MADE EnsY lndo's Beet Insticuee for IES, GATE & PSUs Environmental Engg :Vol-1 (Water Supply Engineering) Comprehensive Theory with Solved Examples and Practice Questions MABE AsseMADEEASYPublatons CCopmat 4a Ka Sant ur DSLe Sn, Naw DONE ‘Ena Hines ‘Cnet 0111206, cE? ture wermacrensieonso Envconenental Engineeing Vol (Hater Suppy caginering) (© coppight by MADE EASY Peltons. Sarat retee i peel ptcsten may Derepducne sted neta aan a cpacm, er tanunig any fm o by wy means (crane wees reag of amerwse abou he Her wiles permis fe AB trertonad biter of is Bok. ont gps ean ADE CASYPUSICATIONS No lf banka overs Se er aout ten perma fone PUB Environmental Engg : Vol-I {Water Supply Engineering) Ee Chapter Water Demand. 1 tastes ie Demand 12 Fact tg Fer apa Dene 1 Cole bal. 1 edna Water Suppnt— i Pepton Foresong—————- 19 pepdaon Frain ——— n eet esen Chapter2 Sources of Water andits Conveyance 26 21 Sowceot Wer. 21 Yeldelon penal — 24 Rootes 25 Coleen of Sofce iar — ands fre Sony —— Con tian oe Pipe nD Fores Ang on Pressure Censis. 29: peel s-——- 210 fomsln Wer Sepp Ping ———aan 80 2.1 Conon infos he 212 pe Apres ns. ———————— 219 Tengo ip et — 2.4 tera tr ofhe Puma Hae Oe to eee. o —t pter3 ‘Water Quality : Definition, Characteristics and Perspective... 111 Theipigosyleand vier Oath. ———-——70 22 Woterlnpty— —n 33. frente of 0.geNE #1 a, 34 lg ater uty Poet. jt ee —— Chapter 4 ‘Treatment of Water ‘at ref tnguiesner————— 1 46 ‘0 ae Had aa Sting — needa ey 1 Chapter 5 Distribution System. 52. Set pp — 5 yous ofDatiouien tem —- $4. Gadtns For Deg of Ouruon Sem [5 Pent nthe ita Sten ann $6, Deen ftshogeln Orban See 292 57 palyisetNeoakolPoes 8 penance Pai Sn a 59 ale Spite Ping ———————n 7 50 Serie Coen —— a S11 itn —— 5.2 Sever ate 5.4 Wr ge for Baga 15 Dena abeing setuon escent ei a ei nmWater Demand Can Ins chapter, we are going ounderstandte ty of anonginearindosigring a wate supply schemes ‘oraparioule secon ofthe coneruny whieh becomes imperative pontin. + Festal, wevlevllé Np ameuntof wal avalabia and ln aountt water demanded by the publ. 3 + ntact te aya to naire damand and thn the second roqutamentistofnd sources 1 ul at damand Mn a tmas,acompromise Is sought ttoen he wo. ‘+ Te design a wal supply wo mt eet osimaté Bo population fr which the schome shoud be designed The ohare once insta, must cae forthe demand ha projected population vpio some preceornined ure dale 1.1 Water Demand Estimation demande wali the key pavametarn planing awaler supply scheme, Te apices ecorconsone mee thar 0 potear olla! water poll ceaod ino country. Te remaining partons izes io roet deste, rasta ana ctor domanc. ‘Tha improvement eye ané associa nil ovelorrnt ot anaton push ype per capita cemandtor wate 1.2. Various Types of Water Demand + Tre preicuen of precise quasi ol vate demanded by he pubis very iil, because tere are somany vail actors tecing wate consumption. ‘There are some cara hums es ad empicallomulas, which are used oszess this quart, hich may geal accurate osu Trainimrpe EASY 2 | hot Engineering R27] ‘hore arent ypes ol water demands: 12.4 DomesticWaterDemand Domest wale dan incudes th wale equted np ate bling inking, ecokng, bathing, gardening purposes ete. ich may vary accorsinglotaliing carers the consumers, ‘+ Thetotal domestic wat: consurpton's sear about 5 60% oh water consis. ‘+ Tho!S.code caps alimton domes v's consumplin Falween 12510 225 ped. * ‘+ As per S code, the minimum domestic» ater demand infer ordinary eandiions for a town with it {ushing eytem shoul be len 98259 ped aos Xt can ba riimized upo 135 Feed for econorticaly weaker section and LG cvlonss Yow inctre grub) dopercing upon prevaleg condons. STNOTes In covtop ‘licen cavity Oke USA, Ts Tigure usally goes as Tigh a2 Feri S0hped Miatabecavemorewa: scomumedin ching. -condiang, cote, 3 * paitinginbam te, ah wasting of une carwesig, hme nade, gatage gins, 3 ete 122 IndustdalaterDemand ‘Ta indus water demand express water equed indus hich awe existing or are ‘hey tobe stared inate, nthe ety fr which wat supp sblng planned, * Te wate requirement wi thus vary win to toot ard numb ol peuseepresntin ne cy, “+ nnd ees, he per eaptaeqsrorrantmay nay be conte be high as 450 NJ as ‘cemparedtothenomalindusial regimen i. Tis 1 Hae Regina Cone TSS exe] pests —— [rome Cieretecmme amet pais] as Shumerotenreen oe rentce & 2 | Hors oc ry pn Catron xe Chtmter abs exzoang 100 any 2. | nacestons tet sates me | rome 2 5 | ronson ‘s © | Remus person ° 1. | once sf | chon oon at estes oy 3 | sonce — s inet a Gai meres iedewimidesasypubleations.org mage SRS mace neigh | 3 “aur 12 Wa Rago by Can npr indie F sgpronte ari ot i picevevon | Wate rauled por ant of «Namie atindaaiy | writ promston | "sroducraw mat inlets 1. Aonatice | eto o 2 Fetlaee “eee 0.200 Leather Temo(ort0kg) | «O(ord) 4. Popa a 240-400 5 PeveeumRetinary | ona (use) 42 6. sar Teo (Cxured cael 2 1 Tease eee (oes) 20-140 8, oiatay weanay | Hoe 12-170 1.23. Institutional and Commercial Water demand ‘Onan everoge, a per capa demand of 20 Ns usually considered Yo be enough Yo mao of such cconmarclandinstsonal walt requirements atneugnolcoutse, Dis demandmay'e as igh 2550 ON or righty commerciales. The naval requirements would be as ftows: ‘SehacsiCalogs:45t0 195 id Restaurants: TOiped Holes 189 foe Hespals: 240 pc (when becsis ess than 100), and 40 ped (when beds exceed 100) Aipons: 70 ped Pala: 70 pd for netion wih babing ae) 2. Otfcee 45 toed 4 Cinema andinoares: 18 peo enenen 124. DemandforPublicUses ‘Wis inclodes water eqirerant or pats, gardening, wasting of roads ele, A rominel aroun, cot excneding Sone ltl consumption may be provided ome is demand, ‘Aliguree! 10 pcs usualy added on bie atcouk whe compuing total wale requirements, 425. FreDemand “ne quertyo wale equtedto extinguishing ie isot very age Fratton olwateconsersion (ora ey of 50 las popuaion hardy amauns fo 1 cd of ke damanc, bu tis water shoud bs easy avolable and kept nay soe in slerage eters, quarily water requiedisin very less aon. Inlbickypopusted and indi! reas, te gurralyboskcut and ay lad lo serious damages inet conotie fect. Big cis. heer, genaraly maiesn fl ire fighng squads. Fre fighting person! requ slilent quantiy wale so a8 otro ove fio at highspeed. A provision shoud hertore be ‘made inmadem pub waler sees forging fe breakouts Fotaningrequterani mus: be met (rib te demand ‘+ The minfnum water preseute evel ae hyctans neu be ofthe der o 1000150 Nin? (to 15 motwaerhosd)andehouls bo maiisined fr to hours consiant use ere yan. CREP aag “ODE ERGY Fhapy wi ghed eaics DPostal Study Package ELIE] 4 | chit Engineering i ‘+ Thejesveams a srutaneousi town fom each years: one onthe buriag property srdane ‘ach on he scjcen|propartyonihe side ofthe burning property. The dache’ge ofeach steam i shed be about 110 i, + The number oltre je required depen on he sz cl population and given by Fe 28. hove = Population in houeands. ‘Do you knowl Genvaly ora Gy TBD Lain papulain: hee Generale Toad CaleutatonetFire Demand ‘+ For ies having populaion exceeding $0,000, he wale qquted in il to moy be compuled ‘sing the elaion? Kio ie of war ected = 1904. where P--Popuationin housed + uchting’s Format states tat aenenrl (0 Amount ot vate required inaelninte P= Population ninovtance, Natlonal Board of Fre Undorwrters Formula 26[£ +10 (©) For Contra congested righ valued city 8 Wrenpopuotonisiessinanoreavel to 2Labns [9 = 46a7VE[\—-00NF 18) Whenpoputtenismeretnan2 Lath, a provision orS< 000 Hees ray be mad with j ‘sexta aktonalprevisen 910626400 Resmi or a second io. | (©) For esdonta ty Thoreau dat or ieeighing yb 3 (tows: 1) Sma ortow buting = 2200 kresniute 16) Lagererhigherbung = 4500 nesta {)_ighvas residency apatirens, ngmens = 7650.0 3600 este (+) Toe stroyed buikingsin dense bullup seston = unio 27000 reaanto + Boston's Formula ites at = 56655 + Freeman's Formula tats nt —— eee NOTE: Aho above oralas allo om ha Grawoa@ktharney are et lted ore ype TG aanee ad geo oquolesuts origi deanna seas. ‘Compute th irs demarc fra city of 2iakh population by any two formu (neusing tht of ho National Board ol Five Undermites) Solio: . (@) Tweratecttredemand as er Nationa Board Fee Underenier Fors loracenalcongesied ! ly whose population tees anc equal? Laks given by 517 [1-0008] ° 8308.08 iin = (ehingstomia, O- 3180/7 GAPS aime voor sacs | mape Snes Environmental Enginerng : Vol! |S 126 Water Required to Compensate Loss in Thefts and Wastes ‘is nctdes te water lin otage duno bad punting ot damogeé mater, Sckn ware du to nasheed water cornectos, andote ose er wats hase orees shouldbe ent seco whi oxtnating hoo equeants. Frenne betranaged alr was, 0G arbi may, be sph a 5% fe eal consumpon, tion is ren 85 ed Total MaximumWater Demand isthe sumolabore ex cemendsand!Scedepemis fr tna al axinun demandol 5p ThePerCaplta Démandig) is tn annigrag amour cl duly water equteaby ane prea and nudes he domes so indus! ee ond confer ue, pub se, wat ec “my be, hereto expesied a Pe Copa Demarlehin res pray pavheod Telly water egarenen lie lyin (keV) , [HS x Design Popuaion For an average Indian ely, as per {ecormandatin oS. coe, ope expla ‘domanc may betakon as (T8183) zs pe cae demand oran Ta si ea rer ‘reson 1.3. Factors Affecting Per Capita ue Benen Demand (Dorie Use ‘0 7% oreo) “he anual average demand ferwaer(e._ | edt Use 2 pereapis demana)eonseraby aes dierent | }Commec Ue 2 | tonnserciies Tis iguregeneayrangestetwen | @)CMcorPacUse | 10 | {00 to 20 vascapiatay for non concons. | (Wasi andtatscle | 55 | Thevaiatensintoaluate(consuratendt cient | (Fim donne st ties or te depend pon varcuslactrs. wich roars - rut be thorough elses nd area bate Pe Costa Daman) fing the per capita dems lor design pupese. ‘These laters ae discussed ble: 131 Sizeofthecity ‘The ot wae errand depanison cect "iii 14 Vaten nor Capt Dan) pope population and for tbe design of water supply = = ereme fr 8 given popuaton sie flowing | S.No. | Papuan | tt pean (uidetinas may be adopted (Tate 1. t +. | tees man 20000 wo 132 Climatic Conditions i 7 Meets ‘note anccrypiaces.theconsumpion | 2 | 20m-s00 ae clwateris generar, because mareofbahing, | ¢ | Sime-Piaie an leering, a-coolre, siccondioning ote. a/¢ Hae siata| ° invoved Simiaryinertomeycadcounvies,nwro | & | Stokie-T0Laihe | 275-305 watermaybo consued because he peopemay |_§ | _OversOLaite ea eep oF taps opantoatciateezing pipes and there may bo more leakage tom pie nts since metals carat vith cel. fae ei i nih aoe a SD)MADE EASY 6 | Cit Engineering os Ensy EMME] 133, Typesof Gentry and Habits of People Fichand upper class coments general uma more tr dv 0 alluet king standards. 134 Industrial and Commercial Activities ‘The pressive clings! and commarcial ac vis ala parievarplaceirevasetheweler consumption bytargeameunt. 135 Quality ofWater Supplies tha quay and asa othe supped water 00. wlbs consumed more, hecause nha case people wilt us oer sources such as pale wi’, hand pump, oe, Snr, ean Indus such as boter feeds ete, which equte standard quay wales wilt covlop Ir own cuppa and wi use public supplies, provided ine supped waters upothareqied standards. " 136. Pressure inthe Distribution Systems fhe pressure ithe estibuon pes high ac svcten io aka tho war each ator even & storage ater coneumpsion sabe dfntey more, ° ‘This water consupron increases because woressons: ' People ning nuppe storage ue alert as comparediotha case when wae isavelabie somrcaly toner. (9 Theloeses and asi ue oleakage ao coldest incsessedl rg esaueishgh Forexarie, ithe pressure increase kom 20mbaadl vai, 00KNin?}0 50m adat water (Le 300K, {he losses may go up by 20 0 30parcen 137 Development of Sewerage aciities “The water consuoton we more hel provided wih uch syter! asa “conservation eyteny of anos acped. 138 SystemotSupply ‘ier may be supaled ether continuo fo al 24 hours othe dy. or may be supp ony fr peak petiod ding moming and eveing. The sucond syam ie, nln: suppses, may lead to some faving In water consumption de 0 tsees accuing fo lear Sve and © moe vig’ use of wale by the 139° Castof Water ihe wate tae righ ester uly ray be caneures ye pops is may ected large avogs.stealurtand ten peape wr Weaecedywerpoices DL 1.3.10 Policy of Metering and Method of Charing va ‘ian he supoes ere metre. people use ct a mich war a ich raqsces by Mem ‘naugh metered sappes are preleredbecauee eter wadape, tay genera led 0 ee weer ‘onauptonty poor andibwncone gow leading uy eortions. acon cing Losses and Wastes: The varius cor onwichlezas depend andthe mesic “ocenteltam arb 9 ie Tints Syne o! sappy {¥) Unauthorized connections, Ta SokeT Eales essithectd (9) Pressure inthe Disibuton sym (i) Weteing mane EASY TETAS] environment engineering volt | 7 “Consider the folowing statemer | “pesorion (AY Tha lskege arose whon the watar supply Is Intermitet \ Reason (fi); Prossuro ls ess In ntemitent water suDpY | Cotes stterants {a) Both And are euo and Fis the correct explanation of {0) Both A ond Rove rue but Ris not correct explanation of A {e) Aigtus but Ris fate (@) Ais false but Rs tue ‘Vatiation in demand and offects on the design of various components of 2 water supply scheme ‘+ Thema th own the mere variables tne domo 1 The shonerte period of cal he greaer's Ya depart rome mean {_taximum diy Consumption: I gneral lake as 180 percent ne eeeroge “Hevlor Maximumdsiy demand = 1.8 (6 180%) x Average diy demand (0) Maximum nouly Cansurptlan Ris gener taken a 160 percent is average, Thoraoto, Maxinurn Reus congurpon ol the maxioum day se, peak dena eye. 150%) Average uty corsumpian frame daly Cemane « wan(uninnae 27 (enuataveragehoury demand) (a) Maxroum Weekly Demand :Masinum weehy Consumption (iv) Maximum Monta Demand: Maximo monty consurption 48 x Average weekly 1.28 Average meniny MOTE” Goodich ornate used wo compute maxenu or = “Resrage demand = tne in 6595, dean. 1 1 maxima no a a tor maxnusn dil P= Annual average calf tme in day “Tue GO} manus on ater suppiy has ecomnercedihefollving vauesolte peaklacie. depending ‘ponte population. Tobe M6 Peak Fer ~ Population Fafa 25 ee i | vide. the peak oor tnd to reduce wih teasing popLaon. “Feri soved Bom KDPostal Study Package FIIE] 8 | Clit Engineering awe Ent nomen nein | 2 "Temsember; Tras he Gonign ela buion tam il eacorned ia haa varaionneompataion al smaters. 1.4 Coincident Draft Fo: genera communly purpose he oa cat's notakon asthe sumol maxinumhouty demand nd fre demand, bits taken 35th sum of masinur él demand and Ske demand er ine maxim Pow'y demand, whchevaris more Le. maxirumot (@ Maxmumdaly demand + Fre demand (6) Maximum bourty dard EIEN coin creo rata retaion to water demand, is based on (@) Peskroury demand (0) Maximumdaty demand (6) Madr dally + fre domand G)_ greater ota) bn fe) Ars. (@) ‘Avwater supply schema hes to be designed fora city having a population of 1.00,000, Estimate the important nds of tats which may be requrd tobe recorded lor an average ‘woler consumption of 250 fped Ais raced the equkad capecites of tho malar campensnts ol ho ‘roposed wator works estem fr tha city ung a vr asthe soutcoo! supply. Aesume sulable dal, ‘Solaton: () Avoragecaiycran = (percapia verge consuooninielpereoniy) x papain 250 x 1.00.00 esiay = 280 TO iesieay = 25 88.0 (@) Maximum day craft may be assured a5 180% of annual erage cy ea vmanciveat « Best) ino (0) Maximum raltt he maximum day: itmay be assumed es 270 percent annual arene nowy rat ‘20, Macirum hot rato asian doy = 2228 Md] «675 MLO (6 Fre tow maybe werked ou om = A6a7VP[1-00NB] = 4837J'05[1-0.0NFT] = 41759 tren were sin thous pepuaion = SISADA2 wsion mestay = 619.0 Coinccenteall minum day at «ect 45661 = 106 MLD han he washout eat 67 MLD whichis grea i shows thatthe Gatibuion system has t be designed lor 106 NLD iatead of {67 SMA, wii proves sti ire alowance Considerably ales the designotaerbuon 4 een 1.5. Design Period of Water Supply Unit 1 Awaler soppy seheme incudes huge and cosy skucixes (auch as dams, cesenoi, Westen trols persloek pipes, fa which ean ol be replaced or increased inet Capac, easly and “Comerienty Fo" example, to water masincung he cso pipes ar ald underground, gd camel be replaced of added easy, hou cgi he rads of dsruping he atc, «order o avo these tur compels expanse. he various componentsof a wae spply ‘home sre purposely made lager 20 1 ais te community needs tor areasonabie mumbo: years to come, ; ; «+ Thsturgprod ort number ol yeas for wich a provisions madi designing he canactes the various calionent ol ho wae supply scheme is nown ss design poi. + The dedgn god should nether be to tang ne shoud belo shar. The dasgn pasod.canet greees tlle oltre component srr, ands guided by he ickoving considerations, Factors Governingthe Design Period + Uselit f component structure an chances of tec becoing ak and obsolete. Design ‘ered houidnolncsed here respective vale ase end out has ello De acedin expansions, undertaken et tx das, ‘aroun an avait ofadaienal nvestert key be incared lr accion! proven. “ha ate of wereston he barowings end he adoone! money ives. Antetpaad rato of population grow incudng possi eis in communis, indus ard ‘commercial elabishon. . Design Perlod Values 7 ira iodo 30 years Water supe projets, under arma cumstances, maybe design a’ a dasign par coxccing somploion tere ol2 yes. Te desig pted recommended bye GOI marualon wale spy or ‘esigning the various components of awa: supply procs ar given blow (Tabi ¥.6) Tae 187 Den Pood cian Comprise Vi Spy Pe Sie] ne estan amet Daeherms —__[ Orton Pood 1 | reste ‘asin cy conan 1sveer 2 | Nem uy poe maa] Mase ey nan rer 2 | Wate wee sur ay rae pen «| Donon Reonor eng i ema oven Seep | Sanwa onien semumtout ema Condertat| Yee 1.6 Population Forecasting J - Population censvnenmeraons and groin popuaon ec. ersroteny usedin demographic sphere tuto Eger and peop conce re nihecorari gon rare aeig apy den mkng inne coor ol agreuute, gow in ncusies and inrasiwcure, inking wees suppl schemes an exia wolre actives ele making a CGrowo! populations feat concen to people exgoged in ple pring and decision mating ‘hentonllvel Population growth rears to change norease) ol popUatn ake between wo dale. ith Solved Examples Theor ih Fed aes10 | Cit Engineering Howover, porlatonincreatingin sie eaistohave pose grows andthe one decliing ito have anogative growth rae ;: ‘Thenumberolinbabans ca county pendcn (The ree groin popuaion and) Migrations ‘The second lair ist importance ony inhew counties andthe olseauries etna sauces olmicyani, Iroxder to predict he luxe populion as correct 2s posube, kis necoseary throw the Iacors lectngpopuiaton growth. These ae tnee ain clos response or changes inpopuishon, Theystes#)Biths Deal. (Migr _Ahese factors areintuenced by social nc econmis acto’ and condi pevaing communis. + The Bin ales may decrease due lo exceese far planning prs ‘Spread of education and development of era recreational aces reduce ho bias. +The deat raas may decrease wih he devslopmentand advancement ct nedcal eas, hereby contig inant merely aos ada cca as ue to conelolnsciene onde aoases, ‘+The migrations are opondent upod ine fuctaizton and esnmscineaion ofthe pare cies or toans People generaly mig om vilagest cies where naihoodar avajabie ‘+ Besides thse tree main actors, torn cer lectorstke war, catwalhavocs andessasles may aso ‘ring about sharp eduction inthe pptatcn Considering a hee actors afte baancing|s dove ora altre lure popviatn itean be cones F=RSE=OTT =A] here, F,and reer tothe dae ot population aha bagionlag anc endo ne period 24 B,D and Erelrstote ruber olbinhs, dca, Ingratonandomigraonrespectvaly dung peraauncer consideration Growth Rate Curve ‘When al the unprdicabi actos euch as war, or natura caastrs do not produce sudden ‘changes, Be population wou probably ftw he ‘growth curve as discussed in the theory of ‘Semagrapic wansilon, This cuve is Shaped a ‘Shomnin igre andi raen asthe logis eave ‘According toni curve rate growth! popuaion ‘vari om me tin. sand gaaes abortions 1 he pple, als end sagt Been | “The curve pretense grou AB atan increaingrale (is omeerog oom 2 =F) aie gown acesra le ee [exec © (4 msn Fa.14 GiowtRteCone “as0pnmmecet Mee in son ae taoesee erry Soatemouwetspontetso fame serie ‘wor madeeasypubilcationsorg ERESEIMNINTTNZO TS] covronmenial engineering vot! | 1 mADE yates ae 2p -sincieasng omnia le 153 Lae 19970u sn8co + 2 Ceo oh yo Fa(p, -P) + Decreasing growinrale, P, noe + Fa(e.-F) na 9 i ods 1.7, Population Forecasting Meth , . Trevose wich ae gy toed etn ca opis by eros we cio bolo Same ol inace mabocs ar weed wes design period ib sl and some ore used Sa son tropa mata etc pax caer apr iy rans toe) upon ecor discussed ese mehr andineslectonis eo the dcreon andintligence of redesoner 174 Aattheneticincrease Method : Invisit, aca ieenenta worn opin cbemved paca Tomato iol tmzod epptcaton meaty sedlnlrge and eetablshed towns whate faye growth has been ca “This molhodisbased bon ¥oassumpsin a he population increas aa consi ate eet ol * cue aan nin i 2) re ® constnt=% o Pa kat Tus, oo ci o, = Kftot ‘ fer = af" - re fond Fy epreset he popusion ane fend aspecbay. This Hine po usa secured ins, atone ores el papiatonpe oti (cade). (=i) = Naber deca, “Troenuaioncan oceans rps ovcate population air decades rome prose (stow pan Popul pros neimensis) Numer otdncdesbeneen now ard ze 1 onge itm meant ppussonzecasintneronm decodes FREER reposts oS cacaden om 20; 070 tion air one, two and three ‘ven beiow In Table 1.7 Find out tha popul ar [roman ecedes boyord elas! own decade, by alngasmaicicreasomethod. jE Sohiln:The given daintale 1.7 sonendodinase *8,coastocompute | sey} 2500 \neinerease npop.iaon(s} foreach cade (cl 2). helatalncease andaveage R= Rented ose | 2400 inereasa pe decade (3), 88 show, ; we i a populations are now computed by using equation as | TE) | Pe‘a | PoPsaon ()Popuiaio te? eacaces beyond 1970 oy me F008 sete "a 26000 4 1 47,000 + 2x $500 = $8,000 400 i {e)Pepuiaton ater 3 dscsaes beyond 1970 2500 ‘00 = Pago Py = Poo #3-F = 47000 +3» 8500 «69,500 172. Geomevicincease Method Temahodol Geom pogesns apical ie wri cpe nt exenon sowetacrntn eyo conned nets cre eves oi an etme royeston eae Maho! ines atl opion ‘reaeg itt nathan conpeurcng aca earns nesonaoonedconencaeg ‘Sceneeve cocace Ths maa Parr sone s vtec raed InGtonaticlneasemaes, const vaslpeterage poh a pace ral perceece W) wnpicio {ha rate of cornpounciing interest per annual, “e "ex poisons en cecaecanboghenby, Px ely F148) Senay, Sean atern cease SPADES eft | ‘nee, Peles oil pepultion oath end ast kan con ‘Average Beicertage grow ae per decade hi be ved inthe abowt oquaon fs compulas tor the Perceriage gro raat each decade. The value keanbe calewisted as ‘ngoomerieinereasemetod te gro rate per dca, @- % [REESE osteo toiresaptatonata aoa by ao te crn mo sy 5, gbatanengaes [Ramm | (Tabio-1.9) Yow | rrownana | | Selon: The given dala is raised inable aden growth atest [295] 9 acndecace. ‘ rm Tie 70 im sans [2 age ncronsoln sea oe ve poten’ grow rite <= | wane), mape EDSy ieee nn | 13 Constant growin ate assumed lotta ‘r (Seecemaceorypeblestonsor@ Qasim72 | ch engineering MADE EASY | mAape EASY Entcnmetal Engage | 73 3.2. Water Impurity a know Wbjganls ses wa pon Dadagradabe sei, Water enuies ae classed as oles: Objection These arecbectenabe anc undesirable because: 1 Phpalinpuies, 2 Chameslnpuies, 3. idbgialinpes i ft thasinastneecacpar eases Clanton of Wier QuallyParaetrs i (i) Toya bogey ce nda tam daze coung organs aswel organs uch et ton reduc sarang rc — {Wt roids soon te fr chenea an bilgia agen conics et Monsuramnt:Measvemeni one by gies inching mas cles essen Le os = ae | eaponed si (5) a ented woghoginen Ser st eed td page, oso i * Tt solds ea a (pened dusted) ected by apeag be amp od es oe oa ! reanindypplicua Hextogtonpeatvel 10°C po Basa i *+ Tela olds can be determined by evaporating andl ie mass hested al SOOT then crganic [> Colour ‘secity “matter wil be oxicized and only inorganic matter willbe tall = Tot ene vrs ves — ‘angina usides NOTE: Orgeniemaiter — F844 00,7 +H,07 +Oher gases + Vapour. Cieridos, Protazos ite Lt 1 Mas suspended als bad by fan and ago est on erat. Li Dees a= Tal et 7) Supe ne ee ‘B00, COO (Orpanic) ae (19 Sesoe a a La ven saneometcsrn * Faia nea ems does occly Giese sles In tiapended and CNT Taare at 3.2.1. PhysicalWater Quallty Parameter Pryscalchaactevaties include several parameters which ate obvious to a ronspeciast an otha heh are ret eo obvious, least by inspec. Imporantphyseatcharacterisice nese 1. Suspendes aide 2 Tube 4. Taste and Ocour 5. Tomparce 3. Coeur 8 Condusivty 1. Suspended solide “Total sods may be present inthe fxm of (Suspended soids~ 10-0 10° mm size () Coteids colds 10%0 104mm size @ Cisotved sods < 10m 20 ‘NOTE: Suapandedand colldl soa re combined cated Japesed Sade Sold suspended in water may consis ol inxgartio organic parce. ‘+ lrorgaric sof such 38 ay and inmiscble iquid ke land greases and ther sl contivets sre carmen insurace water, * Organic matri sucias plan tes and bloga! ods (algae, bateriactc)aealeacemmon constiveni’eutace waters, Remember: Suspended natalie alors conctiven! ground walerbecoisa dl he Ming capaci a tho 0 ‘becaus se eolede may pass trough he Mar and can gat mens ong Wt soe ‘recto Hence aslicadons dona as Traber no Serble soles Hence, surpended ‘slide coresponding to nor-fierabe sid aecisive sais roconesponcing to Rae ss, ‘The pormislbe sini EPAas set maximum susponded sok standard ol $0 mg torveated waste waar discharge. ‘A fitarable reste anaes is von ona sero of war as flows. Pot ‘tengo erurbio and er pad ere kop ovecightinthe dying ven, cote andthe cry mass (are ‘ass of he pat dolormined to be 88.352 g, Two hundred ancy milters othe sapien trough a tee pad conlsned in th porous-bottom crciba, The crucible an fter pad are then paced me cying oven al 104° and tid uni a constant mas of 54.3899 reached. Determine the susponded golds concentration of tha samp | seta 1. Determination thers sds removed | Ory mass + solds = 643899 | ~Ory mass = 54.3529 Mass of solds = 0057 9 = 37 mq 2 Dolerinaton ne concentatonolte ease ‘a sols x ooo Rh 37 x10 a Taare = cone mg: 21 146 rag (Gy they with Sotved examples Grimes __ Tint Solved eootes E)rasta study Pace EXE 2 Turblaty Large amountol fie suepended mater: sk he wale io appear coy or kbd in appearonce “Tubidy depends uponthe nenesgand concenaton pales present in wats, ‘Source Tubidy tne mensuo of xen :o which ight she abeorsas or catered by suspended motel in water Mis nota direct quasiaive mes of suspended sal + lNdepends on shape size and raat ve incest ne suspended prices ts wal * Mosh wc mo ce nro cy ek reer ls, atin flores snd microorganisms. ‘bjection islecton of bis wate Iu bec he spends els poi shld he ‘organimstom dsiectat. tn nat! body. tb nterfres wht penetration anc Pence the photosynthetic escton ution ies angen othe wate). ‘Measurement ol Turidty: It is measured phoioctuematcaly by deterring the % of be ght of @ ven ntoniyie. ther sbeorbed or scart. Massuring Doves: Based on absrpion principe: MADE EASY 74 | iit Engineering ERs 1. Tebidtyrod 2 Jackson turbiy motor Based on seating prince: 1. Bayistubidoneter 2 Mosomtephslmter 41. Tubiaty Roa ‘+ Tur wih plainum reds inseted nie the water and he cept a whic platinum ‘needle us Decne nisi gives turbiyin pen 1+ Asdeptnetinserionincreates, easing wil decrease. + abl one iio ny ied se podiasin ona dees iihon ‘sono uni. + tisatild meted. bt Lint: The permis 5-10 ppm. “Remember GOI manial gies Wbiy NTO Te nepheloraic tubldty ui. Accepible fini TU ard ‘caus forejectone¥ONTU. 2, eckaan' Tus mete ‘The bi expressadin stands duiteabes -STUdackeonis iy uri whic isbaseden bsoptenprineole. 1+ Thalovel of waters neaased Ui ina nage of fame cease obe sean + Thetubisyismeasures tem grac.aod glass lube andi used when tbisy crea than + This methods not used lor king water, + One sTUis equivalent ort podkced by ‘mg line siiea(S0,)esseves none ine! std wae Gh ice wit scivea Bramnies mADE EASY Environmental Engineering: old | 75 Bayle Turbldomatoc and Nephotomater ‘+ Theseluridereer are based on enour matching echaues 7 inthis math, even aml lubidly of oneuriterlasscantbe measured, solhese re mos widely ‘sed domestic water supp. + Intuit meter tne is measur inthe direction ct inci ight ery whereas in nephatemaer ight ens is measured at ight anges tote icin ay + once, nepeleometerisbacedon sessing principe. {Here fommazine, a ceric is use a bassin place ot SO, ne nebidy eis eso sometines caled FU, 5 Colour royale coos, bu water n natu sce cleured by eroign substances, + Veter whose elu party duelo suspended mates saidtohave apparent cou. 1 Coour cortbuad by ésslve so, hal eran alter removal of suspended mati is known 35 trueealov, ‘Source: Cow is caused by suspended and asec mate in wala. ‘ler suspended mater causing colours moved by canriagatonhocaour oasis cated truaeaias, + Humic acd gies yelowsh brown clos ton exe gives dich clot manganese ose gives ‘youn orbracisn colt + Weer conlaingondsed kon and manganese inpart characte rede o back colo Heany goth al algaemsy sso impar cole to the wate. (Objection: Coloured vateris not aeihetalyacceplableto he goneral pubic ‘+ High clawed waters unsutabeferlaunderna, dyeing, papermaking. beverage manviocuing, airy preducion andthe tod processing ad eile and plas production. + Thus the colour of water tees marta ter bah domestic and indutil se + Phenols compound wt cline produces taste ana ado Organic compounds causing clout ‘may exer clone demand ans hence ecuces te ellecivencas ol dinfecion by chin, NOTE: Some colour cising ene compounds wi cioina becomes carcogenc whicheniTes cance, Messureront: Measurement at esis done by acsour matching echique, sls caedas Tintmeler ‘meted, 1 "Tue cote ia menses on Burgess sea by Nessors tubes + Resuisonressedin TCU or Haznuni (ue claurunt) where 1 TCUis eq lo clo proceed 4 mg perlizeo!panum he frm of chortle + Forcolour cher han yelonieh brown ie, om indus een. specraphetomatcechniquels eee ~femeriber Te clo Ting mi be dana wan Ta Rous calacton sample aherise Ulegea actly may ater tne colour. Permissible Limit: The permis itor cing waters ppm anda no cate greater hen25 pom _vewaumedeeatypublicationso°g iboy 76 | cot sasnering MADE ERSY | mADE ERs EE] _cwionmeel ngewn | 77 ' | Sa Sse 7 | ew Z | 4. ‘Tasteand Odour ° Many sbstances wth which water comes ito coractin alte during human use mayenpt perceptible TTNOTE Gy ineieasing erparain, scubliy ol otsahed gaves decteakes, ATA DO (aasalved : ! tes and odoun Fe “onendin wari ceary 02 mal OO fatten «mi en water opecies may de such hs lw a, et fon he nd poten ton bacpen acinar | ||” phoasiatmctaeae ‘ comntsdanena + Taste and odow te caused by csscved gases tkeH,S,mercaptan methane, crgnic mati detved ‘ramcesin cea ohingiriccoxgarsm, decomposed axganicatr rtsalig, war cotaing ‘Thermal Shockhat wae elu om power plans and a mabe dus icechargedia natural Bren, cess, arena agrcutual chemicals, highresdvalehorne andetioo phenols seams then due 1o risa mperatie, 00 evel may fal Below & ppm which may ead lo death of water ‘source: spaces Such ype stuabonis ete thermal shock + Supnuepredveediotenaggiketastesndoco. + Alga secretes oly substances th may ecu in bad taste and okt ‘+ _Ateatine mater mparts abeter taste to wate, while metalic elle may Qve away ote st ‘Objection: Me tase anoxic causing orpounds maybe carcinogenic. eavsng cane “Moasurement of Taste and Odour: Taste an odour messuemen: tics producod by expec, can ‘be done using gas Inui erometography, however, his mathad i coe anc nol dene none. *+Aninsiwenentknoae.as sonoscop te genofaly Used lot measiremantcf odour 6 Spectecondilyotvatr ‘ool aro ol ssaved sf pace ater canbe ety estate by messing te specie cence Pesce nila sates mowelapasa cee Sratnoneestesinmico-mnes prem al 250 + ois tiewite conus ede t epee a + Trospockeconasbtalatarnmacnos parom25°Ciamatpiedby code (mney (065) s0 to crt bn caved et conn n game prio: pam + tne oct etoatchconr ney nents : {Mammen ounce shy anecae + Tha ratselictoi cooler deprds oon be pect eas pean ws 1 + TONallowedis between 1 103. i ‘+ TONtes¥ng i done in cold water bscausa increase in emperatine may changethe taste andodou. | 3-22 ChemicalWater Quality Parameters : {Odors toan empresa coer bart ene aton cai ‘ret elong ceric pono coaw cnetee cnc, " Pec ste (00) Maly 2 a ' see re Parris E Chmcncone —. . Mogenconen N= ALE, Volurve of ted sample _ 7. Phosphorous ‘8 Fuoiides Metals: ue ‘A_~ Volume of undiuted sample “whera, A= Volume of water sample undiluted ‘Tota Disnctved Solide TOS) Vetoes be sestrnee bc Thar en spars es aes ss) penne can ceumines Fomisbl in: Te paste rng 70M cyempaatngs sents onvelpug tay osama > Temalar mb wate tr ao nando ih "Rane ay cas TO car Ra RESO + kareinenaneneOScanbemaceby eponshgte caress esonpl!waihas tewntloed erweaelsvegredantpecen beTOSthewea: “Ta Ciara be ore by tina ara DT) SOR ET + Gina. nape oT er may coming be dec coe ve we Srvc oon pumas wd about eter epee ee eae (Becca contchay nuNbaonal 29] xO88«Oeebedaa nia hag A= =) scsesmasiny Waamdarasas a oeevorinineaney . ‘TDs. . + Thy te cone oes own aspect cnaicnoe wh non ni 5 ‘Temperature _slrength of waler wich can be measured by stone bridge method. . recon eremNtaece rico ron Souc:Thes ae wotpececuce: * Hence or water sunply. the iamperatixe shove belweun 10" 25°C and gresterthan 25°C iscbjeconal 1. Mijor source of TOS: Na", Ca, Mg*, HCO3.SO}?, Cr" - 2. Miner source ol TDS: Fe, K, COf NO, Furie, Boron, Sica enblealones A evan scaSM] =| MADE ens ‘Major tat characters the dscted cot conten water a hay ae called corenenans emissbie Lint: Accrcnga GOlmanusl, aceptabsnilol TAS ms S00endcauztreecton a ? "Treaty efawaeriacanaie “occ kre aatna specs Conausance UNA, spétiic conductance and donc=rtalin of TDS ae net ee on acne o-one Bas On) Know @ nized substances of wale conioute to specie conductance, Organics moloties wie cones tds. onsng aromas, . ERESIEEN Etecticel conductivity (EC) of waior end tla! cssoWved solide (70S) are Intrrelatc. The value of EC wit {0} decrease with incense In TOS (©) Increase with Increase in TDS. (6) cecrease inital anc tien inccea‘a wih ineroase fn TDS (2) lnrease italy an then dooreats with nore in TOS. ‘le detined ashe quart ofan in wale hat wire! :ohycrogunon. * ftmeans, akalniyis the ably ol water to neutralize asi i ‘Source: Major compounds causing alain ae OF HOO; or toes ta toes Cavvorateskainiy Bicarberstosalinly Causality Minor compounde are: HSIO5. £805, KPO. HPO and For purpes ol compilation akaty eased by mina: compound naplcied. The sai a welee ‘comes do to mineral due tomnaepharc CO, mixed a water orci omirobial decemposiion ot igarc ‘rater. The reaction aft; 60,+H0 —=H,C0, (Ossohed CO, eatenic sci) M60, 2H +H005 (Beton ® wate HO SSH'+ COP (Carbonate) se, OF +0 SHO; OF bynes o Tholast reaction sa weak escton but ultzain of HOD; by alge water ives reactonto ‘herignt and hance sufiien accumuiaan of OF occurs. eigaa ia preson in wae, the water ecomas «thane (9H = 91010) The above reactions ar duo microbal ecomposton of organic males In aclion'o this akalinty maybe of mineral org. + MpHistoundtess han 9 hen ussaly OF may oot present ae EnvonmentlEngnerngVoHt | 79 +The cation (Ca) may combine 1 4 teary of water and may ny |_| | sd precipitate of CaC0, uch maygetcapostedonipesurace 6 t srdmiycaseicnsin poe + lage quanites, sikanty ‘rpars abe ase toate ® Temerber Waits aide hen corcahe scion mayo : ot Measuxomont of Akaity »t + Atay measurements redone ay by tating te water wi an ace {nd detemiring te rysregen 8 equivalent of akalniy and Ris g expressed in tums of mg a eo ts 8 as ca00,, + 10.0214,80,isused i tvaton then trdetacdwilneakze 1 ‘lstaety 8 C300,-002N1450, ‘means 0.029 eq.haent HO are, EESEISEN Too series a wer Ana ve pt ms rae How many tines eemela Amore ace han sample is Fig. 3A Niateity specs woterae2sCcontaingatouaanyot Omg A asCacO, (ao () 50 {e) 100 (@) 200 ‘Ans. (6) Sample is 100: mre aici hon sample Ii i a i S| ‘carbonate to lorm calcium carbonate? i Selon | 1. Cabonate (COP is rata! composed ct atta and eryge. adie pric ominatn, | extorhoanarictmcltznaealsasiooyperternaocrata et | (Citiaumaileasypublleations org aoeI | I 80 | Civil Engineering NaC! ed (b} 2 10 mot ot NaCI? Cc) @ Ga isi ca ines mane EASY ‘wc f-2 Toto dal ol omer 2nd wou 2. On 12+3(16) 3 2. Nocatmbntewinencl indentation seni = age B » 2ogiequw 2. Tranunivrolequalenis ofcalcummst equal he number sfequtalenso! carbon, eee 9 = Semivoteaoonse ‘Thereor, 3 equi x 20 gecuiv = 60 e calcium, and hat amount willbe rege to reac wih 90g fentonat Equvolors at very importa inwater chemistry Jnetationtobelnussuln excusing chemical ‘antes for Coste eatin in water and wasio war rei equlvalnt als provide @ means expressing vaio constientsc equal inanequialeotany/cbersibslerce. Tee, th conceniaen subsiance Acan be exprestadaé anoxia cbncontatenclsubaiaB byihelaaneg mates. 5 A (wean : isocaty, cosvets ss Sots have eshte is of equale acm catponat conceiaion. The folowing example iusates is tecnue (Geqia = (011A sspesedaee ‘What the equivalent calcium carbonato concentaon a (a) 117 mai of Sati 1. One eqivatentol calcio carbons sae129016) — 2 ve equvaten at cadsm hdc s zarass = SO lecuv = 0000 mglequiv «50 malmoadiv = 885 gfeav = 585 mgnequv & Byeauaton(2-2) SpE. 0 ngimeqi « 100 mglLot NaClas CaCO, BeSimgienii | 1. One meta ubsance evided byt valance ie one equivalent 2107 mou Tea 2, This, 2x 109 equvi 80.000 mglequ = 100 Mma. = 210° equ. ee? EEE ie sctsttty product torte tssociation of (OF z the conservation of Mat and OF Sobion: 1. Wetiecquatoterereacion —Ma(OE), =m Mg «20H | [251] envionment! Engineering: Yt! | 81 2 feaniypcisetoicon (wr Jor] 2x0 sien nena Hg on Be nin tn gat | Therefore," " » Nap RE, 22 28x 104 moll = OH 13%10% mein OS moveaui 26210 nova. BERET «sooo male’ «120 mglLot OH ae CeCO, 3 j i 13 x 10-4 moll» Mg? | 0000 lead «30mg ota ax HCO, | TROTE ase any ay pasar dopera ‘+ Hysrogon ion intact react vith tha Bast accring belong uso or sH =SHo ” CO}+H" === HCO; a) HOOs+H = Heo, 4 aid sed slot 1 water an the ps swcoreatoreachaccton Aaloncunve ciara stom nove oboe. Ding tatonmeasireie’ tps done a everysage ada valor cine pled. + Gdetsionel Gof HOD5 seasonal compile ap = 83, bl resto HOO ake roques ai Hore, halt CO isneuho have navaieduno p= 83. + Heuraaaionctr compte ip =33. Hence (OFF + 5COF aban cenotety rnowalzedupiopH =83, + Theacdrequiedolower the pram a3 4.5 rue measure the oherone-ol lhe carbonate pusato! ha ciginabearvonae ‘+ AvpH = 45 all the bicarbonate wil have been corvered lo carberie atid H,CO, (rewtalzed). Hence the emoun! of acid requited to firle sample of wale to pH = 48 ls equate to wil akaiity of wate82 | Civ Engineering REET] «mA Ensu | | mnabe ens Eicamenel ngnesing Volt | 83 + eA aay OF cos any endwoko a 40h \ trie ata co con om : “oe twee | = tear UP = O{Lo. intial pH is below 8.3), 2» atkalinty is 42¢ | aan is 05 5 [ott) = 10¢matwe | well, peninsula CXF nd HOD; 2 1828 201 arte 10x eaitnie 1st predate OM and 2 mimectfont ' = 10+ {grequivaentive) af OH" = 10° 50mg ol CACO, es Seats cacy sens EERIE ote siti ol CO zeman gn toro oooh B3acidcosumed = Him O ENN, = 11 mgt C800, the total alkalinity of water exprossed @& CaCO,~. a 3 sample wit contain « $x 2 mg of OH as CaCO, = 1 mgof atalnty 98 CACO, i ome saplovitconae« 5x 22 ng of OF Bs CACO, = 1 aay 2210 7 4 200m cof wane» 28 «22. rgmequaot 00f staiy nie san ! Here. 7 am equvatontol OOF = 7gmesdiaartet C60, =06f staniy in be sample = 10> rraqnaticoswane: 8 opnoaileelhCoy [cof] nate 56200,» 2012 oo mae So, Teal akatiy (upto pH « 45) = 30 mol O02H,S0, ‘30mgolCa00, 200 mot samplo = 150 mgit as CaCO, = 160-1008) -sSmgrveas C200, 2g eqivalentot HCO, = 2gmecuivalemol CaCO, condi wih « 8 sgneasseteao, bee Asya. x00, = Noe Wrsatnyaene's obec ogucanetete cco, 2 ie | Gamo arr orenetgt SRT [neo * momar “gx 13 = G80 gm of CaCO, } maqit and malt as CaCO, ‘Catclum (Cs) 70 | mo 30 180 “Wa aati of wal» 660 gr oxpressed as CaCO, | Pan) Masoesum 7 [ane | 122 | 46 | 200 5 | von HEE fae ———— Tepes re peaescrtt en (Bsmel——fse aa ot ge MENON Aci cvass succes waa wmdORNNS IE] coemnsnaprere Bee] S| ero | SE |e Foquiced to uate te sample to pH = 4.5, What isthe tot alkally of welor in gf as CeCO,? + pH =p]. where [HY] sin | SUPRaEOe ots Gaara pet asta ts e + Silman ctor chp sted ere ws + Mean also canbe meselred by colour indicator. Colow tormned is compared with standard colo. 1 Indicates used aremetylorange scrgira coloured andectour produced yelow-pHrangs ol matiy orange s 28 4.4 + Meany orange ean aec iat: + Phanoiphiasinnas pH range 018.6 102, Orginal colau is seuress ands colour pi ‘+ Phenaiphtalenisabasicincato. 1+ Acie waer ease covesionancallatina watorcaussincustcional ice. : + Aline vater causes lfculy in cleseaon. So, Tt aalaty of water in mgt = 3052 « 150mg. as CaCO, EERIE ne vrovins coos denn oe conconalon f opades Om oj, a8 COT pH = reacted tt mela ‘ Soluton: Gent 5 2 Inia» 10 Tenenier Haviyiorange a azide ndlcaa and prevaiphinaln ba beso nacaiar UMADE ERSS” ~ "ihkeh withsoked Bante ED Conde84 | Civil Engineering Emer) Permissible Unit Fo inking ate pormisiblolmol pHi 71085, bu shouldnotbelessihan 6S doo rose nan 8.2, ‘A sample of ground wate at pH of 7.0 contains 122 mgi of blcerbonstes. ‘Wat ee akalinty o this wale (interme of CaCO)? {) 120 mo! (©) 60m {e) 100 mai (6) 200 mat Aa. (6) ‘Akairiy expressed in equator = HOO; «OH - HP i) 122 Niievalort mess of C05} = 122 2 meq evant mass C03] « 2 atioquivaton: ass of {OH iequalen mass of") = Thomitieguivaantt [OH] and [H"] ro negiibo. So Akan CaCO, «50 = 700 mai! The concenvation of OF Ton ae watar ample ls maaavred as W7 mall PH ofthe wale eampie? on @ 13 0H = log} venere {OH is concerwaion ef OH aren moles pre ois = WebhLingn _ 17103 | ‘ot = Tarecularmasé "17 the pi] valuos of incoming and outgoing wators ave 7.2.and 84 respectively. Assuming a nour variation ol pH wih time, dlerine the average pH value ot water Solin i 8y colnitonl pave. wove one Using suit orincoming water and 21 outgoing walt wo have Environmental ngioeting : Vol! | 85 Now ! Seay | z 4 Hadoese onetenton ards i etred os -— be cancrtaton et meaaen Ca per om ree ‘metaic cations in solution. oe o SAL peremrates — Tepso'Hosrss Pama ne conditions. the 1 4 harcescalonv Capea on Bexbent Gr 80 andtiog wesc wen anonsin “(e0E) 008) tes" aaa? CSepeconan enn «+ utc netaic Wabermatetenton 30 n0g8c) aber mtnaan exon we cage) en mal abundant wal calc and mages + Otterion rich gags ohardnessare Fe, Mr, Sonim ($2) and Aum (AP + Bul Fa Mi, 52" A are lund in such sar quit aed hanes for al races! pupeee nardress may bovepreserasby ho sum of Ca ane Ng ion. + Hardness canbe vised wo parse caborta arches andeon citonala hardness. + HEO5 arc CO} of Ga and tg caves carbonate hardness. ts locale tampa terdoess cose tis hrdnss canbe reed by simple Bongo walt Oy aden ime fo wale which caium carbonate (CaC0,) eas. (GripsmadeesirptbeaonsoraMADE EASY 26 | ct Eainerng ET) EAsy | mave ERSY | QRNEMEMINEMYTOTS] enicnnens crinecing: vor | 87 ~Mapriptior carbonale(gCO, i aah bia afer Penicé Noes nal oraoiate ‘Ans. (0) 1. Sapte eadiate esumad magne ge permarestares Ns cadens pig x2 AEACD yoy SM CLODS type ot hardness is also calted non-carbonata hardness, Taal hve Pc wi otag a ‘eq mt of Ca! 3 Pemaventhucus cat inva singel age sen ecge 209 ane arin ‘De you know? Magnesium hardnasss with suichale lon (> 50 mai) have laxative elect which may cause — Jose evo, However calcumearbonaie do ge any heath eatogprotiem + Harcnessisconmonydelned os ecaicumearbonta equivalent ot alum and megnesumions rasontn waar and is exyrestedn mg. “aaa a Ta a a RST ETO TOTO BD naanaaurni moccconmontinrenuns an nD ere enacted Pee ears ecnmecearees ‘+ The hardness in mgi! can be celermined by [Table 33 Comparison otHachoss Sntnaatestsmensemeas [a ees pepo sv | ees ‘+ Amount ol CO™ and Mg? in water is determined by 80-100 | Moderately sol \Wiration with versanaie solution (EDTA method). 100-180 | Sight hard * InEDTA method, weer is tirened wits ethylene diamins: ‘160-300 | Hone lotra-acelit acid using Eriochrome E:ack T(EBT) es. Over 300 ery har ninco. ‘EBT lonns wna ed eotur andvaion changes he colour lo bie. + HOO1MEDTAisused, 1 vol he rant is equivalon 101 mg! hardness at C20 MICS] and [Mg] known mario, oa nardness woud be eal to “Tottharénass (mgs C9003) «fp oe SERA fe un re + ana genoa vit x00, : + Taconbingnegh oa ig ns C9C0 fang are Tetaharéress = [Ca] mit x Five engi ! Sometimes, te harness is excressed in degree ofhardness. Each ish degree ct harness is! equal 4 25mland Ameicacogeacharosese eu 17 12mg Comparson lateness lev exressedn moi at CaCO, is seni Table 23 “aia hardness (mgft as CaCO) present in the waiar sample 6 mgi f Mg | ‘and 100 gl of Cais (a) 205 (e} 215 Giormaaias () 250 i (6) 308 THE RES" “masaeeappena ) ‘Akalniy and Hercness: Boarbonae acd carbonate lon in wate ae usually given by calcium, mmapresiumand sodium. + HNGHCO, anc Ne,CO, ae net presente courant absent then cabonste harness wi beeqalioatainly. “ibe ony peste, socum say wile absent ony when 80," ens CI-of eau and ‘magnesiom are oesen ie. Non-carbonate hardness presen (because sodium akany vil be covered ig calciom and magnesium ar). ‘+ Thisinpag hat, # norcarborateharGnes is presen: (Carbonaisnarchoss = Aran] 1+ Nonearbanateharénaesis absent then ‘kaiity> Coronata arcs %, (esas Hence, carbonate haces equate inahardress or akaiiy whichever sss. + Nomearbenaiaharcnees is equltg tll hardressn excess of akan, Permissible Limit: Accepble lm oa harcress « 200mtand cause or rejection = 600m! ‘ero Rardnads of waters achieved by sade process, (0) excoss fimo trealment | (6) lon exchange mathod (@) velng excess alum dosage ‘Ans (6) on excrange process is used for zero hardnas wat, A vatity of dissolved eof can be removed by on exchange. For harchess remove zeke (natal occuing sodur alum silcae maori somotme caled green sand) and sytnete resins 0 ‘sed, The removal process based onhigh adsrpon capaci ofcalcun endmagnesiions compared 0 ‘odiumions ins process exchange ses areuzed lo remove harchess. When alihe exchange ses 0 led hardness beginstoappeein ellen Tsiscaledtveak ough andirecessatesoregeeraion ‘lina medumbyconletng th song sodin toes. “ite methyl orange aikaliniy of water equals or exceeds otal hardness, all of tho naranossis “(8) Nosearbonate herdvess (¢) Pocus hardness ‘Ana. (0) Cermemadecasypttcatonsers | (0) Carbonatahareness i (@) Negative non-carbonate hardness | “Theory wh—— 5. teund cceurovearmereat be olorng ems 6. Nitrogen Content ‘Te presence ct nivogeninwaer maybe Indase roan pelson 2 Organ anon] ides aan of open etre + Preseeatoitgeninwaterinsestas presence ot eganicmatr ., Resmesatepanemate: || (cteanag | enemys stas focnes tercer canes | lt | Mery eat 4 ate Indl polation fy ned) ‘anmenia should ot be more tan __L (0.15 gi ent canbe eased by simply bing ne wae ancmaasuig he Woeraod anoria by distin process + The pezence of exgenicarerona indicates dacompostion hs jut sted and ing vale in clate water's 0.3mgi/anctis measured by boing a sarele ol rea baled wale pus song tka lice KnO ana mesure ammonia salieri. + Penang a tr ct itrogen, rie is ighy dangeraus, hence ts Peek is zero and is ing echeque. Tre calor fornia e developed bysiphuric eid + + Nivaois nat han because ts ly cncied, But much ol atate alec fans, Tha esson ‘bind isteauss ve bab seaseormatherrgjetnami, Neale concenaion oun be meretan 4 + Nate concenvion is measured by colour matching technave, Colts lormed by phen {uiphon «Poeseim hares, + Free Ammonis + Organic Armenia = Kola Aronia 7” ins cadwaterony nO, acied and camps head en we pel bah fae amiga aswalasorgaricarerena.| + nchideer vata is converte io nlite the nese which esis sucks O, om ‘ood endnaly baby got tun blue ‘Chords Content Chloride, tins a compound clanawitoher deme, ve préesenosty in rakalwal agricul oF tigation cschargeandrange ol concetaton every wide + The concenttion due i che is mest with sium. N&CZ (he crenen eal ano gore ‘extent wih calchmand magnesium Tray atthe mes! sable compenenisin wate. + Mostolne ver ang los nave horde conceniraten of nord asthe SO mal + Tha presance ol cordon igh vant noeatespoukan of walt due fo swage or india water + Ceides aremeasired by Mons ated in rich aw wari irae stands AgNO, econ seg C10, (Potassium erromale asin. + Another mood te delec ne china content argenomsric method. Permissible Limit: Chord ae rot tenemos bul he satiate (6. common sal or Na fr tle sullenng Yorn hoa orice sent hs tbe ect. Acoepfable ri 20 ane case fr tlecen¢ 1000 mal mane cass | mage ERs evar ntl | 88 eas “+ Phospherusisnondoslc and eo rot cause iectheah teat + eutinecty phosphorus as teat to water ually because: (@) Wiaciates tat grow of aqua plans (6) lierors wih westmant of wate Tha choca coagulation + Travaryiow concenraton 2 mle! phesphorus may inter wide water Yealmert proces Flores Fuses occu scrote nara in water. no, shoul beaded in cored quart ding voatrent process. Pe ee oct peer ig ho codes gon baw ie Rta eiptesoalnelt2 mi st anata eng do ci, + Thegreat agin! ee decays when waters turk chichood ing hw paid of twothterraton, ‘+ Howove optimum concentration! lui hes be contcted because encassve meuntleace'0 ‘ues, wc causes deceleualonot mating lied and somaimetene damage bohinchicren anda, ‘+ GeeaorhanSimgleause detormatonolbones coed bone fuorss and ther seston abnormal Permissible Limi: Acesptable it sup 1 i and resto han 1S mis cause rejection. BESET the torporarynarcnoss of water is causod by aa (8) dissolved carbon dioxide () bicarbonatos snd carbonates of calcium and magnesiom {) bicbonates of soon and potassium {(@) carbonates of caleium and magnesium ‘Ans. (0) 1 (Type of bpury) with Uist (Harm caused) and sect the Lo Use Use A. Exoass of nation 1. Brackish water 8. Excess of tuorides 2 Goire ©. Leck otodides 2. Fragile bones, 1D. Excess of chords 4, Blue babes Codes A 8 GOD m@o4 234 wm 1 2 8 4 4 9 274 @ 13 2 4 fue) = Pesticides Peaeides over a wide range of corrpounds haynes noigani compouncs such as copper supha, hoiatedhytocarbon suchas ODT atin ancindane.MADE EASY + Diecharpe ofpetesin he Rie cause has ob conte because acdenal ischage ot Posicdesinbuk becomas mote seu causing Een dea, + Renawtol pesticides are cond ty cave wetrn ung orne chaina dx or poss parang. 'NOTE: Rernovalaf peices lvough absorpon by aclvaed Gotan eran aleve 10, Phanets Phenalcompaundin sutace wae re mor fund dues pton ‘nut. ‘+ Ettuns rom perechericals. ashing rom mac ‘sa, ges quot re one en surlace are emansowesct ronal. ‘+ Phonak ae alo found in water em decaying alga -a vegetation. ‘+ Presence a phenols makes war tiacfonabe Inst and odcure, Highest dedirebe of pheno, thathas been recarmendedis 8.001 ni ‘+ Remoralotphenolais done by syparclornating process, cxidaton wh e2ene ry absorplionby sebraledesbon. 11, Mets ' ‘Thay are casited nwo ways: 1. Tote pe 2 Nontoxcype 1. Tec type metals: Example of oxic tls ae Arsene. Baru, Cader, Choi, Cyan, Leadand rc. 2. Non-asc type melas: Example of noxoxie metals ae CK, Na.Zn. Mn and Fe, ‘Sodiun: Hama some parson vith cote problam, Excess ol Na maybe destuctvoto sos. his ‘so corosiveta meta suacaln age concen, ks toi fr plants, ‘Measurement Measuroorts coriaby atric absorption spectophstonety, Iron and Manganese: en an mdngansse in concantaton greater than 0.3 ppm and 005 pam ‘respectively ae undesirable as tay may cave clown ol cloths washedin such wae, ‘+ They may case ncrstaton in bier mains due lo depositon oleic hydroxides (Fe(OH), and monecon + Sopeben setonasnargtio cpa eny scents ‘cioypess tea Fe ecojy 2S F (Hb wy FeCh SH 4 Fe (OH, L tee FeS0, 2" Fe (CH, ‘+ Instr tastion, manganese ato peiptates. * ron and manganese posses probles ngreund ator and boc aye clakes but rot in suiace water. Becawe sulacewator has sliient O, ana henca prec o! Fe(OH), and MnO, wi Permiasbl Limit Accept ii Fe is0.1~1.0mgit and Mn 005 -0' mah. mane eas Ermine going | 91 copper: + Escentohuransin smal iy amounts (2g) + slang quaniy alec respalry egans system and hinge. + Lassie etlcthes oenured when CuSO, isgealeran250 mal. + stmt is 005 ~ 15 mah catcum ‘+ Calciums very essen or bones arctaeh formation, + Theacceplable itis 75mg and cause reaction 200 gl Sulphate: ‘+ Therrainsouce ol sughaels dssoAanclqyasum andre mineral epost consnngsuphmes and tom indus etter + Accoptatiaet is 20 maf and case for ejcton 400 9 Zino (2) ‘> Znis vor essential ution toro. + athighcorcenvation, inf viel and etvoicay tox to aqui organisms, + Acceplabetin eS mg and cause lar ejacton Is 15 ‘Arson: + Ace o enon oxy to hamans. + By produel ol ametig oes and used Inher indus. + Acceptable itis 001 gland cause fr teecton i 0.05 mel Cain (Ca ‘© Cumulave igh toxic in humans andivesock. feat aii + Protect er metas against oxidation, Also usedin ce indies. + neconcanvation must nat be greater 0.01 mel. (Ohvmiam (Cr ‘+ Toxo human and plan. ‘+ shoud ot bo greater than 0.05 ‘Cyanid (CN + Cyanide ences Yssuesincapabi ol onygan exchange, 1 enaua nebo greater nan 005 mal “isnt cumaive ends biocegradeblein seams. and Ivesiock, Huan absorption oinegrated lead is sa, + istoxictomany erga and sens including thee. bones, idey sine, eproduetve ara oreus systems. Mercury (Ho) ‘Tose le at ypoors of He. 1 Nevcury1 ety Soni excreted tom fe human Bes 1 eshy| marcryis tines more xe hanivxgarie meu + Mageury poisoning cause doptesson, eumbnoss, sensalon. leaky Qu ystuncionee UCshould nse greater tn 0.001 rg, ADE ERE syneome, inane icon with Solved BsMADE ERsy MADE EASY Eicon ageig et | 93 Avanies Pans aca toner age naotocrotae, oetisnoltanal Some pannganmes, 09 cts seep shone toot cencoy ome met ° is Seca) "Nitrogen: The nitegen gs i al very mpercan. 0,20, s required tr respratonof water spaces and in ao casei shoud be less than 4 mf (lovelies tan surat levetincicates oxygen deicioncy. ej SLD aaaeaasl irene eT ‘Nichol, NT Lowore!loxciy tohumnans, Taxdo in plans and marine ta, uno Har fee Cased cena an Compound [_ y ues = a) gen "ios tase 6 borane ot ralral wok: Fah can wot apa quaiios of ‘Swe Sabeanee Tara tec aamnena ns, | Si 1 f Aetesn 38 esanain nts is teal Wo Bat rar, Con bo | Ron fantngp eats ‘camdacdbymaoogenan _ a 2 | Aastiaks | he oven ey tare Te a ppd a onc _or0s andusedinclherindvstis| ” cm ‘CrgaricN Nohoathelledsperse. 5 eae ee legato sats righteous, Usaty lund ace anor 7%, on fay coma wae an ak 2 ralueol waters bu surfaga wale concentrations ara sometimes. 8s high a¢ ately Tryon ‘ol Omg Maybeloueo pons preniabpretwreronta % % Bory, Be Extremely eric oa ho, Usually, netually presantin concentrations les than * en Cuatsiengateninterearaen —— Geet gh ace ween Ouse bya a mesa ome a 3 | Shecs | Sania ewe len rig Bug) Goon own = Sn eearges. _ (axpyra).Tosletoequsticargentems oa ot | sigosive denises and nerve dscedors, La 36. ‘Sodium, Na Hareiulio some parsons wth cardiac problems. oso & ‘Bromina, Br ‘Free bine (8) 9 song oxidant fund ral, Bone sats ae | 2, ‘Swenitive “Tho stab fsoinpe is @ widespread minor component of Ipmeous rocks. Bs harmbess. oo - ‘similar to calehum and saan ‘significance. Industrial sources of . ‘Stencil 7 | Caan Ca Gate ip nim anasto Maile Rehr - sneasonsaten B_| Sata 5 rico ogo ce ae bar wy soi one a Chlorine, ‘Semoasbromine * 3 ‘hres |W Cis ae. CV sto tana io paras. Crs dow nace Ea TTT ‘Suma picn wh stihl fers ach tamed hypatann ‘WGrtinvate, Tevet piots, Varying leranealaCrsalsngemet i ‘Tatimnasnoen shows tol pttosmmdisand ec as areepton 16 (owtonsiy ohumans escentalnecoemouns. ! 35. | Trgsten W _ ighiyietato wel onda lfomalononheain occ ¥ Copper ‘Esser! to humans in sma dey amour (2 mah. Upper ti vot a Varn roiumandissats nanans wee * mardi salar iodo arnsand ne asabaerepoeaio ‘einen gay aaasehaat omg es eee botitoba Dotttoogaicageasre, Stonesidteigioalsopareerdoac ——— - = “inaron | acne sta oman, oreiod @ Gia OT ‘Gjanid renders lesen meapae of Ongar exchanga. is pl Gamal 2 inptanie ™ Shiieedepacaben smear Cv wkoves tn hao i . ace ait - 3s | thatn [Raster arenes ata ere O37 | Poke | Funise nn tom sam i in Gl Nowe ecaewion || Sprerdeanltn tusben tangs ops Hower Snes samaepeoreee | celovociicztssacones Satis? coventtenre green tenia ; — a ae humana sain Hon sap ingcesiow | | YR Dhsalved Gases ‘Smal sg lage doses reretaprobie. ‘The various gazes whichmay gel sissoved in water ett cnlact wih he amospher ort ground a ghoraneetonncaan py |, suracemaybe open methane, ysogex captive, CO, ard Op = — — 1. ch is expose nvae anc causes geen house let ‘waren. Hy eet reriteyaaivecncateneroniag, | | 2 H,S:llis produces be taste and sme toe water and terelre Xt should be removed. -b am He : Ys pesos idle Boal aces, pars base ndmeko wate conve. W. “Motyodenan, Me "| Essomial micorutien!. Doos not acamdate and huanans con oloraic large ‘ 3 coats ae ripieeilnio eanas ‘more