15

10

0
MC-1 MC-2 MC-3 MC-4 MC-5 MC-6 MC-7 MC-8
Meso- cells

Figure 20. Relationship between the stick–slip force and the number of meso-cells in the multiple-yarn pull-out test of CT714 fabric.
(Pulled yarn ends: 3.).

It was found that the decreasing line in the force–
displacement curve corresponds to each stick–slip
region (Sk  Sp) whereas the increasing line in the
force–displacement curve corresponds to each accumu-
lative retraction force by fabric structure (Af). The warp
directional single- and multiple-yarn stick–slip and
accumulative retraction forces in the MC-1 of dense
and loose fabrics were generally higher than those in
the MC-11 of dense and the MC-8 of loose fabrics. The
MC-1 was found to be the most critical cell due to the
starting point of the yarn pulling region and it was
related to fabric boundary. The amount of stick–slip
force and accumulative retraction force in multiple-
yarn pull-out were extremely nonlinear compared

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Bilisik 31

50
Meso-cells
45 MC-1
40 MC-11

Accumulative retraction force due to

35

fabric structure (N)

30

25

20

15

10

0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Fabric length (mm)

Figure 21. Relationship between the accumulative retraction force due to the fabric structure and various fabric lengths in the
multiple-yarn pull-out test of CT716 fabric. (Pulled yarn ends: 3.).

40
Fabric length
35 50 mm
Accumulative retraction force due to

350 mm
30
fabric structure (N)

25

20

15

10

0
MC-1 MC-2 MC-3 MC-4 MC-5 MC-6 MC-7 MC-8 MC-9 MC-10 MC-11
Meso- cells

Figure 22. Relationship between the accumulative retraction force due to the fabric structure and the number of meso-cells in the
multiple-yarn pull-out test of CT716 fabric. (Pulled yarn ends: 3.).

with those of the single-yarn pull-out. On the other yarn ends. In general, the stick–slip force and accumu-
hand, the amount of stick–slip force was related to lative retraction force of high- and low-density fabrics
the number of interlacement points in the fabric obtained from the multiple-yarn pull-out test were
whereas the amount of accumulative retraction force higher than those of the single-yarn pull-out test. On
was related to fabric structural response. These were the other hand, the stick–slip force and accumulative
probably significant results for the energy absorption retraction force of dense fabrics were higher than those
of soft ballistic structures. of loose fabrics. It was also found that the stick–slip
Stick–slip force and accumulative retraction force force and accumulative retraction force of long fabrics
depended on fabric density and the number of pull-out were higher than those of short fabrics.

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32 Textile Research Journal 83(1)

8
Meso-cell
7 MC-1

Accumulative retraction force due to

MC-8
6

fabric structure (N) 5

0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Fabric length (mm)

Figure 23. Relationship between the accumulative retraction force due to the fabric structure and various fabric lengths in the
multiple-yarn pull-out test of CT714 fabric. (Pulled yarn ends: 3.).

7
Fabric length
50 mm
Accumulative retraction force due to

6
350 mm
5
fabric structure (N)

0
MC-1 MC-2 MC-3 MC-4 MC-5 MC-6 MC-7 MC-8
Meso- cells

Figure 24. Relationship between the accumulative retraction force due to the fabric structure and the number of meso-cells in the
multiple-yarn pull-out test of CT714 fabric. (Pulled yarn ends: 3.).

Future research should be conducted to find the Yolacan for helping during preparation of the manuscript
analytical relation among stick–slip force, accumulative and some of the artwork.
retraction force and yarn–fabric structural param-
eters for various fabric weaves. This could result in a Funding
multiaxially interlaced fabric with improved frictional This research received no specific grant from any funding
properties which could be used in soft ballistic agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
applications.
References
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