Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CE IV : ))
Contents
LECTURE 1: FAMILY MEDICINE & FAMILY ASSESSMENT TOOL .................................................. 2
LECTURE 2: FAMILY MEDICINE ................................................................................................... 4
LECTURE 3: INDONESIA NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE .......................................................... 7
LECTURE 5: CARE DELIVERED BY FAMILY MEDICINE ............................................................... 10
PANDUAN PRAKTIK KLINIS DOKTER DI FASILITAS PELAYANAN PRIMER .............................. 13
LECTURE 6: DOCTOR PATIENT COMMUNICATION .................................................................. 19
LECTURE 7: MENTAL DISORDER IN PRIMARY CARE ................................................................. 21
LECTURE 8: MANAJEMEN TERPADU BALITA SAKIT (MTBS) ..................................................... 23
LECTURE 9: MANAJEMEN TERPADU KESEHATAN REMAJA ..................................................... 25
LECTURE 10: Cardiovascular Disorder in Primary Care ............................................................ 27
10 Steps before you refer for chest pain ............................................................................. 27
CASE ..................................................................................................................................... 36
HEART FAILURE .................................................................................................................... 40
LECTURE 11: Cancer Screening and Prevention....................................................................... 47
Kanker Payudara .................................................................................................................. 48
Kanker Kolorektal ................................................................................................................. 49
Kanker Kulit .......................................................................................................................... 49
LECTURE 12: Diabetic Mellitus in Primary Healthcare Setting ................................................ 51
Evaluasi Medis Komprehensif dan Penilaian Komorbiditas ................................................. 51
PLAN OF CARE (KASUS A) ..................................................................................................... 54
Sindrom Metabolik pada DM (KASUS B) .............................................................................. 56
KASUS C ................................................................................................................................ 60
LECTURE 13: Respiratory Disorders and Re-emerging Disease ............................................... 64
Penanggulangan TB di Indo ................................................................................................. 64
LECTURE 14: GERIATRIC CARE IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SETTING ....................................... 65
Normal Changes With Aging ................................................................................................ 65
PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT........................................................................................................ 68
FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................. 69
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**cold chain: rantai dingin → vaksin di - Clinical biography & life event
transport dingin terus dari distributor sampe - SCREEM
ke klinik
FAMILY APGAR SCORE
MANAGING INFORMATION [medical records] a. Adaptation
- More than document clinical details - Saya puas bahwa saya daoat kembali
- Proper kept & used pada keluarga / teman” saya, untuk
- Allow problem solving process form membantu saya pada waktu saya
- Problem medical records [POMR] mendapat kesusahan
better than source medical records a) Selalu – 2 poin
[SOMR] b) Kadang – 1 poin
c) Tidak pernah – 0 poin
ORGANIZING NEW RECORD SYSTEM
- Barrier change b. Partnership
- Storage medical record Menggambarkan komunikasi,
saling membagi, saling mengisi antar
- Filling record & retrieval: numeric,
anggota keluarga dalam segala masalah
alphabet. Address, color coding
yang dialami oleh keluarga tersebut.
- Culling & archiving records - Saya puas dengan keluarga / teman”
- Paperless MR saya, untuk membicarakan sesuatu
MEDICAL RECOD & PATIENT CONFIDENTIAL dengan saya dan mengungkap
a. Care: providing direct care to patient masalah dengan saya
b. Consent: give patient consent a) Selalu – 2 poin
c. Compulsion: empower by legal b) Kadang – 1 poin
d. Concern: public interest c) Tidak pernah – 0 poin
c. Growth
Menggambarkan dukungan
LECTURE 2: FAMILY MEDICINE keluarga terhadap hal-hal baru yang
dilakukan anggota keluarga tersebut,
- Patient is a family member
mematangkan pertumbuhan dan
- Goal family medicine: to view the patient
kedewasaan keseluruhan anggota keluarga.
problems as a whole person in multi context - Saya puas dengan keluarga / teman”
APGAR KELUARGA saya, menerima dan mendukung
- Dokter layanan primer melayani pasien secara keinginan saya untuk melakukan
menyeluruh termasuk fisik, mental dan social aktifitas atau arah baru
- Dalam penyembuhannya butuh dukungan a) Selalu – 2 poin
teman, keluarga → hal ini berpengaruh b) Kadang – 1 poin
tehadap kondisi pasien c) Tidak pernah – 0 poin
- Hubungan pasien dengan keluarga atau d. Affection
teman dikaji dengan metode ttt Menggambarkan hubungan kasih
sayang dan interaksi antar anggota keluarga
- Saya puas dengan cara keluarga /
FAMILY ASSESSMENT TOOL teman” saya, mengekspresikan afek
- Family genogram dan berespon terhadap emosi saya
- Family circle seperti marah sedih atau mencintai
- Family APGAR → Adaptasi; partnership; a) Selalu – 2 poin
growth; affection; resolve b) Kadang – 1 poin
- Family adaptability & cohesion evaluation c) Tidak pernah – 0 poin
scale (FACES) e. Resolve
- Family environmentak scale (FES)
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TUJUAN GEOGRAM
a. Genealogy
Mencatat sejarah
b. Medicine
- Mempermudah evakuasi resiko
kesehatan
- Memberikan informasi berharga
kepada tim kesehatan → untuk
diagnose dan treatment yang cepat,
akurat
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PROSEDUR PELAYANAN PESERTA JKN bergerak, praktek mandiri dokter & dokter
1. Untuk pertama kali setiap Peserta gigi
didaftarkan oleh BPJS Kesehatan pada satu d. FASKES tk lanjutan: RS umum, khusus, klinik
FasKes tingkat pertama yang ditetapkan oleh spesialis, ballai kesehatan
BPJS Kesehatan setelah mendapat
rekomendasi dinkes kabupaten/kota KESIAPAN SISTEM DAN PEDOMAN
PELAYANAN
2. Dalam jangka waktu paling sedikit 3 (tiga)
1. Program Penguatan Sistem Pelayanan
bulan selanjutnya Peserta berhak memilih
Kesehatan Primer → Promotif & Preventif
Fasilitas Kesehatan tingkat pertama yang
2. Panduan Praktek Klinik → Panduan Praktek
diinginkan.
Klinik
3. Peserta harus memperoleh pelayanan
3. Modul PLJJ → e-learning & e-training
kesehatan pada Fasilitas Kesehatan tingkat
pertama tempat Peserta terdaftar. KESIAPAN KEFARMASIAN DI FASKES PRIMER
4. Dalam keadaan tertentu, ketentuan ayat 3 & RUJUKAN
tidak berlaku bagi Peserta yang:
a. berada di luar wilayah Fasilitas
Kesehatan tingkat pertama tempat Peserta
terdaftar; atau
b. dalam keadaan kegawatdaruratan
medis
5. Jika peserta memerlukan layanan rujukan,
maka Faskes tk pertama harus merujuk ke
Faskes rujukan tk lanjut yg terdekat, sesuai
sistem rujukan yang diatur dalam ketentuan
peraturan yg berlaku
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- HOW INTEGATE HEALTH CARE DELIVERY need as more and more people live to
a) GOOD PREVENTIVE CARE ripe old age.
Preventive care must take the g) GOOD PALIATIVE CARE
forefront of our care – the old adage of ◦ This will include not only
“prevention is better than cure” will terminal care but also the care that can
always remain true. We therefore need extend and enrich those with cancer who
to integrate preventive efforts in our cannot be cured.
curative work – this applies to the ◦ Good palliative care goes
specialist too. beyond cancers. It is also needed to slow
b) GOOD ACUTE CARE down the progression of end organ
Acute care is where we really disease states. E.g. end stage heart
need to integrate knowledge, skill and disease, kidney failure and strokes. The
experience and to share it with one care is all palliative.
another on how to do things right the b. CONTINUING CARE
first time. – is care of a chronic medical problem
Good acute care is very, very which requires regular monitoring and also
important in the elderly, particularly, in care of complications that may arise.
the very old because the window of – examples of medical conditions
opportunity is small and we must act fast requiring continuing care are: hypertension,
or they will never be the same again. diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia.
c) GOOD CHORIC DISEARE CARE – In chronic medical conditions,
MANAGEMENT continuity of care may not be always feasible.
– Will reduce the burden of medical record keeping, communication and
disease on the sufferers. discussion of the care plan.
– Good chronic disease care is a – the concept of team care here:
good example of the need for integrative • family physician as the
care. coordinator of care,
– integrated chronic disease • the specialist who sees the
care will make a big difference in the patient time and again to deal with
reduction of disease burdens. complications or to conduct a periodic
d) GOOD STEPDOWN CARE review of the health status of the patient.
– Is important with the rising • nurse practitioner who counsels
cost of acute hospital care and the and assists the doctor is looking after the
increasing numbers of the elderly who patient
take a longer time to recover from their • the dietitian.
medical illnesses. • the physiotherapist
– Good step-down care again c. PERSONAL CARE
relies on integration. • This is care that is delivered with a
e) GOOD ELDERY CARE close rapport between the patient and the
◦ The care of the elderly is doctor. The patient may consult his family
perhaps the best example integrated doctor not only when he is unwell but may
care both vertically and horizontally. seek his counsel as a friend and mentor.
◦ Care of these people cannot be • The provision of good personal care
good without adopting the paradigm of by the doctor is important in maintaining a
integrating the efforts of carers for a long-term relationship with the patient.
common purpose. d. PRIMARY CARE
f) GOOD DOMICILIARY CARE ▪ This is first contact care.
this is a very much underserved ▪ In primary care, the patient may
area of care in many parts of the world. present with one or more of the following
reasons (reasons for encounter):
It will grow in importance as an area of
- pain or other symptoms;
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- accident and emergency; provider mix, level of care, and need for
- preventive health care; medical management in the home as
- administrative requirements -- physical follows:
check-up and certification; – Acute Care
- seeking assurance (worry about the – Continuing Care / Long Term Care
meaning of symptoms); – Preventive Care
- problems of living; – Palliative Care
- legitimatization of sick role. ii. THE ROLE OF FAMILY PHYSICIAN IN HOME
▪ The meaning of primary care here is CARE
clinically oriented and is narrower than the • Facilitates early discharge or
wider scope WHO's elements of primary prevents admission to hospital or other
care; costly facilities.
▪ What is seen by the family physician • Allows individuals to remain in
is dependent on the decision of the patient their current environment in the
- the patient may choose to see the community as long as possible.
specialist • Prevents occurrence of injuries,
- the patient may choose to see the GP illnesses, chronic conditions and their
resulting disabilities.
- self-medicate
• Offers total care to a person and
- or do nothing about it
caregiver(s) to improve quality of life.
▪ Concept of team care is important iii. DEFINITION HOME CARE
▪ The members of this team consists
• Any diagnostic, therapeutic, or
of:
social support service provided in the home
- the family physician → coordinator of
• Includes → Home medical care by
care, MD; Skilled nursing ; Speech therapy; Social
- the specialist who sees the patient time work; Home health services; Hospice;
and again to deal with complications or Telemedicine
to conduct a periodic review of the • Professional → Nurse; Dentist;
health status of the patient. Podiatrist; PT/ OT/ speech therapist;
- Nurse practitioner who counsels and Psychologist; Dietitian; Optometry
assists the doctor is looking after the ;Pharmacist
patient; • Diagnostic → Labs;
- the dietitian; Xray/Ultrasound; ECG/Holter monitoring
- the physiotherapist, • Supportive → Home Health Aides;
Home Attendants; Homemakers; Home-
- For those who are bedridden, the
delivered meals
domiciliary care staff will need to be
• Equipment → Infusion therapy;
activated.
Ventilators; Medical Alert Devices; Beds
- For patient can no longer be suitable to Wheelchairs; Lifts
be looked after at home for various iv. SIKLLED HOME CARE
reasons like the absence of a carer or A physician can refer any patient
nursing has to be done frequently with an acute skilled need to a home care
(community hospital and nursing home agency:
), medical social worker may also need • Nursing care → Monitoring of
to be drawn into the team. vital signs, cardiovascular status;
e. HOME CARE Medication titration; Wound care;
i. DEFINITION: Home care serves a number Monitoring of symptoms ( pain etc.)
of functions for acute, continuing, • Physical therapy
preventive and palliative care; each of • Speech therapy
• Infusion therapy
these functions necessitates a different
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• berisi hasil pemeriksaan fisik dan The context in which the interaction
pemeriksaan penunjang yang spesifik, occurs
mengarah kepada diagnosis penyakit
(pathognomonis). HAVE TO LEARN THIS
• Meskipun tidak memuat rangkaian Competency
pemeriksaan fisik lainnya, pemeriksaan tanda Skills set: interpersonal skills, biomedical
vital dan pemeriksaan fisik menyeluruh tetap and technical skills
harus dilakukan oleh dokter layanan primer Quality of health care
untuk memastikan diagnosis serta Foundation of trust and compassion
menyingkirkan diagnosis banding
d. Penegakan diagnosis (assessment) PURPOSES DOCTOR – PATIRNT
• berisi diagnosis yang sebagian COMMUNICATION
besar dapat ditegakkan dengan anamnesis, ● Create good interpersonal
dan pemeriksaan fisik. relationship
• Beberapa penyakit membutuhkan ● Develop trust
hasil pemeriksaan penunjang untuk ● Exchange information
memastikan diagnosis atau karena telah ● Making treatment-related decisions
menjadi standar algoritma penegakkan (shared decision making)
diagnosis. ● Ask relevant questions
• memuat klasifikasi penyakit, ● Clarifying
diagnosis banding, dan komplikasi penyakit. ● Providing information
e. Rencana penatalaksanaan komprehensif ● Paraphrasing and summarizing
(plan) OBJECTIVE THERAPEUTIC
• berisi sistematika rencana COMMUNICATION
penatalaksanaan berorientasi pada a. Collecting information to determine
pasien (patient centered) yang terbagi illness
atas dua bagian yaitu penatalaksanaan b. Assessing and modifying behavior
non farmakologi dan farmakologi. c. Providing health education
GOOD THERAPEUTIC
• berisi edukasi dan konseling terhadap
COMMUNICATION ASSOCIATED WITH:
pasien dan keluarga (family focus), aspek
● Enhanced ability to obtain valid
komunitas lainnya (community oriented) informed consent
serta kapan dokter perlu merujuk pasien ● Positive clinical outcomes
(kriteria rujukan). ● Higher levels of patient satisfaction
● Higher levels of patient compliance
LECTURE 6: DOCTOR PATIENT with treatment programs
● Lower levels of patient
COMMUNICATION frustration/anger
● Patient health outcomes: health
ELEMENT OF COMUNICATION (hargie&
status/morbidity, compliance/adherence to
Dickson, 2004)
treatment, recall and understanding of
Two or more communicators
information, and satisfaction.
A message
The medium or the particular means of TYPE OF COMMUNICATION
conveying the message, with the three a. Verbal
main types: being presentational, Ensure understanding of the
representational, and technological patient’s story and psychosocial factors of
The channel health
A code or language Open-ended questions
Noise Permission for personal or social
questions
Feedback
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Avoid medical jargons or difficult Partnership: Stress that you will be working
technical language together with the patient to address physical
Respect cultural diversity therapy concerns.
Include patient’s family (after Explanations: Check often to ensure
consent) understanding.
Intonation Cultural competence: Respect patients and
Summary: paraphrasing their culture and beliefs while being aware
TIPS VERBAL COMUNICATION:
of your own biases and preconceptions.
- Make sure your patients understand
Trust: Self-disclosure may be difficult for
- Give patients a chance to ask questions
some patients, so take the necessary time
- Do not interrupt or dismiss easily
and consciously work to establish trust.
- Be considerate of the patient’s
perspective BARIRER TO COMMUNICATION
- Be fully present and engage Lack of warmth and friendliness
3 TYPE OF QUESTION Failure to take into account patients’
- Open-ended concern and expectations from the
- Closed- ended medical visit
- Focused Lack of clear-cut explanation concerning
b. Non- verbal diagnosis and causation of illness
- Eye contact and body language Use of medical jargons
- Attentive posture Language barrier
- Eye level, sitting position Hearing barrier
- Active listening
Physical barrier
c. Written communication
Articles IMPORTANT POINT:
E-mails Know ourselves
Blogs Know our patients
Social media (WhatsApp, Line) Patient-centered approach Patients’ point
d. Visual communication of view
- Photos Recognizing and acknowledging patients’
- Drawing emotions & ICE
- Charts Words and tone, action and body language
- Graphs Respect
TELEMEDICINE Quality
The exchange of medical information through Accountability
electronic communication to improve patient Loyalty
health Cure and Care
Comfort, relieve
THE RESPECT MODEL Ensuring patient safety in communicating
Rapport: See the patient’s point of view, with patients
consciously attempt to suspend judgment, Confidentiality
and avoid making assumptions.
Interaction: honest, transparent, kind,
Empathy: Understand the patient’s rationale gentle, and caring
and acknowledge the patient’s feelings.
Non judgmental approach
Support: Try to understand barriers to care
Ongoing support
and compliance and involve family members
Observations and Reflections
if appropriate.
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UPAYA PENCEGAHAN
- Kontak erat antara RS & masyarakat
- Penyuluhan berkala
- Sektorisasi
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b. Rasional
- Tatalaksana berbasi pedoman dan
bukti ilmiah
- Menggurangi risiko over/ under/
mis- treatment
PELAKSANAAN MTBS
- Tenaga kesehatan di unit rawat jalan tingkat
dasar (puskesmas, pustu, polindes) ➔
perawat medis dan dokter
KEY FAMILY & COMMUNITY PRACTICES - Bukan untuk rawat inap
- Bukan untuk kader
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PERKEMBANGAN OTAK
HEALTH WHO
A state of complete physical, mental,
social wellbeing and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity
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PUBERTAS
LAYANAN KESEHATAN RAMAH REMAJA
1. Pelayanan medis
2. Pengelolahan faktor risiko:
- Skiring faktor risiko
- Meningkatkan literasi kesehatan &
komitmen hidup sehat
- Meningkatkan ketangguhan remaja
(resilience)
- Pengelolahan perilaku berisiko (risky
behaviour management)
MAKANAN SEHAT
- Menurunkan potensi bahaya dari
1. Aneka ragam bahan pangan
perilaku berisiko (harm reduction)
2. Seimbang
ANAMNESIS - HEEADSSS 3. Pembatasan GGL
4. Besar porsi cukup
5. Rutin dan teratur
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Pulmonary embolism
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3. Establish the risk factors: how likely is it that your patient has CHD?
• Non-modifiable risk factors:
– Increasing age – Ethnic groups
– Gender – Positive family history
• Modifiable risk factors:
– Smoking – Hypertension
– Diabetes mellitus – Obesity
– Dyslipidemia
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ECG of ACS
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Cara make dan calculate risiko nya buat apa ini urgent stemi ato ga
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TIMI Risk Score for STEMI summarized for printing on laminated card for clinical use.
DM indicates diabetes mellitus; SBP, systolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; and rx, treatment.
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CASE
Angina or Not?
• A 50 years old male
• Came to ED with chest dyscomfort after exercise and meal
• His father died suddenly of a heart attack
• Dyslipidemia
• ECG
• Lab results
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• Heart Score
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2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of ACS in patients presenting without persistent ST-
segment elevation (NSTE-ACS)
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Later in ICCU
• ECG
• Lab results
• Angiogram
LCA-angiogram RCA-angiogram
PRIMARY PCI
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HEART FAILURE
Epidemiology
• In developed countries the prevalence of heart failure among adults is approximately 1–2%,
although the prevalence may be more than 10% among older adults (≥ 70 years)
• A typical primary care clinician, caring for 2000 patients, is therefore likely to have
approximately 40 patients with heart failure, and more if their patient population is older
• People with heart failure often have:
• a reduction in quality of life
• require frequent hospital admissions and
• have a poor prognosis
• Mortality from heart failure remains high, in the first year after diagnosis, 30 – 40% of patients
die
Definition
• Heart failure can be defined as an abnormality of the structure or function of the heart that
leads to a failure of the heart to deliver sufficient oxygen to the metabolizing tissues
• Compensatory mechanisms, e.g. an increase in heart rate, cardiac muscle mass, cardiac filling
pressures and blood volume, work to maintain the ability of the heart to pump effectively,
however, over time the heart progressively fails
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Device Therapy
• Device therapy for heart failure includes implantation of a cardioverter defribillator or
cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT), using devices that provide biventricular pacing or
may combine the ability for both pacing and defibrillation
• Device therapy may be considered for some patients with heart failure, e.g. those who
remain symptomatic despite optimal use of medicines, those with an ejection fraction that
remains low (< 35%) or those with LBBB on ECG and a prolonged QRS duration (>150 ms)
• Device therapy can improve symptoms, quality of life and ventricular function and reduce the
risk of sudden death
• Patients with co-morbidities that are likely to reduce their life expectancy (within one year)
are generally considered not suitable for device therapy
Patients Encouragement
• Weigh themselves daily. It is useful to establish a “dry weight” so that changes in the patient’s
condition are detected and managed early. If the patient’s weight increases rapidly and they
become increasingly symptomatic, have a plan in place for the patient to increase their
furosemide dose for a few days until the weight decreases again.
• Participate in regular exercise and if appropriate, suggest dietary measures to assist with fat
weight loss (as opposed to fluid weight loss)
• Avoid an excessive intake of salt and alcohol
• Monitor their fluid intake – fluid should be restricted to between 1.5 and 2 L/day in patients
with moderate or more severe symptoms of fluid overload
• There is less evidence that fluid restriction is beneficial in patients with mild symptoms of
heart failure
• Maximize adherence to medicines
• Have an annual influenza vaccination
Review Regularly
• All patients with heart failure require regular review. If medicine doses are being gradually
increased, monthly review is recommended
• For patients who are stable on optimal doses of medicines, six monthly review may be
appropriate
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• If doses of medicine are being decreased, regular monitoring remains important because of
the risk that the ejection fraction may reduce again and the patient may redevelop symptoms
• The aim of long-term treatment is for the patient to be no longer taking a diuretic but to be
maintained on maximal doses of an ACE inhibitor and a beta-blocker to ensure their ejection
fraction remains > 40%
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Kanker Payudara
Pemeriksaan Klinis
Pemeriksaan Penunjang :
Mammografi 50th keatas
USG Payudara 30th keatas
MRI
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Kanker Kolorektal
Epidemiologi
* Menurut American Cancer Society, kanker kolorektal (KKR) adalah kanker ketiga terbanyak
dan merupakan kanker penyebab kematian
* Berdasarkan survei GLOBOCAN 2012, insidens KKR di seluruh dunia → menempati urutan
ketiga (1360 dari 100.000 penduduk [9,7%]
* keempat sebagai penyebab kematian (694 dari 100.000 penduduk [8,5%]
* Di Amerika Serikat (2016), diprediksi akan terdapat 95.270 kasus KKR baru, dan 49.190
kematian yang terjadi akibat KKR
* Secara keseluruhan risiko untuk mendapatkan kanker kolorektal adalah 1 dari 20 orang
Faktor Risiko
* Faktor tidak dapat dimodifikasi → riwayat KKR atau polip adenoma individual dan keluarga;
riwayat penyakit kronis inflamatori pada usus
* Faktor yang dapat dimodifikasi → inaktivitas, obesitas, konsumsi tinggi daging merah,
merokok dan konsumsi alkohol moderat-sering
Diagnosis
* Anamnesa
* Perubahan pola defekasi, BAB lendir dan darah
* Pemeriksaan fisik → Rectal Toucher
“Pasien dengan riwayat BAB berdarah apabila tidak dilakukan RT → sebuah tindakan kriminal “
Screening
* Colok dubur
* FOBT atau FIT
* Sigmoidoskopi fleksibel
* Kolonoskopi
* Barium enema dengan kontras ganda
* CT kolonografi setiap 5 tahun
Kanker Kulit
SAKURI
“periksa kulit sendiri”
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Target
• A: HbA1C < 7%
• B: Blood Pressure
• C: Cholesterol
Pilihan Obat
• METFORMIN (FIRST LINE)
• Sulfonilurea
• Glimepiride
• Glikazide
• Glikuidon
• Glibenclamide
• DPP 4 : Vildagliptin
• Acarbose
• Insulin
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Rekomendasi
● Patient-centered approach
● Metformin → terapi awal pilihan untuk Diabetes tipe 2
● Metformin → dilanjutkan selama masih dapat ditoleransi dan tidak dikontraindikasikan.
● Agen lain (insulin) harus ditambahkan ke metformin
● Terapi kombinasi dini → dipertimbangkan saat memulai pengobatan untuk memperpanjang
waktu hingga kegagalan pengobatan
● Pemberian awal Insulin → katabolisme berkelanjutan (penurunan BB), gejala hiperglikemia,
kadar A1C> 9% atau kadar glukosa darah >300 mg/dl
● Intensifikasi terapi pada pasien yang tidak memenuhi tujuan pengobatan tidak boleh ditunda
● Regimen pengobatan dan perilaku pengambilan harus dievaluasi ulang secara berkala → (3-
6 bulan)
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CATETAN CE BELEGUG
Insulin
CATATAN
• Jika terjadi HIPOGLIKEMIA → SEGERA
Rujuk SpPD
• Jika tidak terkontrol dalam 2 minggu →
Rujuk SpPD
ABC of DM Management
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CATETAN CE BELEGUG
Non-medikamentosa:
• Edukasi nutrition therapy:
• Kebutuhan energi untuk metabolisme basal = 25 kkal/kgBB ditambah kebutuhan
aktivitas fisik dan kebutuhan kalori tambahan (metabolic stress)
• Kebutuhan protein = 10-15% total energi
• Kebutuhan lemak = 20-25% total energi (<10% lemak jenuh, 10% lemak tidak jenuh
ganda, sisanya lemak jenuh tunggal); kolesterol dibatasi maksimal 300 mg/hari
• Kebutuhan karbohidrat = 60-70% total energi
• Gula murni tidak diperbolehkan; bila sudah terkontrol dapat diberikan konsumsi gula
murni sampai 5% kebutuhan energi total
• Serat dianjurkan 25 g/hari
• Kebutuhan kalori:
• Kalori basal 25-30 kal/kgBB ideal disesuaikan dengan beberapa faktor
• Berat badan ideal pasien -> 90% x (158 (bb pasien)-100) x 1 kg = 52,2 kg
Kalori basal : 1.305 - 1.566 kalori
• Latihan jasmani:
○ program CRIPE (Continuous Rhytmical Interval Progressive Endurance).
○ Dilakukan sedikitnya 150 menit/minggu (2 jam 30 menit/minggu) latihan aerobik
sedang (50-70% denyut jantung maksimal); atau
○ 90 menit/minggu latihan aerobik berat (denyut jantung maksimal >70%)
○ Dibagi menjadi 3-4 kali aktivitas/minggu
○ Syarat:
■ Pemeriksaan GDS sebelum latihan fisik -> < 100 mg/dL harus konsumsi
karbohidrat, > 250 mg/dL menunda latihan fisik
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CATETAN CE BELEGUG
Medikamentosa:
• HbA1c pada pasien >9% dengan disertai gejala dekompensasi metabolik, maka diberikan
terapi kombinasi terapi insulin basal + obat hipoglikemik lainnya (Metformin atau Agonis GLP-
1).
• Dosis awal diberikan 6-10 unit -> lakukan evaluasi kadar GDP esok harinya
• Dosis insulin naik secara perlahan sekitar 2 unit
• Evaluasi HbA1C -> apabila belum mencapai < 7% dalam 3 bulan, maka kombinasi 3
obat
• Hipertensi grade II -> Amlodipine 10 mg 1 dd 1 (target TD <140/90)
Dislipidemia -> Simvastatin 10 mg 1 dd 1
• Diabetic neuropathy → Gabapentine 500 mg 3x1, Antidepressant → amitriptyline 50 mg 1x1
• ISK → ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO 1x sehari selama 7 hari
• Mata buram → katarak: operasi phaco IOL, diabetic retinopathy: laser fotokoagulasi
EDUKASI INSULIN
Hal utama yang harus dilakukan: Kenalkan pasien dengan alat-alat flex-pen yang akan digunakan
untuk menyuntikkan insulin dan memberikan penjelasan singkat bagian dan bagaimana menggunakan
alatnya
Melakukan injeksi:
1. Sampaikan lokasi dan area yang dapat disuntikkan, hindari suntikan
pada lokasi yang sama berkali-kali dan disarankan untuk berpindah-
pindah
2. Area yang akan disuntikkan harus di desinfektan terlebih dahulu
menggunakan kapas alkohol
3. Insulin diberikan di bawah kulit dengan alat suntik tegak lurus
terhadap cubitan permukaan kulit dengan menekan tombol push-button
dan harus memperhatikan dosis pada bagian pen sudah mencapai 0 atau
belum
4. Jika sudah pada dosis 0 -> jangan dilepas, hitung selama 6 detik,
kemudian lepas
5. Jika sudah selesai, tutup, bagian jarum luar dipasang kembali tanpa
menyentuhnya
6. Pemakaian jarum atau sumprit insulin disarankan hanya sekali dan
melakukan penggantian jarum setiap kali digunakan
Pemantauan
• Waktu pelaksanaan glukosa darah :
• pada saat puasa
• 1 atau 2 jam setelah makan
• secara acak berkala sesuai kebutuhan
• Pemeriksaan HbA1C
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CATETAN CE BELEGUG
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CATETAN CE BELEGUG
KASUS PASIEN:
Bapak, 36 tahun, tidak enak badan, cepat ngilu Lelah, punya fatty liver, rokok dan alcohol. BP 150/90
TB 175 BB 90. HBA1C 8,2%, LDL 180 Tgl 750 mg
*punya 3 dari 5 kategori sindrom metabolic → obat: kombinasi 2 obat dgn mekanisme kerja beda
(glimepiride 1 mg 1dd1 AC, metformin 500 mg 2dd1 PC) dan Atrovastatin 20 mg 1dd1 PC (LDL tinggi)
TATALAKSANA
Anti-hiperglikemia Oral Anti hiperglikemia Injeksi
- Pemacu sekresi insulin - Insulin
- Peningkat sensitivitas terhadap insulin - Agonis GLP-1
- Penghambat alfa glukosidase - Kombinasi insulin dan agonis GLP-1
- Penghambat enzim dipeptidyl peptidase- 4
(DPP-4 inhibitor)
- Penghambat enzim sodium glucose co-
transporter 2 (SGLT-2 inhibitor)
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CATETAN CE BELEGUG
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TATALAKSANA NON-MEDIKAMENTOSA
Pasien harus diberikan edukasi mengenai tatalaksana Non-Farmakologi berupa:
1. Kebutuhan Nutrisi dan Rencana makan.
2. Jenis olahraga dan aktivitas fisik yang dapat dilakukan, bersama dengan dampaknya.
3. Interaksi makanan dan aktivitas fisik dengan obat hipoglikemik atau Insulin.
4. Perbaikan gaya hidup seperti berhenti merokok, minum alkohol dan mulai makan sehat.
5. Pemantauan diri sendiri untuk tanda dan gejala yang muncul.
6. Edukasi mengenai bagaimana caranya menghadapi situasi darurat (Contoh hipoglikemia)
7. Edukasi mengenai bagaimana caranya menghindari komplikasi dan mendeteksi dari awal
(Contoh pada kaki)
Aktivitas Fisik
Pasien harus diberikan edukasi untuk melakukan Aktivitas Fisik bersifat sedang - berat
selama 150 menit atau lebih dalam waktu 1 Minggu.
Aktivitas Fisik dilakukan sebanyak 3x/Minggu dan istirahat tidak lebih dari 2 hari
Menurunkan Resistensi Insulin pada pasien
● Pasien juga harus mengurangi sikap perilaku menetap (Sedentary Behaviour) dengan berdiri
setiap 30 menit untuk manfaat gula darah
Diet
• Pola makan dan pilihan memiliki peran penting dalam kesehatan pasien.
• Untuk mengatur tingkat gula darah, penting untuk mengetahui jumlah makanan yang akan
dimakan.
• Kalori Total harus dibagi menjadi:
• Karbohidrat 45% - 65% , hindari makanan yang mengandung gula tinggi
• Protein 10% - 20% , Ikan boleh disarankan
• Lemak <30%
Pasien harus berhenti mengkonsumsi alkohol karena memiliki Fatty Liver
KASUS C
Bapak, 68 tahun, kontrol hipertensi, tungkai terasa baal, mual begah, riwayat htn 30 thn, impotensi
dari 3 tahun terakhir. CXR cardiomegaly, ekg LVH.
HIPERTENSI
BP = circulatory fluid volume and peripheral vascular
resistance
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CATETAN CE BELEGUG
DIABETIC NEUROPATHY
● Hiperglikemia
○ Polyol metabolic pathway+, AGE+, PKC+
○ Oxidative stress
○ Neural damage
DIABETIC FOOT
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CATETAN CE BELEGUG
TATALAKSANA KASUS C
Non Medikamentosa:
● Edukasi tentang hipertensi dan diabetes melitus beserta komplikasinya
Medikamentosa:
1. Hipertensi dengan Diabetes
Pilihan utama → ACE inhibitor ATAU ARB
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CATETAN CE BELEGUG
Hipertensi:
● Melakukan pemeriksaan tekanan darah secara rutin
● Mengontrol makanan yang dapat memicu hipertensi (kurangi asupan garam)
Komplikasi DM:
● Rutin mengkonsumsi obat DM
● Mengontrol glukosa agar tidak terjadi komplikasi lebih lanjut
● Dapat mengakibatkan diabetic foot
● Kerusakan pada ginjal
● Disfungsi ereksi
EDUKASI
Diabetic Foot:
● Kaki akan terasa baal, terluka tanpa
disadari, akan mudah terkena infeksi.
● Rajin membersihkan kaki
● Cermati kaki, apakah ada luka, benjolan,
kemerahan, kapalan, mata ikan.
● Gunakan pelembab atau bedak tabur
● Luka: bersihkan luka, ganti perban
● Kontrol ke dokter jika ada luka yang tidak
sembuh, kapalan, mata ikan.
Diabetik Nefropati:
● Optimalisasi kontrol glukosa dan hipertensi untuk mengurangi risiko ataupun menurunkan
progresi nefropati.
● Restriksi garam (<6 gram / hari), intake protein direkomendasikan sebesar 0.8 - 1.0 g/kgBB
● Berhenti merokok
● Penurunan BB (jika gemuk), olahraga aerobik ringan secara teratur
● Hindari penggunaan analgesik minor
● Hindari penggunaan obat-obatan nefrotoksik (media kontras, antibiotik, NSAIDs)
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CATETAN CE BELEGUG
1) Meningkatkan perluasan pelayanan DOTS (directly observed treatment short-course) yang bermutu
Menerapkan 5 komponen dalam strategi DOTS (yaitu komitmen politis [untuk pendanaan kegiatan
strategi DOTS], pemeriksaan mikroskopis, penyediaan [panduan] OAT [jangka pendek], tersedianya
PMO (pengawas minum obat) serta mencatatan dan pelaporan) secara bermutu. Pelayanan DOTS
diperluas tanpa memandang latar belakang ekonomi, sosial, dll; terutama bagi kelompok-kelompok
yang rentan
2) Menangani TB/ HIV, MDR-TB, TB anak dan masyarakat miskin serta rentan lainnya
3) Melibatkan seluruh penyedia pelayanan kesehatan milik pemerintah, masyarakat dan swasta
mengikuti International Standards of TB Care
4) Memberdayakan masyarakat dan pasien TB
5) Memperkuat sistem kesehatan, termasuk pengembangan SDM dan manajemen program
pengendalian TB
6) Meningkatkan komitmen pemerintah pusat dan daerah terhadap program TB
7) Meningkatkan penelitian, pengembangan, dan pemanfaatan informasi stratejik
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CATETAN CE BELEGUG
COMMON VS NORMAL
• Just because a finding is common in the elderly doesn’t mean it’s normal
• Hypertension, osteoarthritis, and dementia are common in the elderly but not normal
• Patients only discuss things with you that they feel are abnormal
• If your patient considers incontinence a “normal” part of aging, he/she won’t bring it
up during a clinic visit.
• Patient expectations are often wrong
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CATETAN CE BELEGUG
• 60% of females over 85 living in the community needed help with IADLs, and 40%
required help with ADLs
• Activities of Daily Living (ADL) include
• Dressing
• Eating
• Walking
• Going to the bathroom
• Bathing
• These are severe functional disabilities and define dependency
• IADL include:
• Shopping
• Housekeeping
• Accounting/bill paying
• Food/meal preparation
• Travel/driving
• These are less severe than ADL, but clearly cause dysfunction and lead to dependency
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PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT
Presenting complaint
Past medical history
Medication reconciliation and review
Nutritional status
Alcohol
Immunisation status
Advanced directives
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MEDICATION REVIEW
FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT
KATZ INDEX
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PSYCHOLOGICAL/MOOD ASSESSMENT
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SOCIAL ASSESSMENT
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