Work and Energy

By Mimi
Work
● The transfer energy that occurs when a force is applied through the
displacement
● Unit of work is Joule (J), One joule is equal to 1 N·m
● Unit of force is Newton (N)
● Unit of distance is Meter (m)
● W = Fd cos(θ)
Example:
How much work is done while walking 5.0 m holding an object with mass of 3.0
kg?

W = Fd
W = mg x d
W = 3 x 9.8 x 5
W = 147 J
Example:
How much work is done in lifting a 10 kg box 1.5 m off the floor?

F=ma : w=mg

w=(10 kg)(9.8 m/s2 )

= 98 N

W=Fd

W = (98 N)(1.5 m)

= 147 J
Energy
● The ability of a system to produce change in itself or world around it.
● The work-energy theorem states that when work is done on a system, the
result is a change in the system’s energy.
● Unit of energy is Joule (J)
● Kinetic energy is the energy resulting from motion and represented by the
symbol K.E.
Example:
A sports car is moving at 4.0 m/s. If the mass of the car is 800 kg, how much
kinetic energy does it have?

K.E. = ½ mv2

K.E. = ½ x 800 x 42

K.E. = 6400 J
Power
● The rate at which energy is transformed
● Unit of power is Watt (W)
● Unit of energy is Joule (J)
● Unit of time is Second (s)
Example:
A force of 150 N is used to push a motorcycle 10 m along a road in 20 s. Calculate
the power in watts.

P=E/t
P = Fd / t
P = 150 x 10 / 20
P = 75 W
Static Electricity
By Mimi
Electrostatic
● Study of electric charges that can be collected and held in one place called
electrostatic
● Benjamin Franklin called them positive and negative charges.
○ Two objects with like charges always repel each other.
○ Two objects with unlike charges always attract each other.
● For a neutral object, the amount of negative charge exactly balances the
amount of positive charge.
Conductor and insulator
● A material through which a charge will not move easily is called an electric
insulator.
● A material that allows charges to move about easily is called an electric
conductor.
Good Conductors Good Insulators

Copper Glass
Aluminum Dry wood
Plasma Most plastics
Graphite Cloth
Water Dry air
Electroscope
● A device that is used to detect electric charges and consists of a metal knob
connected by a metal stem to two thin metal leaves
● Charging a neutral body by touching it with a charged body, as shown to the
right, is called charging by conduction.
● The process of charging a neutral object by bringing a charged object near it
is called charging by induction.
● The process of removing excess charge by connecting an object to Earth is
called grounding.
Example
● When a negatively
charged rod is touched to
the knob of an
electroscope, electrons are
added to the electroscope.
● As shown in the figure, the
two leaves are charged
negatively and repel each
other; therefore, they
spread apart.
Coulomb’s law
● The magnitude of the force between two point charges (qA and qB) a distance
r apart
● Unit of charge is Coulomb
● K is coulomb’s constant estimated around 9 x 109 kg⋅m3⋅s−4⋅A−2
● The magnitude of the charge of an electron is called the elementary charge.
Example:
Two balloons with charges of +3.37 µC and -8.21 µC
attract each other with a force of 0.0626 Newton.
Determine the separation distance between the two
balloons.

Given:

Q1 = +3.37 µC = +3.37 x 10-6 C

Q2 = -8.21 µC = -8.21 x 10-6 C

Felect = -0.0626 N (use a - force value since it

is attractive)
Series and Parallel Circuit
By Mimi
Ohm’s Law
● A formula used to calculate the relationship between voltage, current and
resistance in an electrical circuit.
● Unit of resistance is Ohm (Ω)
● Unit of voltage is Volt (V)
● Unit of current is Ampere (A)
Series Circuit
● A circuit in which resistors are arranged in a chain, so the current has only one
path to take. The current is the same through each resistor. The total
resistance of the circuit is found by simply adding up the resistance values of
the individual resistors:
○ Equivalent resistance of resistors in series : R = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...
Example:

A series circuit is shown in the diagram above. The

current flows through each resistor in turn. If the values
of the three resistors are:

With a 10 V battery, by V = I R the total current in the circuit is:

I = V / R = 10 / 20 = 0.5 A. The current through each resistor would

be 0.5 A.
Parallel Circuit
● A circuit in which the resistors are arranged with their heads connected
together, and their tails connected together. The current in a parallel circuit
breaks up, with some flowing along each parallel branch and re-combining
when the branches meet again. The voltage across each resistor in parallel is
the same.
○ The total resistance of a set of resistors in parallel is found by adding up the reciprocals of the resistance values, and
then taking the reciprocal of the total:

equivalent resistance of resistors in parallel: 1 / R = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3 +...

Example:
A parallel circuit is shown in the diagram. In this case the current
supplied by the battery splits up, and the amount going through
each resistor depends on the resistance. If the values of the three
resistors are:

With a 10 V battery, by V = I R the total current in the circuit is: I = V

/ R = 10 / 2 = 5 A.

The individual currents can also be found using I = V / R. The

voltage across each resistor is 10 V, so:

I1 = 10 / 8 = 1.25 A

I2 = 10 / 8 = 1.25 A

I3=10 / 4 = 2.5 A
Safety Device
● A short circuit occurs when a circuit with very low resistance is formed. The
low resistance causes the current to be very large.
● A fuse is a short piece of metal that melts when toolarge a current
passesthrough it. If a large, unsafe current passes through the circuit, the fuse
melts and breaks the circuit.
Safety Device
● A circuit breaker is an automatic switch that opens when the current reaches
a threshold value.
● A ground-fault interrupter in an electric outlet prevents such injuries
because it contains an electronic circuit that detects small differences in
current caused by an extra current path and opens the circuit.
Circuits with series and parallel components
Many circuits have a combination of series and parallel resistors. Generally, the total resistance in a circuit like this is found
by reducing the different series and parallel combinations step-by-step to end up with a single equivalent resistance for the
circuit. This allows the current to be determined easily. The current flowing through each resistor can then be found by
undoing the reduction process.

General rules for doing the reduction process include:

1. Two (or more) resistors with their heads directly connected together and their tails directly connected together are in
parallel, and they can be reduced to one resistor using the equivalent resistance equation for resistors in parallel.
2. Two resistors connected together so that the tail of one is connected to the head of the next, with no other path for
the current to take along the line connecting them, are in series and can be reduced to one equivalent resistor.
Example:
Find the current of 10 ohm.
I = V/R
Parallel 1/R = 1/10 + 1/40 = 1/8 I of 10 ohm resistor = 8/10
I of 10 ohm resistor = 0.8 A
R in red circle = 8 ohm

Total R = 8 + 12 = 20 ohm

I = V/R

Total I = 20/20 = 1 A

V = IR

V in blue circle = 1 x 12 = 12 V

V in red circle = 20 - 12 = 8 V
THANK YOU