WASTE WATER

PIPING AND VENT

SYSTEM

PREPARED BY :
ENGR. FORTUNATO AMOSCO
PME, PEE, CE, MP
(PSPE/ ASPE)
Fig. 2 SANITARY SYSTEM WITH LOADS
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
I.The coverage of my topic are:

A.Flow in Horizontal Drainage Piping

B.Soil and Waste Stacks
C.Drainage System for Waste Water excluding storm drainage
D.Venting System and Sizing of ct. Piping
Sizing example

A. Flow in Horizontal Drainage Piping

1.Uniform Flow – Manning Formula

v= 1.486 x R⅔ x S ½
n
Where: v = velocity of flow in feet per sec. (fps)
n = a coefficient representing roughness of pipe
R = Hydraulic radius (hydraulic mean depth of flow)
S = Hydraulic slope of Surface of flow, ft./ft
2. The quantity rate of flow
Q = AV

Where: Q = quantity rate of flow in cu. ft. per sec (cft)

A = cross sectional area of flow in ft.2
V = velocity of flow (fps)

by substituting the value of V from the Manning Formula:

Q = A x 1.486 x R⅔ x S ½
n
The Hydraulic mean depth of flow ( R) called the
“Hydraulic radius” is the ratio of the cross
sectional area of flow wetted perimeter of the pipe
surface.

R=
Area of flow
Wetted perimeter
For condition of half – full flow, the hydraulic radius is:

П D2 ПD D
R= ÷ =
8 2 4
 For Full Flow condition:
П D2 D
R= ÷ ПD =
4 4

Therefore:
D
R= for half flow as well as full flow is
4
a circular pipe.

Soil and Waste Stack

Flow in stack:
 Terminal Velocity:
q 2/5
VT = 3.0 ( d )
LT = 0.052 VT2
Where :
VT = Terminal Velocity in stack in fps
LT = Terminal length below point of flow entry
(ft)
q = quantity rate of flow, qpm
d = diameter of stack in inches

The stack capacity

q = 27.8 r 5/3 d 8/3

Where:
q = capacity in qpm
r = ratio of cross - sectional area of the sheet of
water to the cross sectional area of the stack
d = diameter of the steel in inches.
 Drainage System Sizing

The rate of flow in a fixture drain should be the same as

the rate of flow at discharged at the fixture outlet.
The average rate of flow a fixture can be fairly and
accountably by the formula.
q = 13.17 d 2 h ½

Where: q = rate of discharge in gpm

d = diameter of outlet orifice (inches)
h = mean vertical height of water surface
above the portion of outlet in inches

Stack Sizing

The permissible flow in the stack is 7/24 of the total cross – sectional
area stack

q = 27.8 r 5/3 d 8/3

 STACKS
q = 27.8 V 5/3 d 8/3
TABLE 1 MAXIMUM CAPACITIES STACKS
FLOW IN GPM
Pipe Size r= ¼ r = 7/24 r=⅓
Inches
2 18.5 23.5 -
3 54 70 85
4 112 145 180
5 205 270 324
6 330 435 530
8 710 920 1145
10 300 1650 2055
12 2050 2650 3365

STEP 1 :
A 70 FU = 4” B 90 FU = 4” C 120 FU = 4”

D 90 FU = 4” E 150 FU = 4” F 180 FU = 5”
G 190 FU = 5” H 160 FU = 4” I 200 FU = 5”
STEP 2 :
J = A + B + C + D = 370 FU
 TABLE 2 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE FU LOADS FOR
SANITARY STACKS
STACK STACK THREE STACKS MORE TOTAL DISCHARGE
DIAMETER STORIES OR LESS THAN THREE INTO ONE
INCHES IN HIEIGHT F.U. STORIES IN BRANCH
HEIGHT F.U. INTERVAL F.U.
2 10 24 6

2½ 20 42 9

3 30 * 60 * 16 **

4 240 500 90

5 540 1100 200

6 960 1900 350

8 2200 3600 600

10 3800 5600 1000

12 6000 8400 1500

* Not more than six water closets permitted

** Not more than two water closets permitted
STEP 3 – TABLE 2
J = sum of all branches connected to the portion
above the offset
J = A + B + C + D = 370 FU – 4”
Increase (1) one size to 5”

STEP 4 – Size the portion of stack below offset

A + B + C + D + E + F + G + H + I = 1250 FU = 6”
TABLE 3
Maximum Permissible Fixture Unit Loads for Sanitary Building Drains & Run
outs from Stack
PIPE BUILDING DRAIN SLOPE inches / ft
DIAMETER 1/ 1/ 1/
INCHES 8 4 2

2 - 21 26
2½ - 24 31
3 20 27 36
4 180 216 250
5 390 480 575
6 700 840 1000
8 1600 1290 2300
10 2900 3500 4200
12 4600 5600 6700
15 8300 10000 12000
 TABLE 4
Approximate Flow Velocity of Sewage (Horizontal)

SIZE VELOCITY fps

INCHES 1/16 in/ ft 1/8 in / ft ¼ in/ ft ½ in/ ft
2 1.02 1.44 2.03 2.88
3 1.24 1.76 2.49 3.53
4 1.44 2.03 2.88 4.07
5 1.61 2.28 3.53 4.50
6 1.76 2.48 4.07 5.00
8 2.03 2.88 4.23 5.75
10 2.28 3.23 5.58 6.44
Sanitary System with loads as shown

7 Storey Building
WC – Flushometric
Slope : 1/8” per ft.
STEP 1
A Stack P4
18WC x 6 FU = 108
4 UR x 4 = 16
18 LAU x 1 = 18__
142 FU
STACK P4 = 142 FU = 4”
A = 142 = 4”
STEP 2
B Stack P6
Note : A bathroom group consist of 1 WC, 1
Lav, & 1 Bathtub or shower.
In this case there are 3 bathroom
groups
3 bathroom groups x 8 = 24 FU
3 SH x 2 = _6__
30
STACK P6 = 30 = 3”
B = 30 = 4”
STEP 3
C Stack P5
Note: A bathroom group consists of 1 WC, 1 Lav, & 1 bathtub
or shower
In this case, there are eight bathroom group
8 bathroom group x 8 = 64 FU
8 BT x 2 = 16___
80 FU
STACK P5 = 80 FU = 4”
C = 80 FU = 4”
STEP 4
D=B+C
D = 30 + 80 = 110 FU = 4”
STEP 5
E=A+D
= 142 + 110 = 252 FU = 5”

STEP 6
F Stack P3:
10 WC x 6 = 60 FU
2 UR x 4 = 8
6 LAB x 1 = _6___
74 FU
STACK P3 = 74 FU = 4”
F = 74 = 4”
STEP 7
G=E+F
G = 252 + 74 = 336 FU = 5”
(If piping had been stalled at a slope of ¼”/ft. the size would be 5”)

STEP 8
H Stack P7
4 WC x 6 = 24 FU
4 Lav x 1 = _4__
28 FU=30

Stack P7 = 30 FU as considered main size of stack serving water

closet is min = 3”
H = 30 FU = 4”
STEP 9
I=G+H
I = 336 + 30 = 366 FU = 5” (¼”/ ft. slope)

STEP 10
J Stack P2
6 Sk x 2 = 12
Stack P2 = 12 = 2”
J = 12 3” – STD
STEP 11
K Stack P1
6 WC x 6 = 36 FU
2 UR x 4 = 8
4 Lav x 1 = 4
48 = U
Stack P1 = 48 FU – 3” (Limited of 6 WC is not exceeded)
= 48 FU = 4”
STEP 12
L=J+K
L = 12 + 48 = 60 FU = 4”

STEP 13
M=I+L
M = 366 + 60 = 426 FU = 6”

STEP 14
N Stack P10
30 WC x 6 = 180 FU
6 UR x 4 = 24
8 SH x 2 = 16
220 FU
Stack P10 = 220 FU = 4”
N = 220 = 5”
STEP 15
O Stack P8
10 Sk x 2 = 20 FU
Stack P8 = 20 FU = 2”
O = 20 FU = 3”

STEP 16
P Stack P9
12 Lav x 1 = 12 FU
Stack P9 = 12 FU = 2”
P = 12 FU = 3”

STEP 17
Q=O+P
Q = 20 + 12= 32 FU = 4”

STEP 18
R=N+Q
= 220 + 32 = 252 FU = 5”

STEP 19
S=M+R
S = 426 + 252 = 678 FU = 6”
(If pipe stalled at ¼”/ ft. store S = 6
 THEORY
The primary consideration in the design of a venting
system is the flow of air – for the ventilation of the piping
and protection of the fixture trap seals of a sanitary
drainage system.

The physical properties of air are of special interest. The

most pertinent to this subject are density, viscosity, and
compressibility.

Since air is of such primary importance, it is essential that

the Plumbing Engineer be familiar with the above
mentioned physical characteristics that are pertinent to
its behavior in a plumbing system.

A. Density of any substance is its mass per unit volume,

which is weight per unit volume. Density is affected by
temperature, moisture content, and pressure. The density
of air at standard condition 68.4 °F is equal to 0.075lbm/
ft3 with the rise in temperature , density of air decreases
and with lowering of the temperature its density
increases.

The moisture content of air in the plumbing system has a

negligible affect on the density and can be disregarded in
all calculation.
Specific weight of the fluid is not an absolute property, but
depends upon the local gravitational field (Gravitational
acceleration on earth is g = 32.2 ft./sec2 ) and the properties
of the fluid itself. Commonly called “density” when concerning
gravitational force, the numerical value of specific weight is
(#f/ ft3) is equal to density (lbm/ ft3).

Elasticity is the ability of the substance to assume its original

characteristics after the removal of a force that has been
applied. Air is a perfect elastic substance.

When air is compressed it is due to pressure. In plumbing

system, there is clearly an extremely small change in pressure
which can be tolerated. For a pressure of 1” of H2O column
(0.036 psi). The volume of air will be compressed by 1/400 of
its original volume. Assuming an original volume of 400 ft3 of
air in the atmosphere pressure and the application of a
pressure of 1” of water column, the air will be compressed by
400 x 1/400 = 1ft.3. And this very small change in volume can
be easily cause the accepted design limitation of ± 1” of
pressure to be exceeded with the consequent danger of
destroying the trap seals.
The vent piping must be designed to permit the air to
flow freely without compression or expansion except for
the small amount necessary to overcome friction.

Static Head is the pressure exerted at any point by the

weight of the substance above that point. The pressure
can be stated in the point of the substance, example of
the substance is water. The static head is in feet of
water or of the substance is air, is feet of air.

To convert from feet of head to pounds – force per sq.

inch
rh
P= , h = 144 P
144 Ɣ

Where : P = pressure #f / in2

Ɣ = specific weight substance, #f/f3
h = static head, st
Air and suds are fluid, and produce pressure or head
of submerged point, in accordance with the
overweight of overlying fluid, just as in the case of
water.

However, as the density of water, air and sud, are

different, the amount of pressure produced by 1 ft.
head or column of each of these fluids are not the
same. For equal pressure, the proceeding formula
may be arranged to express equivalent statistic
head for water, air and suds.

144 P = Ww hw = Wa ha = Ws hs

Where:
P = pressure , psi
Ww = density of water, # per cu.ft.
Wa = density of air, H per cu.ft.
Ws = density of suds, #/ft.
hw = static head or column of water in ft.
ha = static head or column of suds in ft.
Rate of flow from outlets
The velocity of which air flows out of an outlet to the atmosphere
(at the roof terminal of the stack) is due to the total pressure
available in the vent pipe in the outlet. This pressure is the flow
pressure at which is equal to the static pressure less the pressure
lost in friction. The maximum rate of discharge in practice is
expressed as:
qo = CD q1
Where:
qo = Actual quantity of discharge gpm
q1 = ideal quantity of discharge
CD = coefficient of discharge

Utilizing the formula q = AV + substitute

qD = CD ( 2.448 do2V1)
do = outside diameter inches
V1 = Ideal velocity, fps
qD = CD ( 2.448 do2 √2gh )
= CD (19.65 do2 √ h )
qD = 13.17 do2 h ½

Velocity = √ 2gh
g = accelerate due to gravity
h = height or (head) of air column
 STATIC AIR PRESSURE

P= wh
144
Ɣ h Ɣ A hA
P= w w =
144 144
Ɣw = specific weight of water #f/ ft.3
hw = static head of water, ft
ƔA = specific weight of air #f/ ft.3
hA = static head of air –ft.

Transposing: Using 1” of water column

Ɣw h w 62.4 ( ½ )
hA = =
ƔA .075 (at 70°F)
hA = 69.23 ft of air column

This means that a column of air 69.23 ft. will exact the same pressure
as a column of water 1” high. In another way the static head of 1”
water will support a column of air 69.23 ft. high.

The rate of discharge of air from a vent outlet can now be determined
when the pressure at the outlet is 1” of water or 69.23 ft. of air.
 TABLE 5
Discharge Rates of Air (1” water pressure)

Outlet Diameter Do Inches Air Discharge qD gpm (fm)

2 438.3 (58.6)
2½ 648.8(91.5)
3 986.1(131.8)
4 1753.0 (234.3)
5 2739.0(366.1)
Friction Head Lose
When the air flows in a pipe, there is a pressure lose when
occurs due to friction between the air and pipe wall.
Formula:

2 h = friction head lose of air column in ft.

h = fl v f = coefficient of friction
2 DG
l = length of pipe ft.
D = diameter of pipe ft.
V = velocity of air ft./ sec.
g = acceleration of gravity 32.2 ft./ sec 2

Air Flow in Stack

Vent stack must be large enough to permit the maximum

quantity of air dragged down the drainage stack to discharge
through at and to the atmosphere without exceeding ± 1” of
water fluctuation.
 TABLE 6
Air Required by Attendant Vent Stack
(Drainage Stack Flowing 7/24 Full)

Diameter of Water flows Air flows gmp

drainage gpm (cfm)
stack inches
2” 23.5 57.1 (736)
3” 70 170.1 (22.7)
4” 145 352.4 (47.1)
5” 270 656.1 (87.7)
6” 435 1057.1 (141.3)
8” 920 2235.6 (298.9)
10” 1650 4009.5 (536)
12” 2650 6439.5 (860.8)
 Air Flow in Horizontal Drains

TABLE 7
Rate of Air in Horizontal Drain

Diameter of Slope in per ft. Rate of flow

Drains Inches gpm (cfm)
1½ ¼ 6 (.80)
2 ¼ 8.8 (1.2)
2½ ¼ 15.5 (2.2)
3 ¼ 25.5 (3.4)
4 1/ 38.0(5.1)
8

5 1/ 69.0 ( 9.2)
8

6 1/ 112.0 (15)
8

8 1/ 240.0 (32.1)
8
 DESIGN VENT SIZING

f L V2
h= 2 Da - Darcy Equation

q = 2.448 d2V
q
v= 2.448 d2

Substitute Darcy Equation

h = f L q2
(d/12) (64.4) ( 2.448)2 (d4)

L= h d5 = 2226 d3
0.013109 fq2 f q2

L = length of pipe (equivalent)

d = diameter of pipe in inches
f = coefficient of friction
q = quantity of flow, gpm
 TABLE 8
Size and length of Vent
Sized Drainage MAXIMUM LENGTH OF VENT (Fl)
soil or Fixture DIAMETER OF VENT REQUIRED (In)
waste Unit
stacks connected 1¼ 1½ 2 2½ 3 4 5 6 8
(in.)
1¼ 2 30
1½ 8 50 150
2 10 30 100
2 12 30 75 200
2 20 26 50 150
2½ 42 30 100 300
3 10 30 100 200 600
3 30 60 200 500
3 60 50 200 400
4 100 35 80 260 100
4 200 30 100 250 900
4 500 20 90 100 700
5 200 70 80 350 1000
5 500 35 70 300 900
5 1100 30 50 200 700

6 350 20 50 200 400 1300

6 620 25 30 125 300 1100

6 900 15 24 100 250 1100

6 1900 20 70 200 700

8 600 50 150 500 1300

8 1400 40 100 400 1200

8 2200 30 80 350 1100

8 360 25 60 250 800

10 1000 75 125 1000

10 2500 50 100 500

10 3800 30 80 350

10 5600 25 60 250
 A. FU 330 SIZE 5”
B. DL. 55’
C. FU 330 SIZE 3”
D. SIZE 5”
E. FU 330 SIZE 5”
F. FU 1090 SIZE 6”
G. DL.55
H. FU 1090 SIZE 4”
I. SIZE 6”
J. FU 1090 SIZE 8”
K. FU 120 SIZE 4”
L. FU 230 SIZE 5”

A SIZE FROM TABLE 2

B TABLE 8
D TABLE 3
E 2
F 8
H 3
I 9
J 9
Fig. 3
 TABLE 9
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE F.U LOADS FOR
SANITARY BRANCHES
BRANCH DIAMETER(in) TOTAL LOAD FU
1½ 3
2 6
2½ 12
3 20*
4 160
5 360
6 620
8 1400

*Not more than two water closets permitted

 SIZING RELIEF VENT
Relief Vent should be the same size as the vent stack or drainage attack
which ever is smaller.
 TABLE 10

DEVELOPED SOIL VENT HEADER

FIXTURE UNITS LENGTH (D.L) STACK STACK
STACK A 150 180 4” 3”
A–B 150 180 + 10 = 190 - - 4”
STACK B 200 290 4” 4”
BC 150 +200 290 + 40 =330 - - 4”
=350
STACK C 200 230 4” 3”
CD 350 + 330 + 30 = 360 - - 5”
200=550
STACK D 500 270 4” 4”
D 550 + 360 + 40 + - - 5”
OUTLET 500=1050 10=410

Soil Stack size per Table 2

Vent stack and Header Table 8

Developed length of vent stack is measured from connection to soil stack

at base point of connection to soil Header.
Thank you
and
Have a nice
day!