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Guidelines For Gas Tungsteng Arc Welding
Guidelines For Gas Tungsteng Arc Welding
2013−10
Processes
TIG (GTAW) Welding
Guidelines For
Gas Tungsten Arc
Welding (GTAW)
Protect yourself and others from injury — read, follow, and save these important safety precautions and operating instructions.
D Always verify the supply ground − check and be sure that input
The symbols shown below are used throughout this manual power cord ground wire is properly connected to ground terminal in
to call attention to and identify possible hazards. When you
disconnect box or that cord plug is connected to a properly
see the symbol, watch out, and follow the related instructions
grounded receptacle outlet.
to avoid the hazard. The safety information given below is
only a summary of the more complete safety information D When making input connections, attach proper grounding conduc-
found in the Safety Standards listed in Section 1-5. Read and tor first − double-check connections.
follow all Safety Standards. D Keep cords dry, free of oil and grease, and protected from hot metal
and sparks.
Only qualified persons should install, operate, maintain, and
repair this unit. D Frequently inspect input power cord for damage or bare wiring −
replace cord immediately if damaged − bare wiring can kill.
During operation, keep everybody, especially children, away. D Turn off all equipment when not in use.
D Do not use worn, damaged, undersized, or poorly spliced cables.
D Do not drape cables over your body.
ELECTRIC SHOCK can kill.
D If earth grounding of the workpiece is required, ground it directly
Touching live electrical parts can cause fatal shocks with a separate cable.
or severe burns. The electrode and work circuit is D Do not touch electrode if you are in contact with the work, ground,
electrically live whenever the output is on. The input or another electrode from a different machine.
power circuit and machine internal circuits are also
live when power is on. In semiautomatic or automatic D Do not touch electrode holders connected to two welding ma-
wire welding, the wire, wire reel, drive roll housing, chines at the same time since double open-circuit voltage will be
and all metal parts touching the welding wire are present.
electrically live. Incorrectly installed or improperly
grounded equipment is a hazard. D Use only well-maintained equipment. Repair or replace damaged
parts at once. Maintain unit according to manual.
D Do not touch live electrical parts.
D Wear a safety harness if working above floor level.
D Wear dry, hole-free insulating gloves and body protection. D Keep all panels and covers securely in place.
D Insulate yourself from work and ground using dry insulating mats
D Clamp work cable with good metal-to-metal contact to workpiece
or covers big enough to prevent any physical contact with the work
or worktable as near the weld as practical.
or ground.
D Do not use AC output in damp areas, if movement is confined, or if D Insulate work clamp when not connected to workpiece to prevent
there is a danger of falling. contact with any metal object.
D Use AC output ONLY if required for the welding process. D Do not connect more than one electrode or work cable to any
D If AC output is required, use remote output control if present on single weld output terminal. Disconnect cable for process not in
unit. use.
D Additional safety precautions are required when any of the follow-
ing electrically hazardous conditions are present: in damp
SIGNIFICANT DC VOLTAGE exists in inverter weld-
locations or while wearing wet clothing; on metal structures such ing power sources AFTER removal of input power.
as floors, gratings, or scaffolds; when in cramped positions such D Turn Off inverter, disconnect input power, and discharge input
as sitting, kneeling, or lying; or when there is a high risk of unavoid- capacitors according to instructions in Maintenance Section
able or accidental contact with the workpiece or ground. For these before touching any parts.
conditions, use the following equipment in order presented: 1) a
semiautomatic DC constant voltage (wire) welder, 2) a DC manual
(stick) welder, or 3) an AC welder with reduced open-circuit volt- HOT PARTS can burn.
age. In most situations, use of a DC, constant voltage wire welder
is recommended. And, do not work alone! D Do not touch hot parts bare handed.
D Disconnect input power or stop engine before installing or D Allow cooling period before working on equip-
servicing this equipment. Lockout/tagout input power according to ment.
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.147 (see Safety Standards). D To handle hot parts, use proper tools and/or
wear heavy, insulated welding gloves and
D Properly install, ground, and operate this equipment according to
clothing to prevent burns.
its Owner’s Manual and national, state, and local codes.
215 944 Page 1
D Do not use welder to thaw frozen pipes.
FUMES AND GASES can be hazardous.
D Remove stick electrode from holder or cut off welding wire at
contact tip when not in use.
Welding produces fumes and gases. Breathing
these fumes and gases can be hazardous to your D Wear oil-free protective garments such as leather gloves, heavy
health. shirt, cuffless trousers, high shoes, and a cap.
D Remove any combustibles, such as a butane lighter or matches,
D Keep your head out of the fumes. Do not breathe the fumes. from your person before doing any welding.
D If inside, ventilate the area and/or use local forced ventilation at the D After completion of work, inspect area to ensure it is free of sparks,
arc to remove welding fumes and gases. glowing embers, and flames.
D If ventilation is poor, wear an approved air-supplied respirator. D Use only correct fuses or circuit breakers. Do not oversize or by-
D Read and understand the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) pass them.
and the manufacturer’s instructions for metals, consumables, D Follow requirements in OSHA 1910.252 (a) (2) (iv) and NFPA 51B
coatings, cleaners, and degreasers. for hot work and have a fire watcher and extinguisher nearby.
D Work in a confined space only if it is well ventilated, or while
wearing an air-supplied respirator. Always have a trained watch- FLYING METAL or DIRT can injure eyes.
person nearby. Welding fumes and gases can displace air and
lower the oxygen level causing injury or death. Be sure the breath- D Welding, chipping, wire brushing, and grinding
ing air is safe. cause sparks and flying metal. As welds cool,
D Do not weld in locations near degreasing, cleaning, or spraying op- they can throw off slag.
erations. The heat and rays of the arc can react with vapors to form D Wear approved safety glasses with side
highly toxic and irritating gases. shields even under your welding helmet.
D Do not weld on coated metals, such as galvanized, lead, or
cadmium plated steel, unless the coating is removed from the weld BUILDUP OF GAS can injure or kill.
area, the area is well ventilated, and while wearing an air-supplied
respirator. The coatings and any metals containing these elements D Shut off compressed gas supply when not in use.
can give off toxic fumes if welded.
D Always ventilate confined spaces or use
ARC RAYS can burn eyes and skin. approved air-supplied respirator.
Arc rays from the welding process produce intense ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS (EMF)
visible and invisible (ultraviolet and infrared) rays
that can burn eyes and skin. Sparks fly off from the can affect Implanted Medical Devices.
weld.
D Wearers of Pacemakers and other Implanted
D Wear an approved welding helmet fitted with a proper shade of Medical Devices should keep away.
filter lenses to protect your face and eyes from arc rays and
sparks when welding or watching (see ANSI Z49.1 and Z87.1 D Implanted Medical Device wearers should consult their doctor
listed in Safety Standards). and the device manufacturer before going near arc welding, spot
welding, gouging, plasma arc cutting, or induction heating
D Wear approved safety glasses with side shields under your
operations.
helmet.
D Use protective screens or barriers to protect others from flash,
glare and sparks; warn others not to watch the arc. NOISE can damage hearing.
D Wear protective clothing made from durable, flame-resistant
material (leather, heavy cotton, or wool) and foot protection. Noise from some processes or equipment can
damage hearing.
WELDING can cause fire or explosion. D Wear approved ear protection if noise level is
high.
Welding on closed containers, such as tanks,
drums, or pipes, can cause them to blow up. Sparks
can fly off from the welding arc. The flying sparks, hot CYLINDERS can explode if damaged.
workpiece, and hot equipment can cause fires and
burns. Accidental contact of electrode to metal objects can cause Compressed gas cylinders contain gas under high
sparks, explosion, overheating, or fire. Check and be sure the area is pressure. If damaged, a cylinder can explode. Since
safe before doing any welding. gas cylinders are normally part of the welding
D Remove all flammables within 35 ft (10.7 m) of the welding arc. If process, be sure to treat them carefully.
this is not possible, tightly cover them with approved covers. D Protect compressed gas cylinders from excessive heat, mechani-
D Do not weld where flying sparks can strike flammable material. cal shocks, physical damage, slag, open flames, sparks, and arcs.
D Protect yourself and others from flying sparks and hot metal. D Install cylinders in an upright position by securing to a stationary
support or cylinder rack to prevent falling or tipping.
D Be alert that welding sparks and hot materials from welding can
D Keep cylinders away from any welding or other electrical circuits.
easily go through small cracks and openings to adjacent areas.
D Never drape a welding torch over a gas cylinder.
D Watch for fire, and keep a fire extinguisher nearby. D Never allow a welding electrode to touch any cylinder.
D Be aware that welding on a ceiling, floor, bulkhead, or partition can D Never weld on a pressurized cylinder − explosion will result.
cause fire on the hidden side. D Use only correct compressed gas cylinders, regulators, hoses,
D Do not weld on containers that have held combustibles, or on and fittings designed for the specific application; maintain them
closed containers such as tanks, drums, or pipes unless they are and associated parts in good condition.
properly prepared according to AWS F4.1 and AWS A6.0 (see D Turn face away from valve outlet when opening cylinder valve.
Safety Standards). D Keep protective cap in place over valve except when cylinder is in
D Do not weld where the atmosphere may contain flammable dust, use or connected for use.
gas, or liquid vapors (such as gasoline). D Use the right equipment, correct procedures, and sufficient num-
D Connect work cable to the work as close to the welding area as ber of persons to lift and move cylinders.
practical to prevent welding current from traveling long, possibly D Read and follow instructions on compressed gas cylinders,
unknown paths and causing electric shock, sparks, and fire associated equipment, and Compressed Gas Association (CGA)
hazards. publication P-1 listed in Safety Standards.
215 994 Page 2
1-3. Additional Symbols For Installation, Operation, And Maintenance
Welding or cutting equipment produces fumes or gases This product contains chemicals, including lead, known to
which contain chemicals known to the State of California to the state of California to cause cancer, birth defects, or other
cause birth defects and, in some cases, cancer. (California reproductive harm. Wash hands after use.
Health & Safety Code Section 25249.5 et seq.)
4
3
1/16 in.
3/16 in.
Bottom View Of Gas Cup
Whenever possible and practical, use DC weld output instead of AC weld output.
4-1. Selecting Tungsten Electrode (Wear Clean Gloves To Prevent Contamination Of Tungsten)
. Not all tungsten electrode manufacturers use the same colors to identify tungsten type. Contact the tungsten electrode manufacturer or reference
the product packaging to identify the tungsten you are using.
♦Typical argon shielding gas flow rates are 11 to 35 CFH (cubic feet per hour).
Figures listed are a guide and are a composite of recommendations from American Welding Society (AWS) and electrode manufacturers.
* Color may vary depending on manufacturer, please refer to manufacturer’s guide for color designation.
Preparing Tungsten For DC Electrode Negative (DCEN) Welding or AC Welding With Inverter Machines
1 Grinding Wheel
Radial Grinding Grind end of tungsten on fine grit, hard
abrasive wheel before welding. Do not use
Causes Wandering Arc wheel for other jobs or tungsten can become
contaminated causing lower weld quality.
2 Tungsten Electrode
A 2% ceriated tungsten is recommended.
3 Flat
Diameter of this flat determines amperage
capacity.
4 Straight Ground
Grind lengthwise, not radial.
2-1/2 Times
Electrode Diameter
2 3
1 − 1-1/2 Times
Electrode Diameter
1
2
Time
40.0
30.0
+
20.0
Current
10.0
Amperage
0
0.0
−10.0
−
−20.0
Time −30.0
1/60 Second
−40.0
1 Zero Crossover
. The percentage of time spent
in the Zero Crossover Area
affects the quality of the
welding arc.
+
Current
Current
0
1 Conventional Squarewave AC
2 Weld Sample
. Faster transition time between
electrode positive and elec-
1 trode negative.
Time
40.0
30.0
20.0
+
10.0
Amperage
Current
0
0.0
−10.0
−20.0
−
−30.0
−40.0
. Arc shaping capabilities are enhanced by improved balance control, AC frequency control, and independent amperage control.
6-2. Balance Control
1 More EP Time
More Cleaning.
2 More EN Time
Less Cleaning.
1 2
1 Low AC Frequency
Soft, wide arc with shallower
penetration.
2 High AC Frequency
Focused arc with deeper
penetration.
1 2
1 More EP Amperage
Wide, shallow penetration.
2 More EN Amperage
Narrow, deep penetration, faster
travel speeds.
1 2
1 AC Waveform
2 Weld Sample
1
At 60 Hz the bead doesn’t quite
penetrate the thick aluminum.
+ . Lower AC frequencies create a
wider arc cone.
Current
1/60th of
a second
1 AC Waveform
2 Weld Sample
1
At 200 Hz the bead is much tighter
and penetrated the thicker metal.
+ . Higher AC frequencies create
a narrower arc cone.
Current
1/200th of
a second
Cleaning Good cleaning action Cleaning properties closer to Argon Less cleaning action
Flow Rate Lower flow rates 10-30 CFH Higher flow rates than Argon Higher flow rates (2 times)
Cost Lower cost and greater availability Costs higher than Argon Higher cost than Argon
75°
Welding direction
15°
162 002-B
20°
70°
20°
20°
40°
Hold the torch 70 degrees to the
work.
Lap Joint
. To produce the best results,
Torch Position For hold a short arc, travel at a uni-
Making a Lap Joint form speed, and feed the elec-
trode downward at a constant
rate as it melts.
70°
20°
30°
162 003 / S-0792
20°
2 To 3 in.
(51-76 mm)
2 To 3 in.
(51-76 mm)
2
1/4 in. 2
(6.4 mm) 1 1
S-0057-B
Inadequate gas flow. Check to be sure hose, gas valve, and torch are not restricted or the tank is not out of gas. Gas flow
should typically be set at 15 to 20 CFH.
Improper size tungsten for current Change tungsten - General purpose tungsten size is 3/32 in. diameter at a maximum of 235 amps.
used.
Excessive heating in torch body. Air-cooled torches get very warm. If using a water-cooled torch, check to make sure circulator is
turned on then check coolant flow. Coolant flow may be restricted or coolant may be low.
Tungsten oxidation during cooling. Keep shielding gas flowing 10-15 seconds after arc stoppage (one second for each 10 amps of weld
current).
Use of gas containing oxygen or CO2. Use argon gas 100 percent.
Tungsten melting back into cup (AC). If using pure tungsten, change to ceriated or lanthanated. If machine has Balance Control, adjust
setting towards Max Penetration (70-90 percent).
Increase Tungsten size -Tungsten diameter may be too small for the amount of current being used.
Tungsten melting into weld puddle. Use less current or larger tungsten.
Touching tungsten to weld puddle. Keep tungsten from contacting weld puddle. Raise the torch so that the tungsten is off of the work
piece 1/16 to 1/8in.
Inadequate or too much gas flow or Check flow rate (15 to 20 CFH) and gas type.
wrong gas type.
Incomplete weld circuit. Check work connection. Check all cable connections.
Check for empty cylinder or closed shut−off valve. Gas flow should typically be set at 15 to 20 CFH.
Condensation on base metal. Line should be purged with Argon for a few minutes. Remove all condensation from base metal before
welding. Metals stored in cold temperatures will condensate when exposed to warm temperatures.
Loose fittings in torch or hoses. Tighten fittings on torch and all hoses.
Inadequate or too much gas flow. Adjust flow rate as necessary. Gas flow should typically be set at 15 to 20 CFH.
Defective gas hose or loose Replace gas hose and check connections for leaks, cuts, or pin holes.
connection.
Contaminated or improper filler metal. Check filler metal type. Remove all grease, oil, or moisture from filler metal.
Base metal is contaminated. Remove paint, grease, oil, and dirt (including) mill scale from base metal.
Shielding gas flow rate too low. Increase flow rate. Gas flow should typically be set at 15 to 20 CFH.
Improper tungsten size or cup size. Match tungsten size and cup size to joint being welded.
General purpose tungsten size is 3/32 in. diameter and 8 cup.
Excessive rectification in arc. Increase travel speed. Increase balance control toward Max Penetration. Add filler metal.
Improper shielding gas. Change shielding gas - In some cases, when welding on 3/8 to 1/2 in. thick aluminum, Argon/Helium
is used.
Incorrect arc length. Use correct arc length. Adjust the torch so that the tungsten is off of the work piece 1/8 to 1/4 in.
Tungsten is contaminated. Remove 1/2 in. of contaminated tungsten and repoint tungsten.
Base metal is contaminated. Remove paint, grease, oil, and dirt (including mill scale) from base metal.
Frequency set too low. On welders with adjustable AC frequency, increase frequency to give proper arc stability and
directional control. 100 to 180 Hertz is acceptable, 120 Hz is recommended.
Improperly prepared tungsten With Squarewave and inverter machines, use pointed tungsten.
Point will eventually round off after welding.
Weld circuit polarity is incorrect. Check polarity switch on welder. Select DCEN (Direct Current Electrode Negative).
Tungsten is contaminated. Remove 1/2 in. of contaminated tungsten and repoint tungsten.
Arc too long. Shorten arc length. Lower torch so that the tungsten is off of the work piece no more than
1/16 to 1/8 in.
Base metal is contaminated. Remove paint, grease, oil, and dirt (including mill scale) from base metal.
Improper arc length/tungsten in poor Lower the torch so that the tungsten is off of the work piece 1/16 to 1/8 in.
condition. Clean and sharpen tungsten.
Improperly prepared tungsten. Grind marks should run lengthwise with tungsten, not circular. Use proper grinding method and wheel.
Light gray frosted appearance on end Remove 1/2 in. of tungsten and repoint tungsten.
of tungsten.
Improper tungsten preparation. With Squarewave and inverter machines, use pointed tungsten.
Point will eventually round off after welding.
Tungsten is contaminated. Remove 1/2 in. of contaminated tungsten and repoint tungsten.
Base metal is contaminated. Remove paint, grease, oil, and dirt (including mill scale) from base metal.
Incorrect balance control setting. Increase balance toward Max Penetration. Normal Balance Control setting is 70 - 90.
Improper tungsten size and type. Select proper size and type. General purpose tungsten size is 3/32 in. diameter and ceriated or thori-
ated.
Excessive rectification in arc. Increase travel speed. Increase balance setting toward Max Penetration. Add filler metal.
Improper shielding gas flow. Gas flow should typically be set at 15 to 20 CFH.
Frequency set too low. Increase AC frequency on machines so equipped to stabilize and direct the arc.
The higher the frequency, the narrower the penetration profile.
Notes
229895
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Address
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Contact the Delivering Carrier to: File a claim for loss or damage during
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For assistance in filing or settling claims, contact
your distributor and/or equipment manufacturer’s
Transportation Department.
ORIGINAL INSTRUCTIONS − PRINTED IN USA © 2013 Miller Electric Mfg. Co. 2013−01