Korean e Beginning to Early Intermediate * Contains all grammar points covered by TOPIK Levels 1 and 2/ * Learn at a glance the differences between similar grammatical constructions! * Practice a variety of expressions used in the same situation! * True to life dialogues incorporating the introduced grammar points! DARAKWONPreface 4 Unit 3. Particles How to Use This Book. 6 @ nowt a @neve a Ones 74 IW Introduction to the Korean Language © Noi/a}, Nlonet, Naka 76 1. Korean Sentence Structure 4 @ na. . 78 2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives 0.15 @ noo i 3. Connecting Sentences ue, @ nol 2 . 83 4, Sentence Types. a © now 86 5, Honotific Expressions. 20 © Now Nova, NEEL NEAL 59 © nowiyetea a @nz 93 One 7 © netor 99 MW Getting Ready Once a @ ott (to be) 28 @ nop 105 @ 2UCt (to exist/be, to have) 28 © nope a 107 © Numbers. a1 One 410 @® Dates and Days of the Week.........97 © NAB, nztol 2 @ Time 30 © nec 114 © not 116 Unit 1. Tenses @® Present Tense A/V{A)HLICE... 42 Unit 4, Listing and Contrast @ Present Tense A/V-0/AS 45 @ w-z.... an 20 @ Past Tense A/V-Si/2OR 49 @ v7... @® Future Tense V-(2)=2 AOI @....52 @ w-xet @ Procressive Tense VT BCH @ 54 @w-eye/eei a @ Past Perlect Tense A/V-34/%ROAL ES Unit 5, Time Expressions @ N Bol, v-71 Zo... aus Unit 2. Negative Expressions ON FO, VS)E BOI an. ang Miers Near « © VB a snennnnion TB © AV -o1/0i2 AV tuorR)....22 ® v-oy/o1ns 139 @ & V-ol/o12 (v-x| Raia), 65 DING, VAO)E vines T4@ v42)84, 145 @xsves i 148 @ v-xiort 181 @N5e. v-=E Set 153 ®ve). 31 187 Unit 6, Ability and Possibility @ vigye + wcyetct 160 @ vAe)e & et}/sect 163 Unit 7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohibition @ vae)al2, 166 @ v-x oa. 169 © AN-ol/ojor sie/atct wm @ an-o1ore sict 174 @ avez 2 sic} 176 © AN-a] Bole Sick (2h A/V—oF/0}e= SICH) : 179 Unit 8, Expressions of Hope @ v-z act 482 © AN-ay/stee Sach 184 Unit 9, Reasons and Causes @ aw-oro1y 188 @ anova 191 @ Nwea, av] Zo} 198 Unit 10. Making Requests and Assisting @® Vv-ol/o} EAI, v-oF/04 FAWOH2? 198 ® V-0l/o} SAL2, V-ol/0] BL? 201 Unit 1.1. Trying New Things and Experiences @ v-oi/o1 wet 204 @ v2)- Ao] wetyetct 207 Unit ‘1.2, Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions @ v-(e)a712? & ato @ vejam27 @ ate @ v-(2)HArc. 214 @ ve)AiMoi2? air © ve)ea27 © 219 Unit 13, Intentions and Plans @ -2012 © 222 @ve)e42 225 ® v4a)<242 @ 228 Unit 14, Background Information and Explanations @w-Qreae a2 @ vigQVu7} @........ 235 Unit 15, Purpose and Intention @ veel aic/ect 238 @-9az 240 ® v4 oetm Sct 243 @ NS/S PsH(Ad), v7] HHA)... 245 @ vie att 248 Unit 6. Conditions and Suppositions @ anaeya 252 @ vo)zet 255 @ W-ov/ol=. 257Unit 17. Conjecture @ w-xol2 @ 260 @ W2)2 012 @ 262 ® we)en22 9 265 @ We) /eNeye 2 wet 267 Unit 18. Changes in Parts of Speech @ Bee 9)L/-EHS)EN 272 Ow 275 Orn 278 @ A-ol/orsict 281 Unit 19. Expressions of State @v-rec 2 284 @ v-or/o} ect 287 @ A-ovoizict 290 @ vA sic 293 Unit 20, Confirming Information @ ave) eal 296 @ v-= ol welcl/ect 299 @ w-ag? 301 Unit 21.. Discovery and Surprise @ w-z2/ez2 304 @a-ug 308 Unit 22. Additional Endings @ (2). 7187, v-Lie? os 310 @ w-2)- eae 312 Unit 23. Quotations @® Direct Quotations 316 @ indirect Quotations 319 ® Indirect Quotation Contracted Forms 322 Unit 24. Irregular Conjugations @ — 74 (ireguiar Conjugation) © ‘= B74 (\rrequiar Conjugation) @ ‘+ B74 (irregular Conjugation) @ ‘¢' 5574) (iregular Conjueation) © ‘© 774 (Irregular Conjugation)... @ ‘2° B74! (ireqular Conjugation) . @ ‘+ 8574! (regular Conjugation) Appendix © Good Things to Know: © Answer Key. © Grammar Explanations in Korean *® Grammar Index. 346 354 380 375Introduction to the Korean Language 1. Korean Sentence Structure 2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives 3. Connecting Sentences 4. Sentence Types 5. Honorific Expressions1. Korean Sentence Structure Korean sentences consist of either “a subject + predicate (verb)" or “a subject + object + predicate (verb).” Ao] 7a. subject + predicate Carol goes. leo] ABS Bo} 2. subject + object + predicate Eric eats an apple. AB] 22. subject + predicate Carol sleeps. eo] Ez} AS gola, subject + object + predicate Eric reads a book in the library. Particles are attached to words in Korean sentences. They express the role that their respective words play in the sentence. After the subject of a sentence, the particle O| or 7} is used. After an | object, the particle or # is used. And after an adverbial, the particle Of] or O{|71| is used. (See also Unit 3. Particles) subject object ole] ABLE Fela, oo] EAB WS go}a, subject adverbial object While the predicate of a Korean sentence always comes at the very end of the sentence, the order of subjects, objects, and adverbials changes depending on the intention of the speaker. Regardless of their order in the sentence, however, the role of each of these parts can stil be identified because of the particle attached to it. 14ABS elo] Bola. aS SAB Meo] Bole. ‘object + eubject verb) ‘object adverb + Subject + verb) anapple Eric cats abook inthelibrary Eric reads In addition, when the subject can be clearly understood from the context, it can be omitted, A oejo] aa? What is Eric doing? B (f24O]) AHS YOUR, — ets eating an apple A Ojcjol] 712.2 Where do (you) go? B Sato] 71-2, {0 900 schoo! 2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives One of the characteristics of Korean verbs and adjectives is that they both are conjugated according to tense, politeness level, passive and causative forms, and speech styles. Verbs and adjectives consist of a word stem and word ending, with their base forms comprised of the word stem plus Ch. This form is also called the ‘dictionary form.’ Accordingly, a dictionary search for such words will reveal their base forms, such as 7}C} (to go), SC} (to come), HC} (to eat), and QICf (to wear). When conjugated, the word stems of verbs and adjectives do not change; rather, Cf is replaced with the appropriate form depending on the speaker's intention. @ Verbs hI otcoea HCH) + —H LICH (present formal ending) Ape et ZEATUTH (a0/g088) (referring to a superior/elder) woidstem wordendina | 7KCH) +—Al (honorific) + —HLICt (present formal ending) aoe ZU EL ver KCI) + -2t- (past tense) + LIC (present formal ending) Introcuction to the Korean Language 16© Adjectives EES aac ZSUe} (is good) (CH) + -BLICt (present formal ending) 24 OF FYSUT} was ooo) word stem wordending | (CH) + St (past tense) + —SLIC} (present formal ending) {co be good) BASU} Goams be goo) B(CH) + A+ (guess) + LICH (formal ending) 3. Connecting Sentences ‘There are two ways to connect sentences in Korean. One is by using conjunctive adverbs (¢.9., 2JD (and), 1B1X/St (but), “ZEAE {so/therefore)), and the other is by using conjunctive endings. (2) And 29 Conjunctive Adverb Connection | Ute°] B18, 22]31 3-9].9, Itewindy- Andis cold z}o] Hat &o Conjunctive Ending Connection | “lete] Bat 912. asian (2) But =r = Conjunctive Adverb Connection | #*h= WeHet. PAI ats. Koh is spicy. But tastes good a} Auch onunctivctendiagéonnectonts| C7 )= GARE aes utt. Kimchi i spi but tastes eood (3) So/Therefore tee " : Conjunctive Advert Connection | %=°) 2:2, LeHA] do] Bo] etel2, Wssnowing, reefs tata is bac i Lo] us Conjunctive Ending Connection 0] 4) de] Bo] Hye] 2, It’s snowing, so the tratic s bad.When connecting two sentences with a conjunctive adverb, it is sufficient simply to place the conjunctive adverb between the two sentences. However, when using a conjunctive ending, the ending must be attached to the word stem of the predicate of the preceding sentence to connect the two sentences. () HO] Bc} +2 ++ SHV > HH an S92. 2 Halt MC} + —AIE + Stole — Hal7t walet gieloi2, (3) 0] Qc+ + Of + ZO] BLO] Stel — to] Sty Zlo| Bol Bee. 4. Sentence Types Korean has four main santence types: declarative, interrogative, imparative, and propositive, Moreover, the sentence type is influenced by Korean speech styles, which can be divided into three main types: formal polite, informal polite, and informal plain. The formal polite style (4) e§ LIC} is used most in formal or public situations, including the military, news reporting, presentations, meetings, and lectures. The informal polite style -Of/01 is the honorific form used most in daily life. Compared to the formal polite style, the informal polite style is softer and less formal, and therefore it is used mainly among family members, friends, and other close acquaintances. Furthermore, although the formal polite style has different forms for each of the four sentence types (declarative, interrogative, imperative, and propositive), the informal polite style uses the same form for all four types. Thus, sentence types in this style are determined by the situation and sentence intonation, For this reason, the informal polite style is less complicated than the formal polite style. As for the Informal plain style —O}/0}, it is mainly used among intimate friends, by superiors toward persons of lower-rank, and among family members. It is considered rude to use the informal plain style with somebody one does not know personally or with whom one is not very close. Here we examine the formal polite and informal polite styles only. (4) Declarative Sentence Declarative sentences are used when explaining something or responding to a question. (See also Unit 1. Tenses 01 Present Tense) ® Formal Polite Style Declarative formal polite sentences are made by adding (4) t LIC} to the word stem. + AS Sof yd, 1 goto schoo SAS SUC, temtbeas Introduction to the Korean Languecs® Informal Polite Style Declarative informal polite sentences are made by adding —Of/01 to the word stem. + AS Baro] 7h2, | g0 to school. + AS BS Hols, (eat breed (2) Interrogative Sentences Interrogative sentences are used when asking a question. (See also Unit 1. Tenses 01 Present Tense) @ Formal Polite Style Interrogative formal polite sentences are made by adding —(.) 4 L{77}? to the word stem. + Sve] ZU 7}? Doyeugato hac + abe BAUz? Do you set bread? ® Informal Polite Style Interrogative informal polite sentences are made by adding —Of/0{2? to the word stem. Because they have the same form as declarative sentences, they are made interrogative by being spoken with a rising intonation at the end of the sentence (and also by adding a question mark to the written form). + ro} 748? Dervouigatesata + MS WojA? ayo ore (3) Imperative Sentences Imperative sentences are used when making a demand or giving advice. (See also Unit 7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohibition 01 V-(2)x1&) @® Formal Polite Style imperative formal polite sentences are made by adding (2)4JA|@ to the word stem. + Balo] AAAl2, Pisaze write in your notebook + AS Vora, Plaase read the book. 18® Informal Polite Style Imperative informal polite sentences can be made by adding —O}/01 to the word stem, just like in the other sentence types described above. However, using —(2) Ai] in place of —O}/ 013 is considered a more polite expression, and therefore —(©)Al|@ should be used. + Bao] Aye. Please writs in your notebook + aS Voye, Please read the book. (4) Propositive Sentences Propositive sentences are used when making a suggestion or agreeing with someone alse's, ‘suggestion. (See also Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions 03 V-{2) AIC) ® Formal Polite Style Propositive formal polite sentences are made by adding (2) AJC} to the word stem. -(2) AIC} can be used when the person being spoken to is younger or the same age as the ‘speaker. It cannot be used when speaking to a superior. It is considered improper etiquette to Use this expression toward a superior or elder. * 1so] SeAt, Let's meet at 11 otlock. + }7]o] A] BAS FAITH, Lets cat inch here. @ Informal Polite Style Propositive informal polite sentences are made by adding —Of/04, just like in the other sentence types described above. + 114)o] eye, Lets meet at 11 o'clock. + 17/014 BAS YO]B, Lots cat unch howe. ‘The preceeding sentence types are summarized below using the verb EC (to go). ela ael R si CMU OCR Dore FEB. \. WD go. (am going. wae | Aa? 7 aaltwiet | HAIL, | Go! Ties iL) FHIA2, Tracts trey sfots 7 FIR, > Let's go. The subject is omitted and understood by the situation or context. Introduction to the Korean Language 195. Honorific Expressions Due to the influence of Confucian thought on Korean society, it is common for Korean speakers to use both honorific and humble forms of speech in conversation according to age, farnily relationships, social status, and social distance (degree of intimacy). (2) Honoring the Subject of the Sentence Honorifics are used when the subject of a sentence is a person older than the speaker, a senior member of one's family, or a person of higher social rank. To honor the subject, (2)A| is added to the stems of adjectives and verbs. For verb stems ending in a vowel, ~Al is added, and for those ending in a consonant, —2.A| is added, (to go) Jt + -AR + -BLIC} J} + -Ab + -O12 ure JE + -Ale + -210/2 = 7t + -A- + {2)2 Ade = GED (0 read) Qt + -OAP + —eLIc} eT + “SAP + -018 # + SAP + Hoe a A+ -OAk + 42)= Ao > + AAA Maps Tez) ch. + obyalalAre Shao] 4el 7c 2, (2) Honoring the Listener 7HILICE 7. JI 7H AGI Seach HONS HeAodg aoa! 701e Tho teacher teaches Korean. My father wont to Busan last year Honorifics are used when the listener is older or of higher social status than the speaker and also when the speaker and listener are not acquainted with each other, regardless of age. Final endings are used to express the degree of respect, and they can be formed from each of the formal polite, informal polite, and informal plain styles, (See also Korean Sentence Structure 4. Sentence Types)EOPEAMA ZARILICH, (formal polite style) OPE A ZHAfHe, {informal polite style) oA Tope, (informal plain style) (3) Other Honorifics ® The honorific forms of some verbs are not expressed by adding -()Al to the verb stem but rather by using a different verb form altogether. Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form AACE (co sleep) ZRAlct ach(ode | gor | BEBICE (wo speak) ‘HSHAICE EHPAZIEE (vo tale) axt7ict Bc (oe) | BFAICVEAICD | QC (co exist) AAI OHAICH (to drink) EAI SICH (to have) SIAC} + ofa] Aol] et AAS, Mother is not home right now. + HS AZ NOAA? Do you have time tomorow? ® Some nouns have honorific counterparts. Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form L40| (age) a 82! (birthday) atl Fiwor) | ae HI (house) etm & (meal/food) a O18 (name) ae Atet (person) # ‘OH (wife) Hol + Gonz], az] saj2, Grandpa, please have some dinner. + Bele ess) 7? How is your wife? Introduction to the Korean Language@ Honorific particles can be used after nouns incicating people. OZ} a SAE AA — ollai(Steif) —> 7A FAO] APO ALS SUCH, — wyounger sting over present toa tens SoA] AFola] AeS HAU. Grandpa gives a present to a friend. AL B7|S Foe, | Yke strawberries SOU AAE B7|S SOSA, crencma ines strawbentes. @® Nouns designating persons can be made honorific by adding the sutfix | Base Form HonorificForm | Base Form Honorific Form AV (teacher) vail 21+ (professor) ae AME (president) Abe) BEAL (doctor) SEA | SAL (pastor) SAtel BB (director) ae + AS) ASS thse] Sct. Our company president is a generous person. SA, 718) FAA Bech, Pastor, thank you for your prayer. ® Respect can be expressed toward the listener or target of an action by using the following words. Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form | ISIC (to speak) weealc 2+ (10 ask) ofc CI (to give) Ear} SICH/BKLICE (co meee) act | + ofA) 7] 4c ag72? Shall we speak with Dad? + Bo}H{ Z|] o] Ae Szaja, Plesse giva this 400k to Grandpa.© The speaker can also show respect toward the listener by lowering his or her own status. LE oat) 2B] ofS] ow BE BES wore + AE DAIS Solee, also heard that news + Aa] Zo] ha Sz] OQ, lease stop by our house sometime. + BAPY, BSCS! Zo] OAUTH ches nave someting to tel you. (4) Things to Remember when Using Honorifics ® In Korean it is common to address others by repeatedly using their name or title rather than pronouns such as 4! (you), L (you), “2 (he/him), “LL (she/hen), and 1 (they/ them). ANH, TAY7} QS AF Ae Heel] AS} HALQ,” PK) SABO) Yoko, did you see Jasjun al work yesterday? Jaejun (He) was looking for Yoko (you), $0 Yoko (you) need to give Jaejun (him) a call" 'S{A1 is a mutual title of address used mainly between husband and wile, and therefore itis not used to address anyone other than one's spouse, Similarly, L] is a mutual title used only among close friends, + et, oft ALO] Lebel] ABHHlO} A? ooar aie you cast me? - YE 2S Fa]? ‘What are you going to do tociay? Introduction to the Korean Language@® Special expressions such as SZ}O| 017i] S|AI2? (What is your name?) and AA|7+ 048814] |i]? (How old are you?) are used when asking the name or age of someone you don't know or when the person you are asking is older or has a higher social status than you. + Bohs], Bo] OPP) SIA? (0) sr etaenp, may ask your name? opal, lS] Aya? (x) + APRA SANZ} OBA] EAI2.2 (0) mr President (ot a company), may | ask your age? APH Ho] 7b B tol 2? (x) ® In most cases, the word 4f is not used to refer to the age of someone older than the speaker. A THE A), SOps|Z] BAA} OF gi] SPA? carol, how oid is your grandfather? B Ss] US c}-olA, (0) He wil be 78 years old this year. 23] AEcpH ttojaya. (x) @ The two honorific forms of 8Cf are [2/Cf and EA/Ch. When the giver is younger than the receiver, then 2JC} is used, but when the actor is older ‘than the recipient of the action, 7EA|C} is used. + US ASS On] ERA, | gave a present to Mom. + PU AAT Lolz] ASS F2410].2. Mom gave a present tome. + Ue SAA ASS FMB, | gave a present to my litle brother/sister. mother little sister/brother