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Single-tuned filter design for harmonic mitigation and optimization with

capacitor banks

Conference Paper · September 2015

DOI: 10.1109/ICCNEEE.2015.7381370

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International Conference on Computing, Control, Networking, Electronics and Embedded Systems Engineering, 2015

Single-tuned Filter Design for Harmonic Mitigation

and Optimization with Capacitor Banks
MohamedAwadalla, Mohamed Orner,Ahmed Mohamed
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
University of Khartoum
Khartoum, Sudan
mohdata094@gmaiLcom, hamoodeina_50@hotmaiLcom, ahmdyosiC 199 1@hotmaiLcom

Abstract- [deally, an electricity supply should invariably show a Devices causing harmonics are present in all industrial,
perfectly sinusoidal voltage signal at every customer location. commercial and residential installations. Harmonics are caused
However, for a number of reasons, utilities often find it hard to by non-linear loads. A load is said to be non-linear when the
preserve such desirable conditions. The deviation of the voltage
current it draws does not have the same wave form as the
and Current waveforms from sinusoidal is expressed as
supply voltage. The supply of power to non-linear loads causes
harmonic distortion. The harmonic distortion in the power
system is increasing with wide use of nonlinear loads. Thus, it is
the flow of harmonic currents in the distribution system.
important to analyze and evaluate the various harmonic Voltage harmonics are caused by the flow of harmonic currents
problems in the power system and introduce the appropriate through the impedances of the supply circuits. To better
solution techniques. A single-tuned tilter design is illustrated and understand harmonic currents, it may be useful to imagine that
implemented in a model which created in Electromagnetic the non-linear loads re-inject harmonic currents upstream into
Transient Analysis Program (ETAP). The system was the distribution system, in the direction of the source. The
constructed for this simulation and does not represent one nonlinear load harmonics make the reactive power
particular real life system. Furthermore, the model was used to
compensation more complicated because switched capacitor
test the effects of injecting harmonic current by variable speed
banks can provoke harmonic current magnification. Harmonic
drive (VFD) into 3 situations. Firstly, the scheme with capacitor
banks only, then, using a single-tuned tilter and finally both
current magnification in the detuned filter is provoked by
schemes coherently. resonant conditions in the system including capacitor banks.
Commonly used arrangement of the compensation system for
Keywords-ETAP; VFD; harmonic distortion; single-tuned these power supply systems is a combination of tuned filters
filter; non-linear loads. and switched capacitor banks.
I. INTRODUCTION Filters can be classified as active and passive. Although the
The Fourier theorem states that all non-sinusoidal periodic active filters can effectively enhance the quality, they are
functions can be represented as the swn of terms (i.e. a series) expensive. This design employs single tuned passive filter
made up of: a sinusoidal term at the fundamental frequency, structures, owning to the advantages of a simple structure, low
sinusoidal terms (harmonics) whose frequencies are whole cost and easy design. A passive filter consists of reactors and
multiples of the fundamental frequency and a DC component capacitors set up in a resonant circuit configuration, tuned to
where applicable. the frequency of the harmonic order to be eliminated.A system
may be composed of a number of filters to eliminate several
The nth order harmonic (commonly referred to as simply harmonic orders.
the nth harmonic) in a signal is the sinusoidal component with
a frequency that is n times the fundamental frequency. The II. FILTER DESIGN
equation for the harmonic expansion of a periodic function is The harmonic filters can also provide a large percentage of
presented below: reactive power for the power factor correction. When the
n=oo capacitor, Qcom kVA, is installed in a system with a real
yet) = Yo + I Yn -J2 sin(nwt - 0n) (1) power load P kW, the power factor can be improved from PFo
to PF" where:
n=l
Where: Qcom = P. {tan(cos-1 PFo) - tan(cos-1 PF )} (2)
1
Yo Value of the DC component, generally zero and The capacity of a single-tuned fi Iter can be set to:
considered as such here in after.
Y" rms value of the nth harmonic. Qf=Qcom (3)
(0 Angular frequency of the fundamental frequency. For multiple parallel single-tuned filters, the capacitor
0" Displacement of the harmonic component at t = O. corresponding to the hth harmonic filter can be distributed
approximately by:

978- 1-4673-7869-7/ 15/$3l.00 ©20 15 IEEE

 (4)

Where Ih denotes the hth harmonic current and Qfh represent

the capacity of the hth harmonic filter. Also, the filter capacity
Qfh contains the capacity of capacitor Qe, and inductor QL'
They have the following relationships:

(5)
(6)
(7)

Evaluate the capacitor reactance at fundamental frequency:

KV2
Xc=� (8)

Calculate the reactor size providing the resonance:

Xc
Xl = h 2
(9)
n
Now the capacitance can be calculated as follows:
Fig. I. Hannonic Filter Sizing
( 10)
2rrfC
After setting the harmonic order and the harmonic current,
The resonance condition will occur when capacitive
the obtained parameters from the design are set in the menu as
reactance is equal to inductive reactance as:
in Fig. 2. Filter type is set to single-tuned as default and the
Xl =Xc ( 1 1) parameters are set in the specified space.
The inductive value of the filter can be obtained:

Xl =_1 _
(2rrf)2c
( 12)
�
Ilarmonic Filler lditor

� .m
.

_ _ _
te,

_
�
tlf1 (SJ
====�==�=======================l

Calculate the reactor resistance for a specified quality C<lpacil:0IC 1 IndOOo< L 1

Filter Type

factor, Q: I Single·Tuned kvar [IJ l-Ph X L1 [IJ

... 1
X OF [IJ l.Ph QFactor [IJ
R = n 30<Q<50 (\3) R<!ItedkV [IJ MaKI LD
Q
MaKkV [IJ
The characteristic reactance is:
C�ac;OI'C2 Inducto< L2
(\4) � l'Ph
kvar XL2c=J
O [IJ l.Ph
F QFactorCC]
RaledkV CO MaKI [TI

MaKkV [IJ
III. DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION

ETAP harmonic packages offer an automatic harmonic Resistor

filters sizing requiring only the harmonic order and its SJlIglfLnn.ed R [IJ Size Filter ..

harmonic current magnitude, the desired harmonic order

current magnitude can be obtained by conducting a harmonic
analysis studying the required model or power system.
However automatic sizing tends to compensate reactive power Fig. 2. Hannonic Filter Editor
by filters only and filters cannot provide the required
compensation, capacitor banks must be used too, So in order to IV. ETAP RESULTS
get the optimum configuration between capacitor banks and
The single line diagram without PF correction and filtering
harmonics filters the automatic filter sizing feature is not used
is shown in fig. 3. To calculate the required capacity for PF
but still the harmonic order and its current magnitude must be
correction, load flow analysis was carried out. The odd
set.
harmonic components were found to be as in the table I (the
even components are negligible):

243
 Gel) A
'0 _
Using equations (2) to ( 14) stated earlier the following
parameters were calculated:
Q COM= 289.375 1 133 Kvar, Q = 30.
For the filter tuned to the fifth harmonic:
QF5 =2 13.7 Kvar
Eu," 2
0.415 kY -,-_--,__--'-___---,___..,-

QC5 = 222.604 1667 Kvar

XC5 = 0.7736827327
Mer 1 XLS = 0.0309473093 1
1500 kW

Fig. 3. Line Diagram For the filter tuned to the seventh order harmonic:

TABLE l. HARMONIC ANALYSIS RESULTS

OF7= 63.858626 15 Kvar

The harmonic order The RMS value of THD of the QC7 = 65. 1890 14 19 Kvar
the harmonic harmonic XC? = 2.64193288
Total current 1 12.6A 23.8 1%
Fundamental 109.6 100% XL7= 0.0539 1699755
component For the filter tuned to the eleventh order harmonic:
Third order harmonic ------- -------

Fifth order harmonic 19.7 A 18% QFI1 = 78.74708507 Kvar

Seventh order 13.5A 12% QCII = 96. 103224 162 Kvar
harmonic
XCII = 1.77655 1 1223
Ninth order ------- -------

harmonic XLII = 0.0 163

Eleventh order 7.4A 7%
For the filter tuned to the thirteenth order harmonic:
harmonic
Thirteenth order 5.8A 5% QF13 = 36. 5 12 16224 Kvar
harmonic
Fifteenth order ------- -------
QC13 = 39.904122348 Kvar
harmonic XC13 = 4.3 1598336
Seventeenth order 3.4A 3%
XL13 = 0.027553836308
harmonic
Nineteenth order 2.5 A 2% A. First Solution Method (Using capacitor banks for power
harmonic factor correction without filtering).
Twenty first order ------- -------
From the results above the reactive power is 1.3 Mvar so
harmonic the capacitor banks are set to 0.9 Mvar and the resulted
Twenty third order 1.2A 1% correction:
harmonic

From table I it is clear that the fifth and seventh orders are
the highest, so harmonic trap filters are set to meet them.
The voltage frequency waveform is shown in Fig. 4.

r
r:AV 1
0.9 MIra\:"

Fig. 4. Voltage Wavefonn Fig. 5. Load Flow Analysis with PF

244
 Load flow analysis and harmonic analysis were carried out Gen A
lOHW
and table II below shows the results of this method:

TABLE II. HARMONIC ANALYSIS FOR FIRST SOLUTION METHOD

(PF=97.S%) T 1
1.5 "tiNA

The harmonic order The RMS value of THD of the

the harmonic harmonic Bu� 2
0.415 kV _ O
[ �
__.l-.:.: .O::..
2 ::
",,::..:
O
, ,:.: .l.:.:;
",;:,Hv
:.:",:.!.
l_ 9!>"'3<t,
-r- -r:- --r:-
Total current 14l.SA 126.6% � .06 MVA +0.2 MVA
-0.1% -0.1%

Fundamental 87.7 A 100%

component
Third order harmonic ------- ------- F
l
CAP 1
Single-Tuned
FIFTH ORDER FILTER
Single-Tuned

Fifth order harmonic 109.9A 12S% 0.9 Mvar

Mtr 1
Seventh order IS.8A 18% 1500111/
;.

harmonic Fig. 7. Load Flow Analysis with Filter

Ninth order ------- -------

harmonic Load flow analysis and harmonic analysis were carried out
Eleventh order 2A 2% and table III shows the results of this method:
harmonic
TABLE 111. HARMONIC ANALYSIS FOR SECOND SOLUTION METHOD
Thirteenth order IA 1%
harmonic (PF=8S.4%)
Fifteenth order ------- -------

harmonic The harmonic order The RMS value of THD of the

Seventeenth order 0.3A 0% the harmonic harmonic
harmonic Total current 100.7A 7. 14%
Nineteenth order 0.2A 0% Fundamental 100.4A 100%
harmonic component
Twenty first order ------- ------- Third order harmonic
harmonic Fifth order harmonic 0.6A 1%
Twenty third order ------- -------
Seventh order O.SA 0%
harmonic harmonic
Ninth order
harmonic
The voltage frequency waveform is shown in Fig. 6.
Eleventh order SA 4.9%
harmonic
Thirteenth order 4A 4%
harmonic
Fifteenth order
harmonic
Seventeenth order 2.4A 2%
harmonic
Nineteenth order 1.8A 2%
harmonic
Twenty first order
Fig. 6. Voltage Waveform for First Solution method
harmonic
B. Second Solution Method (Filtering out harmonics and
Twenty third order 0.9A 1%
correct power factor by using only harmonic filters tuned harmonic
to the fifth and seventh harmonics).
The voltage frequency waveform is shown in Fig. 8.

24S
 Eleventh order 2.4A 3%
harmonic
Thirteenth order 2.2A 2%
harmonic
Fifteenth order ------- -------
harmonic
Seventeenth order 0.9A 1%
harmonic
Nineteenth order 0.4A 0%
Fig. 8. Voltage Waveform for Second Solution Method harmonic
Twenty first order .............. ..............
C. Third Solution Method (Using both capacitor bank and harmonic
harmonic filter) Twenty third order 0. 1A 0%
Harmonic filters will filter out harmonics and partially harmonic
correct power factor. Capacitor banks will compensate for the
remaining reactive power. Capacitor bank is set to 0.5 Mvar.
Capacitor banks will amplifY harmonics so more filters are
installed. (Set to the eleventh and thirteenth order harmonics).

Tl
1.5M'lA
Fig. 10. Voltage Waveform for Third Solution Method

1\
�, ,9
(0.015MrI,O.l1MIl!lr)
V. DISCUSSION
T.""-,.,--..L....:.::.:.::::.
"' .�
.;;:; 04.::."'.:
' ::.!...
:: 17",.o-g-", ,
- -" - -
"' .0 6 -
"'A--r:-
!oo . Z MYA
-0.0% -0.0% -0.1% -O.H
A. First Solution Mthod
The power factor improved from 78.5% to 97.5% due to
using capacitors banks, but the THD increased to 126.6%
J because the fifth harmonic rose from 18% to 125% .5th
flr �ol:_ElutlJ'TI!R
s

Mtrl 1 SEV E�Pe�gn!JLTER harmonic was close to a resonance frequency and is

1500 kw
I ELEVEII ORDER FILTER
significantly amplified as a result of a parallel resonance
THIRTEI! ; rILTER Single-Tuned
between the capacitor bank and system impedance where the
Single-Tuned

resonance frequency settled around 250 Hz (fifth harmonics

Fig. 9. Load Flow Analysis with PF and Filter current). Also the 7th harmonic amplified from 12% to 18%
because it was near to resonance frequency.
Load flow analysis and harmonic analysis were carried out.
Table IV shows the results of this method. On the other hand, the higher order harmonics from I Ith
and above has been eliminated because it has a low impedance
The voltage frequency waveform is shown in Fig. 10. path to ground through the capacitor bank.
TABLE IV. HARMONIC ANALYSIS FOR THIRD SOLUTION METHOD B. Second Solution Method

(PF=98%) In this case, the filters were designed for 5th and 7th order
harmonics because they had the most contribution amount in
The harmonic order The RMS value of THD of the THD. 5th and 7th harmonic currents found path to ground
the harmonic harmonic through filters so the THD decreased from 23.81% to 7. 14%.
Total current 87.4A 3.99%
Using filters improved the power factor from 78.5% to
Fundamental 87.3A 100%
85.4% because the capacitors in filters contribute by a small
component
portion of MYARS.
Third order harmonic ------- -------
Fifth order harmonic 0.6A 1% C. Third Solution Method

Seventh order 0.5 A 1% First installing the PF correction capacitor bank and then
harmonic filtering out the harmonics. Both capacitor banks and filters
Ninth order ------- ------- will contribute in power factor correction and increase PF to
harmonic 98%. The portion of contribution of each filter in PF

246
 improvement was essential issue beside the main function • The contribution of filters in power factor
which is filtration of certain harmonics. correction process must be calculated beside
capacitors.
The THD decreased to 3.99%, according to IEEE standard
considered acceptable. Capacitor banks will compensate for the ACKNOWLEDGMENT
remaining reactive power. Capacitor bank is set to 0.5 Mvar.
Also, the authors would like to thank Mr. Hashim from the
Capacitor banks will amplify harmonics so more filters are
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
installed. (Set to the I Ith and 13th order harmonics).the
University of Khartoum for his appreciated efforts and help in
capacitor bank was low impedance bath to ground for I I th
this paper.
harmonic and above as before.
REFERENCES
VI. CONCLUSION
[I] Jos Arrillaga, Bruce C Smith Neville R Watson, Alan R Wood. Power
This paper aims to design a single tuned filter and testing it System Harmonic Analysis, 2"d Edition, University of Canterbury, New
in simple model using ETAP. The investigation is carried out Zealand, 2000. Radebaugh, R., Marquardt, E. D. , Gary, J. , and
in order to analyze harmonics variation of the single tuned O'Gallagher, A. , "Regenerator Behavior with Heat Input at Intermediate
Temperatures," Cryocoolers 11, Plenum Publishers, New York (2000).
harmonic filters in a power system including power factor
[2] Ewald F. Fuchs, Mohammad A. S. Masoum. Power Quality in Power
correction capacitor banks. Systems and Electrical Machines, I" Edition, University of Colorado.
This was achieved by means of simulation .From this [3] Francisco C. De La Rosa. Harmonic and Power Systems, Tay lor &
Francis Group, LLC, 2006.
experiment we deduced the following:
[4] Gonzalo Sandoval & John Houdek. A Review of Harmonic Mitigation
• Adding a capacitance to an inductive system will Techniques, Allied Industrial Marketing, USA, 2005.
introduce a resonance frequency. [5] Gradner, Leo Fuchs. Comparison of harmonic mitigation solutions,
Schneider Electric company, Germany, 2012.
• Components present at the resonance frequencies [6] Power factor correction and harmonic filtering in electrical plants,
will be significantly amplified. Papers No.8,ABB Technical Application Ltd,
www05.abb.com/globallscot/scot209.nsf/1sdc007107g0202.
• The short-circuit impedance will vary over time, [7] Manual of Power Factor Correction,FRAKO Ltd
and the resonance frequency will change. www.frako.de/Site/WWW_FRAKO_DElManuaLoePFe.

• High order harmonics will have a low impedance

path to ground through the capacitor bank.

247

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