Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Engineering Faculty
Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
Welding Technology
2018-2019 Fall
Additional Slides- After the midterm exam
Contents:
SMAW
SAW
GTAW (TIG)
GMAW (MIG-MAG)
FCAW
PAW
• Instructor
– Prof. Dr. Emel TABAN
Characteristics
Advantages
• High quality
• Precise control of arc
and fusion
characteristics
• Intricate geometries
weldable
• Easily mechanized
• Used with or without
filler material GTAW of Stainless Steel Bellows
Disadvantages
Deformation reduction
Reduction of grain size increasing Welding seam very smooth
Reduction of and regular
heat affected zone
Welding torch
Flowmeter Shielding gas supply
Teflon seal
Gas lens
Tungsten electrode clamp
Ceramic orifice
Refractory
orifice
Tungsten electrode
I2
Welding Technology 2018-2019 28
Prof.Dr. Emel Taban
Pulsed current
Pulsed current has some advantages in comparison the standard
TIG:
1) Good penetration with less heat input reduction of hot cracks;
2) Less distortion;
3) Good control of the pool when welding out of position;
4) Ease of welding thin materials;
5) Ease of welding materials of dissimilar thickness levels;
6) depth/width ratio till 2 to 1 in the welding of stainless steels
reduction of hot cracks;
7) sagging (seam concavity) reduction because high currents and the
short time of the pulsed mode gives the possibility to the weld pool of
rapidly cooling;
8) short heat affected zone;
9) gas inclusions reduction because the pulsed arc shakes the weld
pool and permits the gas discharge.
B a c k g ro u n d a m p e ra g e
T im e [se c ]
Peak Amperage —This value is usually set somewhat higher than it would be set for a non-pulsed GTAW
weld.
Background Amperage —This of course would be set lower than peak amperage.
Pulses Per Second —Is the number of times per second that the weld current achieves peak amperage.
% On Time —Is the pulse peak duration as a percentage of total time. It controls how long the peak
amperage level is maintained before it drops to the background value.
Material
DC AC
EN EP
Aluminium (t 2.5 [mm]) 2 2 1
Aluminium (t>2.5 [mm])
and aluminium alloys
2 3 1
Magnesium and
magnesium alloys
3 2 1
1=Best results;
Carbon steels and
low alloyed steels
1 3 3 2=Acceptable results;
Stainless steels 1 3 3 3=Not recommended
Copper 1 3 3
Bronze 1 3 2
Copper-aluminium alloys 2 3 1
Silicon-Bronze 1 3 3
Nickel and nickel alloys 1 3 2
Titanium 1 3 2
Welding Technology 2018-2019 31
Prof.Dr. Emel Taban
Current intensity: EN 26848
EN 26848 W T 10
W is the first letter of the main element (Wolframium); T is the first letter of the
added oxide (in this case thorium); 10 is the average percentage of oxide
content divided 10.
Therefore:EN 26848 W T 10 means an tungsten electrode with 1% of thorium.
The added oxides are usually finely dispersed in the tungsten matrix, but there some
electrodes defined “composites” that are constituted by a pure tungsten core covered with
oxides. These electrodes have the disadvantage that they can’t be tapered because in this
case they loss the oxide present on the surface.
All the electrodes, in function of the type of added oxide and of the added quantity have
an identification coloured ring on their extremity (see the following picture). The
“composites” electrodes have a second pink coloured ring.
Composition
Code Colour
Oxides [%] Impurities [%] Tungsten [%]
WP / 0,20 99,8 Green
WT4 0,35 to 0,55 of ThO2 0,20 remainder Blue
WT10 0,80 to 1,20 of ThO2 0,20 remainder Yellow
WT20 1,70 to 2,20 of ThO2 0,20 remainder Red
WT30 2,80 to 3,20 of ThO2 0,20 remainder Violet
WT40 3,80 to 4,20 of ThO2 0,20 remainder Orange
WZ3 0,15 to 0,50 of ZrO2 0,20 remainder Brown
WZ8 0,70 to 0,90 of ZrO2 0,20 remainder White
WL10 0,90 to 1,20 of LaO2 0,20 remainder Black
WC20 1,80 to 2,20 of CeO
Welding
2 0,20 2018-2019remainder
Technology Grey 35
Prof.Dr. Emel Taban
Electrodes codification (AWS 5.12)
The non consumable electrodes are also classified by an American Standard
AWS 5.12 as indicated below:
Composition
Code Colour
Oxides [%] Oxides type Tungsten [%]
EWP / / 99,5 min. Green
EWCe-2 1,80 to 2,20 CeO2 97,3 min. Orange
EWLa-1.5 1,30 to 1,70 LaO2 97,8 min. Gold
EWLa-2 1,50 to 2,00 LaO2 97,5 min. Blue
EWTh-1 0,80 to 1,20 ThO2 98,3 min. Yellow
EWTh-2 1,70 to 2,20 ThO2 97,3 min. Red
EWZr-1 0,15 to 0,40 ZrO2 98,3 min. Brown
EWG 1,70 to 2,20 Rare earth 94,5 min. Grey 36
Welding Technology 2018-2019
Prof.Dr. Emel Taban
Electrodes codification (AWS 5.12)
The lanthanated tungsten electrodes are ecological because the thorium oxide
has been substituted by non radioactive Lanthanum oxide.
The most used electrodes are EWLa-1 (1[%] Lanthanum, Black), EWLa-1.5
(1.5 [%] Lanthanum, Gold) and EWLa-2 (2 [%] Lanthanum, Blue).
The addition of 1 [%] or 2 [%] of Lanthanum oxide increases the maximum
current capacity of these electrodes of 50 [%] in comparison with the pure
tungsten with same electrode’s diameter using AC current.
The increase of lanthanum oxide percentage in the electrode increases also
the cost.
These electrodes have excellent arc starting, low-burn-off rate, arc stability,
and excellent re-ignition characteristics. The 1.5 [%] content appears to most
closely match the conductivity properties of 2 [%] thoriated tungsten.
Compared to cerium and thorium the Lanthanum electrodes had less tip wear
at given current levels.
For Inverter Squarewave use the electrode shape is very nearly the same as
for DC electrode negative welding. This improves the ability to focus the arc
along with an even greater localisation of the heat into the work. In this case is
not recommended the use of pure tungsten.
For AC Sine Wave use the electrodes should have a hemispheric or balled
end formed.
The diameter of the end should not exceed the diameter of the electrode by
more than 1.5 times. As an example, a 1,6 [mm] electrode should only form a
2.4 diameter end maximum. If it becomes larger than this because of
excessive current, there is the possibility of it dropping off to contaminate the
weld. If the end is excessively large the arc tends to wander around on the
large surface of the electrode tip. The arc becomes very hard to control as it
wanders from side to side.
If welding conditions are correct, a visual observation of the electrode should
reveal a ball end of uniform shape and proper size.
Regarding the penetration a pointed end of electrode produces a more focused arc
and a deep and narrow penetration.
A balled end electrodes produces, on the contrary, a wide and shallow penetration.
Tolerance
0,5÷1,0÷1,6÷2,0÷2,5
0.05
3,2÷4,0÷5,0÷6,3÷8,0 Tolerance
10,0 0.10
Gas nozzles or cups as they are better known, are made of various types of heat
resistant materials in different shapes, diameters and lengths.
The nozzles are either screwed into the torch head or pushed in place.
Nozzles can be made of ceramic, metal, metal-jacketed ceramic, glass, or other
materials. Ceramic is the most popular, but are easily broken and must be replaced often.
Nozzles used for automatic applications and high amperage situations often use a water-
cooled metal design.
Gas nozzles or cups must be large enough to provide adequate shielding gas coverage
to the weld pool and surrounding area. A nozzle of a given size will allow only a given
amount of gas to flow before the flow becomes turbulent. When this occurs the
effectiveness of the shielding is reduced, and nozzle size must be increased to restore an
effective non-turbulent flow of gas.
For welding of particular materials like titanium the gas purity shall be greater
than 99,995 [%].
When choosing a shielding gas, a fact that must be considered is the
ionisation potential of the gas. Ionisation potential is measured in volts and is
the point where the welding arc will be established between the electrode and
the work piece through the shielding gas. In other words, it is the voltage
necessary to electrically charge the gas so that it will conduct electricity. The
ionisation potential of argon is 1.5 lower than helium. Therefore, arc voltage
produced with argon would be lower than that produced by helium; therefore
we have a more stable arc, and easier arc start and re-ignition.
Argon, since has an atomic weight greater than Helium, provides excellent
cleaning action even at low amperages.
Argon is insoluble in the fused seam and for this reason is very low the risk to
have inclusions of this gas in the weld.
EN 1089-3
Gas cylinder colour
• The best position of the torch and filler metal is shown in the following
picture:
Filler metal
75°
Torch
15°
Piece
Torch direction 66
Welding Technology 2018-2019
Prof.Dr. Emel Taban
Special applications (tube to tube-sheet welding)
TIG torch
Circumferential
weld
Tube
Process Characteristics
Composition
Electrode 6 = high silicon
Solid Electrode
Rod (can be used
with GMAW) Minimum ultimate tensile
strength of the weld metal
Shielding Gas
• Shielding gas can
affect
– Weld bead shape
– Arc heat, stability,
Ar Ar-He He CO2 and starting
– Surface tension
– Drop size
– Puddle flow
– Spatter
Welding Technology 2018-2019 74
Prof.Dr. Emel Taban
Gas Metal Arc Welding
GMAW Advantages
• Deposition rates
higher than SMAW
• Productivity higher
than SMAW with
no slag removal
and continuous
welding
• Easily automated
Quality Issues
Limitations
• Equipment is more expensive and
complex than SMAW
• Process variants/metal transfer
mechanisms make the process
more complex and restricts the
process “window”
• Restricted access
– GMAW gun is larger than
SMAW holder
– Out-of-position issues
• Welding fume
Characteristics
Electrode
Type Gas, Usability
Minimum UTS and Performance
70,000 psi
Flux Cored /Tubular
Position Electrode
Advantages
• High deposition rates
• Deeper penetration than
SMAW
• High-quality
• Less pre-cleaning than
GMAW
• Slag covering helps with
larger out-of-position
welds
• Self-shielded FCAW is
draft tolerant.
Limitations
• Slag must be removed
• More smoke and fumes
than GMAW and SAW
• Spatter
• FCAW wire is more
expensive
• Equipment is more
expensive and complex
than for SMAW
SHIELDING GAS
CONSTRICTING NOZZLE
ORIFICE DIAMETER
TORCH STANDOFF WORK
ORIFICE GAS
SHIELDING
GAS
WORK
TRANSFERRED NONTRANSFERRED
• Advantages • Industries
– Better penetration than – Medical (pacemakers)
GTAW and GMAW – Aerospace
– 100% root penetration by – Electronics
formation of “keyhole” – Precision manufacturing
– Easily automated • Applications
– Bellows and seals
– Good out-of-position
– Motors and transformers
– Low fume generation
– Tube mills
• Disadvantages
– Cladding, wire mesh, process
– Equipment cost piping
– Familiarity with – Space shuttle tanks
technology