MARSHALL TEST 1.

18

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CONTENTS

SECTION:

1. SCOPE / DEFINITIONS

2. APPARATUS

3. TEST PROCEDURE

4. REPORTING OF RESULTS

ANNEXE:

A. CORRECTION FACTORS

B. BREAKING HEAD DIMENSIONS. (FIGURE 1)

C. FLOW AND MARSHALL QUOTIENT (FIGURE 2)

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1. SCOPE:
1.1 The following test procedure is used to determine the Stability, the Flow and the
Marshall Quotient values of specimens of bituminous mixtures mixed according to
EN 227144 and prepared using the impact compactor method of test pr EN 227 138.

1.2 DEFINITIONS

1.2.1 STABILITY (S)

The maximum resistance to deformation expressed in kN of a moulded asphalt
specimen.

1.2.2 FLOW (F)

The deformation of the moulded specimen in millimetres from A to M1. (see
figure 2, Annexe C)

1.2.3 TANGENTIAL FLOW (Ft)

The deformation of the moulded specimen in millimetres from A to B1 (see
figure 2, Annexe C).

1.2.4 MARSHALL QUOTIENT

The Marshall Quotient is the ratio of the Stability (S) to the Tangential
Flow(Ft). (S/Ft in figure 2).

2. APPARATUS (Specific)

2.1 COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE

A device having a recommended minimum capacity of 28kN and capable of applying

loads to test specimens at a constant rate of deformation of 50mm (± 2mm) per
minute. The rate of deformation is to be maintained throughout the loading
application.

2.1.1 A flow and load measurement device capable of determining deformation to

an accuracy of + 0.1mm and of determining load to an accuracy of + 0.2kN.

2.1.2 Graphical Plotter: see annexe C.

2.1.3 Testing head: see example figure 1.

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Memmert WBU 45

2.2 Water Bath, at least 150 mm deep and capable of thermostatically maintaining the
water at a temperature of 60°C ± 1°C. This bath should have a perforated false
bottom or shelf which can suspend the test specimens at least 25mm above the bottom
of the bath, and allow at least 25mm depth of water above the specimens. The size of
the bath should allow specimens to be placed face down and not in contact with one
another. A device to ensure continuous circulation of water shall also be fitted.

2.3 Thermometer capable of reading 600C accurate to 0.50C.

3. TEST PROCEDURE

3.1 The compacted specimens shall be demoulded and tested in accordance with this
section. A period of four hours shall have elapsed following demoulding before
further testing begins. All tests shall be complete within 24 hours of demoulding.

3.2 The bulk density of each specimen shall be determined in accordance with
pr EN 227111.
The height of each specimen shall be measured in accordance with EN 227137, or the
volume shall be calculated from the bulk density measurement.

3.3 Immerse the cylindrical specimens, on their flat surface, in the water bath for at least
40 minutes and not longer than 60 minutes. Maintain the temperature of the water in
the bath in the vicinity of the specimens, at 60°C ± 1°C.

3.4 Prepare the test head by preheating for at least 30 minutes at 60°C ± 1°C.

This action shall be undertaken at the start of testing of a batch of specimens not
greater than twelve in number. In the event of a delay of more than 3 minutes
between the testing of each specimen the test head shall be heated in a suitable oven
or water-bath maintained at the specified test temperature.
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3.5 Thoroughly clean the guide rods and the inside surfaces of the test heads. Lubricate
the guide rods to ensure that the upper test head slides freely over them.

3.6 Remove the test specimen from the water bath and place it centrally on its side in
the test head ensuring good surface contact between the specimen and the test head.
Place the complete assembly centrally on the testing machine.

Note 1 Prior to testing each specimen the test head shall be cleaned and
lightly greased as required. White spirit may be used for cleaning and
a Silicone Spray applied to prevent specimens adhering to the test
head.

3.7 Apply the load to the test specimen to achieve a constant rate of deformation of 50mm
± 2mm per minute. Continue the application of this load until the maximum reading
is obtained on the load measuring device. Record the load indicated. Also record the
distance, measured in millimetres, from the intersection of the tangent and the base
line (A) to the point where the maximum load is achieved (M). (See Figure 2)This
section of the test shall be carried out within 60 seconds of removal of the test
specimen from the water bath.

4. REPORTING OF RESULTS.

4.1 Calculate the Stability Value(S) by multiplying the maximum load applied as
determined from the measuring device by the correction factor obtained from Table 1,
using the height or volume measurement obtained as per section 3.2. Report the result
to the nearest 0.1 kN.

4.2 Record the Flow Values (F and Ft) obtained to the nearest 0.1mm.
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4.3 Carry out the stability and flow tests on four specimens.

4.4 Test results are considered reliable if the variation (V) of stability (S) and flow (F)
values of each specimen is < V% of the average value. If the values of one or more
specimen differ from the average by more than V% reject the farthest value and
obtain the average value of the other specimens. If also in this case one value differs
from the new average value by more than V%, the test must be repeated.

V Stability (Vs) = 15% V Flow (Vf) = 20%

S
4.5 The Marshall Quotient may be obtained by calculation /Ft and reporting the value
obtained to 0.1 kN/mm.

5. Precision
5.1 Asphaltic Concrete
Marshall Repeatability Reproducibility
Standard Repeatability Standard Repeatability
deviation σ r r deviation σ r R

Stability (kN) 0.61 1.7 0.78 2.2

Flow (mm) 0.25 0.7 0.29 0.8

Note: The precision data are estimated from DIN 1996/11 and NL-Standard for Asphaltic
Concrete Mixes.

5.2 Hot Rolled Asphalt

Marshall Repeatability Reproducibility

Standard Repeatability Standard Repeatability
deviation σ r r deviation σ r R

Stability (kN) 0.36 1.0 0.78 2.2

Flow (mm) 0.21 0.6 0.46 1.3

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ANNEXE A
TABLE 1

STABILITY CORRECTION FACTORS FOR HEIGHT (MM) AND VOLUME (ML) OF SPECIMENS

Height Volume Correction Height Volume Correction Height Volume Correction

55 446 1.27 61 495 1.07 67 543 0.92

55.1 447 1.27 61.1 495 1.06 67.1 544 0.92
55.2 448 1.26 61.2 496 1.06 67.2 545 0.92
55.3 448 1.26 61.3 497 1.06 67.3 546 0.91
55.4 449 1.25 61.4 498 1.06 67.4 546 0.91
55.5 450 1.25 61.5 499 1.05 67.5 547 0.91
55.6 451 1.25 61.6 499 1.05 67.6 548 0.91
55.7 452 1.24 61.7 500 1.05 67.7 549 0.90
55.8 452 1.24 61.8 501 1.05 67.8 550 0.90
55.9 453 1.24 61.9 502 1.04 67.9 550 0.90
56 454 1.23 62 503 1.04 68 551 0.90
56.1 455 1.23 62.1 503 1.04 68.1 552 0.89
56.2 456 1.23 62.2 504 1.03 68.2 553 0.89
56.3 456 1.22 62.3 505 1.03 68.3 554 0.89
56.4 457 1.22 62.4 506 1.03 68.4 555 0.89
56.5 458 1.21 62.5 507 1.03 68.5 555 0.88
56.6 459 1.21 62.6 507 1.02 68.6 556 0.88
56.7 460 1.21 62.7 508 1.02 68.7 557 0.88
56.8 460 1.20 62.8 509 1.02 68.8 558 0.88
56.9 461 1.20 62.9 510 1.02 68.9 559 0.88
57 462 1.20 63 511 1.01 69 559 0.88
57.1 463 1.19 63.1 512 1.01 69.1 560 0.87
57.2 464 1.19 63.2 512 1.01 69.2 561 0.87
57.3 465 1.19 63.3 513 1.01 69.3 562 0.87
57.4 465 1.18 63.4 514 1.00 69.4 563 0.87
57.5 466 1.18 63.5 515 1.00 69.5 563 0.87
57.6 467 1.18 63.6 516 1.00 69.6 564 0.86
57.7 468 1.17 63.7 516 0.99 69.7 565 0.86
57.8 469 1.17 63.8 517 0.99 69.8 566 0.86
57.9 469 1.17 63.9 518 0.99 69.9 567 0.86
58 470 1.16 64 519 0.99 70 567 0.86
58.1 471 1.16 64.1 520 0.98 70.1 568 0.86
58.2 472 1.16 64.2 520 0.98 70.2 569 0.85
58.3 473 1.16 64.3 521 0.98 70.3 570 0.85
58.4 473 1.15 64.4 522 0.98 70.4 571 0.85
58.5 474 1.15 64.5 523 0.97 70.5 572 0.85
58.6 475 1.15 64.6 524 0.97 70.6 572 0.85
58.7 476 1.14 64.7 525 0.97 70.7 573 0.84
58.8 477 1.14 64.8 525 0.97 70.8 574 0.84
58.9 478 1.14 64.9 526 0.96 70.9 575 0.84
59 478 1.13 65 527 0.96 71 576 0.84
59.1 479 1.13 65.1 528 0.96 71.1 576 0.84
59.2 480 1.13 65.2 529 0.95 71.2 577 0.84
59.3 481 1.12 65.3 529 0.95 71.3 578 0.83
59.4 482 1.12 65.4 530 0.95 71.4 579 0.83
59.5 482 1.12 65.5 531 0.95 71.5 580 0.83
59.6 483 1.11 65.6 532 0.94 71.6 580 0.83
59.7 484 1.11 65.7 533 0.94 71.7 581 0.83
59.8 485 1.11 65.8 533 0.94 71.8 582 0.83
59.9 486 1.10 65.9 534 0.94 71.9 583 0.82
60 486 1.10 66 535 0.93 72 584 0.82
60.1 487 1.10 66.1 536 0.93
60.2 488 1.09 66.2 537 0.93
60.3 489 1.09 66.3 537 0.93
60.4 490 1.09 66.4 538 0.92
60.5 490 1.08 66.5 539 0.92
60.6 491 1.08 66.6 540 0.92
60.7 492 1.08 66.7 541 0.91
60.8 493 1.07 66.8 542 0.91
60.9 494 1.07 66.9 542 0.91

Note 1 : Correction factor multiplied by the measured stability of the specimen equals the corrected stability for a 63.5mm
diameter specimen.

The volume – thickness ratio is based on a specimen diameter of 101.6mm.

Note 2 : Corrections outside the range of specimen heights from 60.5 to 66.5mm may lead to inaccurate results.
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ANNEXE B

FIGURE 1 BREAKING HEAD DIMENSIONS (MM)

The diagram illustrates the essential dimensions of a suitable breaking head for use in this
test. This breaking head is used in conjunction with the compression testing machine to
determine the Stability and Flow of the moulded specimens.

76+1

Note: The radius is to be the same for both upper and lower segments.
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ANNEXE C

FIGURE 2

The diagram below is a graphical representation of the definitions for Stability (S), Flow (F),
and Tangential Flow (Ft) contained in Section 1.2.

Note: Section 2.1.2 refers to a suitable means of recording load deformation. When a
device such as an X-Y recorder is used the registration speed of the deformation
should be at least 10x the actual deformation speed. The load as a function of the
deformation can also be registered with a data - acquisition - system (D.A.S.)