THE NEW MILLENNIUM ACADEMY & COMPUTER COLLEGE

MUSTAFA KAMAL
(Wild f. Castle)
Q.1. How were the democracies being welcomed in Middle East after the war?
Ans. The democracies were being welcomed not as conquerors but as the deliverers.
Q.2. What did the government of the old liberals in Turkey do in national
interest? (OR)
What was the attitude of the Turkish government (King) towards the Allies
after World War?
Ans. The old liberals and the king collaborated with the Allies. They showed loyalty
to the Armistice and co-operation with the occupying forces of the conquers. They did
all this in their national interest.
Q.3. How strong was the government of the old liberals? (OR) How were the
Allies controlling Istanbul?
Ans. The government of the old liberals was very weak. The Allied forces were
practically rulings the country. They were supervising the police and the ports and
normal affairs of the government.
Q.4. Who was Kiyazim Karabekar?
Ans. The Turks were defeated by the Allies in the First World War. Sultan Mehmet-
IV was a mere puppet in the hands of the Allies. In Eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman
Empire started resisting the pro-government officers. They chose Kiyazim Karabekar
their leader.
Q.5. What did Kiyazim Karabekar, a Turkish leader, do in Eastern Anatolia?
Ans. Kiyazim Karabekar, put up resistance against Allied forces in Eastern Anatolia.
He refused to disband his men. This resulted in small encounters between the Allied
forces and the freedom fighters.
Q.6. What was the effect of struggle movement in Eastern Anatolia on Allied
forces?
Ans. As the resistance of the Turks increased, the local population steadily grew
bolder. Men in streets openly talked against the Allies. This worried not only the
Allies but also the establishment in Istanbul. So he was appointed Governor General
of the Eastern provinces.
Q.7. Why was Mustafa Kamal sent to Eastern Anatolia?
Ans. Mustafa Kamal was a brave commander. The Padshah in Istanbul thought that
only a strong and skilful person such as Mustafa Kamal could bring Eastern Anatolia
under control
Q.8. What was the reaction of Turkish patriots to the intention of the Allies
regarding the partition of the Ottoman Empire?
Ans. The Turkish patriots raised their voice against the Allies at this issue. The Allies
had an evil design to give Aydin and Izmir in the control of the Greeks. The Turks
became furious against the government and the Allies.
Q.9. Write a note on Mustafa Kamal’s activities in Anatolia?
Ans. Mustafa Kamal met Ali Faut and decided to resist the Allies. They thought to
hold up the Greeks by Guerilla bands and to build up a National Army of the patriots.
Mustafa Kamal had an extensive tour of the villages and prepared the people for a
revolt.

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Q.10. Why did the British High Commissioner demur at the nomination of
Mustafa Kamal as Governor-General for Anatolia?
Ans. The Allies did not believe in Mustafa Kamal as he was a great warrior and
patriot. They feared that he might join the rebels.

Q.11. Why did Mehemet order Mustafa Kamal to return to Constantinpole?

Ans. When Mehmet came to know Mustafa Kamal’s liberal activities, he asked him
to return to the capital. Mustafa Kamal was working for an independent state. He was
asking the people to oppose the Allies who wanted to divide their country.
Q.12. What was Mustafa Kamal’s response when Mehmet asked him to come
back to Istanbul?
Ans. Mustafa Kamal responded to Mehmet’s orders by urging him to come over to
Anatolia and himself take the lead against the Greeks and all the foreign enemies.
Mustafa Kamal believed that it was Mehmet’s last chance to save himself, the throne
of his forefathers and the Turkish nation.
Q.13. How did Mehmet try to regain Anatolia for himself?
Ans. Mehmet judged the situation and invited the patriots to join the government. It
was his diplomacy and trick. He also asked the rebels to join the government but
Mustafa Kamal continued his mission.
Q.14. Why did his plan fail?
Ans. The rebels were convinced by the king for the time being but Mustafa Kamal
continued creating awareness among the people. He gave them a new spirit. The
situation was quite uncertain in the country. There was no law and order. The people
were favouring Mustafa Kamal for a big change.
Q.15. Why did the Allies condemn Padishah?
Ans. The Allied considered that Padishah was too weak, and he was unable to control
the rebels. The Central Government was confined to Istanbul, and they did not
exercise effective control. For this reason the Allies openly condemned him.
Q.16. What were the terms offered to Turkey by the Allies?
Ans. The main terms were:
(a) The Ottoman Empire was to be under the Allies.
(b) Eastern Anatolia was to be a part of Armina.
(c) Around Izmir was to be a large Greek district.
(d) Istanbul was to be an international city.
Q.17. Give an account of the Greek attack and its defeat?
Ans. The Greeks attacked Turkey in 1921. The battle continued for two weeks.
Mustafa was commanding the patriots. The Greeks were finally exhausted and began
to withdraw. The Turks won the battle.
Q.18. Were the Greeks real enemies of the Turkish?
OR
Who was Ioanne Metacas?
Ans. The Greek soldiers were not the real enemies of the Turkish people. They never
hated each other. Ioanne Metacas was a magnificent Greek Royalist officer. He
protested strongly to his government.
Q.19. Who was Ali Faut?

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Ans. Ali Faut was the Commander of a small army corps centered on Ankara. He was
a supporter of Mustafa Kamal.
Q.20. What plan of resistance was agreed upon between Mustafa Kamal and
commander Ali Faut?
Ans. Mustafa Kamal and commander Ali Faut laid out a resistance plan. According to
this plan, it was decided that guerilla war against Greeks should start immediately. It
should be followed by raising National Army. The regular troops of the National
Assembly should be the decisive onslaught.
Q.21. What political strategy was agreed upon between Mustafa Kamal and Ali
Faut?
Ans. Mustafa Kamal and Ali Faut decided to launch freedom struggle without
seeking assistance from the Sultan. They thought that the Sultan was in the hands of
enemy, and he could not be trusted. Besides, they also decided to call a congress of
delegates to represent the real, free Turkey.
Q.22. What was the reply of Mustafa Kamal when he refused to return to
Istanbul?
Ans. Mustafa Kamal said, “I shall stay in Anatolia until the nation has won its
independence.”
Q.23. When was Mustafa Kamal left alone at one time?
Ans. Mustafa Kamal was left alone when Sultan asked the Nationalists to join the
government.
Q.24. What do you mean by the “City of Sultan”?
Ans. It is the capital city, Istanbul.
Q.25. What were the views of an American medical practitioner about the daily
deterioration of the position in Anatolia?
Ans. Her views were: “The firing gets worse steadily…..a general massacre of the
Armenians is expected. The fires rage, the canons roar, clouds overhang the whole
city”.
Q.26. Why was the National Assembly dissolved?
Ans. Mustafa Kamal’s movement was gaining greater strength day by day. The lives
of the Allies were unsafe. They began to withdraw their troops from the interior.
Finally they dissolved “The National Assembly”.
Q.27. What was the first act of the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
OR
When and where was its first session held?
Ans. On the 23rd April, 1920the revolutionary Turkish Grand National Assembly met
Mustafa Kamal as President. Its first act was to make clear to the world the position
of the new Turkish Government. The meeting was held at Ankara.
Q.28. What were the words of the first act of the revolutionary Turkish Grand
National Assembly?
Ans. The words of the first act were, “The Grand National Assembly will preside
over the destiny of Turkey as long as the capital is in the hands of the foreigners. The
Allied Government is rejected. The Turkish nation is determined to live as a
sovereign independent state”.
Q.29. When did the Allies publish the terms of peace?

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Ans. In May, 1920, the Allies published the term of peace. There were six terms of
peace.
Q.30. Who signed the terms of peace?
Ans. Mehmet signed the terms of peace.
Q.31. What is Mustafa Kamal’s famous battle call?
Ans. In August, 1922, Mustafa Kamal made his famous battle-call: -
“Soldiers: Your goal is the Mediterranean. Forward!”
Q.32. What happened to Izmir a few days after the change of Govt?
Ans: A few days after the change in Govt, fire broke out in the different parts of the
Izmir and it was ruined.
Q.33. Who is called “The Saviour of Turkey”?
Ans. Mustafa Kamal was called “The Saviour of Turkey”.
Q.34. What was the verdict of the Grand Turkish National Assembly?
Ans. The Grand Turkish Assembly gave the verdict, “By the Unanimous Vote of the
Grand National Assembly of Turkey, the Sultanate is abolished”.
Q.35. What do u mean by “Coup d’etat”?
Ans. It means a sudden move or act to get power by violent means.
Q.36. Who was the first President and the first Prime Minister of Turkish
Republic?
Ans. Mustafa Kamal became the first President and Ismat Inonu, the Prime Minister.
Q.37. Sum up in a few sentences the work of Mustafa Kamal as great nation-
builder.
Ans. Mustafa Kamal’s work brought Turkey to the path of prosperity. No doubt, his
achievements in their field of industry and economics gave Turkey a glorious state in
the world.
Q.38. What happened on the 15th of May, 1919?
Ans. On the 15th of May, 1919, the Izmir seaport and the province of Aydin were
occupied by Greeks. The Turkish troops withdrew and the Greek soldiers took over.
This was all planned by the British authorities.
Q.39. How did Turks react against Greek occupation?
Ans. All Turkish people reacted strongly against the Greek occupation. Even those
who were friendly with Allies, turned against them. The flame of Turkish patriotism
burnt in the hearts of men and women of all classes. The anger against Greeks rose to
its extreme.
Q.40. Why did Mehmet not want to fight against the Allied forces?
Ans. Mehmet thought that Allied forces were very powerful and Turkish warrior
could not defeat them. He thought that it was in the national interest of Turkey to co-
operate with the powerful conquerors so as to avert complete disaster.
Q.41. Was Mehmet’s plan to co-operate with the Allied forces in the national
interest of Turkey?
Ans. There were some people who thought that Mehmet’s policy of co-operation with
the powerful conquerors was the only realistic and sensible option. They thought that
it was the best national interest in Turkey. They also believed that Mustafa Kamal’s
heroism was untimely, and therefore, unwise, however, the subsequent events proved
that Mehmet miserably failed in getting any concessions or respect from the Allied.

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Mustafa Kamal who put faith in his own people, and turned the tables on the powerful
Allied forces eventually protected Turkish honour and national interest.
Q.42. Why did Mehmet-IV agree to summon a government pleasing to
nationalists?
Ans. Mehmet-IV worked out a compromised solution by summoning a government
pleasing to nationalists. He accepted the idea of nationalist government, but in
Istanbul. He thought that shifting the power base to Ankra or elsewhere, will weaken
his authority.
Q.43. How was Turkish Grand National Assembly formed in Ankra?
Ans. The Allied forces started losing control in Anatolia and as a reaction they
dissolved the national assembly in Istanbul. The patriots fled to Anatolia where they
joined hands with Mustafa Kamal and formed Turkish Grand National Assembly.
Q.44. Why did Turkish people rejected the treaty?
Ans. According to the terms of the treaty, the Allies wanted to divide Turkey into
small states which were supposed to be under the control of the Allies. The central
Government at Istanbul would have been just a government in name. The people of
Turkey thought that signing this treaty meant the death of the Ottoman Empire. By
considering the very idea of signing a treaty based on such terms, the Ottoman
Government at Istanbul was branded by the patriots as a puppet government of
traitors.
Q.45. When was Sultanate abolished?
Ans. There was a fierce fight between the Greeks and the Turks in Izmir and some
other towns. At last, the Turks defeated the Greeks. After this success the Grand
National Assembly at Ankra abolished the Sultanate through a declaration.
Q.46. Give an account of the departure of Mehmet from Istanbul?
Ans. In 1922, the patriots overcame almost all parts of Turkey including Istanbul.
Sultan Mehmet-IV took refuge in the British Embassy. In 1923, the Turkish Republic
was finally established.

THE GREAT REFORMER

Q.47. Describe the reforms introduced by Mustafa Kamal with reference to:-
(1) Education:
On assuming power, Mustafa Kamal’s first object was educate the people. This was a
huge task. In order to fulfill this objective, he tried to train as many teachers as
possible, he also tried to replace Arabic script with Turkish script and simplify
Turkish language.
(2) The position of Women: -
Mustafa Kamal was very progressive. He told the Turks that the veil was a great
hindrance. So it was abolished. In this way the women were given equal and
respectable position.
(3) Removal of Literacy & Adoption of the Roman Script
Mustafa Kamal abolished the Arabic script and it was replaced by Roman script. Now
the people could easily read and write. The Arabic and Persian words were removed
from the National language. As a result, Literacy rate was greatly raised.
(4) Change in Head-dress.

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He abolished the head-dress, the Fez as it was a Greek culture. The wearing of hats
was made compulsory.
(5) The Industrial Development.
Before Mustafa Kamal, Turkey was very backward. He started development plans. In
1919, there were 150 factories but in 1933, their number had gone up to 2000.
(6) Economic Development:
He reorganized the banking system. The debt was reduced to one tenth of its former
size with out further borrowing
OTHER POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
Q.48. What was Mustafa Kamal’s first object after getting powers?
Ans. After getting powers Mustafa Kamal’s first object was to educate the masses.
Q.49. Why was educating the people a huge task?
Ans. Educating the people was a huge task because state education was unknown in
Turkey.
Q.50. What were the two problems in educating the people?
Ans. The two problems in educating the people were first, to teach the masses and
second to train as many teachers as possible.
Q.51. What changes were brought in Turkish script?
Ans. The old script was replaced by the Roman script.

Q.52. How did Mustafa Kamal change the Turkish language.

Ans. Mustafa Kamal set a commission to replace the Arabic and Persian words with
original words of Turkish language.
Q.53. What was the state of Turkish language under Ottoman Empire?
Ans. Under the Ottoman Empire Turkish language was a mixture of Arabic and
Persian language.
Q.54. What changes were brought in old titles and nobilities?
Ans. The old titles and nobilities were unnecessary so they were abolished. Every
man became bay and every woman became bayan.
Q.55. How and when was the head-dress changed?
Ans. In 1925 the Turkish head-dress called the fez was replaced with a hat. The fez
was changed because it was Greek in origin.
Q.56. What was the most striking reform of Mustafa Kamal?
Ans. The most striking reform of Mustafa Kamal was the abolition of veil.
Q.57. What Mustafa Kamal’s views about women?
Ans. Mustafa Kamal gave great importance to women. He favoured the higher
education in every field of science and received the same degrees as men.
Q.58. What developments did Mustafa Kamal bring in Turkey?
Ans. Mustafa Kamal brought about great developments in the country. He started
great schemes for railways and roads. He started five-year plan. He also improved and
organized the banking system.
Q.59. How quickly had Turkey developed as compared to the Western Europe?
Ans. As compared to Western Europe the Turkish people made progress in a few
years while the Western Europe made the same progress in 150 years.
Q.60. How was Mustafa Kamal a great reformer?
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Ans. Mustafa Kamal was a great reformer because he democratized the nation,
awakened the people and unchained their powers.

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