INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT EVENTS

Q: A coin is tossed twice. What is the probability of getting two consecutive tails?
Probability of getting a tail in one toss = 1/2
The coin is tossed twice. So 1/2 * 1/2 = 1/4 is the answer.

1-MULTIPICATION LAW OF PROBABLILITY

Independent Variable: Jab Question main di gei information(variable) ka impact

Question k solution py na pry. P(A∩B) = P(A) × P(B)
Dependent Variable: Jab Question main di gei information(variable) ka impact
Question k solution py pry ga. P(A∩B) = P(A) × P(AІB) or P(A∩B) = P(B) × P(BІA)

Probability for Independent variable : P(A∩B) = P(A) × P(B)

Probability for Dependent variable : P(A∩B) = P(A) × P(AІB) or
P(A∩B) = P(B) × P(BІA)
Q: A coin is tossed twice. What is the probability of getting two consecutive tails?
Probability of getting a tail in one toss = 1/2
The coin is tossed twice. So 1/2 * 1/2 = 1/4 is the answer.
Q: A pack contains 4blue, 2red and 3black pens. If a pen is drawn at random
from the pack, replaced and the process repeated 2 more times, what is the
probability of drawing 2blue pens and 1 black pen?
Sol: The total no of pens = 9
Probability of drawing 1 blue pen = 4/9
Probability of drawing another blue pen = 4/9
Probability of drawing 1 black pen = 3/9
Probability of drawing 2blue pens and 1 black pen = 4/9 × 4/9 × 3/9 = 16/243
Q: A pack contain 4blue, 2red and 3black pens. If 2 pens are drawn at random
from the pack, NOT replaced and then another pen is drawn. What is the
probability of drawing 2blue pens and 1black pens ?
Sol: P(A∩B) = P(Blue1) × P(Blue2ІBlue1) × P(BlackІBlue1∩Blue2)
Probability of drawing 1 blue pen = 4/9
Probability of drawing another blue pen = 3/8
Probability of drawing 1 black pen = 3/7
Probability of drawing 2blue pens and 1 black pen = 4/9 × 3/8 × 3/7 = 1/14
Q: What is the probability of drawing a king and a queen consectively from a
deck of 52 cards, without replacement.
Sol: probability of drawing a king = 4/12 = 1/13
After drawing one card, the number of cards are 51.
Probability of drawing a queen = 4/51
Now,
the probability of drawing a king and a queen consectively is = 1/13 × 4/51 = 4/6632-
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
Formula for conditional probability
Conditional probability is calculating the probability of an event given that another
event has already occurred.
The formula for conditional probability P(AІB), read as P(A given that B)
Conditional Probability for A given B P(AІB) = P(A∩B)/P(B)
Conditional Probability for B given A P(BІA) = P(B∩A)/P(A)
Q: The probability that it is Friday and that a student is absent is 0.03. since
there are 5 school days in a week, the probability that a student is absent given
that today is Friday is 0.2. what is probability that a student is absent given that
today is Friday ?
Sol: The formula of conditional probability is = P(BІA) = P(A∩B)/P(A)
P(AbsentІFriday) = P(Absent and Friday)/P(Friday) = 0.03/0.2 = 0.15 = 15%
Q: In a class, 40% of the students students study math and science. 60% of the
students study math. What is the probability of a student studying science given
he/she is already studying math?
Sol: P(M and S) = 0.40
P(M) = 0.60
P(ScienceІMath) = P(Math and Science)/P(Math) = 0.40/0.60 = 0.67
Q: A teacher gave her students of the class two tests namely maths and science.
25% of the students passed both the tests and 40% of the students the math test.
What percent of those who passed the maths test also passed the science test?
Sol:
Given,
Percentage of students who passed the math test = 40%
Percentage of students who passed both the tests = 25%
Let A and b be the events of the number of students who passed maths and science
tests.
Let Event A denoted by Math and Event B denoted by Science
According to the given,
P(A) = 40% = 0.40
P(A∩B) = 25% = 0.25
Percent of students who passed the maths test also passed the science test = Condition
probability of B given A
P(BІA) = P(A∩B)/P(A)
P(BІA) = 0.25/0.40 = 0.625 = 62.5%Q: A bag contains green and yellow balls. Two
balls are drawn without
replacement. The probability of selecting a green ball and then a yellow is 0.28.
The probability of selecting a green ball on the first draw is 0.5. Find the
probability of selecting a yellow ball on the second draw, given that the first ball
drawn was green.
Sol: Let A and B be the events of drawing a green in the first draw and yellow in the
second draw respectively.
From the given,
P(A) = 0.5
P(A∩B) = 0.28
Probability of selecting a yellow ball on the second draw, given that the first ball
drawn was green = Conditional of B given A
P(BІA) = P(B∩A)/P(A)
P(BІA) = 0.28/0.5 = 0.56

3-BAYES THEOREM FORMULA

P(BІA) = P(AІB)P(B)P(A) and P(AiІB) = P(BІA)P(A)P(B)
OR
P(AiІB) = P(BІA1)P(A)/{P(BІA1)P(A1)+P(BІA2)P(A2)+P(BІA3)P(A3)}

Q: Calculate P(BІA) if P(AІB)=0.25, P(A)=04 and P(B)=0.5 Using Bayes

Theorem.
Sol:
Given,
P(AІB) = 0.25
P(A) = 0.4
P(B) = 0.5
Using Bayes Theorem Formula
P(BІA) = P(AІB)P(B)P(A)
P(BІA) = [0.25 × 0.50]/0.4
=0.3125
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Q: If two dice are thrown find the probability of sum is divisible by 3 or sum is
complete square.

Sol: Let D be the event that sum is divisible by 3.

D = {(1,2),(1.5),(2,1),(2,4),(3,3),(3,6),(4,2),(4,5),(5,1),(5,4),(6,3),(6,6)}
P(D) = 12/36

Let C be the event that sum is complete square.

C = {(1,3),(2,2),(3,1),(3,6),(4,5),(5,4),(6,3)}
P(C) = 7/36

D∩C = {(3,6),(4,5),(5,4),(6,3)}

D∩C = P(D or C) = P(D) + P(C) - P(D∩C)

P(D + C) = 12/36 + 7/36 + 4/36 = 15/36 = 0.41 Ans
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