2.

#Basics

Basic properties of lines and planes.

1. One and only one line passes through two distinct points .
2. Infinite number of lines pass through a given point. These lines are called concurrent lines.
3. The intersection of two distinct lines is a point.
4. Three or more points are said to be collinear if they lie on a line, otherwise they are said to be
non collinear.
5. There are infinite number of planes passing through any given lines.
6. There is exactly one plane passing through three non -collinear points.
7. The intersection of two planes is a line.
8. If two lines are perpendicular to the same line they are parallel to each other.

#Post 3

#Post 4
#Post 5
Oa:120

Post 6

Oa: 55

angle FEB = 70 so angle EHD = 70... also FEA = 110 (linear pair).. but EJ bisects FEA so 110/2
= 55.. same with IH bisects DHG.. so DHI = 110/2 =55

7. #Triangles - Three types of triangles:

Acute (all angles less than 90°),

Right Angle (one angle is 90°),

Obtuse (one angle is more than 90°).

Angle opposite to the larger side is always greater than angle opposite to smaller side.
Sum of two sides is greater than third.

So, in a ∆ABC
AB + BC > AC,
AB + AC > BC
And AC + BC > AB

For acute angle triangle: - AB² + BC² > AC², AB² + AC² > AB² and BC² + AC² > AB²

For right angle triangle: - AB² + BC² = AC², where AC is hypotenuse

For obtuse angle triangle: - AB² + BC² < AC², where AC is the largest side

There is one more way of classifying the triangles as

Scalene (none of the sides are equal), Isosceles (two sides are equal) and equilateral triangle
(all of the sides are equal)

8.#Congruency

Congruency of triangles: - Two or more triangles are congruent when they are equal in all
aspects (shape, size and everything)

Conditions for congruency:-

i) SSS congruency: - When all the sides of the given two or more triangles are equal, then the
triangles are congruent.

ii) SAS congruency: - When two sides of the given two or more triangles are equal and angle
formed by these two sides are also equal, then also the two triangles are congruent.

iii) ASA congruency: - When two angles of the given two or more triangles are equal and side
between these two angles are also equal, then also the two triangles are congruent.

iv) RHS congruency: - If in two or more triangles we have right angle, equal hypotenuse and
one of the other sides also equal, then the triangles will be congruent.

9 #Triangles

1) Sum of length of any two sides is greater than third

2) Difference between any two sides is smaller than third

3) Side opposite to greatest angles will be greatest and side opposite to smallest angle will be
smallest .

4) #Sine_Rule : if a, b,c are the angles of a triangle with opposite angles A,B,C then
a/SinA = b/SinB = c/SinC = 2R. ( R = circum radius )

5) #Cosine_Rule : a^2=b^2+c^2-2bcCosA

●In case of right triangle A=90 and Cos90=0

So a^2=b^2+c^2. (Pythagoras)

6) Exterior angle = Sum of two interior angles not adjacent to it .

10. Triangles Equilateral

■R=a/rt3

r = a/2rt3

Hence R = 2r

■ The in center and circumcentre lies at a point that divides height in the ratio 2 : 1.

■ Among all the triangles that can be formed with all given perimeter , equilateral triangle will
have maximum area .

11 #Triangles #Area

s = semiperimeter, r = in radius , R = circum radius .

■Area = 1/2*base*height =root[s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)]

■Area = 1/2*abSinC = 1/2*acSinB = 1/2*bcSinA

■Area = r*s

■ Area = abc/4R

12. #CAT_2000

If a, b and c are the sides of a triangle, and a²+ b² + c²= bc + ca + ab, then the triangle is

a. equilateral b. isosceles c. right-angled d. obtuse-angled

13. Sum of all the exterior angles of any polygon is always 360.

Sum of all the internal angles of n sided polygon is (n-2)*180.

14 Q) Sum of all the exterior angles of convex decagon is ?

15 #Centroid
A line drawn from a vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side is called a median.

The three medians of a triangle are concurrent.

Meeting point of three medians of a triangle is called centroid..

The centroid divides each median in the ratio 2:1.

#Orthocenter

A line drawn from a vertex of a triangle perpendicular to the opposite side is called an altitude.
The three altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.

The meeting point of three altitudes of a triangle is called the orthocenter of the triangle.

16■Area of an isosceles triangle with two equal sides a and base b is

=> A = (b/4)root (4a^2-b^2)

■ Right Angled Triangle

● R = Hypotenuse/2 ( coz hypotenuse will be diameter of the circumcircle )

● As Area = rs
1/2*bc= r (a+b+c)/2
r = bc/(a+b+c)

● Also r = (base + height - hypotenuse )/2

( r = in radius , R = circum radius )

17

● Area of Octagon of side a is 2a^2(1+rt2)

● Sum of all angles of an n pointed star is (n-4)*180

Geometry 2

I'll be mostly posting CAT type questions. Not based much on theorems and formulae.

1 Q) Find the maximum area that can be bound by four line segments of length 1, 2, 3 and 4.
(you are not allowed to break a segment, you may join two.)

Oa : root24

Solution : For given side lengths, Cyclic quadrilateral has maximum area.

S = (1+2+3+4)/2 = 5

Area of cyclic quadrilateral= root(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d) =root (1*2*3*4)

= root(24 )
Q2) What is the maximum area of a closed polygon with perimeter = 20 ?

For any given perimeter , larger the number of sides , Greater the area .

A circle is a polygon with infinite number of sides . Hence will have maximum area.

So 2pi*r=20

r=10/pi

A = pi*(10/pi)^2 = 100/pi

Q3) On a circle 26 equidistant points are marked. These points are joined to form triangles. Of
the triangles formed, how many of them will have their circumcenter on one of their sides.?

Oa: 312

Solution : 26 equidistant points on the circumference of circle

u can select any 2 which are opposite to each other, like this u can find 13 pairs which are
exactly opposite to each other and 3rd point u can choose from remaining 24 points,

therefore answer for this question is 13*24 = 312

Q4) In a right angle triangle ABC, AB=12root3, BC=24 and angle A= 90 degree. An equilateral
triangle ABD is constructed with the base AB and vertex D. Find the minimum possible length of
CD.
Oa : 12

here are only 2 equiateral triangles possible for any side, our moto is to find the shortest length
of CD so we will consider the equilateral triangle on the same side of the point C.
Drop a perpendicular from D to ac produced and assume it meets at E now
DE = 1/2* AB = 6root3
Now calculate AE from triangle DEA, where AD = 12root3
AE = AD*cos30 = 18

Now In triangle CED applying pythagoras

CD = root(6^2 + (6root3))
CD = 12

​Median
● A median divides a triangle into two equal area.
● The point where 3 medians meet is called the centroid .
● The centroid of a triangle divides each median in the ratio 2:1.

■ If in a triangle PQR, PG is the median

Formula : 2 (PG)^2 + 2 (QR/2)^2 = (PQ)^2:+ (PR)^2

Q5) Three cars ABC started from the same point at the same time. A and B traveled in opposite
direction

and C traveled in different direction. After two hours, all the cars are at the same distance from
the starting point. the distance between AB=170 and AC=126. Find distance between B and C.

Oa : 114.12

take starting point as O .Connect triangle ABC ...since OA=OB=OC .... draw a circle keep O as
center... Now what we get ... AB is the diameter....

hence ABC is a right triangle with angle C= 90 ... Apply Pythagoras and calculate BC = sqrt
(AC^2 + (OA+AB)^2)

■ Geo mix PnC

• Maximum number Of plane or regions formed by N lines =N(N+1)/2+1

● Total unbounded regions = 2N, while remaining bounded

• Intersection points among n lines : nc2

• Intersection points Among n circles = 2*nc2

• Intersection points Among m line and n circle : 2*mc1*nc1

• Maximum intersection of digonals of polygon of side n : nc4

• Max intersection between two 'n' sided polygon = 2n

Q) The number of bounded regions possible from 15 non parallel lines is ?

Total:121
unbounded: 2*15= 30
Unbounded: 121-30=91

Q) Maximum number of intersections among 5 triangles is ?

Oa : 60

Select any two triangles in 5c2 = 10 ways.

Among any two triangles there are 2n= 2*3=6 intersections .

So total 10*6= 60

• No of Square in a square of having N columns and N rows=sigma N^2=N(N+1)(2N+1)/6

• Numbers Of rectangles in a square having N columns and N rows=sigma N^3=(N(N+1)/2)^2

• Number of Square in rectangle having M columns and N rows=

MN+(M-1)(N-1)+(M-2)(N-2)+…………..+0 •

• Number of Rectangle in a rectangle having M columns and N rows= [M(M+1)/2][N(N+1)/2]

■ In a polygon of side n ,

1) Total number of triangles : nC3

2) Total triangles with one side common with the polygon ; n(n-4)

3) Total triangles with two sides common with the polygon : n

4) Total triangles with no sides common : nC3 - n(n-4) - n

Q) Number of triangles formed with the vertices of an octagon with no side common is ?

Oa:16

Dont get confused.. take time... i derrived these for fast calculations.

■ Distinct number of regular polygons can be formed in another regular n sided polygon =
number of factors of n > 2

• Number of particular n sided regular polygon inside N sided polygon = N/n.

•If N/n isn't integer then it's not possible .

Q) Number of squares and equilaterial triangles that can be formed using vertices of a 36 sided
polygon is ?

36/4+36/3

Q) Number of regular hexagons that can be formed using vertices of 100 sided polygon is ?

Oa:0

Q) Number of distinct regular polygons that can be formed using the vertices of 100 sided
polygon is ?

Oa : 7

Factors of 100 > 2

So 9-2=7

GEOMETRY 3

#Triangles

Q) Consider Triangle ABC , inscribed inside a circle of radius 6cm. The geometric mean of sides
a,b and c is 8cm find the area of the triangle.

(abc)⅓ = 8

abc = 512

R=6

Area = abc/4R = 512/4×6 = 64/3 sq. cm

Q. 6,9,x are the integral sides of a triangle. How many values can x take ?

The sum of two sides to be greater than the third side

So, x cannot be lesser than 4.

Also it can not be greater than 14.

Hence 11 values 4≤x≤14.

The sum of two sides to be greater than the third side

So, x cannot be lesser than 4.

Also it can not be greater than 14.

Hence 11 values 4≤x≤14.

#Perpendicular_Bisectors

The point at which perpendicular bisects of sides meet is called circumcentre .

If in a triangle PQR, C is the circumcentre

Then => 《QCR=2《QPR

. #Angle_Bisectors

●The angle bisectors meet at a point called incentre .

●In centre is equidistant from all the sides of the triangle

■ If in a triangle PQR, I is the in centre then

i)《QIR = 90 + 《P/2 (Interior angle bisector)

ii) 《QIR = 90 -《P/2 (Exterior angle bisector)

#Altitudes

● All the altitudes of a triangle meet at a point called ortho centre .

■ Property : If in a triangle ABC, O is the ortho centre , then

《BOC + 《A = 《AOB + 《C = 《 AOC + 《B = 180°

Number of triangles possible if two altitudes of triangle are 5,8 and another altitude is a natural
number is ?
Shortcut

a*b/|a+b| < x < a*b/|a-b| , where a b and x are the 3 altitudes

5*8/|5+8|<h<5*8/|8-5|

Q. The diagonals AC and BD of quadrilateral ABCD are perpendicular to each other. If AB = 3,

BC = 4 , CD = 5 , find the length of AD.
Sum of squares of opposite sides are equal for quadrilaterals with perpendicular diagonals.

AD² + BC² = AB² + CD²

AD = √(3² + 5² - 4²) = 3√2

Q. The sides of a ∆ are 6 , 10 and x units. For what value of x is the area of the ∆ maximum?

Sides : 6,10,x

Area : 1/2 × 6×10 sin BAC

Area is maximum when angle BAC is 90°

x = √( 6² + 10²) = √136 = 2√34 units.Sides : 6,10,x

Area : 1/2 × 6×10 sin BAC

Area is maximum when angle BAC is 90°

x = √( 6² + 10²) = √136 = 2√34 units.

Q. If the adjacent sides of a parallelogram gram is 18 and 24 and one of the diagonal is 30 units
find the length of other diagonal.

Oa: 30

It's a rectangle

18,24,30-->3,4,5

Pythagorean triplet