1/11/2021 Evernote shared notebook:

Misc
Monday, November 12 2012, 8:47 AM

International Affairs

Q. Do you think India is a soft state?

1. No. I don't agree with the concept of a soft state. Every state today defends its national interests and if it doesn't defend one, its because a larger priority is at stake. For
example, we may not have destroyed terrorist camps in Pakistan, why? Because we perhaps don't have the capability of doing it without risking a war with Pakistan and
preventing that war would be a bigger national interest priority for us because the results of any war with Pakistan would be terrible for us. The concept of a soft state is coined
by hardliners. In cool headed diplomacy, it has no place.

Q. So you are saying that we should accept terrorism and any such misadventure on part of Pakistan?
1. No, we should focus on strategies for which we have capabilities to execute. For instance, terrorist violence in Kashmir is on decline because Army has now teamed up with
J&K police and carries out intel based operations. This has proven to be very effective.

Q. Pakistan is falling apart what should we be doing? …In the economic context our neighbors are benefiting from our growth why not pakistan benefiting ?
1. great danger.
2. Direct intervention will only make things more difficult. So indirect help - through US, S Arabia.
3. Must also keep Afghanistan strong.
4. Keep border defense strong.
5. give a serious thought about nuclear weapons - contingency plan.

Q. Taliban Talks... Is it good or Bad for India.. India future Role in Afghanistan.
1. we should be realistic
2. lay down arms, come in mainstream democratic activity. india should encourage this.
3. Persuade US - taliban doesn't turn against India.

Q. How will you solve Kashmir issue with Pakistan?

1. win heart of people - restore peace, check infiltration, strengthen local institutions, checks on military.

Q. dialogue with pakistan - but nothing has been achieved dialogue thing since last 60 years?
1. Nothing has been achieved from wars either.

Q. Status of Iran's nuclear problem and current talks issue.

1. Interim arrangement reached few months back where Iran agreed to halt its nuclear facilities and centrifuges in return for partial lifting of sanctions. It also agreed for a 5% limit
on nuclear enrichment.
2. Next round of talks going on and the main issue would be how far away to keep Iran from developing the nuclear weapons. America wants more than one year but how much
more is not specified. For this to happen, Iran should have no more than 5000 centrifuges and that too 1st generation. Then there is a question of delivery mechanism.

Q. What is your opinion about Iran's stand in future?

1. Iran as of now is promising full transparency but there is no official word on how many centrifuges to keep.

Q. Situation in Iraq.
1. Sunni minority has lost the power after Saddam Hussein. Prez is Shia, VP was Sunni - fled to Kurd areas. Now elections held on 30 April, result not announced.

Q. arabless spring

Q. egypt
1. Mursi was ousted, El Sisi is new dictator. He is running for president.
2. Violence, thousands of brotherhood supporters killed, brotherhood banned. Recently a court ordered hanging of over 600 supporters.

Q. Why India-Us relations was very good during Bush Administration, but has cooled down during Obama administration?

M2: What are your views about current state of foreign affairs of India?
1. Sri Lanka - UNHRC voting.
2. Bangladesh - Land pact, Teesta sharing, exchange of persons. not allow land to be used for attacks in india.
3. Pakistan - LoC violations, limbo, internal terrorism and talks.
4. China - Despang violation, border pact. We will have to take a larger view.
5. Maldives - Gayoom's brother won, toured India. Rebuilding.
6. Afghanistan - status of talks, 2014 withdrawal.
7. Japan - good, making overtures.

Protests in Bahrain

Q. Major Shia and Sunni countries in the middle east

1. Sunni: Egypt, UAE, Qatar, S Arabia, Oman, Turkey, Jordan, Bahrain (Sunni govt, shia majority), Yemen.
2. Shia: Iran, Iraq, Syria (govt)
3. Lebanon has mixed (23% sunni, 33% shia), 45% Christians. Head of govt and military and central bank is Christian, Vice president is Muslim.

- Any international effort towards taping fusion energy?

- what is cold fusion?
ITER (originally an acronym of International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor and Latin for "the way" or "the road") is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering
project, which is currently building the world's largest experimental tokamak nuclear fusion reactor adjacent to the Cadarache facility in the south of France. A tokamak is a device
using a magnetic field to confine a plasma in the shape of a torus.

30 May

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- Indian arrival day celebrated in Trinidad and Tobago as the 1st ship Fatah - al - Razzak arrived there carrying Indians.
- Treaty of Paris in 1814 was signed after Battle of Leipzig and exiling Napoleon to Elba.
- Tiananmen square protests began.

Football and Sports

history of football in india

The period from 1951 to 1962 is considered the golden era in Indian football. Under the tutelage of legendary Syed Abdul Rahim[3] India became the best team in Asia. The
Indian team started the 1950s with their triumph in the 1951 Asian Games which they hosted[4] Later next year they went on to participate in the 1952 Olympics, but lost 10–1
to Yugoslavia. Like before four years earlier, many of the team played without boots.[5] After the result the AIFF immediately made it mandatory to wear boots.[6] India then
went on to finish second in the 1954 Asian Games held in Manila.[7] At the 1956 Olympic Games they finished fourth, which is regarded as one of finest achievements in
Indian football. India first met hosts Australia, winning 4–2 with Neville D'Souza becoming the first Asian to score a hat trick in the Olympics and also making India the first
Asian team to reach the Olympic semi-finals. They lost 4–1 to Yugoslavia, and lost the third place play-off match 3–0 to Bulgaria.[8]

Then in 1962 India went on to win the 1962 Asian Games where they beat South Korea 2–1 in the final.[9]

Then in 1964 India played in its most memorable tournament yet. The 1964 AFC Asian Cup where they finished as runners-up thanks to then-current manager Harry Wright.
India won their first match against South Korea 2–0, then lost 2–0 to the hosts Israel then won 3–1 against Hong Kong which gave India second in the tournament.[10]

dismal condition of football in india

ndia's current top domestic league, I-League, was formed in 2007 in an attempt to professionalize domestic football.[4] Also contested is Santosh Trophy, a knock-out
competition between states (provinces) and government institutions. The current captain of the Indian national team is Sunil Chhetri and the team is coached by Wim
Koevermans. India is currently ranked 154th in the FIFA World Rankings
The origin of football in India can be traced back to mid-nineteenth century when the game was introduced by British soldiers. Initially, games were played between army
teams. However, clubs were soon set up around the country. Several football clubs like Calcutta FC, Sovabazar, Mohun Bagan and Aryan Club were established in Calcutta
around the 1890s. Calcutta, then capital of British India, soon became the hub of Indian football.
Subrata pal is the current goalkeeper.

steps for betterment of game

football world cup and prediction of strong contenders
origin of football

Football (as well as rugby and soccer) are believed to have descended from the ancient Greek game of harpaston. Harpaston is mentioned frequently in classical literature,
where it is often referred to as a “very rough and brutal game“. The rules of this ancient sport were quite simple: Points were awarded when a player would cross a goal line
by either kicking the ball, running with it across the goal line, or throwing it across the line to another player. The other team’s objective was simply to stop them by any means
possible. There was no specific field length, no side line boundaries, no specified number of players per team, only a glaring lack of rules. Most modern versions of football
are believed to have originated from England in the twelfth century. The game became so popular in England that the kings of that time (Henry II and Henry IV) actually
banned football. They believed that football was taking away interest from the traditional sports of England, such as fencing and archery. Football didn’t really begin to take on
any consistency of rules and boundaries until it was picked up as a sport in the seven major public schools of England in the early 1800’s. Six of the seven schools were
largely playing the same game (including Eton, Harrow and Winchester) - while the seventh, Rugby School (founded in 1567) was playing a markedly different version of
football.

The other schools moved ahead refining their rules and eventually their game became known as "association football" – or soccer, which was played back then much as it is
today.

Law 2 of the game specifies that the ball is an air-filled sphere with a circumference of 68–70 cm (27–28 in), a weight of 410–450 g (14–16 oz), inflated to a pressure of 0.6 to
1.1 atmospheres (60–111 kPa or 8.7–16.1 psi) "at sea level", and covered in leather or "other suitable material"

there is a ban imposed on barcelona in transfer market due to Neymar's transfer saga
Barcelona has openly reported the transfer fee to be €57.1 million. Of that amount, €17.1 million went to Santos and the other €40 million was paid to the Neymar & Neymar
company, jointly owned by the player and his father.

2. Whether genetics, lifestyle and food habits contribute to the dire strait of football in SE Asia. Compare that to warn torn countries like Iraq and Afghanistan who are still
better than us, even with minimal infra.

4. Sportspersons as administrators - feasibility, pros and cons.

Still FIFA is very reluctant to use technology in football....reason for their resistance??
What you can do to improve India's image in football on the world map given that you have budget constraint??

What do you think a T-20 type innovation will work in other games also?

FIFA World Cup 2014

12 June - 13 July.

1st game: Brazil vs Croatia.

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Most difficult group: Group D (England, Italy, Uruguay)

Favorite team: Brazil (Brazil, Croatia, Mexico, Cameroon)

Brazil have lifted the coveted Trophy on a record five occasions (1958, 1962, 1970, 1994 and 2002)

Striker Neymar is already being hailed as a man capable of playing a key role for the five-time world champions come Brazil 2014. Currently among the supporting cast in
attack is the youngster’s former Santos team-mate Robinho, while Barcelona’s Dani Alves is a lung-bursting presence on the flank. Between the sticks, veteran goalkeeper
Julio Cesar exudes confidence and security to the rest of the backline.
Coach: Luiz Felipe Scolari

Spain > Germany > Portugal > Brazil in FIFA rankings.

The overall dimensions of a regulation soccer field is 100 yards long and 60 yards wide
The adult soccer goal is 24 feet wide by 8 feet high.
Since the advent of the World Cup in 1930, two trophies have represented victory: the Jules Rimet Trophy from 1930 to 1970, and the FIFA World Cup Trophy from 1974 to
the present day. In 1970, Brazil's third victory in the tournament entitled them to keep the trophy permanently. However, the trophy was stolen in 1983, and has never been
recovered, apparently melted down by the thieves. This new trophy is not awarded to the winning nation permanently. World Cup winners retain the trophy until the next
tournament and are awarded a gold-plated replica rather than the solid gold original.

******************************

Crimean Crises and India

1. The Crimean crisis has clearly presented India with a dilemma. On the one hand, Indian commentators are mindful of New Delhi's longstanding ties with Moscow, which
manifest themselves primarily in defence sales and cooperation in international organisations. While the defence ties have come under strain, positive sentiments based on
Russia's willingness to support India in less promising times still find resonance.
2. There is also an implicit understanding about realms of influence among great powers, which India finds relevant in its own neighbourhood, given its concerns about Chinese
involvement in Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
3. The Indian leadership is also wary of China being the prime beneficiary of the deteriorating relationship between Russia, on the one hand, and Europe and the US, on the
other.

********************************

History of Agrawals in Rajasthan

legendary Kshatriya king Agrasena of the Sun Dynasty who adopted Vanika dharma for the benefit of his people.[1][2] Literally, Agrawal means the people of Agroha,
near Hisar in Haryana region said to be founded by Agrasena
Many Agrawals migrated to Rajasthan. They form large fraction of the merchant population of Shekhawati region. Along with Maheshwari, Khandelwal and Oswals, they form the
Marwari bania community.
n 15th century, many Agrawals migrated to Amber kingdom (now Jaipur).
During modern times, many Agrawals were involved in the Indian Independence struggle like Lala Lajpat Rai. T

17.5 gotras..
Important Events of 1984
2 April - Squadron Leader Rakesh Sharma is launched into space, aboard the Soyuz T-11.
13 April - India launches Operation Meghdoot, as most of the Siachen Glacier in Kashmir comes under Indian control.
5 June - The Indian government begins Operation Blue Star.
3 December - Bhopal disaster: A methyl isocyanate leak from a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, kills more than 2,000 people outright and injures
anywhere from 15,000 to 22,000 others (some 6,000 of whom later die from their injuries) in one of the worst industrial disasters in history.

Overview of Saint Anselm's

It is run by the Gyan Deep Education Society. The school was founded by Rev. Fr. Raymond Coelho.
St. Anselm came from a noble Lombard family and was born in Aosta in the Italian Alps.
he was made Archbishop of Canterbury in the hope that he would be able to cope with the encroachments of King William
In 1987 the Diocese of Ajmer-Jaipur wanted to start a similar school in the capital city Jaipur. For this they appointed Fr. Raymond Coelho, an educationist who had experience of
running educational institutions. He founded St. Anselm's Pink City School with some teachers and employees he had recruited. The founder principal toiled for 13 years to make
St. Anselm's Pink City School what it is today.
Dumb Charades

On the nose' (ie someone has
made a correct guess):
'Sounds like':
'Longer version of':
'Shorter version of':
'Plural':
'Past tense':
A letter of the alphabet:
Point at your nose with one hand, while pointing at the person with your other hand.
Cup one hand behind an ear.
Pretend to stretch a piece of elastic.
Do a 'karate chop' with your hand.
Link your little fingers.
Wave your hand over your shoulder towards your back.
Move your hand in a chopping motion towards your arm (near the top of your forearm if the letter is near the beginning of the alphabet,
and near the bottom of your arm if the letter is near the end of the alphabet).

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Charades Signals
STANDARD SIGNALS

PERSON: Stand with hands on hips.

BOOK TITLE: Unfold your hands as if they were a book.

MOVIE TITLE: Pretend to crank an old-fashioned movie camera.

SONG TITLE: Pretend to sing.

TV SHOW: Draw a rectangle to outline a TV screen.

QUOTE OR PHRASE: Make quotation marks in the air with your fingers.

PLAY TITLE: Place both hands out, palms facing the audience and touching at the thumbs, and draw them apart like a theater curtain.

POEM: The player pretends to hold a paper and pretends to read the poem.

LOCATION: Make a circle with one hand, then point to it, as if pointing to a dot on a map.

EVENT: Point to your wrist as if you were wearing a watch.

COMPUTER GAME: Using both hands move your thumbs like you are using a game pad.

WEBSITE: Hold one hand out, palm down, horizontal to the ground, as if holding a computer mouse. Make a sweeping motion side to side, then stop and tap index finger as if “clic
TO INDICATE OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WORD OR PHRASE:

NUMBER OF WORDS IN THE CHARADE: Hold up the corresponding number of fingers.

WHICH WORD YOU ARE WORKING ON: Hold up the number of fingers again.

NUMBER OF SYLLABLES IN THE WORD: Lay the number of fingers on your arm.

WHICH SYLLABLE YOU ARE ON: Lay the number of fingers on your arm again.

LENGTH OF WORD: Make a “little” or “big” sign as if you were measuring a fish.

SOMEONE HAS GUESSED PART OF THE CHARADE CORRECTLY: Point at your nose with one hand, while pointing at the person with your other hand.

SOUNDS LIKE OR RHYMES WITH: Cup one hand behind an ear, or pull on your earlobe.

LONGER VERSION OF: Pretend to stretch a piece of elastic.

SHORTER VERSION OF: Do a “karate chop” with your hand.

PLURAL: Link your little fingers.

PAST TENSE: Wave your hand over your shoulder toward your back.

OPPOSITE: Form each hand into a hitchhiker’s thumb signal and point them in opposite directions.

THE ENTIRE CONCEPT: Sweep your arms through the air making big brackets.

A LETTER OF THE ALPHABET: Move your hand in a chopping motion toward your arm (near the top of your forearm if the letter is near the beginning of the alphabet, and near
of the alphabet).

A COLOR: Point to your tongue, then point to an object of the color you’re trying to convey. If no objects are available, then pantomime an object that typically possesses the color

CLOSE, KEEP GUESSING! Frantically wave your hands about to keep the guesses coming, or pretend to fan yourself, as if to say “getting hotter”.

STOP! WORK ON SOMETHING ELSE: Hold both arms out in front of you, palms of your hands waving, facing your teammates, while simultaneously shaking your head, eyes clos
COMMON SMALLER WORDS:

“A” steeple index fingers together.

“I” point at your eye, or your chest.

“THE” make a “T” sign with your index fingers.

“THAT” make a “T” with your index fingers, followed by one flattened hand tapping your head for “hat”. Following this with the “opposite” sign indicates the word “This.”

“OR” pretend to paddle a canoe.

“ON” make your index finger leap on to the palm of your other hand. Reverse this gesture to

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indicate “Off.”

Movie Editing

What is the difference between a feature film and a commercial film?

What is the difference between commercial cinema and art cinema?

- Edwin Stanton Porter started movie editing. Life of an American Fireman in 1903 was the first edited film. The film was a breakthrough having a plot, action, and even a closeup
of a hand pulling a fire alarm. The film comprises a continuous narrative over seven scenes, rendered in a total of nine shots.

- Porter continued to experiment with cinematic techniques in other films. The The Great Train Robbery was ground-breaking and is still shown in film schools today as an
example of early editing form.

- Porter discovered important aspects of motion picture language: that the screen image does not need to show a complete person from head to toe and that splicing together two
shots creates in the viewer's mind a contextual relationship. These were the key discoveries that made all non-live or non live-on-videotape narrative motion pictures and television
possible—that shots (in this case whole scenes since each shot is a complete scene) can be photographed at widely different locations over a period of time (hours, days or even
months) and combined into a narrative whole.[3]

- Sometime around 1918, Russian director Lev Kuleshov did an experiment that proves this point. (See Kuleshov Experiment) He took an old film clip of a head shot of a noted
Russian actor and intercut the shot with a shot of a bowl of soup, then with a child playing with a teddy bear, then with a shot an elderly woman in a casket. When he showed the
film to people they praised the actor's acting—the hunger in his face when he saw the soup, the delight in the child, and the grief when looking at the dead woman.[4] Of course,
the shot of the actor was years before the other shots and he never "saw" any of the items. The implication is that viewers brought their own emotional reactions to this sequence
of images, and then moreover attributed those reactions to the actor, investing his impassive face with their own feelings.

- editor's cut, then director's cut and then final cut.

- A montage editing consists of a series of short shots that are edited into a sequence to condense narrative. It is usually used to advance the story as a whole (often to suggest
the passage of time), rather than to create symbolic meaning. I

- An ellipsis is an apparent break in natural time continuity as it is implied in the film's story.

- Diegetic sound is that which is to have actually occurred within the story during the action being viewed.

- Match on action technique can preserve temporal continuity where there is a uniform, unrepeated physical motion or change within a passage. For example, a shot of someone
tossing a ball can be edited to show two different views, while maintaining temporal continuity by being sure that the second shot shows the arm of the subject in the same stage of
its motion as it was left when cutting from the first shot.

The establishing shot is one that provides a view of all the space in which the action is occurring. Its theory is that it is difficult for a viewer to become disoriented when all the
story space is presented before him. The establishing shot can be used at any time as a reestablishing shot. This might be necessary when a complex sequence of cuts may have
served to disorient the viewer.

- One way of preventing viewer disorientation in editing is to adhere to the 180 degree rule. The rule prevents the camera from crossing the imaginary line connecting the subjects
of the shot. Another method is the eyeline match. When shooting a human subject, he or she can look towards the next subject to be cut to, thereby using the former's self as a
reference for the viewer to use while locating the new subject within the set.

Overview of Jogging

Jogging is defined as going at a pace of less than 6 mph, while running is defined as anything faster than 6 mph.
When you run at a faster pace, your feet spend less time touching the ground as you move forward. This slight difference means that your muscles are activated differently.
According to a study published in the October 2005 issue of the "Journal of Sports Sciences," your pace affects the activation of the muscles in your glutes, hamstrings,
quadriceps, shins and calves. The study notes that the faster you move, the more your muscles are activated. The difference in muscle activation is obvious when you compare the
physiques of long-distance runners with that of sprinters. Long-distance runners tend to look thin and underdeveloped, whereas sprinters have more muscular physiques.

high-intensity exercises such as sprinting burn a much more significant amount of total body mass and fat mass than slower, steady-state exercise such as jogging.
Another benefit to more intensive exercise is that it produces an exercise after-burn or excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. The more your body works beyond its comfort
zone, as it does during intense exercise such as fast running, the more it depletes its oxygen reserves. Your body then has to work hard, even after you stop exercising, to restore
your oxygen levels. This effort requires energy and leads to continued calorie burn up to 48-hours after you’ve stopped exercising.

Aqua jogging is an excellent alternative exercise for runners who are injured or who want to reduce the amount of pounding that accompanies running on dry land.

Brisk walking can be defined as walking at a pace of about 4 mph while moving your arms energetically,
slow walking takes place at 3 mph with relaxed arms; race walking takes place at 5 mph with quick steps and arms bent to 90 degrees

It's a myth that jogging burns more calories than running. Some people attribute a higher caloric burn to jogging because it's often easier to spend more time jogging than running.

Running on a treadmill is easier on the body than jogging outside. This is mainly due to the treadmill’s constant running surface and environment. When jogging outside, external
factors like terrain and wind resistance increase the effort required to run the same distance on a treadmill.
Increase the incline on the treadmill by 1 degree to adjust for the lack of wind resistance. The moving belt on a treadmill promotes faster foot movement, which allows you to run
faster than you normally would outdoors. Also, running on a treadmill has less impact on the joints because you land with flatter foot placement on a treadmill than when jogging
outdoors.

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Though jogging and running are not inherently harmful, running on hard surfaces such as concrete can cause joint pain and soreness. Prevention recommends running on softer
surfaces such as gravel or dirt, noting that running on the asphalt on the road is more forgiving than the concrete of the sidewalk. If you feel sore when running downhill, where
gravity makes the impact especially strong, run uphill and then walk downhill or avoid hills altogether.

A 150-pound person running 1 mile in 10 minutes on a flat surface will burn approximately 111 calories. By comparison, the same person walking 1 mile in 15 minutes on a flat
surface will burn 93 calories. However, adding a 5 percent incline to this walking exercise bumps the calories burned to 128. The same walk performed at a 15 percent incline will
burn 219 calories. Interestingly, running speed only slightly affects calories burned, so if you are running and trying to burn more calories, running a longer distance is more
important than running faster.

One of the main differences between walking and jogging is that the calories burned while walking depend upon speed as well as distance. By comparison, the calories burned
while running aren't as affected by speed.

Chafing is caused when your skin is constantly rubbing against material during a run. Common areas that are susceptible to chafing are the inner things, sports bra lines, and
nipples (men). But it’s easy to avoid if you don't wear cotton during runs and use a lubricant like BodyGlide on sensitive areas.

cholars believe the story of Pheidippides may be a myth (if the Athenians wanted to send an urgent message to Athens, there was no reason why they could not have sent a
messenger on horseback), yet the myth had legs (no pun intended) and was the genesis of the modern marathon. It was the first running of the marathon (26 miles 385 yard) in the
modern Olympic Games of 1896 in Athens that commemorated Pheidippides' historic run.

in the 1936 Olympics in Nazi Germany, shattered Hitler's dream of proving the superiority of the Aryan race by winning gold medals in the 100-meter dash, 200-meter dash, and
the 400-meter relay.

According to the laws of physics, you should burn the same number of calories whether you walk or run the same distance.

But there is a slight difference in energy expenditure (calories burned) between the two; outdoor running burns slightly more calories than treadmill running at the same speed due
to lack of air resistance on the treadmill. Researchers studying this phenomenon found that setting the treadmill at 1% elevation equals things out.

Jogging is also distinguished from running by having a wider lateral spacing of foot strikes, creating side-to-side movement that likely adds stability at slower speeds or when
coordination is lacking

In 1593 William Shakespeare wrote in Taming of the Shrew, "you may be jogging whiles your boots are green". At that point, it usually meant to leave
Richard Jefferies, an English naturalist, wrote of "joggers", describing them as quickly moving people who brushed others aside as they passed.[4] The term jog originated in
England in the mid-16th century.[5] This usage became common throughout the British Empire, and in his 1884 novel My Run Home the Australian author Rolf Boldrewood wrote
"your bedroom curtains were still drawn as I passed on my morning jog".
In the United States jogging was called "roadwork" when athletes in training, such as boxers, customarily ran several miles each day as part of their conditioning.[citation needed]
In New Zealand during the 1960s or 1970s the word "roadwork" was mostly supplanted by the word "jogging", promoted by coach Arthur Lydiard, who is credited with popularizing
jogging.

Aerobic exercise (also known as cardio) is physical exercise of relatively low intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process

What is generally called aerobic exercise might be better termed "solely aerobic", because it is designed to be low-intensity enough not to generate lactate via pyruvate
fermentation, so that all carbohydrate is aerobically turned into energy.

Initially during increased exertion, muscle glycogen is broken down to produce glucose, which undergoes glycolysis producing pyruvate which then reacts with oxygen (Krebs
cycle, Chemiosmosis) to produce carbon dioxide and water and releases energy. If there is a shortage of oxygen (anaerobic exercise, explosive movements), carbohydrate is
consumed more rapidly because the pyruvate ferments into lactate. If the intensity of the exercise exceeds the rate with which the cardiovascular system can supply muscles with
oxygen, it results in buildup of lactate and quickly makes it impossible to continue the exercise. Unpleasant effects of lactate buildup initially include the burning sensation in the
muscles, and may eventually include nausea and even vomiting if the exercise is continued without allowing lactate to clear from the bloodstream.

Major muscles in a rested, untrained human typically contain enough energy for about 2 hours of vigorous exercise. Exhaustion of glycogen is a major cause of what marathon
runners call "hitting the wall"

Aerobic capacity is defined as the maximum amount of oxygen the body can use during a specified period, usually during intense exercise.

Due to high impact nature, running can be more injurious than jogging. Common injuries include "runner's knee" (pain in the knee), shin splints, pulled muscles (especially the
hamstring), "jogger's nipple" (irritation of the nipple due to friction), twisted ankles. Most of the injuries can be prevented if proper form of running or jogging can be practiced. These
injuries mainly occur due to lack of concentration while running and wrong movement of feet.

Treadmills and elliptical trainers are both used for cardiovascular exercise and to burn calories. Elliptical machines are lower impact, meaning that they are less damaging to your
joints and a workout on an elliptical feels less exerting than a similar one on a treadmill. However, ellipticals are not weight bearing so they aren't as effective as treadmills for
strengthening bones and muscles. Treadmills are the preferable choice for those training for distance running, while elliptical trainers are preferred for a full-body workout for cross
training.

Elliptical machines offer three advantages over treadmills:

No impact on joints: Treadmills are low impact machines for joints in the lower body -- knees, ankles and hips. The degree of impact depends upon the style of the person
exercising. Walking, for example, has minimal impact while running has a larger impact on the joints. An elliptical machine, on the other hand, has no impact on joints. So it is
preferable for people with joint problems.
Full body workout: Some elliptical trainers are equipped with movable handles or poles. These allow you to exercise both your arms and your legs (lower and upper body).
Elliptical machines can be pedaled in reverse, which allows you to work your calf and hamstring muscles a bit more than during a forward motion.

Ellipticals provide a good workout, but the perceived exertion is lower. This means they can burn more calories with less (perceived) effort.

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Why india doesnt win medals in athletics in olympics? 1.2 billion ppl n 1 bhi world class runner nahi apne pass..nainsafi hai ye..
- But, in 1976, the Olympics switched from natural turf to synthetic, which is far more expensive. All the Indian players who practiced on fields and grass patches were learning
skills no longer suited to international competition, and only the communities with the money and will to build a synthetic field could train viable contenders.

The marathon is a long-distance running event with an official distance of 42.195 kilometres. he marathon was one of the original modern Olympic events in 1896, though the
distance did not become standardized until 1921. The winner of the first Olympic Marathon, on 10 April 1896 (a male-only race), was Spyridon "Spyros" Louis, a Greek water-
carrier, in 2 hours 58 minutes and 50 seconds. The length of an Olympic marathon was not precisely fixed at first, but the marathon races in the first few Olympic Games were
about 40 kilometres (25 mi),[28] roughly the distance from Marathon to Athens by the longer, flatter route

The Olympic men's record is 2:06:32, set at the 2008 Summer Olympics by Samuel Kamau Wanjiru of Kenya[13] (average speed about 20.01 km/hr). The Olympic women's record
is 2:23:07, set at the 2012 Summer Olympics by Tiki Gelana of Ethiopia

The modern 42.195 km standard distance for the marathon was set by the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) in May 1921[31][32][33][34] directly from the length
used at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London.

1 2:03:23 Wilson Kipsang Kenya 29 September 2013 Berlin

1 2:15:25 Paula Radcliffe United Kingdom 13 April 2003 London

Youngest marathoner[edit]
Budhia Singh, a boy from Orissa, India, completed his first marathon at age three. He trained under the coach Biranchi Das, who saw potential in him. In May 2006, Budhia was
temporarily banned from running by the ministers of child welfare, as his life could be at risk. His coach was also arrested for exploiting and being cruel to the child. Budhia is now
at a state-run sports academy.

Oldest marathoner[edit]
Fauja Singh, 100, finished the Toronto Waterfront Marathon, becoming the first centenarian ever to officially complete that distance. Singh, a British citizen, finished the race on 16
October 2011 with a time of 8:11:5.9, making him the oldest marathoner.[63] Because Singh could not produce a birth certificate from rural 1911 Colonial India, the place of his
birth, his age could not be verified and his record was not accepted by the official governing body World Masters Athletics.

Carbohydrates that a person eats are converted by the liver and muscles into glycogen for storage. Glycogen burns rapidly to provide quick energy. Runners can store about 8 MJ
or 2,000 kcal worth of glycogen in their bodies, enough for about 30 km/18–20 miles of running. Many runners report that running becomes noticeably more difficult at that point.
[114] When glycogen runs low, the body must then obtain energy by burning stored fat, which does not burn as readily. When this happens, the runner will experience dramatic
fatigue and is said to "hit the wall". The aim of training for the marathon, according to many coaches,[115] is to maximize the limited glycogen available so that the fatigue of the
"wall" is not as dramatic. This is accomplished in part by utilizing a higher percentage of energy from burned fat even during the early phase of the race, thus conserving
glycogen. Carbohydrate-based "energy gels" are used by runners to avoid or reduce the effect of "hitting the wall", as they provide easy to digest energy during the run.

Distance for marathon? Kenyan aake jitke jata hai..aisa kyu?

- running is a part of their everyday life. run to schools.
- running offers a great career compared to alternatives. mountain on iten.

Citigroup

- Salomon Brothers --> Salomon Smith Barney --> Travellers Group + Citicorp = Citigroup ($140 bio merger in 1998). Travelers Group, whose businesses covered credit services,
consumer finance, brokerage, and insurance. Salomon was focused on fixed-income and institutional clients whereas Smith Barney was strong in equities and retail.

- Its largest shareholders include funds from the Middle East and Singapore.[10]According to the New York Times, on February 23, 2009, Citigroup announced that the United
States government would take a 36% equity stake in the company by converting US$25 billion in emergency aid into common shares with a US Treasury credit line of $45 billion to
prevent the bankruptcy of the largest bank in the world at the time. The government would also guarantee losses on more than $300 billion troubled assets and inject $20 billion
immediately into the company.

- Michael Corbat is present CEO of Citigroup.

- The Federal Reserve on Wednesday rejected Citigroup Inc's plans to buy back $6.4 billion of shares and boost dividends, saying the bank is not sufficiently prepared to handle a
potential financial crisis. The decision marks the second time in three years that Citigroup has failed to win the Fed's approval for its plan to return money to shareholders, known
as the "capital plan.

Salomon Brothers
John Gutfreund became the managing partner in 1978, taking the company public, staying on as CEO. During the 1980s, Salomon was noted for its innovation in the bond market,
selling the first mortgage-backed security, a hitherto obscure species of financial instrument created by Ginnie Mae. Shortly thereafter, Salomon purchased home mortgages from
thrifts throughout the United States and packaged them into mortgage-backed securities, which it sold to local and international investors. Later, it moved away from traditional
investment banking (helping companies raise funds in the capital market and negotiating mergers and acquisitions) to almost exclusively proprietary trading (the buying and selling
of stocks, bonds, options, etc. for the profit of the company). Salomon had expertise in fixed income securities and trading based on daily swings in the bond market.

In 1991, U.S. Treasury Deputy Assistant Secretary Mike Basham learned that Salomon trader Paul Mozer had been submitting false bids in an attempt to purchase more Treasury
bonds than permitted by one buyer during the period between December 1990 and May 1991. Salomon was fined $290 million for this infraction, the largest fine ever levied on an
investment bank at the time. The firm was weakened by the scandal, which led to its acquisition by Travelers Group. CEO Gutfreund left the company in August 1991 and a U.S.
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) settlement resulted in a fine of $100,000 and his being barred from serving as a chief executive of a brokerage firm.

In 1991, Salomon was caught in a Treasury securities trading scandal perpetrated by a Meriwether subordinate, Paul Mozer. According to Roger Lowenstein's biography of Warren
Buffett (at page 378), Mozer reportedly told Meriwether he had submitted a "single false bid" and described his effort to cover it up. Meriwether was "stunned" and inquired, "Is
there anything else?" Mozer "lied" and "begged for another chance" according to Lowenstein. Meriwether then "huddled" with Salomon CEO John Gutfreund and Salomon's
general counsel. They all agreed the firm should report it to the Treasury Department but nothing happened for four months as the partners, including Gutfreund, "belabored"
issues of who should call whom, what to say, and when. Mozer was left at his desk and submitted another false bid, this time resulting in an SEC investigation, Gutfreund's
resignation, Buffett's intervention, and (although Lowenstein does not discuss it in this book) Meriwether's $50,000 civil penalty. Meriwether decided to leave Salomon. Three years
later he started LTCM, leading to Wall Street's next crisis and Roger Lowenstein's next book.

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History of Hauz Khas

Hauz Khas Complex. In Urdu language, 'Hauz’ means “water tank” (or lake) and ‘Khas’ means “royal”, giving it the meaning - the “Royal tank”. The large water tank or reservoir
was first built by Allauddin Khilji (r. 1296–1316) (the plaque displayed at the site records this fact) to supply water to the inhabitants of Siri Fort.[1]

What is the difference between engineering and technology?

Engineering is both a field of study as well as application of knowledge (scientific) to create or produce something such as products and something structural. If some principles
and methods of a science subject such as Nuclear Physics are used to make a structure such as a Nuclear reactor, the reactor would be called an example of engineering.
While engineering is a field of study, technology is application based upon science and technology.

Use of prime number in coding

A user of RSA creates and then publishes the product of two large prime numbers, along with an auxiliary value, as their public key. The prime factors must be kept secret. Anyone
can use the public key to encrypt a message, but with currently published methods, if the public key is large enough, only someone with knowledge of the prime factors can
feasibly decode the message.[1] Whether breaking RSA encryption is as hard as factoring is an open question known as the RSA problem.

What is phishing?
Phishing is the act of attempting to acquire information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details (and sometimes, indirectly, money) by masquerading as a
trustworthy entity in an electronic communication. Communications purporting to be from popular social web sites, auction sites, online payment processors or IT administrators are
commonly used to lure the unsuspecting public

In computing, a denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its
intended users.

he man-in-the-middle attack (often abbreviated MITM, MitM, MIM, MiM, MITMA, also known as a bucket brigade attack, or sometimes Janus attack[citation needed])
incryptography and computer security is a form of active eavesdropping in which the attacker makes independent connections with the victims and relays messages between them,
making them believe that they are talking directly to each other over a private connection, when in fact the entire conversation is controlled by the attacker. The attacker must be
able to intercept all messages going between the two victims and inject new ones, which is straightforward in many circumstances (for example, an attacker within reception range
of an unencrypted Wi-Fi wireless access point, can insert himself as a man-in-the-middle)

The basic protocol for sending data over the Internet network and many other computer networks is the Internet Protocol ("IP"). The header of each IP packet contains, among
other things, the numerical source and destination address of the packet. The source address is normally the address that the packet was sent from. By forging the header so it
contains a different address, an attacker can make it appear that the packet was sent by a different machine. The machine that receives spoofed packets will send a response back
to the forged source address, which means that this technique is mainly used when the attacker does not care about the response or the attacker has some way of guessing the
response.
IP spoofing is most frequently used in denial-of-service attacks. In such attacks, the goal is to flood the victim with overwhelming amounts of traffic, and the attacker does not care
about receiving responses to the attack packets. Packets with spoofed addresses are thus suitable for such attacks. They have additional advantages for this purpose—they are
more difficult to filter since each spoofed packet appears to come from a different address, and they hide the true source of the attack.

Do you support the open source movement? If yes, what will be the incetive for a person to develop software?
- personal need
- career development
- selling complimentary products
Community Sharing and Improvement: The online community is an environment that promotes continual improvements, modifications, and contributions to each other's work. A
programmer can easily benefit from open source software because by making it public, other testers and subprograms can remove bugs, tailor code to other purposes, and find
problems. This kind of peer editing feature of open source software promotes better programs and a higher standard of code
Recognition: Though a project may not be associated with a specific individual, the contributors are often recognized and marked on a project's server. This allows for
programmers to receive public recognition for their skills, promoting career opportunities and exposure. In fact, the founders of Sun and Netscape began as open source
programmers

What is a router? Is a router a must to share internet connections between two computers?
A router is a device that forwards data packets between computer networks, creating an overlay internetwork. A router is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks. When a data packet comes in one of the lines, the router reads the address information in the packet to determine its ultimate destination. Then, using information in
its routing table or routing policy, it directs the packet to the next network on its journey. Routers perform the "traffic directing" functions on the Internet.

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