Journal of Physics: Conference Series

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS

Design and Implementation of an SPO2 Based Sensor for Heart

Monitoring Using an Android Application
To cite this article: Radwa Sameh et al 2020 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1447 012004

View the article online for updates and enhancements.

This content was downloaded from IP address 158.140.175.186 on 08/03/2021 at 09:25

 

ICaTAS
 2019 IOP Publishing
 of Physics: Conference Series
Journal 1447 (2020) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1447/1/012004



'HVLJQDQG,PSOHPHQWDWLRQRIDQ632%DVHG6HQVRUIRU
+HDUW0RQLWRULQJ8VLQJDQ$QGURLG$SSOLFDWLRQ

5DGZD6DPHK0*HQHG\$$EGHOGD\HP0RKDPHG+$EGHOD]HHP

)DFXOW\RI(QJLQHHULQJ2FWREHUKLJKLQVWLWXWHIRUHQJLQHHULQJ WHFKQRORJ\&DLUR
(J\SW

&ROOHJHRI(QJLQHHULQJ 7HFKQRORJ\$UDE$FDGHP\IRU6FLHQFH7HFKQRORJ\ 
0DULWLPH7UDQVSRUW&DLUR(J\SW

(PDLOHQJUDGZDVDPHK#\DKRRFRPPDIJHQHG\#JPDLOFRP
DOLDEGHOGD\HP#JPDLOFRPPKDEGD]HHP#DDVWHGX

$EVWUDFW7KHKHDUWLVRQHRIWKHPRVWYLWDORUJDQVLQWKHKXPDQERG\WKHUHIRUHLWVZHOOEHLQJ
DQGKHDOWKDUHPRQLWRUHGFRQWLQXRXVO\WRGHWHUPLQHWKHPHGLFDOFRQGLWLRQVRISDWLHQWV7KH
FXUUHQWSDSHUSUHVHQWVDKHDUWUDWHPHDVXULQJGHYLFHZKLFKFDQDOVREHXVHGWRPHDVXUH
R[\JHQVDWXUDWLRQOHYHOVDQGERG\WHPSHUDWXUH$OOPHDVXUHGUHVXOWVKDYHEHHQDQDO\]HGE\DQ
$UGXLQRSODWIRUPWRGHFLGHWKHSDWLHQW¶VKHDOWKVWDWXV7KHREWDLQHGPHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHDOVR
PRQLWRUHGXVLQJDQLQKRXVHPRELOHDSSOLFDWLRQZLWKDQLQWHJUDWHGDODUPV\VWHPDFTXDLQWHGE\
ERWKWKHWKHUDSLVWDQGSDWLHQW7KHGHVLJQRIWKLVGHYLFHLVGHSHQGHQWRQPDQ\W\SHVRI
SODWIRUPVVXFKDV$UGXLQR$QGURLGDQGFORXGVHUYHU7KLVGHYLFHFDQKHOSWKHSDWLHQWVWR
FKHFNWKHLUKHDOWKVWDWXVDQGSURYLGHVXJJHVWHGFRXUVHRIDFWLRQ
.H\ZRUGV3XOVH2[LPHWHU+5$QGURLG$UGXLQRESP6S23KRWRSOHWK\VPRJUDSK\33*

,QWURGXFWLRQ
$ SXOVH R[LPHWHU LV D OLJKW EDVHG GHYLFH XVHG GXH LWV VLPSOLFLW\ WR PHDVXUH KHDUW UDWH +5 DQG WKH
DUWHULDO R[\JHQ VDWXUDWLRQ 6S2 DV D SHUFHQWDJH RI WKH KDHPRJORELQ LQ EORRG $FFRUGLQJO\ WKH
3KRWRSOHWK\VPRJUDSK\33*VLJQDOLVXVHGWRPRQLWRUWKH+5E\GHWHFWLQJWKHYDULDWLRQLQWKHEORRG
YROXPHLQWKHLQYHVWLJDWHGDUHD7KHYDULDWLRQLQWKHKHDUWUDWHUHOLHVSULPDULO\RQWKHVWDWHRIWKHSDWLHQW
H[HUFLVH VOHHS VWUHVVHWF:KLOHWKHDYHUDJH KHDUWUDWHDWUHVWVKRXOGEHEHWZHHQWR ESP
&RQVHTXHQWO\KHDUWUDWHVRXWVLGHWKLVUDQJHFRXOGEHDQLQGLFDWLRQRIDPHGLFDOFRQGLWLRQ2QWKHRWKHU
KDQG R[\JHQ VDWXUDWLRQ GHSHQGV RQ WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI KDHPRJORELQ LQ UHG EORRG FHOOV ZKHUH WKH
DYHUDJHQRUPDOYDOXHLVWR7KHUHIRUHORZYDOXHVFRXOGEHDQLQGLFDWLRQRIVRPHGLVHDVHV
VXFKDVDQDHPLD$GGLWLRQDOO\LWVYDOXHVDUHGLUHFWO\SURSRUWLRQDOWRWKHDPRXQWRIR[\JHQDYDLODEOHLQ
WKHVXUURXQGLQJDWPRVSKHUH

7KLVSDSHULVRUJDQL]HGDVIROORZLQJVHFWLRQSXOVHR[LPHWHUDQGLWVRSHUDWLRQWKHGHWDLOHGFLUFXLW
GHVLJQVHQVRURSHUDWLRQDQGV\VWHPDUHGHVFULEHGLQVHFWLRQZKLOHWKHV\VWHPPHDVXULQJUHVXOWVDUH
SUHVHQWHGLQ
VHFWLRQ)LQDOO\FRQFOXVLRQDQGUHIHUHQFHVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQVHFWLRQDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\



Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
 

ICaTAS
 2019 IOP Publishing
 of Physics: Conference Series
Journal 1447 (2020) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1447/1/012004



3XOVHR[LPHWHU
7KHSXOVHR[LPHWHU¶V PHDVXUHPHQWVDUHEDVHGRQWKH33*VLJQDODFTXLUHG:KLFKLVDQRQLQYDVLYH
PHDVXULQJWHFKQLTXHXVLQJDOLJKWVRXUFHDQGDOLJKWGHWHFWRUWRPHDVXUHWKHYDULDWLRQLQEORRGYROXPH
LQWLVVXHV,QRWKHUZRUGVWKHYDULDWLRQLQWKHEORRGYROXPHLVXVHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHKHDUWUDWH7KHUH
DUHWZRW\SHVRI33*WUDQVPLWWDQFHDQGUHIOHFWDQFH,QWUDQVPLWWDQFH33*WKHOLJKWVRXUFHLVSODFHGRQ
RQH VLGHV RI WKH WLVVXH ZKLOH WKH OLJKW GHWHFWRU LV SODFHG RQ WKH RWKHU VLGH +HQFH WKH HPLWWHG OLJKW
SHQHWUDWHVWKHWLVVXHEHIRUHWKHYDULDWLRQLQLWFDQEHPHDVXUHGXVLQJWKHGHWHFWRUDVVKRZQLQILJXUHD
7KXVWKLVW\SHRI33*FDQRQO\EHXVHGLQVPDOOYROXPHRUJDQVVXFKDVHDUOREHDQGILQJHUV
,QVWHDGWKHUHIOHFWDQFHW\SH33*WKHOLJKWVRXUFHDQGGHWHFWRUDUHERWKSODFHGRQWKHVDPHVLGHRIWKH
WLVVXHDVVKRZQLQILJXUHE7KXVWKHVRXUFHHPLWVWKHOLJKWLQWRWKHWLVVXHDQGWKHGHWHFWRUPHDVXUHV
WKHYDULDWLRQLQWKHUHIOHFWHGOLJKW+HQFHWKLVW\SHFDQEHXVHGRYHUDQ\SDUWRIERG\

 

D    E 

)LJXUHD7UDQVPLWWDQFH33*E5HIOHFWDQFH33*

'HYLFH'HVLJQ
$SODWIRUPIRUPHDVXULQJWKHKHDUWUDWHZDVGHVLJQHGDQGLQWHJUDWHGZLWKDFRPPXQLFDWLRQVROXWLRQLQRUGHUWR
SURYLGHWKHQHHGHGKHOSWRSDWLHQWV)LYHPDLQHOHPHQWVZKHUHLQFOXGHGLQWKLVGHVLJQ$UGXLQRERDUG6HQVRUV
3%& ERDUG $QGURLG $SSOLFDWLRQ DQG ZHE VHUYLFHV  7KH SDWLHQWV KHDUW UDWH ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH DQG R[\JHQ
VDWXUDWLRQZKHUHDOOPHDVXUHGXVLQJWKHVSHFLILHGVHQVRUV6HFRQGO\DOOWKHPHDVXUHGYDOXHVZKHUHPRQLWRUHGDQG
DQDO\VHG XVLQJ $UGXLQR ERDUG DQG GLVSOD\HG RQ DQ /&' VFUHHQ 7KHQ WKH UHVXOWV ZKHUH VHQW WR DQ DQGURLG
DSSOLFDWLRQZKLFKZDVSUHLQVWDOOHGRQWKHSDWLHQW¶VPRELOHSKRQHYLDD%OXHWRRWKPRGXOH$WWKHHQGWKHVHUHVXOWV
FRXOGEHVHQWWRDSK\VLFLDQXVLQJWKHZHEVHUYHUIRUIXUWKHUDQDO\VLV1RWLILFDWLRQVFDQDOVREHVHQWWRWKHSK\VLFLDQ
LQFDVHRIDQHPHUJHQF\7KHVROXWLRQGLDJUDPFRXOGEHVKRZQLQ)LJXUH



)LJXUH(QGWR(QGGHVLJQGLDJUDP

2
 

ICaTAS
 2019 IOP Publishing
 of Physics: Conference Series
Journal 1447 (2020) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1447/1/012004



+HDUW 7HPSHUDWXUHVHQVRUV

7KHGHVLJQRIWKHSURSRVHGGHYLFHLQFOXGHVWZRPDLQVHQVRUVWKHKHDUWVHQVRU0$;DQGKXPDQERG\
WHPSHUDWXUHVHQVRU0$;LVDSXOVHR[LPHWHUDQGKHDUWUDWHVHQVRULQWHJUDWHGLQRQHFKLS7KHVHQVRU
FRQVLVWVRIWZR/('VDSKRWRGHWHFWRURSWLPL]HGRSWLFVDQGORZQRLVHDQDORJXHVLJQDOSURFHVVLQJXQLW>@7KH
VHQVRUZDVFKRVHQIRULWVWLQ\VL]HPP[PP[PP8OWUD/RZ3RZHU2SHUDWLRQ$PELHQW/LJKW
&DQFHOODWLRQDQGKLJK615)LJXUHDVKRZV0$;ZLWKWKHHTXLYDOHQWFLUFXLW7KHVHQVRU
PHDVXUHPHQWVZKHUHDQDO\VHGXVLQJ$UGXLQR0HJD

7KHWHPSHUDWHVHQVRUDVVKRZQLQILJXUHELVVSHFLILFDOO\GHVLJQHGWRPHDVXUHKXPDQERG\WHPSHUDWXUH
ZLWKKLJKDFFXUDF\%RG\WHPSHUDWXUHZDVPHDVXUHGE\DSSO\LQJWKLVVHQVRURQWKHSDWLHQW¶VVNLQ
ZKHUHWKHRXWSXWRIWKLVVHQVRUZDVFRQQHFWHGWRWKH$UGXLQRERDUG¶VDQDORJXHSRUWWKURXJKD.UHVLVWDQFH
7KHQWKHPHDVXUHPHQWVZKHUHDQDO\VHGXVLQJWKH$UGXLQRFRGH


 
D E

)LJXUHD0D[VHQVRUZLWKWKHHTXLYDOHQWFLUFXLWE+XPDQ%RG\7HPSHUDWXUHVHQVRU

$UGXLQR3ODWIRUP
7KHPDLQSODWIRUPXVHGIRUWKHGHYLFHZDVWKH$UGXLQRPHJDPLFURFRQWUROOHUERDUGWKLVFRQWUROOHULV
EDVHGRQ$7PHJDZLWKGLJLWDOLQSXWRXWSXWSLQV0+]FU\VWDORVFLOODWRUDQG.%IODVKPHPRU\
>@7KLVFRQWUROOHUZDVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUUHDGLQJDQGDQDO\VLQJWKHPHDVXUHPHQWVIURPERWK0$;DQG
WHPSHUDWXUHVHQVRUVRQGLJLWDODQGDQDORJXHSLQVUHVSHFWLYHO\

3&% /&'
$3&%GHVLJQZDVDGRSWHGWRVLPSOLI\WKHLQWHJUDWLRQDQGFRQQHFWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHXVHGVHQVRUVDQG$UGXLQR
ERDUG)LJXUHDVKRZVWKH3&%OD\RXWZKLFKZDVGHVLJQHGDQGLPSOHPHQWHGGLUHFWO\WRWKH$UGXLQRXVLQJ
LQWHJUDWHG3,1KHDGHUZLWKRXWDQ\FDEOHV7KHGHVLJQRI3&%OD\RXWZDVPDGHXVLQJ3URWHXV637KH3&%
ZDVDOVRXVHGWRIRUWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIWKH/&'VFUHHQDQG%OXHWRRWKPRGXOH7KHILQDOERDUGDIWHUWKH
LQWHJUDWLRQRIVHQVRUVDQGFRPSRQHQWVVKRZQDWILJXUHE


3
 

ICaTAS
 2019 IOP Publishing
 of Physics: Conference Series
Journal 1447 (2020) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1447/1/012004



 


)LJXUHD3&%OD\RXWE)LQDO3&%ORDGHGZLWKFRPSRQHQWV

$QGURLG$SSOLFDWLRQ :HEVHUYLFH
7KHPRELOHDSSOLFDWLRQZDVGHYHORSHGXVLQJ$QGURLG6WXGLRWREHIXOO\FRPSDWLEOHZLWK$QGURLGSKRQHV
XVLQJ$QGURLGYHUVLRQ2UHR7KLVDSSOLFDWLRQZDVGHVLJQHGWRRSHUDWHLQWZRPRGHVWKHILUVWIRUWKHSDWLHQW
ZKLOHWKHVHFRQGPRGHZDVLQWHQGHGIRUSK\VLFLDQDQGERWKPRGHVDUHFRQQHFWHGYLDWKHZHEVHUYLFH7KH
SDWLHQW¶VPRGHZDVFRQQHFWHGGLUHFWO\WRWKH$UGXLQRERDUGYLD%OXHWRRWKDQGFDQVKRZWKHPHDVXUHPHQWVDQG
PHGLFDOFRQGLWLRQ7KHSDWLHQW¶VDSSOLFDWLRQFDQDOVREHXVHGWRVDYHWKHFRQWDFWVRIKLVNLQGUHGDQGSK\VLFLDQ
DQGDQRWLILFDWLRQFDQDOVREHVHQWWRWKHSK\VLFLDQLQFDVHRIDQHPHUJHQF\7KHSK\VLFLDQ¶VDSSOLFDWLRQFDQ
VKRZDOOWKHSDWLHQWVYLWDOVLJQVZKLOHSURYLGLQJDFFHVVWRWKHSDWLHQW¶VNLQGUHG)LJXUHVKRZVWKHDSSOLFDWLRQ
*8,DQGVRPHUHVXOWVDPSOHV









D

E
)LJXUHD3DWLHQWGHWDLOV$SSOLFDWLRQE6DPSOHVRIPHDVXUHPHQWV



4
 

ICaTAS
 2019 IOP Publishing
 of Physics: Conference Series
Journal 1447 (2020) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1447/1/012004



5HVXOWVFRPSDULVRQ

7KHIROORZLQJUHVXOWVVKRZWKHFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWKHSURSRVHGGHYLVHDQG;PHSXOVHR[LPHWHUDYDLODEOH
LQWKHPDUNHW7KHPHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHWDNHQIRUWHQLQGLYLGXDOVDWWKHVDPHWLPHRQDVHWWLQJSRVLWLRQXVLQJERWK
GHYLFHVWRVDWLVI\WKHUHVXOWVDFFXUDF\7KHLQGLYLGXDOVZHUHVHOHFWHGDWGLIIHUHQWDJHJURXSVRIERWKJHQGHUV$OO
PHQWLRQHGUHVXOWVZHUHPHDVXUHGLQWULSOLFDWHVWKXVPDNLQJVXUHWKDWWKHVHPHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHFRUUHFWLWZDV
PDGHVXUHWKDWWKHVHPHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHQRWDIIHFWHGE\DQ\VXGGHQIDFWRUOLNHSDWLHQWPRYLQJ7DEOHVKRZV
ERWKDYHUDJHUHDGLQJVRI+HDUWUDWHDQG632ZLWKWKHUHVWDQGDUGHUURUUHVSHFWLYHO\LQWHUHVWLQJO\VWDQGDUGHUURU
ZDVLQWKHUDQJHVEHWZHHQIRUERWKKHDUWUDWHDQG632UHVSHFWLYHO\1HYHUWKHOHVV;PHGHYLFHKDG
VWDQGDUGHUURULVEHWZHHQDVLQGLFDWHGIURPWKHGHYLFHGDWDVKHHWIRUERWKPHDVXUHPHQWVWKHUIRUH
LQGLFDWLQJWRWKHHIILFDF\RIWKHSURSRVHGGHYLFH+RZHYHUWKHWLPHWDNHQIRUDVLQJOHPHDVXUHPHQWXVLQJ;0(
ZDVVHFRQGZKHQFRPSDUHGWRWKHSURSRVHGGHYLFHZKLFKZDVVHFRQGVWKLVZDVGXHWRWDNLQJ
PRUHUHDGLQJVWRFDOFXODWHSUHFLVHDYHUDJHDQGVWDQGDUGHUURU,QDGGLWLRQWKHRYHUDOOFRVWRIWKHFXUUHQWSURSRVHG
GHYLFH3URMHFWZDV86'ZKHQFRPSDUHGWR;PHDW86',QDFFRXQWPRUHIHDWXUHVZHUHDGGHGWR
WKHSURSRVHGGHYLFHVXFKDV%OXHWRRWK$QGURLGFRPSDUDELOLW\ZDUQLQJDQGDOHUWV



7DEOH7KHDYHUDJHDQGVWDQGDUGHUURURIKHDUWUDWHDQG632IRUWKHSURSRVHGGHYLVH

3DWLHQWV 5HVXOWV
$YHUDJHYDOXHRI 6WDQGDUG(UURURI $YHUDJHYDOXHRI 6WDQGDUG(UURURI
$JH *HQGHU
+HDUWUDWHESP +HDUWUDWH 632 632
 0DOH    
 0DOH    
 0DOH    
 0DOH    
 PDOH    
 )HPDOH    
 )HPDOH    
 )HPDOH    
 )HPDOH    
 IHPDOH    

7DEOH5HVXOWV2I;PHSXOVH2[LPHWHU

3DWLHQWV 'HYLFH
 632 +HDUW5DWH
$JH *HQGHU ;PH3XOVH ;PH3XOVH
2[LPHWHU 2[LPHWHU
  0DOH  
  0DOH  
  0DOH  
  0DOH  
  PDOH  
  )HPDOH  
  )HPDOH  
  )HPDOH  
  )HPDOH  
  IHPDOH  

,WFDQEHVKRZQIURPJUDSKILJXUHWKDWKHDUWUDWHUHDGLQJVEHWZHHQWKHSURSRVHGGHYLFHDQG;PHKDGVOLPLHU
EHKDYLRXU HVSHFLDOO\DWDJHJURXSV±\HDUV+RZHYHU632VKRZHGKLJKHUYDOXHVXVLQJ;PHGHYLFH

5
 

ICaTAS
 2019 IOP Publishing
 of Physics: Conference Series
Journal 1447 (2020) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1447/1/012004



WKLVFRXOGEHREVHUYHGGXHWRWKHKLJKHUDFFXUDF\RIWKHVHQVRUXVHGLQWKHPDUNHW'HYLFH;PHQHYHUWKHOHVV
RXUSURSRVHGGHYLFHVWLOOVKRZHGUHDGLQJVLQWKHUDQJHVRIZLWKLQWKHDFFHSWDEOHFOLQLFDOUDQJH 

,ĞĂƌƚZĂƚĞ ^WKϮ
ϭϬϬ ϵϵй
ϵϬ ϵϴй
,ĞĂƌƚZĂƚĞ

^WKϮ
ϴϬ ϵϳй
ϳϬ ϵϲй
ϲϬ ϵϱй
ϵϰй
ϱ ϭϬ ϭϱ ϮϬ Ϯϱ ϯϬ ϯϱ ϰϬ ϰϱ ϱϬ ϱϱ ϲϬ ϲϱ ϳϬ ϱ ϭϬ ϭϱ ϮϬ Ϯϱ ϯϬ ϯϱ ϰϬ ϰϱ ϱϬ ϱϱ ϲϬ ϲϱ ϳϬ
ŐĞ ŐĞ

ƉƌŽƉƐĞĚ ZĞĨĞƌŶĐĞ ƉƌŽƉƐĞĚ ZĞĨĞƌŶĐĞ

 

 )LJXUHD+HDUWUDWH96$JHE63296$JH

&21&/86,21
7KLVSDSHUSURSRVHVDQDIIRUGDEOHKHDUWUDWHPRQLWRULQJGHYLVHEDVHGRQDQ$UGXLQRSODWIRUPV\QFKURQLVHGZLWK
DQDQGURLGDSSOLFDWLRQ,WFDQPRQLWRU632+HDUWUDWHDQGKXPDQERG\WHPSHUDWXUHDQGEDVHGRQWKHPHDVXUHG
YDOXHVLWFDQDQDO\VHVWKHKHDOWKVWDWXVIRUZDUQLQJLQGLFDWRUV1HYHUWKHOHVVUHVXOWVDUHVHQWWKURXJKDQ$QGURLG
DSSOLFDWLRQYLD%OXHWRRWKWREHVWRUHGDQGVKDUHGZLWKWKHGRFWRUDQGSDWLHQWRUDQ\GHVLJQDWHGGHYLFH

5HIHUHQFHV
>@ KWWSVGDWDVKHHWVPD[LPLQWHJUDWHGFRPHQGV0$;SGI
>@ KWWSVZZZDUGXLQRFFHQ0DLQ$UGXLQR%RDUG0HJD"VHWODQJ HQ
>@ .DOH 1 %KDJZDW '  :(%&$5( +($/7&+&$5( 021,725,1* 6<67(0 86,1* ,27
,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI$GYDQFH5HVHDUFKLQ6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ9ROXPH1R,VVXH1R
-DQXDU\ 
>@ /DXONDU5'DLPLZDO1$SSOLFDWLRQVRI)LQJHU3KRWRSOHWK\VPRJUDSK\,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDO
RI(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV9ROXPH,VVXH-DQ)HESS
>@ :HL 0 &KDQJ 5 :DQJ & /LQ & &KHQ +  'HVLJQ RI D )OH[LEOH 33* 6LJQDO 3URFHVVLQJ
:LUHOHVV'HYLFH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ&RQVXPHU(OHFWURQLFV7DLZDQ
>@ .HLNKRVUDYL$=DKHGL($WWDU+$JKDMDQL+([SHULPHQWDO,QYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKH5ROHVRI
%ORRG9ROXPHDQG'HQVLW\LQ)LQJHU3KRWRSOHWK\VPRJUDSK\,(((6(16256-2851$/9ROXPH
,VVXH120$<
>@ 0RKDQ31DJDUDMDQ91LVKD$$)UDPH:RUNWR(VWLPDWH+HDUW5DWHDQG$UWHULDO2[\JHQ
6DWXUDWLRQ6SR,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ&RPPXQLFDWLRQDQG6LJQDO3URFHVVLQJ$SULO

>@ ;LH<*DR</L</X:/L:'HYHORSPHQWRI:HDUDEOH3XOVH2[LPHWHU%DVHGRQ,QWHUQHW
RI7KLQJVDQG6LJQDO3URFHVVLQJ7HFKQLTXHV(XURSHDQ0RGHOOLQJ6\PSRVLXP