Step 4 - to analyze the waves behavior in guided mediums and radiation

Tutor:
John Jairo Leiva

Student:
Miguel Ángel Jiménez Jinete.
Code: 1140836729

UNAD, National University open and distance

Department of basic science, technology
and engineering, Barranquilla, 2019.
 Introduction

In the following work, we introduce the basic notions of wave propagation by lines of
transmission.
Transmission lines are energy guidance structures our dimensions, Except for one, they are
small compared to the wavelength of the electromagnetic fields.
There is a generalized coefficient of reflection that gives the relationship of the voltage of
the regressive wave and the voltage of the incident wave at any point of the line.
Questions: (write with your own words)
1. What do you understand by transmission line? Mention some types.

The transmission lines are structures responsible for the guidance of radio frequency
energies from one side to the other, whose dimensions, Except for one, they are small
compared to the wavelength of the electromagnetic fields having like one of their
important characteristics the impedance, having values of 50 to 70 ohms.

Transmission lines are generally classified as balanced or unbalanced, so we have:

Coaxial or concentric transmission line: parallel conductor transmission lines are

appropriate for low frequency applications. However, at high frequencies, their
radiation losses and dielectric losses, as well as their susceptibility to external
interference are excessive.

Twin cables: Twin cables are essentially the same as an open cable transmission line,
except that the spacers between the two conductors are replaced with a continuous solid
dielectric.

Cable pair protected with armor: To reduce losses from radiation and interference,
the transmission lines of two parallel cables are often enclosed in a conductive metal
mesh. The mesh is grounded and acts as a protection.
2. What is a bounded transmission line?
3. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:
 Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛:
The aware impedance of the non-inverting amplifier is much greater than that of the
inverting amplifier, this value can be obtained experimentally by placing a resistor “R” on
the input at the non-inverting input.
 Stationary wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.
VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, which refers specifically to the behavior
of the voltage (minimum and maximum) in a standing wave phenomenon between a
transmission line and its load at the end.
 Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length 𝓁.
The electrical length is a unit of measurement used in the study of transmission lines of
electrical energy. Normally this magnitude is designated with the letter θ.
It is defined as the product between the phase constant of the wave and the distance at
which they are separated from the load.
A) Yes:
θ=β·d
Developing this formula:
θ = β · d = (2π / λ) · d = 2π · d / λ
which expresses the distance to the load based on the wavelength.
This parameter depends on the frequency: it seems that the load "is further" (in electrical
length) when the distance increases. This is because you must go through more spatial
periods of the wave (wavelengths).
4. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of waves?
Smith's letter or diagram
It is based on two sets of orthogonal circles, one of them represents the relationship R / Z0,
in which R is the resistive component of the characteristic impedance. The second set of
circles represents the relation X / Z0, in which X is the component reactive line impedance.
These coordinates are obtained by a conformal transformation corresponding to a standing
wave relationship given, or what is the same to the magnitude of the reflection coefficient
on the load, for a lossless transmission line
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the group
number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the first 3 digits of the identification number.
1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:
Geometric parameters: 𝑎=0.35𝑚𝑚 𝑏=30𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = (38) 𝜇𝑚

Conductor properties: (conductivity) σ c =5.8 x 107 sm/m

Properties of the insulator:σ d=1 x 10−16 sm/m ϵ r=2.25 μr =1

Applied signal frequency: 𝑓=114 𝐾𝐻𝑧

 Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

1 πf μ r 1 1
R=
2π √ ( )
σc a b
+

We replace:

π (1.14 x 105 Hz)(1)

R=
1
2π √ 7
5.8 x 10 sm /m( 1
+
1
0.35 mm 30 mm )
R=0.159 √6.1748 x 10 11 ( 2.85 mm+ 0.033 mm )
R=124942 ( 2.85 mm+0.033 mm )
R=360 ,209 Ω/m
To L:
µ b
L=
2π
ln
a ()
We replace:
1 30 mm
L=
2π
ln (
0.35 mm )
L=0.159(4.4510)

L=7 . 077 x 10−10 H /m

To G:
7
2 πσ 2 π (5.8 x 10 sm/m)
G= = =81 x 103 S /m
b 4.4510
ln ()
a
To C:
 −12
2 πε 2 π ( 2.25)(8.854 x 10 F / m)
C= →C= =2 . 8121 X 10−1 1 F / m
b 4.4510
ln ()
a

 Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍0.
We’ll use the follow expression:

γ = √ (R ' + jwL ' )(G ' + jw C ' )

And angular frequency:

ω=2 πf → 2 π ( 114000 )=7.1 x 10 5 Rad /s

We replace:

Ω
√
γ = (360 ,209
m
+ j7.1 x 105∗0.7077 nH /m)(8.1 x 107 mS/m+ j7.1 x 10 5∗2.81 218 X 10−11 F /m)

Ω
√
γ = (360 ,209
m
+ j 0.5024 67 x 106 )(8.1 x 107 mS/m+ j 1.996653292 x 10−6)

γ = √¿ ¿

γ =( 170,831+ j1.00162488 ) m−1

α = 170,831 Np/m and β = 1.00162488 rad/m

 Calculate the propagation velocity 𝑉𝑝, the wavelength 𝜆 and the attenuation
𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚.
Rad
7.1 x 105
ω s
vp = = =0.7088 x 106 m/s
β Rad
1.00162488
m
2π 6.28319
λ= = =6.273 cm
β Rad
1.0016249
m
 Figure 1: Geometrical parameters in coaxial line.
2. A 𝑍𝑜 = 50Ω lossless transmission line has a 𝑍𝐿 = 45 − 𝑗75Ω. If it is 28 𝑚 long and the
wavelength is 114 𝑚𝑚. Find and probe with the smith chart:
 Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.
We need to know that:

ω 7.1 x 105 Rad /s Rad

β= = =10017
vp m m
0.7088 x 106
s
Now:
Z L + J Z 0 tan βl
Z¿ =Z 0 ( )
Z 0 +J Z L tan βl

We replace:

Rad

Z =50
¿

[ (
50+J ( 45− j 75 Ω ) tan ( 10017
Rad
m
( 28 m ))
( 45− j 75 Ω ) +J 50 tan 10017
m

( 28 m )) ]
( 45− j 75 Ω ) +J 50 (0.72654253)
Z¿ =50 [ 50+ J ( 45− j 75 Ω ) (0.72654253) ]
45− j 125(0.72654253)
Z¿ =50 [ 50+ J 120(0.72654253) ]
32.7− j 125
Z¿ =50 [ 36.32+J 120 ]
Z¿ =(45.01−J 1.042)Ω
Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).
 VSWR.
We have that:

Γ g=1+¿ Γ ∨ ¿ ¿
1+45.01
1−¿ Γ∨¿= =−1.045 ¿
1−45.01
 Figure 2: Graphic representation of the transmission line.
3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the transmission
lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software found in the practical learning environment to check the
results obtained in point 2.
 Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.

 Reflection coefficient Γ.
 VSWR.

 Find an electrical length 𝓁 where the input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 is real.

Figure 3: Letter of Smith.

 Conclusions.

 From the previous work, it is possible to understand basic concepts of transmission

systems as well as their calculations.

 Use of Smith v4.1 software through the Smith letter, to graph all impedances that
interact with the subsequent work.
 Reference:

Personales.Unican.es, visited 2019, Conceptos básicos de la teoría

de líneas de transmisión. [Online file]
https://personales.unican.es/peredaj/pdf_Apuntes_MTG/Presentacion
-Conceptos-Basicos-Lineas.pdf