The higher CrI value of TCC compared to CC can be well understood by the reduction and removal of amorphous non-cellulosic

compounds induced by the alkali and bleaching treatments performed in the purification process. The increase in the CrI value
of CNC30 in relation to TCC was also observed, due to the partial
removal of the paracrystalline domains during the acid hydrolysis. Similar behavior was observed when comparing the diffraction
patterns of samples CNC30 and CNC60

According to(Siwei Huang , Ling Zhou , Mei-Chun Li , Qinglin Wu, 2017),this leads to the
realignment of cellulose molecules.

Based on Figure 2, it can be concluded that the crystallinity peak increases upon the
purification by alkali treatment and after undergoing the acid hydrolysis treatment. This was
due to the alkali treatment that had successfully removed partially of the non-cellulosic
materials in order to obtain the highly purified nanocellulose. This assumption was supported
by(Manaf, Mohamad, Sakinah, & Ahmad, 2019), which stated that the application of alkali
could be used in alkali treatment as an agent in eliminating the amorphous polymer of
hemicellulose and the residual lignin.
It is used to study the crystalline behavior and to evaluate the relation between the crystals
structure and characteristics. Since cellulose in molecular structure is partially crystalline and
partially amorphous, this means that the cellulose chains will be tightly held by mutual H-
bonding in the crystalline (ordered) areas, whereas there is no H-bonding in the amorphous
(disordered) areas of the cellulose chains(Leite et al., 2017)

The rigidity of cellulose fibers increases and their flexibility decreases with increasing the
ratio of crystalline to amorphous regions.

crystalline cellulose components are oriented in the matrix of lignin, hemicellulose, pectin,
etc. During chemical treatment the cementing materials (matrix) will be dissolved, and the
remaining pure crystalline particles isolated.

These particles show increasing orientation along a particular axis, due to their similarity in
shape(Pandey et al., 2015)