Mic Mic Mac

4.8. Microplane https://ansyshelp.ansys.com/Views/Secured/corp/v201/en/ans_mat/mic...
The microplane model (TB,MPLANE) is based on research by Bazant and Gambarova [1][2] in which the
material behavior is modeled through stress-strain laws on a number of individual planes.
Directional-dependent stiffness degradation is modeled through damage laws on individual potential failure
planes, leading to a macroscopic anisotropic damage formulation.
The model is well suited for simulating engineering materials consisting of various aggregate compositions
with differing properties (for example, concrete modeling, in which rock and sand are embedded in a weak
matrix of cements).
The following microplane material model types are available:
Elastic damage (nonregularized and regularized forms)
Coupled damage-plasticity (regularized form only)
The microplane model cannot be combined with other material models.
The following microplane model topics are available:
Microplane Modeling
Microplane Material Models
Learning More About Microplane Material Modeling
Also see Material Model Element Support for microplane.
Three primary tasks summarize microplane theory:
1. Apply a kinematic constraint to relate the macroscopic strain tensors to their microplane counterparts
(projection).
2. Define the constitutive laws on the microplane levels, where constitutive equations are applied on each
microplane.
3. Relate the homogenization process on the material point level to derive the overall material response.
(Homogenization is based on the principle of energy equivalence.)
The microplane material model formulation is based on the assumption that microscopic free energy Ψmic
on the microplane level exists and that the integral of Ψmic over all microplanes is equivalent to a
macroscopic free Helmholtz energy Ψmac [3], expressed as:
The factor results from the integration of the sphere of unit radius with respect to the area Ω.
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The strains and stresses at microplanes are additively decomposed into volumetric and deviatoric parts,
respectively, based on the volumetric-deviatoric (V-D) split.
The strain split is expressed as:
The scalar microplane volumetric strain εv results from:
where V is the second-order volumetric projection tensor and 1 the second-order identity tensor.
The deviatoric microplane strain vector εD is calculated as:
where Π is the fourth-order symmetric identity tensor and the vector n describes the normal on the
microsphere (microplane).
The stresses can then be derived by taking the free energy derivative with respect to the strain tensor:
where σv and σ D are the scalar volumetric stress and the deviatoric stress tensor on the microsphere,
and .
Assume isotropic elasticity:
and
where Kmic and Gmic are microplane elasticity parameters and can be interpreted as a sort of microplane
bulk and shear modulus. They are related to the elastic macroscopic parameters as follows:
Integration over the surface of the sphere in order to calculate the homogenized quantities is achieved by
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numerical integration:
where wi is the weight factor.
The following additional topics for microplane modeling are available:
Discretization
Implicit Gradient Regularization
4.8.1.1. Discretization
Discretization is the transfer from the microsphere to microplanes which describe the approximate
form of the sphere. Forty-two microplanes are used for the numerical integration. Due to the
symmetry of the microplanes (where every other plane has the same normal direction), 21
microplanes are considered. [3]
The following figure illustrates the discretization process:
Figure 4.23: Sphere Discretization by 42 Microplanes
4.8.1.2. Implicit Gradient Regularization
Strain-softening material models often cause mesh sensitivity and numerical instability, a problem
mitigated by implicit gradient regularization, a class of nonlocal methods. Implicit gradient
regularization enhances a local variable by considering its nonlocal counterpart as an extra degree of
freedom governed by a Helmholtz-type equation.
The governing equations are therefore given by the linear momentum-balance equation and a
modified Helmholtz equation describing the nonlocal equivalent strain field :
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where is the Cauchy stress tensor, is the body force vector, is the divergence, is the
gradient, and is the Laplace operator. The gradient parameter controls the range of nonlocal
interaction. The equivalent strain is the local variable to be enhanced, and is its nonlocal
counterpart.
The homogeneous Neumann boundary condition is used as follows:
where is the normal to the outer boundary of the nonlocal field. With the homogeneous Neumann
boundary condition, no explicit definition of boundary conditions for the extra degrees of freedom is
required.
The elastic damage microplane material model is available in nonregularized and regularized forms.
The coupled damage-plasticity microplane model is available in a regularized form only.
4.8.1.2.1. Identifying the Nonlocal Interaction-Range Parameter
Identifying the nonlocal interaction-range parameter (related to the length-scale parameter

by the equation ) can be somewhat challenging.
One method [8] uses the results comparison of homogeneous and nonhomogeneous tensile
tests of concrete to identify the parameter. The first experiment consists of a specimen
restrained such that the cracking is distributed, while the second consists of a notched
specimen to trigger a localized failure. The damage parameters can be obtained from
homogeneous experiments because, in this case, the damage is uniformly distributed along
the whole specimen and is unaffected by the nonlocal parameter . In the first step, therefore,
the damage parameters are identified from the stress-strain curve for the homogeneous test.
In the second step, the force-displacement curve for the notched-specimen test identifies the
nonlocal parameter , keeping the damage parameters constant.
Other approaches to determine the gradient parameter use the size effects observed in
concrete and inverse calibration of force-deflection curves [9], and calibration based on
fracture-energy test and measurement of crack-surface roughness [10].
The following microplane material model topics are available:
Elastic Damage Microplane Material Models

Coupled Damage-Plasticity Microplane Model
Solution Control for the Regularized Microplane Damage Models
4.8.2.1. Elastic Damage Microplane Material Models
To account for material degradation and damage, the microscopic free-energy function is modified to
include a damage parameter, yielding:
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The damage parameter dmic is the normalized damage variable .
The stresses are derived by:
where and . The stresses derived

generally result in unsymmetric material stiffness; therefore, use the unsymmetric Newton-Raphson
solver (NROPT,UNSYM) in such cases to facilitate convergence.
The damage status of a material is described by the equivalent-strain-based damage function

, where ηmic is the equivalent strain, which characterizes the damage
evolution law and is defined as:
where I1 is the first invariant of the strain tensor ε, J2 is the second invariant of the deviatoric part of
the strain tensor ε, and k0, k1, and k2 are material parameters that characterize the form of damage
function. The equivalent strain function implies the Mises-Hencky-Huber criterion for k0 = k1 = 0, and
k2 = 1, and the Drucker-Prager-criterion for k0 > 0, k1 = 0, and k2 = 1.
The damage evolution is modeled by the following function:
where α mic defines the maximal degradation, βmic determines the rate of damage evolution, and
is the damage threshold which characterizes the equivalent strain on which the material damaging
starts (damage starting boundary).
is a history variable representing the largest value of equivalent strain in the material’s history.
The variable is defined differently depending on whether it is the nonregularized or the regularized
version of the elastic damage microplane material model. Theoretically, the history variable definition
is how the two versions differ.
For postprocessing, the maximum damage is defined as the maximum value of microplane
damage values . The macroscopic damage is defined by:
and has a range of .
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Both nonregularized and regularized versions of the elastic damage microplane material model are
available.
4.8.2.1.1. Nonregularized Elastic Damage Microplane Material

Model
The history variable is calculated as the maximum of the damage threshold and the
equivalent strain for each microplane:
This figure shows the evolution of the damage variable as a function of equivalent strain
for the implemented exponential damage model:
Figure 4.24: Damage Parameter Depending on the Equivalent Strain
This figure shows the stress-strain behavior for uniaxial tension:
Figure 4.25: Stress-strain Behavior at Uniaxial Tension
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4.8.2.1.2. Regularized Elastic Damage Microplane Material Model
Use the regularized elastic damage microplane model, based on the research by Zreid and
Kaliske [6], to overcome the numerical instability and pathological mesh sensitivity to which
the nonregularized version of the model is susceptible. The regularized model uses an implicit
gradient regularization scheme, defined via a nonlocal field, that adds one extra degree of
freedom per node.
The history variable is calculated as the maximum of the damage threshold and the
equivalent strain for each microplane:
The modified equivalent strains for each microplane are calculated via implicit gradient
regularization.
The governing equations and boundary condition for the regularized microplane models are
included again here for completeness:
where is the equivalent strain of a given microplane and is its nonlocal counterpart. The
microplane chosen for is the one having the largest equivalent strain .
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The nonlocal counterpart is obtained as part of solving the system of governing equations
shown above.
The equivalent strains of each microplane can now be calculated by modifying them with a
ratio of local to nonlocal largest equivalent strain:
For more information, see Implicit Gradient Regularization.
4.8.2.1.3. Defining the Elastic Damage Microplane Material Models
The nonregularized elastic damage microplane model requires eight parameters, while the
regularized elastic damage microplane model requires nine parameters.
The following elasticity and damage parameters are common to both models and are defined
in the same way for both:
Parameter Parameter Description Model

Type
Nonregularized Regularized
Elasticity Modulus of elasticity Y Y
Poisson’s ratio Y Y
Damage Damage function material Y Y

parameters
Damage threshold Y Y
Maximum damage Y Y
parameter
Rate of damage evolution Y Y
Nonlocal Nonlocal interaction N Y

range parameter
Define the elastic parameters and via TB,ELAS or MP.
Define the damage parameters via TB,MPLANE,,,,ORTH.
The following table describes the damage material constants:
Constant Meaning
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Constant Meaning
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
Example 4.21: Microplane Material Constant Input
! Define elastic properties of material

tb,elas,1
tbdata,1,60000.0,0.36
! Define microplane model properties

tb,mplane,1,,6,orth
tbdata,1,0,0,1,0.1,0.1,0.1
Considerations for Defining the Regularized Model:
Elements supported: CPT212, CPT213, CPT215, CPT216, and CPT217.
To activate the required extra degree of freedom (GFV1), set KEYOPT(18) = 1. The extra
degree of freedom requires no boundary-condition input.
A fine mesh is recommended, particularly at probable damage-prone regions. To observe

mesh-independent results, the mesh size may need to be less than half the square root of
the nonlocal parameter.
Define the nonlocal parameter via TB,MPLANE,,,,NLOCAL. Following is the material data-
table constant:
Constant Meaning
C1
Example 4.22: Regularized Elastic Damage Microplane Material Constant

Input
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/prep7
! Define element
ET,1,215
KEYO,1,18,1 ! Activate extra degree of freedom
! Parameter values
E=18000
nu=.18
k0=0.703125
k1=0.703125
k2=0.2154553289284690
gamma=.0002
alpha=.96
beta=450
c=25

mp,ex,1,E
mp,nuxy,1,nu

tb,mplane,1,,,ORTH
TBDATA,1,k0,k1,k2,gamma,alpha,beta
tb,mplane,1,,,NLOCAL
TBDATA,1,c
4.8.2.1.4. Output for the Elastic Damage Microplane Material

Models
Some microplane element quantities are available for postprocessing (/POST1, /POST26).
The assigned label is MPLA.
Element outputs include the homogenized damage (DMAC), and the maximum microplane
damage (DMAX).
4.8.2.2. Coupled Damage-Plasticity Microplane Model
Use this model, based on research by Zreid and Kaliske [4][5][6], to overcome the numerical
instability and pathological mesh sensitivity to which strain-softening materials such as the
microplane model are susceptible.
The model uses an implicit gradient regularization scheme, defined via a nonlocal field, that adds two
extra degrees of freedom per node. Microplane plasticity is also introduced, using microplane
quantities, through laws resembling classical invariant-based plasticity models, enabling material
models with a direct link to the conventional macroscopic plasticity models.
The plasticity in this model is defined via a three-surface microplane Drucker-Prager model, covering
a full range of possible stress states and enabling cyclic loading. The damage includes a tension-
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compression split to account for transition of the stress state during cyclic loading.
To account for coupled damage-plasticity, the microscopic free-energy function is once again
modified to include damage; furthermore, the total strain components are additively decomposed into
elastic and plastic parts. The resulting stress-strain relation is:
where is the normalized damage variable , is the volumetric microplane plastic
strain, and is the deviatoric plastic strain.
The microplane plastic strain rate evolutions are governed by the following flow rules:
where is the plastic multiplier, and is the given microplane yield function.
The microplane volumetric and deviatoric effective stresses, and respectively, are defined as:
The following additional topics about the coupled damage-plasticity microplane model are available:
Smooth Three-Surface Microplane Drucker-Prager Cap Yield Function

Damage Evolution
Coupled Damage-Plasticity Microplane Model Parameters
Defining the Coupled Damage-Plasticity Microplane Model
Identifying Coupled Damage-Plasticity Microplane Model Parameters
Coupled Damage-Plasticity Microplane Damage Output
4.8.2.2.1. Smooth Three-Surface Microplane Drucker-Prager Cap

Yield Function
A smooth Drucker-Prager yield function with tension and compression caps covers the
material response under all possible triaxialities:
Figure 4.26: Smooth Three-Surface Microplane Cap Yield Function
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The Drucker-Prager cap model is specific to microplane plasticity, as it uses microplane

quantities. It is similar but not identical to the macroscopic Extended Drucker-Prager Cap
model. The yield function is expressed as:
where is the Drucker-Prager yield function with hardening, is the compression cap, and
is the tension cap.
The yield function is evaluated in the undamaged stress space. The product ensures
that the compression cap has the same slope as the function at the intersection point
between and . The same occurs for the tension cap, and so overall the yield surface has
continuity.
The Drucker-Prager yield function is defined as:
where is the initial yield stress, is a friction coefficient, and is a hardening function.
The compression cap is defined by:
where is the Heaviside step function, and is the abscissa of the intersection point
between and . is the ratio between the major (deviatoric) and minor (volumetric) axes
of the cap. The Heaviside function is used to activate the cap only when the stress state is in
its domain.
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The tension cap is defined by:
where is the abscissa of the intersection point between and . is the initial
intersection of the cap with the volumetric axis, and is a hardening parameter controlling
the increase of the intersection point due to hardening.
The hardening is considered to be linear and is defined by:
where is a hardening parameter, and is a hardening variable.
4.8.2.2.2. Damage Evolution
The damage evolution behavior is motivated by the material behavior of concrete and similar
materials.
To realistically model the damage of concrete subject to cyclic loading, the following
considerations are taken into account:
The initiation of damage and its subsequent evolution is different between

compression and tension.
Concrete is more brittle in tension, and softening begins to occur almost immediately
after the elastic limit.
In compression, some hardening is observed after the elastic limit before softening
occurs.
In the transition from tension to compression states, the stiffness lost during tensile
cracking is recovered due to crack closure. Upon transition to tension, however, the
damage sustained under compression is retained.
This unique behavior is described via a damage split, where the total damage is
decomposed into compression and tension parts, as follows:
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where is the split weight factor, represents the principal strain values, and indicates
the positive principal strain values.
This figure shows the stiffness reduction in unloading and the stiffness recovery in
compression:
Figure 4.27: Effect of Damage Split on Tension-Compression Cyclic Loading Response
The damage laws are defined as:
where and are material constants. and , the variables driving the damage, are
calculated from over-nonlocal equivalent strains.
For postprocessing, the homogenized damage is defined by:
Equivalent strain rates and are functions of the volumetric plastic strain rate, as
follows:
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4.8.2.2.3. Implicit Gradient Regularization
The governing equations and boundary condition are included again here for completeness:
The local variable and the nonlocal variable are both composed of tension and
compression parts:
Each node, therefore, has two extra degrees of freedom.
There are 21 independent values of the equivalent strains and (one for each
microplane). The tension and compression components of the local variable are evaluated by
homogenizing the microplane values, as follows:
The regularization scheme is completed by the over-nonlocal formulation, where over-nonlocal

variables and are evaluated as a linear combination of local and nonlocal variables,
as follows:
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where is a material parameter which should be > 1 to achieve regularization. Therefore, the
nonlocal variable takes a weight larger than unity and the local variable is assigned a negative
weight (hence the term over-nonlocal). The averaging ensures a smooth-deformation field,
thereby preventing displacement discontinuities which can lead to an ill-posed boundary-value
problem.
The regularized variable is used to calculate the damage driving variables and , as
follows:
where and are the tension and compression damage thresholds, respectively.
For more information, see Implicit Gradient Regularization in the Material Reference.
4.8.2.2.4. Coupled Damage-Plasticity Microplane Model

Parameters
The coupled damage-plasticity microplane model requires 15 parameters:
Parameter Type Parameter Subtype Parameter Description
Elasticity -- Modulus of elasticity
-- Poisson’s ratio
Plasticity Drucker-Prager yield Uniaxial compressive strength

function
Biaxial compressive strength
Uniaxial tensile strength
Compression cap Intersection point abscissa

between compression cap and
Drucker-Prager yield function
Ratio between the major and

minor axes of the cap
Hardening Hardening material constant
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Parameter Type Parameter Subtype Parameter Description
Tension cap hardening constant
Damage -- , Tension and compression

damage thresholds
-- , Tension and compression

damage evolution constants
Nonlocal -- Nonlocal interaction range

parameter
-- Over-nonlocal averaging
parameter
The plasticity parameters , , and are used as inputs because they are common
material properties (or can be found experimentally) for materials such as concrete. The initial
yield stress and the friction coefficient can be calculated by knowing that the biaxial and
uniaxial stress states lie on the linear Drucker-Prager portion of the yield surface as follows:
The following empirical relations are used to calculate the tension cap parameters: the
abscissa of the intersection point between the tension cap and the Drucker-Prager yield
function , and the initial intersection of the cap with the volumetric axis :
4.8.2.2.5. Defining the Coupled Damage-Plasticity Microplane

Model
The coupled damage-plasticity microplane model is used with the following coupled pore-
pressure-thermal mechanical solid elements: CPT212, CPT213, CPT215, CPT216, and
CPT217.
To activate the required extra degrees of freedom (GFV1, GFV2), set KEYO(18) = 2. The extra
degrees of freedom require no boundary condition input.
A fine mesh is recommended, particularly at probable damage-prone regions. To observe
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mesh-independent results, the mesh size may need to be less than half the square root of the
nonlocal parameter .
Define the elastic parameters and via TB,ELAS or MP.
Define the plasticity and damage parameters via TB,MPLANE,,,,DPC. Following are the
material data table constants:
Constant Meaning Property Unit Range
C1 Uniaxial Force/Length2
compressive
strength
C2 Biaxial Force/Length2
compressive
strength
C3 Uniaxial tensile Force/Length2

strength
C4 Tension cap --
hardening
constant
C5 Hardening Force2/Length4
material constant
C6 Intersection point Force/Length2

abscissa between
compression cap
and Drucker-
Prager yield
function
C7 Ratio between the --

major and minor
axes of the cap
C8 Tension damage --
threshold
C9 Compression --
damage threshold
C10 Tension damage --

evolution constant
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C11 Compression --
damage evolution
constant
Define the nonlocal parameters via TB,MPLANE,,,,NLOCAL. Following are the material data
table constants:
C1 Nonlocal Length2
interaction range
parameter
C2 Over-nonlocal --
averaging
parameter
Example 4.23: Coupled Damage-Plasticity Microplane Model Input
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/prep7
!Define element
ET,1,215
KEYO,1,18,2 ! Activate extra degrees of freedom
! Parameter values
E = 28000
nu = .2
fuc = 30
fbc = 34.5
fut = 2.9
Rt = 1
D = 4e4
sigVc = -40
R = 2
c = 1500
m = 2.5
gamt0 = 0
gamc0 = 2e-6
betat = .4e4
betac = .25e4

MP,EX,1,E
MP,NUXY,1,nu

TB,MPLA,1,,,DPC
TBDATA,1,fuc,fbc,fut,Rt,D,sigVc
TBDATA,7,R,gamt0,gamc0,betat,betac
TB,MPLA,1,,,NLOCAL
TBDATA,1,c,m
To study a usage example for this material model, see Reinforced Concrete Joint Analysis in
the Technology Demonstration Guide.
4.8.2.2.6. Identifying Coupled Damage-Plasticity Microplane Model

Parameters
Following are some hints and tips to help you with parameter identification.
Elasticity
and can be identified from the elastic region of the material stress-strain curve, or by
using empirical formulas available in the literature.
Plasticity
The strength parameters , , and are common material properties (or can be
found experimentally) for materials such as concrete. In the absence of complete testing
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data, empirical relations [7] can be used if is known:
To identify the compression cap parameters, triaxial experimental data is necessary. The
intersection point between the initial compression cap and the hydrostatic axis is
determined by applying a hydrostatic load until the yielding begins.
The intersection point between the compression cap and the Drucker-Prager function is
more challenging to find. It can be approximated as the transition point from plastic
volumetric expansion (occurring on the linear Drucker-Prager function) to plastic volumetric
compaction (occurring on the compression cap). If this data is unavailable, it can be
estimated empirically as:
The parameter (the ratio between the major and minor axes of the cap) can therefore be
calculated as:
Damage and Hardening
To identify the damage and hardening parameters, cyclic tests are necessary. These
parameters are related, as their interaction controls the softening and the unloading slope.
A uniaxial cyclic compression test identifies the parameters , , and .
Similarly, a uniaxial cyclic tension test identifies the parameters , , and . In the
absence of uniaxial cyclic tension tests, and can be used as starting
values. The tension damage threshold is often set to zero, as softening in tension starts
almost immediately after the elastic limit.
Nonlocal Parameters
The over-nonlocal averaging parameter is a numerical parameter, where >1

regularizes the solution. Typically, = 2.5.
Also see Identifying the Nonlocal Interaction-Range Parameter .
4.8.2.2.7. Coupled Damage-Plasticity Microplane Damage Output
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Certain microplane element quantities are available for postprocessing (/POST1, /POST26).
The assigned label is MPDP.
Element outputs include the homogenized total damage (TOTA), homogenized tension
damage (TENS), homogenized compression damage (COMP), and the split weight factor
(RW).
4.8.2.3. Solution Control for the Regularized Microplane Damage

Models
This section applies to both the regularized elastic damage microplane model and the coupled
damage-plasticity microplane model.
The Newton-Raphson out-of-balance loads caused by the extra degrees of freedom can be
controlled by setting the reference value and tolerance for the gradient field residual
(CNVTOL,GFRS).
Example 4.24: Setting the Reference Value and Tolerance for the Gradient Field
Residual
CNVTOL,GFRS,1e-7,.001
Automatic time-stepping uses an internal heuristic to adjust the time increment. You can set an
additional time-stepping control (CUTCONTROL,MDMG) to limit the maximum allowable microplane
homogenized damage increment in a time step.
Example 4.25: Setting a Time-stepping Control
CUTCONTROL,MDMG,1e-3
The following list of resources offers more information about microplane material modeling:
1. Bazant, Z. P., P.G. Gambarova. "Crack Shear in Concrete: Crack Band Microplane Model." Journal of
Structural Engineering . 110 (1984): 2015-2036.
2. Bazant, Z. P., B. H. Oh. "Microplane Model for Progressive Fracture of Concrete and Rock." Journal for
Engineering Mechanics . 111 (1985): 559-582.
3. Leukart, M., E. Ramm. "A Comparison of Damage Models Formulated on Different Material Scales."
Computational Materials Science. 28.3-4 (2003): 749-762.
4. Zreid, Imadeddin and Michael Kaliske. "A Gradient Enhanced Plasticity-Damage Microplane Model for
Concrete." Computational Mechanics. 10.1007/s00466-018-1561-1 (2018).
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5. Zreid, Imadeddin and Michael Kaliske. "An Implicit Gradient Formulation for Microplane Drucker-
Prager Plasticity." International Journal of Plasticity. 83 (2016): 252-272.
6. Zreid, Imadeddin and Michael Kaliske. "Regularization of Microplane Damage Models Using an Implicit
Gradient Enhancement." International Journal of Solids and Structures. 51.19 (2014): 3480-3489.
7. Jiang, H., J. Zhao. "Calibration of the Continuous Surface Cap Model for Concrete." Finite Elements in
Analysis and Design. 97 (2015): 1-19.
8. Bažant, Z. P., G. Pijaudier-Cabot. "Measurement of Characteristic Length of Nonlocal Continuum."

Journal of Engineering Mechanics. 115.4 (1989): 755-767.
9. Le Bellégo, C., J. F. Dubé, G. Pijaudier-Cabot, B. Gérard. "Calibration of Nonlocal Damage Model from
Size Effect Tests." European Journal of Mechanics-A/Solids. 22.1 (2003): 33-46.
10. Xenos, D., D. Grégoire, S. Morel, P. Grassl. "Calibration of Nonlocal Models for Tensile Fracture in
Quasi-brittle Heterogeneous Materials." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids. 82 (2015):
48-60.
Contains proprietary and confidential information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 2020 R1 - © ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
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4.8. Microplane https://ansyshelp.ansys.com/Views/Secured/corp/v201/en/ans_mat/mic...

The following microplane material model types are available:

Elastic damage (nonregularized and regularized forms)

Coupled damage-plasticity (regularized form only)

The microplane model cannot be combined with other material models.

The following microplane model topics are available:

Also see Material Model Element Support for microplane.

Three primary tasks summarize microplane theory:

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The strain split is expressed as:

The scalar microplane volumetric strain εv results from:

The deviatoric microplane strain vector εD is calculated as:

Assume isotropic elasticity:

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where wi is the weight factor.

The following additional topics for microplane modeling are available:

The following figure illustrates the discretization process:

Figure 4.23: Sphere Discretization by 42 Microplanes

4.8.1.2. Implicit Gradient Regularization

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The homogeneous Neumann boundary condition is used as follows:

4.8.1.2.1. Identifying the Nonlocal Interaction-Range Parameter

Identifying the nonlocal interaction-range parameter (related to the length-scale parameter

The following microplane material model topics are available:

Elastic Damage Microplane Material Models

4.8.2.1. Elastic Damage Microplane Material Models

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The damage parameter dmic is the normalized damage variable .

The stresses are derived by:

where and . The stresses derived

The damage status of a material is described by the equivalent-strain-based damage function

The damage evolution is modeled by the following function:

and has a range of .

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4.8.2.1.1. Nonregularized Elastic Damage Microplane Material

equivalent strain for each microplane:

Figure 4.24: Damage Parameter Depending on the Equivalent Strain

This figure shows the stress-strain behavior for uniaxial tension:

Figure 4.25: Stress-strain Behavior at Uniaxial Tension

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4.8.2.1.2. Regularized Elastic Damage Microplane Material Model

equivalent strain for each microplane:

Implicit Gradient Regularization

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For more information, see Implicit Gradient Regularization.

4.8.2.1.3. Defining the Elastic Damage Microplane Material Models

Parameter Parameter Description Model

Elasticity Modulus of elasticity Y Y

Damage Damage function material Y Y

Rate of damage evolution Y Y

Nonlocal Nonlocal interaction N Y

Define the elastic parameters and via TB,ELAS or MP.

Define the damage parameters via TB,MPLANE,,,,ORTH.

The following table describes the damage material constants:

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Example 4.21: Microplane Material Constant Input

! Define elastic properties of material

! Define microplane model properties

Considerations for Defining the Regularized Model:

Elements supported: CPT212, CPT213, CPT215, CPT216, and CPT217.

A fine mesh is recommended, particularly at probable damage-prone regions. To observe

Example 4.22: Regularized Elastic Damage Microplane Material Constant

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