ENTHALP

ENTHALPY (H)
❑ the amount of heat flow in a system with
constant pressure
QP = H
❑ comes from the Greek word “enthalpos”
which means “to put heat into”
❑ The idea was made up by the Dutch
scientist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1909
ENTHALPY (H)
❑ It is called a state property of a system because
it depends on the state of the system(temperature,
pressure, volume, composition) and not on its history (the
path followed in reaching the present state)

❑ When a system is brought from some initial

state to a final state (through heating, cooling, expanding or
compressing), the enthalpy change depends only on
the initial and final state and not on the path
followed between them
ENTHALPY OF REACTION
❑ If a chemical reaction occurs at constant
pressure, the heat absorbed equals the enthalpy
change of the system. This is the ENTHALPY OF
REACTION of that process.
❑ Problems involving enthalpy changes are solved
similar to stoichiometry problems. The amount
of heat absorbed or released depends on the
number of moles of the reactants involved.
 ENTHALPY SIGN CONVENTION
REACTION TYPE DEFINITION SIGN
EXOTHERMIC • chemical reaction evolves heat H < 0, ( negative )
• the system loses heat
• this heat loss at constant pressure is
its decrease in enthalpy
The combustion of methane is a strongly exothermic reaction:
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) H<0
The products of this reaction have lower enthalpy than the reactants.
ENDOTHERMIC • chemical reaction absorbs heat H > 0, ( positive )
from the surroundings
• the system gains heat
• this heat gained at constant
pressure is its increase in enthalpy
The formation of nitrogen dioxide in automobile engines is an an endothermic reaction
N2(g) + 2O2(g) → 2NO2(g) H>0
The products of this reaction have higher enthalpy than the reactants.
EXAMPLE 3-1
When ammonium chloride dissolves in water, the
temperature of the water drops. Is the dissolution
reaction
NH4Cl(s) → NH4+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
endothermic or exothermic?
Because the temperature of the water drops, heat
is being removed from the surrounding water (Q for
the surroundings is negative). This heat is added to
the reactants as they go to the products, so that H
is positive. The reaction is endothermic.
EXAMPLE 3-2
The enthalpy of one mole of gaseous sulfur dioxide
is less than the total enthalpy of one mole of solid
sulfur and one mole of gaseous oxygen. Is the
combustion of sulfur in oxygen at constant
pressure exothermic or endothermic?

S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)

The enthalpy of the product is less than the
enthalpy of the reactants. This means that H is
negative. Therefore, the reaction is exothermic.
EXAMPLE 3-3

Red phosphorus reacts with liquid bromine in

an exothermic reaction
2P(s) + 3Br2(l) → 2PBr3(g) H =
−243kJ
Calculate the enthalpy change when 2.63 g of
phosphorus reacts with an excess of bromine
in this way.
EXAMPLE 3-3
𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑷
mol P = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟑 𝒈 𝑷
𝟑𝟎.𝟗𝟕 𝒈 𝑷

= 0.0849 mol P
−𝟐𝟒𝟑 𝒌𝑱
H = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟒𝟗 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑷
𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑷
= -10.3 kJ

At constant pressure there will be 10.3 kJ of

heat released for every 2.63 g of phosphorus.
EXAMPLE 3-4
Hydrazine reacts with chlorine according to
the equation
N2H4(l) + 2Cl2(g) → 4HCl(g) + N2(g) H =
−420kJ

Calculate the enthalpy change when

(a) 25.4 g of hydrazine reacts with excess
chlorine
(b) when 1.45 mol of HCl(g) is generated by
this reaction
EXAMPLE 3-4
Molar Mass N2H4 = 2(14 g/mol) + 4(1 g/mol)
= 32 g/mol
𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑷
mol N2H4 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟒𝒈 𝑵𝟐 𝑯𝟒
𝟑𝟐 𝒈 𝑵𝟐 𝑯𝟒
= 0.79375 mol
−𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑱
H = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑵𝟐 𝑯𝟒
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑵𝟐 𝑯𝟒
= - 333.38 kJ

(a) At constant pressure there will be 333 .38 kJ of

heat released for every 25.4 g of hydrazine.
EXAMPLE 3-4

−𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑱
H = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑯𝑪𝒍
𝟒 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑯𝑪𝒍
= - 152.25 kJ

(b) At constant pressure there will be 152.25

kJ of heat released for every 1.45 moles of
hydrogen chloride generated.
ACTIVITY #2
1. For each of the following reactions, the enthalpy
change written is that measured when the numbers
of moles of reactants and products taking part in the
reaction are as given by their coefficients in the
equation. Calculate the enthalpy change when 1.00 g
of the underlined substance is consumed or produced.

(a) Ca(s) + Br2(l) → CaBr2(s) H= -

683 kJ
(b) 6Fe2O3(s) → 4Fe3O4(s) + O2(g) H= 472 kJ
(c) 2NaHSO4(s) → 2NaOH(s) + 2SO2(g) + O2(g) H= 806 kJ
ACTIVITY #2
2. Calculate the amount of heat required to decompose 4
moles of ferric oxide as shown in the
equation Fe2o3(s) + 3co(g) 2fe(s) + 3co2(g) + 26.3kj
3. Calculate the amount of heat absorbed when 35 g of
carbon disulfide is formed.
3C(s) + 2S(s) → 3CS2(g) H = 89.3kJ
4. A chemist mixes 1.00 g of CuCl2 with an excess of
(NH4)2HPO4 in dilute aqueous solution. He measures the
evolution of 670 J of heat as the two substances react to
give Cu3(PO4)2(s). Compute the enthalpy change that
would result from the reaction of 1.00 mol CuCl2 with an
excess of Cu3(PO4)2(s).