Course: Geography of Pakistan –II (4656)

Semester: Autumn, 2020

ASSIGNMENT No. 1
Q. 1Highlight the electricity resources of Pakistan. Also provide some
suggestion to increase our electricity to fulfill the needs in future.
Pakistan’s energy resources consist of fossil fuels (coal, gas and oil), uranium and
renewable energy (hydropower, wind, solar, wood, etc). The fossil fuels reserves and
potential renewable energy of Pakistan are reported in Table 3. Pakistan does not have
adequate oil reserves and has to import large quantities of crude oil and petroleum
products to meet more than 80% of its oil requirements. The natural gas reserves of
the country are limited, however the coal reserves are large but yet undeveloped.
The hydro power potential of Pakistan is estimated to be 50,000 MW. Around 13.7%
of the estimated potential has been exploited. The hydro potential is located in
mountainous regions, away from load centers. High investment cost (for electricity
generation and transmission), socio-political issues, such as water allocation among
the provinces and resettlement of people, are some of the reasons for not exploiting
the potential to its full capacity. Pakistan has a considerable potential for wind energy.
The economically exploitable wind potential is about 50,000 MW.
TABLE 3. ESTIMATED ENERGY RESOURCES
Fossil Fuels Nuclear Renewable
  Solid Liquid Gas Uranium Hydro Wind
Total amount in specific
3,450 49.78 20.44 n.a. 50.0 50.0
units
Total amount in exajoule (EJ) 68.3 2.2 19.4 n.a. 2.3 1.4
 Specific units for solid & liquid: million tonnes, gas: trillion cubic feet, hydro and
wind: GW
 Solid consists of only coal. It has been converted to energy at 19.8 GJ/tonne.
 Liquid consists of crude only. It has been converted to energy at 44.2 GJ/tonne.
 Natural gas has been converted to energy at 950 GJ/million cubic feet.
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 Hydro power potential has been converted to energy at 50% plant factor and
10,550 GJ/GWh.
 Wind power potential has been converted to energy at 30% capacity factor and
10,550 GJ/GWh.
 Sources: (HDIP: 2013 and (WAPDA: 2011).
1.2.2. Energy Statistics
The energy supply statistics are given in Table 4. During the last decade, the
indigenous oil production has been at a level of about 55,000-77,000 barrels per day
(equivalent to about 16-21% of the country's oil consumption). Pakistan's natural gas
production in year 2012-13 was 4,126 million cubic feet per day.
TABLE 4. ENERGY STATISTICS (EXAJOULE)
Average
annual growth rate
(%)
1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2013 2000 to 2013
Energy consumption
Total 0.33 0.67 1.24 1.90 2.45 2.77 2.85 3.2
Solid 0.02 0.06 0.09 0.09 0.19 0.20 0.17 5.0
Liquid 0.17 0.20 0.50 0.83 0.73 0.88 0.94 0.9
Gas 0.11 0.25 0.47 0.77 1.23 1.36 1.37 4.5
Nuclear - - - - 0.03 0.03 0.05 20.6
Hydro 0.03 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.27 0.30 0.32 3.6
Imported
0.001 0.003 0.004 16.7**
electricity
Energy production
Total 0.18 0.46 0.83 1.16 1.77 1.91 1.98 4.1
Solid 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.03
Liquid 0.02 0.02 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.15 0.18 2.5
Gas 0.11 0.25 0.47 0.77 1.23 1.36 1.37 4.5
Nuclear - - - - 0.03 0.03 0.05 20.6
Hydro 0.03 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.27 0.30 0.32 3.5
Net Imports
Total 0.15 0.22 0.41 0.74 0.68 0.86 0.87 1.4
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Solid 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.10 0.14 0.11 11.0
Liquid 0.15 0.19 0.38 0.71 0.58 0.73 0.76 0.6
Electricity 0.001 0.003 0.004 16.7**
*Nuclear power was introduced after 1970.
- Less than 0.005 exajoule
** Growth rate during the period 2005-2013.
Notes:-
1. Years in this Table are financial (i.e. from 1st July – 30th June)
2. Energy consumption = Primary energy production + Net import (import –
export).
3. Solid fuel consists of coal and lignite.
4. Import of electricity was started in the year 2003
Sources: (GoP: 1978) and (HDIP: 2013).
Coal Production in 2012-13 was 3.2 million tonnes, while 3.7 million tonnes of coal
were imported to meet the industrial requirement. The development of the coal mining
industry in Pakistan, particularly for power generation is hampered by many
constraints relating to the quality of coal, mining difficulties and organizational
constraints.
During the year 2012-13, hydropower provided 30.3% of electricity in Pakistan.
Although Pakistan has relatively high endowment of hydropower potential, however
only 6,826 MW (13.7%) has been exploited so far. Some small, mini and micro hydro
projects are under construction and a number of medium and large size hydroelectric
projects are either planned or proposed.
Nuclear power generation contributed 4.2% to the total electricity generation of
Pakistan in the year 2012-13. The country has three operating nuclear power plants
(NPPs); KANUPP, a Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) of 137 MW (de-rated
100 MW), and two Pressurized Light Water Reactor (PWR) namely CHASNUPP
unit-1 (C-1) of gross capacity 325 MW and CHASNUPP unit-2 (C-2) of gross
capacity 330 MW. Two more PWR type nuclear units C-3 and C-4 each of 340 MW

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gross capacity are under construction at the Chashma site and are expected to be
commissioned in 2016 and 2017, respectively.
PAEC continues to invest in HR capacity building initiatives and has made steadfast
progress in strengthening its Human Resource Development Institutes (HRDIs) to
fulfill the manpower requirements of the expanding nuclear power programme of the
country. The HRDIs of PAEC have been making a significant contribution to
development of human resource in the field of science and technology in the country,
in particular, in applications of nuclear science and technology. PAEC hires the talent
from a pool of nationally approved and chartered universities and technical and
vocational training institutes. The following HRDIs of PAEC turn out the recruited
young scientists, engineers and technicians from various disciplines every year with
award of post-graduate degrees and training certificates/diplomas.
The Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS) is the major HR
provider for PAEC programmes in science and engineering as well as in the medical
sector. PIEAS offers Master and Ph.D. degree programmes in Nuclear Engineering,
Systems Engineering, Process Engineering, Materials Engineering, Mechanical
Engineering, Medical Physics, Radiation Physics, Computer Science, Nuclear
Medicine and Radiation & Medical Oncology. PIEAS also offers BS programs in
electrical and mechanical engineering. Besides the degree programmes, PIEAS also
conducts management courses for both middle and senior management officials and
organizes training courses in various specialized areas. PIEAS is ranked as No. 1
engineering institution by Higher Education Commission Pakistan, while having a
ranking of 106th place in QS Asian University Rankings 2014.
The Karachi Institute of Power Engineering (KINPOE) offers Master Degree
programme in nuclear power engineering and one year diploma in nuclear technology
to engineering and science graduates. It also offers a post diploma training programme
in nuclear technology for technicians.
The CHASNUPP Centre of Nuclear Training (CHASCENT) provides one year
training in NPP technology to engineers and technicians. It also provides post diploma
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training programmes to technicians. The retraining of plant operation personnel is
being conducted in this centre on regular basis to refresh their knowledge and
licensing requirements.
The National Centre for Non-Destructive Testing (NCNDT) provides training in non-
destructive testing techniques to engineers and technicians of PAEC and industry.
The Pakistan Welding Institute (PWI) provides training in industrial welding
techniques to professionals of PAEC and industry.
The School of Mineral Technology (SMT) is providing training in the field of drilling,
mining, logging and prospecting of minerals.
The Directorate of Human Resource Development (DHRD) imparts orientation
training programmes for all the officers recruited in PAEC to acquaint them with the
working of PAEC, its organizational structure, its policies/procedures and to impart
better understanding about their future work and responsibilities, and associated
benefits.
Q. 2 Analyze the Industrial policies of Pakistan and the role of Policies in the
economy of Pakistan.
The country has immense reserves of various minerals and natural resources.
Important minerals found in Pakistan are gypsum, limestone, chromites, iron ore, rock
salt, silver, gold, precious stones, gems, marble, copper, coal, graphite, sulphur, fire
clay, silica. The salt range in Punjab Province has the one of the largest deposit of
pure salt founded in the world. Balochistan province is a mineral-rich area having
substantial mineral, oil and gas reserves which have not been exploited to their full
capacity or fully explored, recent government policies have begun to develop this
region of the country and to tap into the immense resources found there. The province
has significant quantities of copper, chromite and iron, and pockets of antimony and
zinc in the south and gold in the far west. Natural gas was discovered near Sui in
1952, and the province has been gradually developing its oil and gas projects over the
past fifty years.

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Major reserves of copper and gold in Balochistan's Reko Diq area have been
discovered in early 2006. The Reko Diq mining area has proven estimated reserves of
2 billion tons of copper and 20 million ounces of gold. According to the current
market price, the value of the deposits has been estimated at about $65 billion, which
would generate thousands of jobs.
The discovery has ranked Rekodiq among the world's top seven copper reserves. The
Rekodiq project is estimated to produce 200,000 tons of copper and 400,000 ounces of
gold per year, at an estimated value of $1.25 billion at current market prices. The
copper and gold are currently traded at about $5,000 per ton and $600 per ounce
respectively in the international market. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province accounts for
at least 78% of the marble production in Pakistan. Pakistan is home to some of the
most finest and purest grades of marble, granite and slate found in the world. Much of
the grades A Marble that is exported out of European countries like Italy actually have
their origins in Pakistan which previously lacked fine polishing and processing
machinery. The Government has taken steps to invest in this crucial sector with the
recent establishment of a Marble City within Balochistan.
Pakistan's first oil field was discovered in the late 1952 in Balochistan near a giant gas
field at suo Sui in Balochistan. The Toot oilfield was discovered in the early 1960s
Islamabad in the Punjab. Production has steadily increased since then.
Pakistan's first gas field was the giant gas field at Sui in Balochistan which was
discovered in the late 1952.  Pakistan is also a major producer of Bituminous coal,
Sub-bituminous coal and Lignite. Coal mining started in the British colonial era and
has continued to be used by Pakistani industries after independence in 1947.
In FY 2002-03, real growth in manufacturing was 7.7%. In the twelve months ending
30 June 2004, large-scale manufacturing grew by more than 18% compared to the
previous twelve-month period. The textile and garment industry's share in the
economy along with its contribution to exports, employment, foreign-exchange
earnings, investment and value added make it Pakistan's single largest manufacturing
sector. The industry comprises 453 textile mills: 50 integrated units; and 403 spinning
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units, with 9.33 million spindles and 148,000 rotors, The capacity utilization was 83%
for spindles and 47% for rotors during 2003.
The Federal Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued large-scale manufacturing at
Rs.981,518 million in 2005 thus registering over 138% growth since 2000  while
small-scale manufacturing was valued at Rs.356,835 million in 2005 thus registering
over 80% growth since 2000.
Pakistan's automotive industry is the one of the fastest growing industries of the
country, accounting for 4% of Pakistan's GDP and employing a workforce of over
1,800,000 people. Currently there are 3200 automotive manufacturing plants in the
country, with an investment of ₨92 billion (US$650 million) producing 1.8 million
motorcycles and 200,000 vehicles annually. Its contribution to the national exchequer
is nearly ₨50 billion (US$350 million). The sector, as a whole, provides employment
to 3.5 million people and plays a pivotal role in promoting the growth of the vendor
industry. Pakistan's auto market is considered among the smallest, but fastest growing
in South Asia. Over 180,000 cars were sold in the fiscal year 2014-15, rising to
206,777 units fiscal year 2015-16. Pakistan has huge potential for the technology
industry, which includes software development and electronics
manufacturing. Pakistan Aeronautical Complex recently started the manufacturing of
Tablet PCs, Ebook readers, and notebooks in collaboration with INNAVTEK of
China. Software development also has a huge potential, which is being utilized as a
result of numerous projects initiated by the Government of Pakistan. After the
devastating 2005 Kashmir earthquake Pakistan has instituted stricter building codes.
The cost of construction in Pakistan will increase 30 to 50% due to implementation of
a new building code which requires strengthening of structures to withstand
earthquake of 8 to 8.5 magnitude. The demand for cement has increased due to
reconstruction after the earthquake. The price of cement has increased by 50% and
Pakistan government banned export of cement to lower the prices and the
reconstruction costs.

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Dubai Ports World, announced on June 1, 2006 that it will spend $10 billion to
develop transport infrastructure and real estate in Pakistan. Dubai Ports World is also
discussing the possibility of the company taking over operational management
of Gwadar port in Balochistan.
Emaar Properties, announced on May 31, 2006 three real estate developments in the
cities of Islamabad and Karachi in Pakistan. The projects, with a total investment of
$2.4 billion, will include a series of master planned communities that will set new
benchmarks in commercial, residential and retail property within Pakistan.
In addition the conglomerate signed an unprecedented $43 billion deal to develop two
island resorts - Bundal Island and Buddo Island - over the next decade.
The Federal Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued this sector at Rs.178,819 million
in 2005 thus registering over 88% growth since 2000.
Pakistan has extensive energy resources, including fairly sizable natural gas reserves,
some proven oil reserves, coal (Pakistan has the largest coal reserves in the world, and
a large hydropower potential. However, the exploitation of energy resources has been
slow due to a shortage of capital and domestic political constraints. Domestic
petroleum production totals only about half the country's oil needs, and the need to
import oil has contributed to Pakistan's trade deficits and past shortages of foreign
exchange.
The current government has announced that privatization in the oil and gas sector is a
priority, as is the substitution of indigenous gas for imported oil, especially in the
production of power. Pakistan is a world leader in the use of compressed natural
gas (CNG) for personal automobiles.
The short-term national energy demand has expanded significantly since 2001 due to
massive rise in sales of durable goods like refrigerators, washing machines, split air
conditioners, et al.. In 2004, Access Group International announced plans to invest $1
billion over the next 5 years in solar cell manufacture and wind farms. MOUs have
been signed with Alternate Energy Development Board. In early 2005, the

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government approved a 25-year Energy Security Plan to boost electric capacity
eightfold.
Q. 3 Discuss the major oil refineries of Pakistan and their role and contribution in
the petroleum sector in Pakistan.
This downstream energy sector report, Oil Refining Industry in Pakistan is a complete
source of information on Pakistan crude oil refining industry.
It provides refinery level information relating to existing and planned (new build)
refineries such as insights and forecasts of refinery capacities, refined petroleum
products production and consumption, refinery complexity factor and comparison
against peer group countries in the respective region.
The report also covers complete details of major players operating in the refining
sector in Pakistan and in depth analysis of the latest industry news and deals.
Scope
 Outlook of Country Oil Refining Industry and refined petroleum products beyond
2018
 Forecasts of refined products production and consumption along with major
refining companies, and operators.
 Historic and Forecasted Refining capacity and secondary units capacities beyond
2018
 Key Opportunities and Restraints in country Refinery market
 Benchmark with five peer group countries on Nelson Complexity Factor.
 Market structure of Country Refining Industry, companies, capacities and market
share.
 Information on planned refineries such as planned capacity, equity structure,
Operator Company, expected commissioning date and project cost.
 Refined petroleum products production and demand beyond 2018.

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 Refinery level information such as refinery name, commissioned year, primary and
secondary units installed capacities along with future capacity expansions, refinery
complexity factor, ownership and operator details.
 Company profiles of major refining companies including SWOT Analysis.
 Latest mergers, acquisitions, contract announcements, and all related industry news
and deals analysis.
Reasons to Purchase
 Vital source to make your strategic business decisions with our in-depth analysis
based on historical and forecasted data on refineries, countries and companies
 Identify potential opportunities for capital investments in upcoming refineries,
capacity expansions and asset investments.
 Assess merits and demerits of investing in a particular country's Refinery market
against its peer group countries.
 Strengthen your strategy formulation using the key information and data to
maximize return on investments.
 Identify potential investment opportunities present across the Refinery value chain
in the entire world
 Appraise upcoming refineries using our asset level information.
 Essential and latest information to keep you ahead of competitors by understanding
rival companies' business strategies.
 Make your vital financial decisions using latest news and deals information.
Pakistan’s oil sector has been booming; demand for crude oil, gasoline and diesel, has
been growing and projected to continue to grow at 10 percent per annum for the next
five years (OCAC, 2018). Refineries play a major role in our energy needs. They save
Pakistan billions in foreign exchange annually, give jobs to tens of thousands,
contributing heavily to the national exchequer in duties and taxes while strengthening
Pakistan’s energy security.

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However, the refining industry has received little support from the government in the
last decade and is often at the receiving end of undue criticism, including from former
policy planners. This shakes the confidence of the sector’s participants, who have
already invested billions in the country, and could impede the energy industry’s
growth.
For instance, some critics of the energy industry have claimed that the sector needs
government subsidies to survive and the state shouldn’t strive for investments in oil
refineries. This is misleading and incorrect:
Pakistan’s refineries do not get direct subsidies or heavy payouts from the government
for their survival. Many industries receive some form of government support;
fertilisers benefit from gas subsidies, automotives receive tariffs on vehicle imports,
and banks get heavy government borrowings and low deposit mark-up rates.
Oil refineries, however, receive minimal support in the form of 7.5 percent of duty on
high-speed diesel, but since a refinery produces a number of other fuels as well, the
net impact is just 2.25 percent on the whole barrel. This modest tariff protection for a
heavily capital intensive industry, which imports its raw materials is simply
inadequate.
Petroleum business model is fairly straightforward and usually profitable, although
margins are underpinned by movements in oil prices. The oil and gas production
sector earns profits by extracting and selling hydrocarbons.
Refineries make profits processing and converting crude oil into various refined
products which are sold to oil marketing companies and other buyers. They also feed
petrochemical and other ancillary industries.
In Pakistan, unlike the power and food sectors for whom significant subsidies are
allotted in the annual budget, the oil refining sector doesn’t receive any special
treatment. On the contrary, its participants pay hundreds of billions of rupees each
year in taxes and duties. In FY18, four leading listed refineries contributed Rs176.9
billion to the exchequer as taxes, levies, and duties. Pakistan’s leading refineries have
shown that they can turn decent profits even in tough times. The refiners typically
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thrive in a weak oil price environment, since they use crude oil as a raw material and
any reduction in international oil prices lowers their cost of production. But they can
report losses when oil jumps higher.
For refiners in Pakistan, the third quarter of this calendar year was a difficult period
with the price of the international benchmark Brent crude climbing to $80 a barrel by
late-September and its negative impact was compounded by the rupee’s devaluation.
But some of the biggest refiners still managed to post a profit.
Secondly, it should be remembered that in a free market economy, the state should not
dictate which public investments would be allowed. The governments might
encourage investments in certain sectors for strategic reasons, but ultimately market
forces should determine which industries were the most profitable and economically
viable. For market forces, especially foreign investors, the message is loud and clear –
Pakistan needs more refineries.
Foreign investors want to set up oil refineries in Pakistan. Following Prime Minister
Imran Khan’s recent visit to Saudi Arabia, the Kingdom has agreed in principle to set
up an oil refinery near Gwadar. A Chinese company has reportedly shown interest in
developing an upcountry deep conversion oil refinery. PARCO, which is a joint
venture between the government of Pakistan and the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, is already
working to develop a deep conversion refinery at Hub near Karachi. Global investors
are eager to invest billions in Pakistan’s oil refining space which is a testament to the
fact that this industry promises solid returns on investment over the long run.
Another misconception about refining is that it doesn’t create significant foreign
currency savings for Pakistan. In reality, Pakistan saves billions of rupees every year
by importing cheaper crude oil and refining it at home, instead of importing expensive
refined products like petrol and diesel.
The combined capacity of five Pakistani refiners – ARL, Byco, PARCO, NRL, and
PRL – is close to 420,000 barrels per day. Even if these refiners create savings of just
$0.75/barrel and utilise 70 percent of capacity, then they will still create foreign
currency savings of $80 million each year, or around Rs11 billion at the ongoing
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exchange rate of Rs137/$. Note that these are fairly conservative estimates and the
actual positive impact of the entire refining industry on Pakistan’s foreign exchange
reserves was likely to be considerably larger. People claim refining doesn’t create
many jobs. The truth is that each refinery typically employs 3,500 people, including
highly-skilled, semi-skilled and non-skilled people directly involved in the refinery
operations. Refineries also create a number of indirect jobs by utilising the services of
a variety of market and non-market actors, such as private contractors who provide
transportation services. Therefore, Pakistan’s refineries utilise tens of thousands of
direct and indirect employees.
Refineries are wrongly criticised for running antiquated facilities. False! PARCO has
built one of the most modern refineries in the world near Multan. NRL’s plants were
built in the 1970s, but since revamped and upgraded its facilities. ARL overhauled in
2016. Byco Petroleum installed equipment which was previously operating in the
west, but its facilities are still younger than most other players in the industry.
Although occasionally production may get disrupted, as in any other chemical process
based facility, by and large refineries run smoothly and dependably.
Q.4 Highlight the hydel and thermal power projects in Pakistan. Also discuss
the production of electricity and its distribution.
Straddling the Indus Valley, Pakistan is endowed with considerable water resources.
According to Pakistan’s Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA), there is
60,000 MW of hydropower potential in the country, of which only 7,320 MW has
been developed.
Pakistan’s untapped hydropower potential largely lies in the mountainous north along
the Indus River in the provinces of Gilgit-Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, as well
as the Jhelum River in the provinces of Punjab and Azad Jammu and Kashmir.
Pakistan is currently amid an energy crisis. Some 51 million Pakistanis lack access to
electricity, while a further 90 million suffer from unreliable power supply and load-
shedding on a daily basis, which is having a serious impact on the economy.

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An over-reliance on imported fuels for thermal generation subject to price fluctuations
is at the core of the energy crisis, and the government remains under significant
pressure to address an annual average power deficit of 4,000 MW. Hydropower once
underpinned the country’s power sector, accounting for 45 per cent of power
generation in 1991, but this share has dropped to around 28 per cent, as short-term
planning preferred thermal power plants.
However, hydropower is poised for a resurgence and will play a significant role in
addressing this power deficit, with some studies estimating the proportion of
hydropower in the total electricity generation to increase to more than 40 per cent by
2030.
There is a great emphasis of the present government on the development of hitherto
untapped hydropower potential, and to fulfil this ambition, the government has relied
heavily on foreign investment from private investors, foreign governments and
multilateral development banks.
A number of hydropower plants were completed or commissioned in 2016 including
Ranolia (17 MW), Daral Khwar (37 MW) and Machai (2.6 MW), all located in the
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.
Several micro hydropower projects were also installed as part of an initiative led by
the government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, with the support of the Asian Development
Bank, to install some 1,000 micro plants. Expected to have a total installed capacity of
100 MW, these micro projects are designed to support rural, off-grid communities by
providing affordable and reliable electricity.
Numerous projects are currently under planning and construction in the private sector,
overseen by the Private Power & Infrastructure Board, including Karot (720 MW),
Suki (870 MW) and Kohala (1,124 MW). These projects are part of the China–
Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) – a collection of infrastructure projects
supported by the Chinese Government to strengthen Pakistan’s economy and enhance
the economic connectivity between both countries.

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The run-of-river Patrind hydropower project is another being led by the private sector,
a Korean consortium including Star Hydro Power, K-water and Daewoo Engineering
& Construction Company.
Scheduled for completion in 2017, the project has also received loans from the Islamic
Development Bank, International Finance Corporation, Asian Development Bank and
the Export-Import Bank of Korea.
The regulatory regime for private sector investors includes substantial incentives such
as generous return on equity, tax concessions and hydrological risk cover.
Current public sector projects under construction and overseen by WAPDA include
Golen Gol (106 MW), Neelum-Jhelum (969 MW), Dasu (4,320 MW) and the
extension of the Tarbela plant.
The construction on the fourth extension of the 3,478 MW Tarbela hydropower plant
located on the Indus River continues, with completion likely in 2017. The Tarbela
Dam is the largest earth-filled dam in the world, and the fourth extension to the
hydropower plant will lift its installed capacity to 4,888 MW. The World Bank and
the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank have also announced USD 720 million in
co-financing to help fund the fifth extension to the plant, which will add a further
1,140 MW in capacity.
Pakistan aims at achieving 5-6% of its total on-grid electricity supply from renewables
(excluding large hydropower) by 2030. Total installed power capacity stood at 26 GW
at year-end 2016, of which 4.2 % was renewable energy.[9]
Pakistan is blessed with a high potential of renewable energy resources, but so far,
only large hydroelectric projects and few wind and solar projects have harnessed this
potential. Renewable Energy accounts for 1136 MW presently installed capacity of
solar PV, wind and biomass based power projects. Possibilities also exist in promoting
greater use of wind, solar and biomass project.[5]
Previously Government of Pakistan (GoP) had announced various policies and
enabling environments such as feed-in tariff/upfront tariff, tax incentives, net
metering, long term refinancing facility and micro-financing schemes for promoting
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corporate sector investment in the renewable energy (RE) sector. Taking the market
growth, technological developments, recent cost reductions and new financial
mechanisms into account, the GoP decided to liberate the market and instigate more
competition amongst the private sector players for delivering electricity from RE
resources (i.e. wind/solar) at optimal tariff rates. Accordingly, the GoP introduced
tenders to call for competitive/reverse bidding for the RE power projects and the first
phase of bidding for wind power projects has been initiated.
1. For wind power project, the regulator recently has announced a benchmark
levelized tariff as:
- for 100% foreign financing US cents 6.7467/kWh
- on 100% local financing,  US cents 7.7342/kWh.
Large Hydropower has proved to be the cheapest source of electricity. Despite the
high availability of hydro power resources low investments in this sector hamper the
utilization of this potential source.[5]
Smaller (less than 50 MW) sites are available throughout the country. The micro -
hydropower sector has been relatively well established yet. Since the mid-80s micro-
hydro power plants supply electricity to some 40,000 rural families. Most of the plants
are community-based and situated in the Northern Areas and Chitral. [20] Small
Hydropower is considered as another promising option for off-grid generation of
electricity. Provincial governments mainly handled the small hydropower sector: in
2014, 128 MW has been operational in the country, 877 MW is under installation and
around 1500 MW is available for further development.[5] The potential for micro
hydro (up to 100 kW) is estimated at 350 MW in Punjab and 300 MW in northern
Pakistan
Q. 5 Write the benefits and disadvantages of the rapidly increasing population
growth rate of the country.
In the past, infant and childhood deaths and short life spans used to limit popula-tion
growth. In today's world, thanks to improved nutrition, sanitation, and medical care,
more babies survive their first few years of life. The combination of a continu-ing
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high birth rate and a low death rate is creating a rapid population increase in many
countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa and people generally lived longer. Over-
population is defined as the condition of having more people than can live on the earth
in comfort, happiness and health and still leave the world a fit place for future
generations.What some people now believe that the greatest threat to the future comes
from overpopulation.
It took the entire history of humankind for the population to reach 1 billion around
1810. Just 120 years later, this doubled to 2 billion people (1930); then 4 billion in
1975 (45 years). The number of people in the world has risen from 4.4 billion people
in 1980 to 5.8 billion today. And it is estimated that the population could double again
to nearly 11 billion in less than 40 years. This means that more people are now being
added each day than at any other time in human history.
Looking ahead, world population is projected to exceed 6 billion before the year 2000.
And according to a report by the United Nation Population fund, total popu-lation is
likely to reach 10 billion by 2025 and grow to 14 billion by the end of the next century
unless birth control use increases dramatically around the world within the next two
decades.
Both death rates and birth rates have fallen, but death rates have fallen faster than birth
rates. There are about 3 births for each death with 1.6 births for each death in more
developed countries ( MDCs) and 3.3 births for each death in less de-veloped
countries( LDCs). The world's population continues to grow by 1 billion people every
dozen years.
On one hand, some politicians call for countries, especially MDCs to increase their
population size to maintain their economic growth and military security. On the other
hand, critics denote that one out of five people living here today is not properly
supported and believe that the world is already limited in resources.
These critics maintain that slowing world population growth is one of the most ur-gent
issues Those who believe that the world is overpopulated argue that if we don't
sharply lower birth rates, we are raising death rates by default
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 Until recently, birth rates and death rates were about the same, keeping the
population stable. People had many children, but a large number of them died
before age five.During the Industrial Revolution, a period of history in Europe
and North America where there were great advances in science and technology,
the success in reducing death rates was attributable to several factors: (1) in-
creases in food production and distribution, (2) improvement in public health
(water and sanitation), and (3) medical technology (vaccines and antibiotics),
along with gains in education and standards of living within many developing
nations.Without these attributes present in many children's lives, they could not
have survived common diseases like measles or the flu. People were able to fight
and cure deadly germs that once killed them. In addition, because of the
technology, people could produce more and different kinds of food. Gradually,
over a period of time, these discoveries and inventions spread throughout the
world, lowering death rates and improving the quality of life for most people.
Rapid human population growth has a variety of consequences. Population grows
fastest in the world's poorest countries. High fertility rates have historically been
strongly correlated with poverty, and high childhood mortality rates. Falling fertility
rates are generally associated with improved standards of living, increased life
expectancy, and lowered infant mortality. Overpopulation and poverty have long been
associated with increased death, and disease. People tightly packed into unsanitary
housing are inordinately vulnerable to natural disasters and health problems.
However, most of the world's 1.2 billion desperately poor people live in less
developed countries ( LDCs). Poverty exists even in MDCs. One in five Soviet
citizens reportedly lives below the country's official poverty line. In the United States,
33 million people - -one in eight Americans are below the official poverty line. The
rapid expansion of population size observed since the end of World War II in the
world's poorest nations has been a cause of their poverty.
Poverty is a condition of chronic deprivation and need at the family level. Poverty, is a
major concern of humankind, because poverty everywhere reduces human beings to a
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low level of existence. Poor people lack access to enough land and income to meet
basic needs. A lack of basic needs results in physical weak-ness and poor health. Poor
health decreases the ability of the poor to work and put them deeper into poverty.
Instead of allowing poverty to persist, it is important to limit our number be-cause in
dense populations too many lack adequate food, water, shelter, education and
employment. High fertility, which has been traditionally associated with pros-perity,
prestige, and security for the future, now jeopardizes chances for many to achieve
health and security.
Rich and poor countries alike are affected by population growth, though the
population of industrial countries are growing more slowly than those of develop-ing
one. At the present growth rates, the population of economically developed countries
would double in 120 years. The Third World, with over three quarters of the world's
people, would double its numbers in about 33 years. This rapid doubling time reflects
the fact that 37 percent of the developing world's population is under the age of 15 and
entering their most productive childbearing years. In the Third World countries
(excluding China), 40 percent of the people are under 15; in some African countries,
nearly half are in this age group.
The world's current and projected population growth calls for an increase in efforts to
meet the needs for food, water, health care, technology and education. In the poorest
countries, massive efforts are needed to keep social and economic conditions from
deteriorating further; any real advances in well-being and the quality of life are
negated by further population growth. Many countries lack adequate supplies of basic
materials needed to support their current population. Rapid population growth can
affect both the overall quality of life and the degree of human suffering on Earth. 
Now we discuss the disadvantages of the rapid increasing population growth of the
country.
 First major disadvantage is If there is an increase in the number of people of
working-age, who lack appropriate skills, the government may have to devote
more resources to education and training. It must be remembered, however, that
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 immigration in itself does not cause unemployment. The number of jobs in
existence is not fixed. Though immigration will increase the supply of labour, it
will also result in an increase in aggregate demand.
 2nd major disadvantage is Unchecked population growth without equal
agricultural advancement to meet it leads to food shortages. Fortunately,
agricultural supply worldwide currently exceeds the demand of the world
population. If the population was to show signs of increasing, support for
agricultural development would be required. Slowing population growth
combined with modern agriculture make it difficult to estimate a point when
the population's demand for food outweighs the supply. Food distribution does
remain a concern in some areas of the world.
 3rd major disadvantage is, Although the world population is a long way from
being large enough to occupy all of the habitable land on earth, unchecked
population growth can inspire overcrowding and civil unrest. Areas with high
populations experience this now. An increase in population growth would
necessitate an investment in the development of less desirable areas on earth,
to meet space need demands.

 Another major disadvantage is, the world's growing population includes a

large and dependent aging segment. In the United States, the aging population,
defined by people over the age of 65, is expected to comprise almost 20
percent of the population by 2030 -- an 80 percent increase from 2000.
Changes in population distribution such as this one can make a society assess
how it cares for certain populations and how it allocates resources for such
care.
We must admire the effect of large population on human resources. Keeping this
thing in view, first off all we talk about the natural resources, Larger populations
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require more resources, including resources for energy production, such as fossil
fuels, materials for manufacturing and goods production, water and agricultural
resources, and environmental resources. Growing populations, increasing
urbanization, increasing economic development, and rising standards of living all
ultimately have a variety of environmental impacts. Such impacts include pollution
levels, particularly in urban areas, pollution and degradation of streams, rivers,
oceans, and other water resources, further emissions of greenhouse gases,
desertification, deforestation, among others.
In order to diminish negative impacts on the world’s resources by increasing human
population growth, many strategies for sustainability, improvements, and
technological advances should be researche2d, studied, considered, and
implemented. New technologies may lead to better management and distribution of
resources. Encouraging the strategies and mindset of sustainability, conservation,
and stewardship will promote efficient use of current resources and the preservation
of biodiversity.
Although the rapid growth of population have negative effect but along with it we
have advantage of larger population. Details of these advantages are given below:

Many of the world's most remarkable innovations over the past 300 years are
attributable to population growth. Even more great minds lead to more innovations.
Assembly-line manufacturing itself is an adaptation to an increasing population and
the need for greater and faster output. More people around the world are living
longer lives than even a century earlier thanks to modern medical achievements. And
while agricultural resources are a very real concern as the world's population grows,
the world's increase in population is responsible for a greater consciousness of the
need for additional resources as well as the innovations to produce food at the pace
of population growth.

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First advantage of rapid growth of population is, A growing population can generate
economic growth. The birth of more people equates to a greater number of parents
investing in their youth. Increased purchases in products such as food, clothing,
education-related expenses, sporting goods and toys feed the economy. Parents with
small children purchase larger homes with more bedrooms and bathrooms to ensure
they have enough room for their children. Construction of larger homes feed the
building and home improvement industries economically. As the population grows,
so does economic spending.

Another major advantage of larger population is new ideas and culture, With
populations constantly growing so will things like culture and religion.
- Original cultures and religions will change adding new concepts and removing
things that don't make sense anymore.
- New religions may be formed because of disagreements in changes to the beliefs .
- More people with result in more ideas beliefs and traditions.

The biggest advantage is that it will speed up scientific research. Right now, it looks
like the Earth is too full, but in reality, it is not. We have a lot of places. All the people
of the world can get into an area the size of Texas. The reason it looks more crowded
is because most people are focused on cities and towns. However, between them there
is a lot of unused space.

Also, we have many sources. We work well enough when it comes to use and
distribution. That is why we need to improve the use of clean energy and technology
in food production. The Sun itself can supply 10,000 times more energy than the
current needs of humans. Not to mention the air and other clean and renewable energy
sources. We can produce enough food to feed ten times more people than we currently
have on Earth. Thus, the Earth would be able to accommodate more than 50 billion
people but not be crowded. By the time we get to that number, we will probably be
multi-planetary species, so it won’t matter.

However, we probably will not reach those numbers soon. The fact is, in developed
lands, the population is not growing, but it is actually declining. As more and more
countries develop, their numbers will begin to decline. Therefore, I believe we should
not be afraid of overpopulation, but instead should be the opposite. If we do not find a
way to significantly improve people's lives, we could end up being inferior to people.
Probably to the point where further reproduction would not have taken place.

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