CH 12 - Simple - Circular - Curve

Engineering Surveying
ENGINEERING SURVEYING
Highways Geometric
(CE 443)
Horizontal Alignment
Prepared byFall
: 2017-2018
Eng: Muktar Iibey Omar
Prepared by:
by
Dr. Aslam Al-Omari eng Ebei
by Eng iiby
Chapter 12
Topic No. 4:
Roadways and Their
Geometric Characteristics
Chapter 15
Topic No. 4: Roadways & Their
i) Horizontal Alignment
(Simple Circular curve, compound curve,
reverse curves, spirals or transition curve)
a) Design
b) Setting out
ii) Vertical Alignment
a) Design
b) Setting out
 Consists of straight sections of the
road (known as tangents) connected
by curves.
 The curves are usually segments of
circles, which have radii that will
provide for a smooth flow of traffic.
 The design of the horizontal alignment
entails (involves):
 the determination of the minimum radius,
 determination of the length of the curve, &
 the computation of the horizontal offsets
from the tangents to the curve to facilitate
locating the curve in the field.
 In some cases, to avoid a sudden
change from a tangent with infinite
radius to a curve of finite radius, a
spiral or transition curve with radii
varying from infinite to the radius of the
circular curve is placed between the
circular curve and the tangent.
 There are four types of horizontal
curves:
1) simple,
2) compound,
3) reversed, and
4) spiral.
 Computations required for each type
are presented in the following sections.
1) Simple Circular curve
PI ≡ V = Vertex
PC ≡ BC: Beginning of Curve
PT ≡ EC: End of Curve
Remember:
when SSD is unobstructed
𝒖𝟐
𝑹=
𝟏𝟐𝟕 𝒆 + 𝒇𝒔
where: R = minimum radius (m)
u = design speed (km/h)
e = superelevation (m/m)
fs = coefficient of side friction
Remember:
when SSD is unobstructed
𝒖𝟐
𝑹=
𝟏𝟓 𝒆 + 𝒇𝒔
where: R = minimum radius (ft)
u = design speed (mph)
e = superelevation (ft/ft)
fs = coefficient of side friction
Degree of curve:
a) Arc definition [based on a 30-m (or 100-ft) arc length]
b) Chord definition [based on a 30-m (or 100-ft) chord length]
Degree of curve:
𝒍 = 𝑹𝜽
Where:
𝑙 : length of arc (m, ft)

𝑅 : Radius of curve (m, ft)
𝜃 : central angle (radian)
Degree of curve:
a) Arc definition
(based on a 30-m arc length)
𝟑𝟎 𝟐𝝅𝑹 𝟑𝟎 𝝅𝑹
= OR = OR
° °
𝑫𝒂 ° 𝟑𝟔𝟎 °
𝑫𝒂 𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝟏𝟖𝟎° × 𝟑𝟎
𝑹=
𝝅𝑫𝒂 °
𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟖. 𝟗
𝑹=
𝑫𝒂 °
Degree of curve:
a) Arc definition
(based on a 100-ft arc length)
100 ft 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝝅𝑹 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝝅𝑹
= OR = OR
° °
𝑫𝒂 ° 𝟑𝟔𝟎 °
𝑫𝒂 𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝟏𝟖𝟎° × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑹=
𝝅𝑫𝒂 °
𝟓𝟕𝟐𝟗. 𝟔
𝑹=
𝑫𝒂 °
Degree of curve:
b) Chord definition
(based on a 30-m
chord length)
𝑫𝒄 ° 𝟏𝟓
𝒔𝒊𝒏 = OR
𝟐 𝑹
𝟏𝟓
𝑹=
𝑫𝒄 °
𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟐
Degree of curve:
b) Chord definition 50’ 50’
(based on a 100-ft
chord length)
𝑫𝒄 ° 𝟓𝟎
𝒔𝒊𝒏 = OR
𝟐 𝑹
𝟓𝟎
𝑹=
𝑫𝒄 °
𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟐
Formulas for Simple Curves
1) T: Tangent (distance
between PC and PI)
∆ 𝑻
𝒕𝒂𝒏 =
𝟐 𝑹
∆
𝑻 = 𝑹 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝟐
2) LC : Long Chord length
between A and B
∆ 𝑳𝑪 𝑳𝑪
𝒔𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐 =
𝟐 𝑹 𝟐𝑹
∆
𝑳𝑪 = 𝟐𝑹 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟐
3) E: External distance
∆ 𝑹
𝒄𝒐𝒔 =
𝟐 𝑹+𝑬
𝟏
𝑬=𝑹 −𝟏
∆
𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝟐
4) M: Middle ordinate
∆
𝑹 𝒄𝒐𝒔 =𝑹−𝑴
𝟐
∆
𝑴 = 𝑹 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝟐
5) L: Length of the curve
𝑳 = 𝑹 ∆ (𝒓𝒂𝒅)
°
𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝑳=𝑹∆ ×
𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝝅∆
𝑳=𝑹
𝟏𝟖𝟎
Locating (setting out) simple curve using:
Deflection Angle Method
a) The first deflection
angle VAp to the first
whole station on the
curve, away from the
𝜹𝟏
PC, is equal to
𝟐
b) The next deflection
angle VAq is
𝜹𝟏 𝑫
+
𝟐 𝟐
c) The next deflection
angle VAv is
𝜹𝟏 𝑫 𝑫
+ +
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
d) The next deflection
angle VAs is
𝜹𝟏 𝑫 𝑫 𝑫
+ + +
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
e) The next deflection
angle VAB is
𝜹𝟏 𝑫 𝑫 𝑫 𝜹𝟐 ∆
+ + + + =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑙1 = length of first arc
𝜋𝛿1
𝑙1 = 𝑅
180
180 𝑙1
𝑅=
𝜋𝛿1
𝐿 = length of curve
180 𝐿
𝑅=
𝜋∆
𝑙2 = length of last arc
𝜋𝛿2
𝑙2 = 𝑅
180
180 𝑙2
𝑅=
𝜋𝛿1
Then,
𝒍𝟏 𝑳 𝒍𝟐
= =
𝜹𝟏 ∆ 𝜹𝟐
The corresponding chord
lengths:
𝛿1
Chord Ap= 𝐶1 = 2𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
Deflection Angle VAp
𝛿1
=
2
lengths:
𝐷𝑎
Chord pq= 𝐶𝐷 = 2𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
Deflection Angle VAq
𝛿1 𝐷
= +
2 2
lengths:
𝛿2
Chord sB= 𝐶2 = 2𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
Deflection Angle VAB
𝛿1 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 𝜹𝟐
= + + + +
2 2 2 2 𝟐
∆
=
2
Example 15.6 Design of a Simple Horizontal Curve
The intersection angle of a 4° curve is 55°25, and the PC
is located at station (238+13.43).
Determine: The length of the curve,
The station of the PT,
The deflection angles, and
The chord lengths
for setting out the curve at whole stations from the PC.
Figure 15.21 illustrates a layout of the curve.
Example 15.6 Design of a Simple Horizontal Curve
238 + 13.43
Solution:
180° × 30 180 × 30
Radius of curve = 𝑅 = °
= = 429.72 𝑚
𝜋𝐷𝑎 𝜋×4
Length of curve =
𝜋∆ 𝜋 × 55°25
𝐿=𝑅 = 429.72 = 415.63 𝑚
180 180
1 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 30 𝑚
415.7 𝑚 ≡ 13 × 30𝑚 + 25.63𝑚 = 13 + 25.63
Solution:
Station at PT = Station at PC + L
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑃𝑇 = 238 + 13.43 + 13 + 25.63
= 251 + 39.06
= 252 + 09.06
Solution:
Distance between PC and the first station is = 𝑙1
𝑙1 = 239 + 00 − 238 + 13.43 = 16.57 𝑚
Deflection angle:
𝑙1 𝐿
=
𝛿1 ∆
∆𝑙1 55° 25′ ×16.57 55.4167° ×16.57
𝛿1 = = = = 2.210°
𝐿 415.63 415.63
Chord Length:
𝛿1 2.210
𝐶1 = 2𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 2 × 429.8 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 = 16.58 𝑚
2
Solution:
Distance from last station to PT is = 𝑙2
𝑙2 = 252 + 09.05 − 252 + 00 = 9.05 𝑚
Deflection angle:
𝑙2 𝐿
=
𝛿2 ∆
∆𝑙2 55° 25′ ×9.05 55.4167° ×9.05
𝛿2 = = = = 1.207°
𝐿 415.63 415.63
Chord Length:
𝛿2 1.207
𝐶2 = 2𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 2 × 429.8 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 = 9.05 𝑚
2
Solution:
No. of intermediate stations from 1st station to last station
is: = 𝟐𝟓𝟐 + 𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟑𝟗 + 𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟑 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔
Length of arc corresponding to each station = 30 m
Deflection angle corresponding to each station = 𝑫𝒂 = 4°
Intermediate Chord Length:

𝐷𝑎
𝐶𝐷 = 2𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 2 × 429.8 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 2 = 30.00 𝑚
2
Solution:
Table 15.9:
Computations of Deflection
Angles and Chord Lengths for
Example 15.6

CH 12 - Simple - Circular - Curve

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CH 12 - Simple - Circular - Curve

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Engineering Surveying

𝑙 : length of arc (m, ft)

Length of arc corresponding to each station = 30 m

Deflection angle corresponding to each station = 𝑫𝒂 = 4°

Intermediate Chord Length:

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