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Reference No: NHSCT/16/1049
Title: Labour – Care of Women
Key words within Labour, latent phase, first, second, third stage, observations,
policy (max 10 monitoring, management
words)
Policy Author(s): Shona Hamilton, Consultant Midwife
Cathy Hamilton, Practice Development Midwife/Supervisor of
Midwives
Dr Frances Stewart , Consultant Obstetrician
Responsible Marie Roulston, Director of Women, Children and Families
Director: Division
Policy Type: Trust Wide ☒ Directorate Specific ☐ Clinical ☒
Policy Yes ☒ No ☐ NHSCT/13/667 Care of Women in Labour
Replacement:
Directorates Finance ☐ Medical & Governance ☒
policy to be Children’s ☐ Mental Health & Disability ☐
issued to: Human Resources ☐ Acute Hospital Services ☒
Primary & Comm Care ☐ Nursing & User Exp ☒
Planning, Performance Management & Support Services ☐
Target Audience, This policy is directed to midwifery and obstetric staff working
ie, specific staff with women in maternity; both in the hospital and community
groups setting.
Approved by: Dr Kate Scott and Mrs Suzanne Pullins 31 October 2016
Co-chairs, Clinical and Social Care
Policy and Guidelines Committee
Operational Date: 2 November 2016
Review Date: 31 October 2019
Policy Library Clinical & Social Care
Categories: Hospital (incl Comm Hosp) ☒
(Please tick as Children’s Hospital & Community ☐
appropriate) Children’s Nursing ☐
Mental Health, Learning & Physical ☐
Disability
Community ☐ Estates ☐
Maternity & Gynae ☒ Human Resources ☐
Health & Safety ☐ Major Incident Plan ☐
Palliative Care ☐ Information Management ☐
Infection Control ☐ Allied Health Professions ☐
Family Planning ☐ Trust Wide ☐
Finance ☐
Safeguarding Children ☐
NHSCT Vision
To deliver excellent integrated services in partnership with our community.
2.0 Responsibilities 3
11.0 Appendices/Attachments 19
Birth is a life changing event and the care given to women during labour has the
potential to affect them both physically and emotionally in the short and longer term,
(National Institute for health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) 2007, 2014). Care in
labour should be aimed towards achieving the best possible outcome for mothers
and babies in all care settings. Throughout this guideline, key practice points are
highlighted to facilitate woman-centred care.
Aim
This guideline will provide a clear evidence based framework for all midwives,
student midwives, obstetricians, midwifery support workers and nursing auxillaries to
deliver safe, women centred, effective care. It includes guidance on all the stages of
labour and reflects evidence based recommendations from Intrapartum care for
healthy women and babies. NICE Clinical Guideline 190. London: National Institute
for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2014.
2.0 Responsibilities
Directors and Assistant Directors are responsible for ensuring that the policy is
disseminated and implemented in the appropriate areas across their division.
Ward Managers are responsible for ensuring that staff are aware of the guideline
and it is available for use within their department. They are responsible for
departmental induction of new staff to the guideline and its implementation within
their clinical setting.
This guideline provides advice for the care of women during the:
All women in labour should be treated with respect and should be in control of and
involved in what is happening to them, and the way in which care is given is key to
this. To facilitate this, healthcare professionals and other caregivers should establish
a rapport with the labouring woman, asking her about her wants and expectations for
labour, being aware of the importance of tone and demeanour, and of the actual
words they use. Listen to the woman’s story, considering her emotional and
psychological needs and expectations for labour. If the woman has a written birth
plan, read and discuss this with her. If she does not have a written birth plan,
discuss any wishes she may have at this time. This information should be used to
support and guide her through her labour (NICE 2007, 2014).
All midwives and obstetricians should review the Maternity Hand Held Record
(MHHR) including all antenatal investigations. This should enable the health
professional to make a full identification of any maternal or fetal risk factors which will
impact on the plan of care. Any identified risk factors should be recorded in
‘Intranatal Risk Factors’ sheet in MHHR following discussion with the mother.
Definition
“A period of time, not necessarily continuous, when: there are painful contractions,
and there is some cervical change, including cervical effacement and dilatation up to
4 cm”. NICE (2007, 2014)
The timely diagnosis of active labour is problematic both for women and their
caregivers (Lauzon and Hodnett, 2004). A mistaken diagnosis can lead to a
subsequent diagnosis of labour dystocia and a consequent cascade of
interventions.
A long latent phase can often be a discouraging and exhausting experience
(Simkin and Ancheta, 2000), and women clearly need good consistent
psychological support.
Communication, reassurance and education are vital.
Women should be encouraged to maintain normal everyday activity.
Labour wards may not be the appropriate environment for women in the latent
phase (Bailit et al. 2005; Klein et al 2004; Holmes et al. 2001).
Women should be encouraged to have ‘birth partners’ of their choice to support them
during labour and birth.
Practice Point:
Always review the antenatal notes, including screening tests and “Grow
Care of Women in Labour Version 3_0 Page 6 of 23
Chart”
Midwifery Led Criteria for Labour:
Care during first stage of labour
Definition; when there are regular painful contractions, and there is progressive
cervical dilatation from 4 cm (NICE, 2007, 2014).
Maternal Monitoring
Commence partograph and complete intrapartum risk factors in MHHR and ensure
all records completed contemporaneously:
Fetal monitoring:
Presence of meconium
Practice Point:
Where delay in first stage of labour is suspected, consider the following to
determine progress.
Vertex is visible.
Expulsive contractions with a finding of full dilatation of the cervix or other
signs of full dilatation of the cervix.
Spontaneous active maternal effort following confirmation of full dilatation of
the cervix in the absence of expulsive contractions.
Parous women:
These observations may need to be repeated more frequently if there is any concern
regarding the observations recorded or any pre-existing condition, or risk factors
which requires the temperature or blood pressure to be recorded more frequently.
Where any of the maternal observations are recorded outside of normal parameters,
the midwife must notify and inform both the labour ward coordinator and the
appropriate medical officer; this should include any anticipated paediatric support.
Fetal monitoring:
Intermittent auscultation of the fetal heart should occur after a contraction for
at least 1 minute, at least every 5 minutes and palpate maternal pulse every
15 minutes to differentiate the two heart rates and record in Partogram.
Practice Point:
Women should be discouraged from lying supine or semi-supine in the
second stage of labour and should be encouraged to adopt any other
position that they find most comfortable
Women should be informed that in the second stage they should be guided
by their own urge to push
The third stage of labour is the time from the birth of the baby to the expulsion of the
placenta and membranes, (NICE, 2007, 2014).
Practice Point:
Midwives should be knowledgeable about the advantages and
disadvantages of both active and physiological management of the third
stage of labour in order to help the woman make an informed decision
about her plan of care. Physiological third stage is not offered routinely,
however the woman’s choice will be facilitated
Active management of the third stage involves a package of care which includes all
of these three components:
Practice Point:
Care of Women in Labour Version 3_0 Page 12 of 23
Prolonged third stage
The third stage of labour is diagnosed as prolonged if not completed
within 30 minutes of the birth of the baby with active management and
Deferred Cord Clamping:
Do not clamp the cord earlier than 1 minute from the birth of the baby unless
there is concern about the integrity of the cord or the baby has a heartbeat
below 60 beats/ minute that is not getting faster.
Clamp the cord before 5 minutes in order to perform controlled cord traction
as part of active management.
If the woman requests that the cord is clamped and cut later than 5 minutes,
support her in her choice.
Record the time of cord clamping in the MHHR (NICE, 2014)
Haemorrhage.
Failure to deliver the placenta within 1 hour.
The woman’s desire to artificially shorten the third stage.
If there has been significant meconium and the baby does not have normal
respiration, heart rate and tone, follow nationally accredited guidelines on neonatal
resuscitation, including early laryngoscopy and suction under direct vision (NICE,
2014)
If there has been significant meconium and the baby is healthy, closely observe the
baby within a unit with immediate access to a neonatologist. Perform these
observations at 1 and 2 hours of age and then 2-hourly until 12 hours of age (NICE,
2014)
If there has been non-significant meconium, observe the baby at 1 and 2 hours of
age in all birth settings (NICE, 2014)
Early discharge from hospital should be facilitated when appropriate – see early
discharge criteria (Refer to Early Post-Natal Discharge Guideline 2013).
This guideline is periodically audited to ascertain that the appropriate midwifery care
is completed relevant to the woman’s risk.
The findings of this review of Maternity Hand Held Records (MHHR) are
subsequently shared with the midwifery teams on both sites.
Bailit JL, Dierker L, Blanchard et al. (2005) Outcomes of women presenting in active
versus latent.
Begley CM, Gyte GML, Murphy DJ, et al (2011) Active versus expectant
management for women in the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews, Issue 11. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
Department of Health, letter from Liam Donaldson; (2003); Patient Dignity & Privacy;
Intimate examinations.
DHSSPS, HSC & NIPEC (2014) Midwives and Medicines (NI) A guide to support
your professional practice
http://www.nipec.hscni.net/MidwivesandMedicines/NIMidwives&Medicines.pdf
GAIN Guideline Audit and Implementation Group (2015) Guideline for admission to
Midwife–led units in Northern Ireland and Northern Ireland Normal Labour and Birth
Care Pathway. https://rqia.org.uk/what-we-do/gain/gain-guidelines/2015-16/
Guidelines for midwifery and obstetric staff in the use and interpretation of
Cardiotocography in Antenatal and Intrapartum fetal surveillance; NHSCT/09/98
This guideline has been circulated among the midwifery teams on both maternity
sites & community, labour-ward obstetrician and anaesthetist as well as the local
guideline development group. Consultation has also been invited from the paediatric
neonatologist.
This policy has been drawn up and reviewed in the light of Section 75 of the
Northern Ireland Act (1998) which requires the Trust to have due regard to the need
to promote equality of opportunity. It has been screened to identify any adverse
impact on the 9 equality categories.
The policy has been ‘screened out’ without mitigation or an alternative policy
proposed to be adopted.
This document can be made available on request on disc, larger font, Braille, audio-
cassette and in other minority languages to meet the needs of those who are not
fluent in English.
Shona Hamilton
Cathy Hamilton
Frances Stewart
Lead Policy Author Date 31st May 2016
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