Readings in PHILIPPINE HISTORY Nestor M. Asuncion Geoffrey Rhoel C. Cruz Authors Bernardino C. Ofalia Digital Content EditorThe Meaning and Relevance Cm SON) This module emphasizes the relevance of studying Philippine history in the 21st Century. It focuses on analyzing Philippine history from multiple perspectives based on selected primary sources from various disciplines and genres.wei PULL penny pyres << section discusses the basic difference between prithy eae lary source ‘materials, and their importancejy ture of what really transpired in Phil different kinds of primary’so * equrce and second: Seetti 1g a better pict It also identifies the Intended Learning Outcomes — munmnunuaumamucwors ‘At the end of this section, the students are expected to: 1. differentiate primary and secondary sources of historical records; and 2. identify possible repositories of primary sources.‘The Meaning and Relevance of History Diagnostics your vite, fr your chid, fr yeurbrther, ond for your owen } i X Believe in the chastisement of the perverse and the treacherous and in the reward of all good work. Believe, also, that the aims of the KKK are the gifts > of God; for the hopes of the Country are aiso the \ hope of God. et 85Readings in Philippine History By Emillo Jacinto |. Life whichis not consecrated to a lofty and sacred cause Is ke a tree without a shadow, if not @ poisonous weed. IL A good deed that springs from a desire for personal profit and not from 1 desire to do good 1s not kindness. I. True greciness consists In being charitable, In loving one's fellowmen and In adjusting every movement, deed, and word to true Reason. IV. Al men are equal, be the color of thelr skin black or white. One may tbe superior to another in knowledge, wealth, and beauty, but cannot be ‘superior in being. V. He who is noble prefers honor to personal gains; he who Is mean prefers personal prof to honor VL To a man with a sense of shame, his word Is Inviolate. Vil. Don't fritter away time; lost riches may be recovered, but time lost wil ‘never come again. Vill, Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor. } 1 An Intelgent man Is he who Is cautious in speech and knows how to keep the secrets that must be guarded. X In the thomy path of fe, man Is the guide of his wife and children; If he who guides moves towards evi, they who are guided ikewise move towards evi 1, Think not of woman as a thing merely to while away time with, but as a helper and partner In the hardships of Ife. Respect her In her weakness, ‘and remember the mother who brought you Into this world and who cared for you In your childhood Xl, What you do nt want done to your wife, daughter, and sister, do not do to the wife, daughter, and sister of another. Xl, The nobilty of a man does not consist In being a king, nor In the highness of the nose and the whiteness of the skin, ner in being a priest representing God, nor In the exalted postion on this earth, but pure and truly noble Is who, though bom in the woods, Is possessed of an upright character; who Is true to his word: who has dignity and hener, who does ‘not oppress and does not help those who oppress; who knows how to look after and love the land of his bith. XV. When these doctrines spread and the Sun of beloved liberty shines with briliant effulgence on these unhappy Isles and sheds tts soft rays upon the united people and brothers in everlasting happiness, the lives, labors, ‘and sufferings from those who are gone shall be mere than recompensed. 86‘Analyzing the Slaniicance of Primary Sources to the History ofthe Flipino People Exerclse 2.3.4 mmmnanisinnnamannnasssannsnannenmnansiniis Assessing the Importance of the Primary Sources In Understanding the Grand Narrative of Philippine History Name: Section: Instructions: Give three reasons why the Kartilya ng Katipunan is important to the grand narrative of Philippine history, 1 i‘Analyzing the Significance of Primary Sources tothe History ofthe Flipine People References ~mmmnmnnnssnnanarnninnensnscimnancstits De Veyra, L. (2011, April 19). Word of the Lourd: Jacinto. TVS The Evening News. Retrieved from htt www.youtube.com/watch?v=MyaqlUsq0CO Emilio 7 Richardson, J. (2013). Emilio Jacinto, Kartilya ng Katipunan. In Declaration of Principles, pp. 121-137.. Their points in Philippine history. This fe of these two artis d their most Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of this section, the students are expected to: 1. identify the symbolism used in the works of Luna and Amorsolo; 2. explain the importance of the works of Luna and Amorsolo to the grand narrative of Philippine history; and 3. evaluate the relevance of the works of Luna and Amorsolo to the present time, 90Juan Luna showcased his artistic skills to illustrate the situation of the Philippines under the Spanish colonial administration. Imagine that you are tasked to describe the Philippine nation to a foreigner who does not have any idea about the Philippines through a visual work. Draw or sketch a representation of the Phili understanding of its present condition. ippine nation according to your own 9Readings In Philippine History Juan Luna (1857-1899) Juan Luna was born on October 23, 1857 in Badoc, Hlocog Norte. He was third among the seven children of Joaquin Luna de San Pedro y Posadas (from Zambales) and Laureang Novicio y Ancheta (from La Union). He married Maria de la Paz Pardo de Tavera and had two children. He was granted the title Licentiate Pilot for High Seas after passing the government examination for sailors. He was also a member of the Hong Kong Revolutionary Committee (Hong Kong Junta) that tried to convince Emilio Aguinaldo during his exile in Hong Kong to return to the Philippines and take part in the armed rebellion against the Spaniards. Many Filipino middie class families had the chance to study not only in the Philippines but in Europe as well, allowing them to be exposed to new ideas and ideologies. It was during this time that Juan Luna became famous for his artistic works, Historical Background of Luna's Paintings Many of Luna's paintings illustrate literary and historical scenes that carried political commentaries, The most important work of Luna is the Spoliarium, the largest painting in the Philippines (4.22 m x 7.67 m). Luna spent eight months working nal de Bellas Artes in Madrid, Another work of Juan Luna is the La Muerte de Cleopatra (The Death of Cleopatra) which won the silver medal in the 1881 Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes in Madrid, When The Battle of Lepanto, another work of Luna, won the gold medal in the 1888 Exposicién Nacional de Bellas Artes in Madrid, Jose Rizal delivered a congratulatory speech for the success of Juams Luna,Analyzing the Significance of Primary Sources to the History of the Filipino People 93Readings in Philippine History Aside from his award-winning paintings, Juan Luna ty also renowned for the following remarkable works: (1) 4, EI Pacto de Sangre which shows the blood compact betivees Datu Sikatuna and Miguel Lopez de Legazpi; (2) the Parisgn Life which shows a lady sitting uncomfortably in a couch in 5 Public bar while being discretely observed by three men wg, according to public interpretations, resemble Jose Rizal, Juan Luna, and Dr. Ariston Lin-Bautista; and (3) the Portrait of a Lady which was first titled Paz Pardo de Tavera, after the wife of Luna which shows a woman holding a rosary in a scene that seems to be after a sexual interlude. However, the lady in the painting does not look like Juan Luna’s wife at all, Some critics suppose that it resembles the image of Luna’s favorite model, a Caucasian named Angela Duche while others believe the lady is an image of Luna’s idealised vision of his wife, This particular painting is controversial for it contains no foreshadowing to the tragedy of Luna’s marriage which ended with him shooting his wife in September of 1892. Fernando Cueto Amorsolo (1892-1972) Fernando Amorsolo was born in Calle Heran (popularly known today as Pedro Gil) in Paco, Manila on May 20, 1892. He studied at the Art School of the Liceo de Manila and at the University of the Philippines’ School of Fine Arts. He worked as draftsman for the Bureau of Public Works, as a Chief Artist at the Public Commercial Company, and as a Part time instructor in the University of the Philippines, Amorsolo painted and sketched more than 10,000 pieces over his lifetime using natural and backlighting techniques, which gave him numerous awards and recognitions, “1h themes of his paintings are mostly rural Philippine landscapes, Two of Amorsolo's award-wining works are (1) the Leyendo EI Periodico which won second place in the Bazaar Fein, 94Analyzing the Slanificance of Primary Sources to the History of the Filipino People in 1908 and (2) the Afternoon Meal of Rice Workers which won first prize the New York World’s Fair in 1939. Other works of Amorso lo mclige the Making of the Philippine Flag, The First Baptism in the Philippines which was based on the accounts of Pigafetta, and Under the Mango Tree. On April 24, 1972, Amorsolo died from heart failure. In the same year, Amorsolo was declared the first National Artist of the Philippines in painting, He is also considered as the “ “ the “Gi Old Man of Philippine Art.” sidered as the “Grand Historical Background of Amorsolo’s Paintings Amorsolo’s paintings depict life during the late American regime and the Japanese occupation in the Philippines. He was known for his works focusing on rural landscapes that show his mastery in the use of light. ‘Amorsolo’s significant paintings during the Japanese occupation depict wartime atrocities particularly the suffering of the Filipinos under the Japanese authorities. Some of Amorsolo’s works presenting such scenes are the Bombing of The Intendencia, the Bombing of the Legislative Building, the Rape of Manila, and the Burning of Sto. Domingo, all produced in 1942; Rizal Avenue in Ruins and Defense of a Filipino SER OA Woman's Honor in 1945; and the [MS s Burning of Manila in 1946. cre) ek ene 95Analyzing the Significance of Primary Sources to the History of the Filipino People Exercise 2.4.| wmnonunnsvnicesansnnnmunsnusnsauuusnuuuitiir, Artists and their Paintings Name: Section: Instructions: Choose two paintings—one by Juan Luna and another by Fernando Amorsolo. Compare the artists’ styles and techniques as observed from the chosen paintings. Provide specific details derived from your observation, Luna's painting: Amorsolo’spainting Observations:Readings in Philippine History 98Analyzing the Significance of Primary Sources to the History of the Filipino People Exercise 2.4.2 mummnnnnansassnunncnnunnnunnsiscsiataiiine Mysterious Paintings Name: Section: Instructions: Juan Luna used his skills in painting to expose the state of the Philippines under the Spanish colonial rule. Aside from this, some of his paintings became popular because of the personal stories attached to them. His painting Parisian Life caught the attention of the public in 2002 after GSIS bought it for P46 million at an auction in Hong Kong. The Portrait of a Lady also became popular because of rumors that it was cursed. In 300 to 500 words, write your thoughts on these stories of mysterious paintings from insights you may gain from the readings referenced below. Use a separate sheet of paper if necessary. Readings: * Chua, X. (2013, October 24). Interpretasyon ng Parisian life ni Juan Luna. Xiao time. Retrieved from hitps:// xiaochua.net/2013/10/27/xiao-time-24-october-2013-mga- interpretasyon-ng-parisian-life-ni-juan-luna-part-1_ and https:/ /xiaochua.net/ 2013/10/27 xiao-time-25-october- 2013-mga-interpretasyon-ng-parisian-life-ni-juan-luna- part-2 * Gomez, J. (2017, January 20). Behind the curse of Juan Luna’s Portrait of a Lady. Esquire. Retrieved from https:// www.esquiremag,ph/culture/arts-and-entertainment/ crimes-and-punishment-a1549-20170120-lfrm3 9Readings in Philippine History 100Analyzing the Significance of Primary Sources to the History of the Filipino People Exercise 2.4.3 smmscessn Observe. Appreciate. Recreate. Share, Instructions: Visit the National Museum of Fine Arts and proceed to the sections displaying the artworks of Juan Luna and Fernando Amorsolo, Document your trip and write down your observations. Create a virtual or digital output of y ur experience and share it in any social media platform. Ask your friends to comment and react on your post. After a w submit the link of your output and a snapshot of the comments and reactions on your social media post to your professor. You may use any of the suggested freeware applications: + Smilebox (https:/ /www.smilebox.com/maker/scrapbook- maker) + Thinglink (https:/ / www. thinglink.com/edu) + Canva (https:/ /www.canva.com/create/scrapbooks) + Wix Blog (https:/ /www.wix.com/blog) + Microsoft PowerPoint Recommended Rubrics Content (50%) + Does the input have sufficient number of pictures (at least 10)? + Are the pictures well-explained? + Was the output able to clearly highlight the artworks? Creativity (0%) * Isit virtually presentable? + Did it manifest creative arts and designs? Uniqueness (10%) * Is the output unique or just outputs? ‘Comments and Reactions (10%) 3 * Does it have at least 5 comments oF at Jeast 10 reactions? y 101 a replication of otherAnalyzing the Significance of Primary Sources to the History of the Filipino People Exercise 2.4.4 snnmnnnnsrenmnssssssmsnssnscnassssasmntis Assessing the Importance of Primary Sources In Understanding the Grand Narrative of Philippine History Name: Section: Instructions: Give at least three reasons why the paintings of Luna and Amorsolo are important to the grand narrative of Philippine history. de Readings: * Driftwood Journeys. (n.d.). The historical triumph and social relevance of Juan Luna's Spoliarium. Retrieved from http:// driftwoodjourneys.com/the-historical-triumph-and-social- relevance-juan-lunas-spoliarium * Manalo, I. (2017, August 26). How Fernando Amorsolo’s drawings helped shape the Philippines’ Young Movers. Town & country. Retrieved from https://www.town andcountry.ph/ people/heritage/ the-fascinating-history- behind-the-books-that-helped-shape-the-philippines-a1978- 20170826-Ifrm 103Analyzing the Significance of Primary Sources to the History of the Filipino People RefEreNCeS mmnnniiinninaniitiiieniNtiNinunNnNeNannnDnTnnninine A Collection of some of Juan Luna’s masterpieces. (2016, May 3). Retrieved from https://kahimyang.com/ kauswagan/articles/1315/a-collection-of-some-of-juan- Junas-masterpieces A Small Collection of Fernando Amorsolo’s paintings. (2016, May 2). Retrieved from https://kahimyang.com/ kauswagan/articles/1372/a-small-collection-of-fernando- amorsolos-paintings Martinez, E. (n.d.). Biography of Fernando Amorsolo. The Fernando C. Amorsolo Art Foundation. Retrieved from http:// www fernandocamorsolo.com/biography.html Torres, E. (2004). In Focus: The art of Juan Luna, Retrieved from http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/the- art-of-juan-lunaVoom Un ome?) Himagsikan, rata ee -te (Ue) This section focuses on the memoir written by General Emilio Aguinaldo which narrates significant events in his, life and career from 1928 to 1946. The memoir tells’ the life of Aguinaldo from his early years up to the 1897 Teaty of Intended Learning Outcomes «smnnseamnmuuveumanesiey At the end of this section, the students are expected to: 1. assess the characteristics of Aguinaldo’s leadership as Presented in his memoirs; 2. explain the importance of Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan to the grand narrative of the Philippine history; and 3. evaluate the relevance of the document to the present time. 106‘Analyzing the Stonificance of Primary Sources to the History ofthe Filipino People Diagnostics +mnannccanmunannannannnnnunsnnannsissiti, Instructions: After watching the videos listed below, who do you think should be considered as the first President of the Philippines? State your claim in front of the class and provide evidences to support your stand, Videos: + Clavio, A. & David K. (2008, October 30). Case unclosed: “Lihim ng 1897 (The secret of 1897)” GMA. Retrieved from http:/ /freedom-republic. blogspot.com/2013/12/case- unclosed-lihim-ng-1897-secret-of,html * Meily, M. (2012). El Presidente: The story of Emilio Aguinaldo and the first Philippine republic. Retrieved from hitps:/ /www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9jUedqc8w0 * Williams, E. (2014). Bonifacio: Ang unang pangulo. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_, Xw0EYgeqM 107Readings In Philippine History Background of the Author Emilio Famy Aguinaldo Sr. was born on March 22, 1869 in Kawit, Cavite. He was the enth among the eight children of Carlos Jamir Aguinaldo and Trinidad Famy- Aguinaldo, Aguinaldo’s family was well off since his father was the community's appointed gobernadorcillo of their pueblo. Emilio attended high school at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran but had to stop on cH GA vine his fourth year because of his (RBRSee Teseree sera father’s death. He then took UMMigiMiibdgeeussntsrn the responsibility of helping his mother run their farm. In 1895, at the age of 25, he became Kawit’s first “gobernadorcillo capitan municipal.” Aguinaldo became a Freemason during this year, joining Pilar Lodge No, 203, Imus, Cavite with the codename “Colon.” He also joined the Katipunan and used the nom de guerre “Magdalo” in honor of Mary Magdalene, Aguinaldo would later become the first and youngest president of the country by being the President of the First Philippine Republic. His presidency was cut short when he was captured by the American soldiers in Palanan, Isabela where he pledged his loyalty to the American government thus dissolving the First Republic. He tried to rejoin politics by challenging Manuel L. Quezon in the 1935. presidential elections but he lost, leading him to retire from public life. Nevertheless, Aguinaldo continued to serve the government politically under the succeeding administrations. President Elpido Quirino appointed hii ira Coancilof State in B60. RE OF the Philippine 108Analyzing the Significance of Primary Sources tothe History of the Filipino People Emilio Aguinaldo died of coronary thrombosis on February 6, 1964. He was 94 years old. In his lifetime, he was able to witness the administration of succeeding presidents of the Philippines until the term of President Diosdado Macapagal. Historical Background of Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan Aguinaldo produced the first volume of his memoirs between 1928 and 1946. The memoirs include accounts from Aguinaldo’s birth and early years until the signing of the Biak na Bato Treaty in 1897, These were based on various documents such as a diary Aguinaldo kept, documents he preserved, and family lore he personally gathered from his relatives. It was at the end of 1963 that Aguinaldo, after much deliberation, decided to publish his memoirs. It was translated by Luz Colendrino Bucu, the Secretary of the Graduate School of Education and faculty member of the University of the East. ‘Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan was officially released to the public in 1967. Nevertheless, it was presumed by Ambeth Ocampo (2017) that a second volume was also drafted by Aguinaldo, which could have covered the resumption of the Philippine revolution against Spain and the Philippine-American war. Until now, no one knows whether it was actually written but Ocampo hints that it might be hidden in a secret compartment, drawer, or passageway in the Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite 109‘nating the Slanicance of Primary Sources tothe History of the Filpino People Exercise 2.5.1 CHUN NcC UL LNNMmMNnNnN The Insider: Reading through the Eyes and Mind of Aguinaldo Name: Section: Instructions: Read Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan and summarize the important events mentioned in the following chapters 1. Chapter 28: My Bloodiest Fight 2. Chapter 30: Magdiwang Council Reorganized y MlReadings In Philippine History 3. Chapter 38: My Election to the Presidency * |. Chapter 42: Military Court ss tori ininaRr eA, ee | 2 Chapter 44: Death of the Bonifacio Brothers "2Anaiyzing the Stanifcance of Primary Sources to tne History ofthe Filipino People Exercise 2.5.2 ssa ‘An Open Letter to the First President Name: Section: Instructions: If you were like to tell him? What wor addressed to the Pre: Emilio Aguinaldo. to talk to Aguinaldo, what would you vould you ask him? Write an open letter sident of the First Philippine Republic, Se ee x 13,alyzing the Significance of ‘Analyzing f Primary Sources to the History of the Flipino People Exerclse 2.5.3 meananamnnunuannnansncamaanuecuncnmnsninniinine, ‘Assessing the Importance of Prim ary Sources in Understanding the Grand Narrative of Philippine History Name: Ne Section Instructions: Give three reasons why Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan is important to the grand narrative of Philippine history x 115analyzing the Significance of Pri mary Sources to the History of the Filipino Pé ino People Reference mmnnnmanansernannansnannrntcnnuniannnnaiititl Aguinaldo E. (1964). M, Tippin Iga gunita ng himagsikan. Manila, M7tion TG m La Declarat tym all rata Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista This section focuses on the Act of the Declaration of Philippine Independence authored by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista. It 9 mentions the different important aspects of the actual ‘ation such as the national anthem and the waying of the Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of this section, the students are expected to: 1. identify the symbolisms used in the design of the Philippine flag; 2. assess the implications of the calls for revising the design of the Philippine flag based on present circumstances; 3. explain the importance of the Act of the Declaration of Philippine Independence to the grand narrative of Philippine history; and 4. evaluate the relevance of the document to the present time. is‘Analyzing the Significance of Primary Sources to the History ofthe Filipino People Diagnostics mmninnssnnsantinennsessssinnamnnmaninassssin Instructions: The Philippine flag that was unfurled during the proclamation of Philippine independence was desi igned to symbolize the nationalism and Patriotism of the Filipinos who fought for the country’s independence. Considering the present condition of the Philippines where new threats to democracy, sovereignty, human rights, and civil liberties have emerged, sketch your own version of the Philippine flag. Explain th symbolisms that you used oer 9Analyzing the Siontficance of Primary Sources to the History of the Flpino People Diagnostics MLL Instructions: The Philippine flag that was unfurled during the proclamation of Philippine independence was designed to symbolize the nationalism and patriotism of the Filipinos who fought for the country’s independence, Considering the present condition of the Philippines where new threats to democracy, sovereignty, human rights, and civil liberties have emerged, sketch your own version of the Philippine flag. Explain the symbolisms that you used. 119Readings in Philippine History Background of the Author Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista (also known as “Don Bosyong”) was born on December 17, 1630 in Biftan, Laguna to Gregorio Enriquez Bautista and Silvestra Altamira, He studied Law at the University of Sto, Tomas and earned his degree in 1865 (at 35 years old) He solicited funds to finance the campaign for reforms in the Pulp bce ne of the La Liga Filipina, Cuerpo de Compromisarios, and La Propaganda. He was arrested and imprisoned at Fort Santiago by the Spaniards as he was suspected of being involved in the Philippine Revolution but managed to defend himself and was eventually released. He became the first adviser of President Emilio Aguinaldo in 1898, and, contrary to popular belief, it was Bautista, and not Aguinaldo, who waved the Philippine flag before the jubilant crowd during the proclamation of Philippine independence in Kawit, Cavite. On July 14, 1899, he was elected as president of the Philippines in the Revolutionary Congress in Tarlac and was later appointed judge of the Court of First Instance of Pangasinan. He died on December 4, 1903 (72 years old) from a fatal fall from a horse-drawn carriage. Historical Background of the Document In April 1898, the Spanish-American War broke out as a result of US. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. The US. attacked Spain’s Pacific Possession, which led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution, 120Anahyzng the Slanicance of Primary Sources tothe History ofthe Flpine People Commodore George Dewey sailed from Hong Kong to Manila Bay aboard the USS. Olympia and led the Asiatic Squadron of the US. Navy. In May 1898, the Battle of Manila Bay ensued. Emilio Aguinaldo decided to return to the Philippines from Hong Kong, bringing with him the first Philippine flag sewn by Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo, and Delfins Herbosa. Upon arriving in Manila, Aguinaldo proceeded to his mansion in Kawit, Cavite to rally all Filipinos to unite and fight against the Spaniards in the historic battle cry of the “Hour of Liberation.” Together with the Americans, the Filipinos assaulted the Spaniards in the Battle of Manila Bay. However, the said battle was perceived to be a mock battle as arrangements were already made between the Americans and the Spaniards, that the latter would hand over the Philippines including Guam and Puerto Rico to the former. Such arrangements were already finalized in the Treaty of Paris in 1898. After the Battle of Manila Bay, there were still skirmishes between Filipinos and Spaniards in various provinces in the Philippines. The Act of the Declaration of Philippine Independence (Acta de la Proclamacién de la Independencia del Pueblo Filipino) written by Bautista had the intention to encourage Filipinos to fight against the Spaniards. Aguinaldo formally declared Philippine Independence in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898. It was symbolically accompanied by the playing of the Philippine national anthem composed by Julian Felipe with lyrics by Jose Palma from his poem Filipinas. At the same time, Ambrosio Bautista read the Act of Declaration of Philippine Independence in Spanish. The United States of America, however, never recognized this declaration. The Acta de la Proclamacién de Ia Independencia del Pueblo Filipino was among the documents lost during the height of the pilferage of historical documents in the 1990s. The centennial (21Readings In Philippine History anniversary of Philippine independence heighteneg demand for such documents in the black market. The docyy the was finally returned to the National Library in 1994 af, t professor from the University of the Philippines, Milas, a Guerrero, negotiated for its return. Brosalyng the Slanificance of Primary Sources to tne History of the Filipino People ane Exercise 2.6.1 NNN, Fact Check Names gettin | Instructions: The Philip "different symbolisms, The Philippine flag. On the sp; of each feature or symbol. pine flag is embedded with following are the features of the ace provided, write the meaning 1. White triangle 2 . Eight rays of the sun pte ee SE Se fenne Was fe my ees ot Drifter Meh eaivciah tiie Dae Colors: Blue, Red and Whitenang the SaNEANER of Pra SOUEWS fo the History of the Fp People exercise 2.6.1 seminar Fact Check Section: Name: — | Instructions: The Philippine flag is embedded with different symbolisms. The following are the features of the Philippine flag. On the space provided, write the meaning of each feature or symbol. 1, White triangle 2. Three stars 3. Eight rays of the sun. 4. Colors: Blue, Red and White 123Readings In Philippine History IL Instructions: Answer the questions that follow. 1. Who sewed the first flag of the Philippines? 2. Where was the first flag sewn? 3, Who composed the national anthem? 4, Who wrote the lyrics of the national anthem? (24 iing the Significance of Prima analy NY Sources to the Hi '¢ History of the Filipine Peo ple ExGIClS® 2.6.2 neers In or Out? The Ninth Ray Proposal Name: _________________ Section: | qnstructions: In 2009, Senator Richard senate bill Proposing the addition of th philippine flag. It has been known as the “Ni ill.” proposed ray will symbolize the Muslims ho ‘llended te country against the Spaniards, Fellow senator, Chiz Escudero, supported the proposal. However, according to historiane, there were misconceptions on how the public understood the symbolisms behind the ‘rays of the sun’ as well as the ‘three stars’ in the design of the Philippine flag. Gordon authored a ie “ninth ray” in the In light of the undying aspiration of Philippines being united under one flag, and the relentless efforts of solving the secessionist issue in Muslim Mindanao and the approved Bangsamoro Organic Law, what is your stand on the proposed ninth ray? In case the proposal will be adopted, how will you design the new Philippine flag to consider the points raised by the Ninth Ray Bill? Readings: + Remitio, R. (2018, June 13). Historians find error in adding 9th ray in PH Flag. CNN Philippines. Retrieved from hitp:/ /cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/06/12/ninth-ray- philippine-flag html * Politiko.com.ph (2018, June 14). Lumaban rin sila: Chiz wants 9th ray in PH Flag to honor Muslim heroes. Retrieved from http://politics.com.ph/lumaban-rin-sila~ chiz-wants-9th-ray-in-ph-flag-to-honor-muslim-heroes y 126Readings In Philippine History Videos: + ANC’s Beyond Politics (2018, June 12). Adding ninth ey of sun in PH flag would ‘destroy’ its historical context Historian. ABS-CBN News. Retrieved from https:/ ‘/news, abs-cbn.com/news/06/12/18/: ‘adding-ninth-ray-of-sun.in. ph-flag-would-destroy-:its-historical-context-historian * Senator Richard Gordon Facebook Page. (n.d.). Video presentation for the Ninth Ray Bill. Retrieved from https:// www.facebook.com/senatorgordon/videos/the-ninth. ray /10155721222387831 Your Stand: In or Out? a ee Your Design of the Philippine Flag 126cae the SnIeance of Primary Sources tothe History of he Filipino People an Exercise 2.6.3 Ing the Importance of Primary Sources in Understanding te Grand Narrative of Philippine History ee ictions: Give three reasons wh snr rndependencia del Pueblo Fitip rate of Philippine history. Yy the Acta de la Proclamacién ’no is important to the grandncyang the Stanicance of Primary Sources to the History ofthe Fipino People References Ammemmeninesnnnmnninmnannsmsninmnnnnta; ‘Acta de 1a Proclamacién de la Independencia del Pueblo Filipino (Gpanish). (n.d.). Retrieved from hitp://digitallibrary ust. edu.ph/cdm/ref/collection/section5/id/136015 Malacafian Palace. (n.d.). Origins of the symbols of our national flag. Retrieved from http://malacanang gov. ph/3846- origin-of-the-symbols-of-our-national-flag National Historical Institute (1997). Documents of the 1898 Declaration of Philippine Independence. The Malolos Constitution and the First Philippine Republic (pp. 19-23), Manila: National Historical Institute (Proclamation). Rufo, A. (2008, May 26). Court set to decide on National Library pilferage of historical documents. ABS-CBN News. Retrieved from _https://news.abs-cbn.com/ nation/05/26/08/court-set-decide-national-library- pilferage-historical-documents 1292 : Political levels mece accredits ‘ Enter of the American En age 7 1 the Philippines was in a better condition Under immediately accorded to the Filipinos. Some Americans ang Filipinos used political cartoons to illustrate the changin, wares and times under. the American rule. The use of these dons was'a'subtle"way. of expressing’ go ea the, Be n ay Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of this section, the students are expected to: 1. identify the significance of political cartoons during the American period; 2- use political cartoons as a form of politcal expression; 3 explain the importance of politcal cartoons to the grand narrative of Philippine history; and 4 evaluate the relevance of Philippine cartoons to the resent time. 130anenaing te Sanicance of Primary Sources tthe Hix of te xi Filipino People Diagnostics etme, Instructions: Analyze the pol TWEE Sauna Re cde) ee eto) 131Readings in Philippine History Background of the Authors During the American era, political cartoons gained popularity as a form of expression. Many artists made use of cartoons as political commentaries to expose the ills of the American colonial government. Alfred McCoy provided an analysis of the pressing problems and issues of American colonialism manifested in political cartoons. Together with Alfredo Reyes Roces, an artist, ee y ae coon ere they compiled many political Pega eel cartoons by Filipino artists depicting the Philippines during American rule. Alfred McCoy was born on June 8, 1945 in Massachusetts, USA. He earned his BA in European Studies from Columbia College in 1968. He finished his MA in Asian Studies at the Alfredo Reyes Roces was born on April 29, 49; & painter, an essayist, and a versatile arte Who is ntie Was to be @ prominent figure in Philippine art, Hig idered started with a figurative style but seen began ¢ ©pressionism, Fauvism, and impressionigm 132avant Sonicare of inary Sources ote Histon of tng Filipino People Several newspapers in Manila like The Independent and The philippines Free Press and Bag-Ong Kusog, 4 leading periodical in Cebu, ineluded political cartoons in their editorials, The Philippines Free Press was founded in 1906 by Jud, w.A- Kincaid but and was taken over by McCullough Dick de tobankruptey. The newspaper was published in both Spanish and English. It featured investigative articles regarding the country’s development. It had a personal tone sine Was not, tied to a particular political party. It also advocated integrity, democracy, and Philippine national progress Lipag-Kalabaw was launched in the same year as Philippines Free Press. It was published in Tagalog and Spanish ughout its publication, it maintained anonymity by not having a masthead and by having the artists and writers use pen names. This gave artists and writers agency on how they wanted to express themselves, The Independent was founded in 1915, by the Father of Cebuano Letters, Vicente Sotto, one of the militant and aggressive advocates of immediate independence. It was a weekly newspaper published in English and Spanish which served as a forum for the discussion of political issues. It was also where Fernando Amorsolo began his career as the “angriest of Manila’s political cartoonists.” In Cebu, one popular newspaper was the Bag-Ong Kusog which literally means “New Force.” Bag-ong Kusog was known ‘orhighlighting the conditions in Cebu prior to the war. It often talked about the differences between the Spanish and American ‘olonial governments. This newspaper depicted the breakdown et hallowed customs and social practices due to American fluence It focused on criticism of co-education introduced by ' Americans, which endangered the virtue of women. 133Readings In Philippine History Historical Background of the Political Cattoong The Spanish colonial period in the Philipp:n,, characterized by strict censorship resulting in gj." political liberty and minimal avenues for expressing pit views. Spanish censorship banned non-religious pubjyer thus compelling newspaper publications to be digi. underground. However, the transition to the American cy). period provided leeway in the publication of indepen. newspapers. Initially, newspapers were scrutinized. by 4" government to ensure that they did not contain anti-Amey® Sentiments which were branded as subversive and yt" confiscated. As such, the four decades of the American colon rule became a formative period in Philippine history. ‘olonig) Censorship was loosened when a civil government yas established in 1901. This gave Filipinos the right to publish, without prior censorship of the government. Two months after strict censorship was removed, Rafael Palma launched El Renacimiiento (Rebirth) which became the most influential of the early nationalist newspapers campaigning for the right to a free press. Whenever the Americans felt offended with any publication, they used libel and sedition laws to obstruct the developing hostilities. After facing two libel suits, EL Renacimiento had to discontinue. Nevertheless, Martin Ocampo and Fernando Ma. Guerrero established a new publication, La Vanguardia, in the same office and survived until World War I as one of Manila's leading newspapers. 134tna snfeance of Primary SOUCES to he History of th Filo People {ova cise 2.7.1 “mummies | pat coud Be? Section: amet Reodings In Philippine History ‘The three (3) things that are still unclear to me are, ‘The three (3) questions that I want to ask about the readings are... 2i2— socal, Politel, Economie, and Cutury 's8ves In Philippine History efarences “mentee | (2004). Agrarian reform: ello, W: ( reform: The promise 7 , In Ant en state: The political con of au 1S Gs in the Philippines (pp. 32-83). London, UK: Zed Bont, Lid. 1 UK: Zed Books, el, J. (1992). Landlessness, agrari " » agrarial state. In A captive land: The polities of cae een the Philippines (pp. 1-35). Quezon City, Philippi rm in the Manila Press. , Philippines: Ateneo de put 213BT meee) of the Philippines eS Trees dx constitutions since th june-12, 1899. The'preseng ded as the most polisheg Intended Learning Outcomes ‘At the end of this section, the students are expected to: 1. identify the different constitutions that the Philippines has had; ‘examine the sections, topics, and provisions of the different constitutions of the Philippines; identify sections of the constitution relevant to contemporary issues; and identify the significance of the evolution of the Philippine Constitution to the understanding of the grand narrative of Philippine history. s 214ell Paiteal Eeonemlc, and Cutralisues In Pippine History jagnostics LOND, ead the Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution e an outline consisting of at least five significant parts. answer the following questions: 3 4, Who are the authors of the Constitution? 2, What is the purpose of the Constitution? 3, What type of government does it want to establish? 4, What values are being implored by the Constitution? 5, What do the authors like to carry on in relation to the constitution? Why did the authors of the Constitution consider those ovisions in the Preamble? Write a 700-word essay explaining your answer. A 215Readings In Philippine History ‘passes amend to Corporation A constitution isa codified list of provisions that iden the limitations ofthe power of the government and enumerg its responsibilities to the people. It is the set of estabianea precedents and codified principles according to which a stat governed. Itis the highest law of the land. The first constitution of the Philippines was the Malolos Constitution or the 1899 Constitution. It was drafted after the Congress of the Aguinaldo Revolutionary Government convened on September 15, 1898 at the Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan. Eighty-five deputies comprised the Committee on Constitution that was tasked to draft the constitution of the Philippines. There were three initial drafts submitted for consideration: (1) the True Decalogue and Constitutional Program of Apolinario Mabini; (2) the Pedro Paterno version; and (3) the Felipe Calderén version, which prevailed among the three drafts. Discussions and debates on the constitution lasted for a month, from October 25, 1898, to November 29, 1898. Majority of the arguments centered on the provision stipulating the separation of Church and State 216J Pata Econemle, ond Cura ses In Philppine History « provision contradicting it which was settled via a an vyote margin with the provision for separation prevailing. ‘he constitution was approved, it was forwarded to dent Aguinaldo. However, on December 1, 1898, President presiderjo returned it to Congress for some amendments aguine declined to consider the amendments, This prompted conetiido to approve it on December 23, 1898. It was Ae lgated on January 21,1898 after it was formally adopted py CONBTESS- _ The Malolos Constitution or the 1899 Constitution ded three significant features including (1) the provision vr independent Republic of the Philippines consisting of independent powers distributed to the executive led py the president with a term of four years and not eligible for 5Yetion, a unicameral legislative, andthe judicial; (2) the Bill ‘Traghts, and @) the Separation of Church and State. In general, the Malolos Constitution took into account the constitutions Y other countries with marked Filipino resemblance such 25 those of Belgium, Mexico, Brazil, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, id Guatemala. The overall structure of the Constitution was porrovsed from Costa Rica, Chile, and Spain, Nevertheless, the Malolos Constitution was never exercised asthe Philippine-American war broke out on February 4, 1899. This led to the downfall of the First Republic of the Philippines with the arrest of President Aguinaldo on March 23, 1901 in Palanan, Isabela, During the American colonial period, the Philippines was governed by laws including the Philippine Organic Act of 1902, which provided for the creation of an elected Philippine ‘Assembly composed of Filipinos and the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 that announced the intention of the United States government to “withdraw their sovereignty over the Philippine Islands as soon as a stable government can be established therein.” The Philippine Independence Act that set the 2i7Readings In Philippine History parameters for the creation of @ constitution for the Philippines twas passed by America in 1994. Ths also called for the election of delegates to a constitutional convention that aimed to drajy a constitution for the country. The constitutional convention on February 8, 1935 came up with a constitution submitted to the Filipinos for a plebiscite on May 14, 1935 and was subsequently ratified. It came into effect on November 15, 1935. It was later amended by the National Assembly in 1940 by changing the term limit of the President from six years with no re-election to four years with a possibility of having a second term. The Japanese-sponsored government during the Second World War nullified the 1935 Constitution and appointed the Preparatory Committee as replacement. The 1943 Constitution which replaced the 1935 Constitution was used during the presidency of Jose P. Laurel in the Second Republic. The 1935 Constitution came back into effect after the war in 1945 and ‘was amended on March 11, 1947 with the Parity amendment giving US citizens equal rights with Filipino citizens to develop natural resources and operate public utilities. Marcos called a Constitutional Convention to amend or revise the 1935 Constitution. The Constitutional Convention ‘on December 1, 1972 came up with a constitution providing for a modified parliamentary government, This was then submitted for ratification through citizen assemblies created by Presidential Decree No. 86, series of 1972. The ratification was done via viva voce in lieu of secret ballots. The legality of this ratification was questioned, however, the Supreme Court affirmed its validity and deemed it to be in full effect. Corazon Aquino, after taking oath over a provisional Freedom Constitution to formally assume the presidency, issued Presidential Decree No. 13 which suspended certain provisions of the 1973 Constitution. A month later, President Aquino issued Presidential Decree No. 9 series of 1986 creating a Constitutional Commission tasked to draft a new charter 218social, Political, Economic, and Cutural issues in Phitippine Hist ine History to replace the 1973 Constitution, The Commission came uj with a constitution on October 16, 1986 which was ratified ty the people through a plebiscite on February 2, 1987. with presidential Decree No. 58, the new constitution came en full force and effect on February 11, 1987. ‘The new constitution was written in such a way that it provided significant provisions for checks and balances to prevent the amassing of governmental authority by one entity or person, Its preamble summarily implies the general perception against the tule of tyranny and oppression. Presently, with the changing political landscape in the country, there are calls for a constitutional convention that aims to change the form of government from unitary to federal. Other proposals espouse for a change from presidential to parliamentary form. Past administrations after President Aquino attempted to change the form of the government although these attempts were not actualized, Presently, the administration of President Rodrigo Duterte leads the campaign for constitutional change as one of its core government policies, 219gecial, Polteal, Econom and Cultural issues in Phil ippine History cxercse 4.21, epee comparative Name: Section: instructions: Compare the sali ient pri wan ent P sins of the different ca if the category does 836 Constitution i 221Readings In Philippine History ey rm) tituton Constitution Constitution Poltical Dynasty Removing the Head of State othe President 222etal, Potical, Economic, ond Cultural issues In Philppine History xerise 422 ence, cho: More than Just a Step Back and Forth pame:___ Section: instructions: Under the new dispensation or government of President Duterte, there is a proposal to adopt a federal vernment. There are also calls to change or amend the E snstitution. Aside from the form of government, what other rovisions should be changed or added to have a government that is more responsive, more trustworthy, and less susceptible tocorruption? Write your thoughts using 300 to 500 words. x 223i, Plt, Economic, ond Cutral ees in Philppine Hoy _clse 42.3 mmminiatimanesnteininensstenennae, sine xan Section: atructions: Interview at least ten (10) persons from different essions or industries about their stand on amending or ranging the constitution. If an interviewee is in favor of amending the constitution, ask him or her why a change is ded and what the change should be. As the interviewer, mu should figure out the particular provisions of the present constitution which the interviewee feels should be amended. If he or she is not in favor of changing the constitution, determine the reasons why. Record their responses in your journal and write your response to the question as well. Provide a ‘onclusion that will summarize your observations, In —_—— ae a ee ee 225Readings In Philippine History 226 }social Polite, Economie, and Cultural isues jn Philippine History exercise 424 entities opening the Pandora's Box Name: Section: Se instructions: Every time people dministration, the common recourse is to stage a walk-protest at the EDSA Shrine to stir another people power revolution or pate anvitspeechment to Temove the president. For a lot of Faipino people, the change in the government i ust secondary : Ne elimination of graft and corruption. Can a new form of jovernment fill in the loopholes of the 1987 constitution ot will Ital be the same? Write Your thoughts in 300 to 500 words get fed up with the existing, a eeSect, Poliec,Esoromie, ond Cutral iss tn Phippine History exercise 4.2.4 i opening the Pandora's Box Nome ee | Becta instructions: Every time people administration, the common recor t the EDSA Shrine to stir another people power revolution or initiate an impeachment to remove the president. For a lot of Filipino people, the change in the government is just secondary to the elimination of graft and corruption, Can a new form of jovernment fill in the loopholes of the 1987 constitution or witl it stil be the same? Write your thoughts in 300 to 500 worcts Bet fed up with the existing uurse is to stage a walk-protestqo Pea, EeONOME, ond Cue MBs In Pipe Hor ences ~monntnietennttnn jve Committee to Revi lta eview the 1987 C apis). Proposed draft of the federal conettution of the alipines. Inquirer.net. Retrieved from http/ /news fo Priprer.net/iles/2018/07/INQ Proposed-Draft, Constitution_Consultative-Committee_paf a W. (1957). The first Constitution of : ays of the "yistorical Review, 26(4), 341-351, Puppies facie aicolm, G. (1921). The Malolos Constitution. Political Science Quarterly, 36(1), 91-103. Retrieved from https:/ / www jstor. srg stable/ paf/2142663.pdrefregid=excelsior%63A7atba2 6296142891 4fbf08a11c04a2c20 refi C 229The Tax System and the Philippine le\(s eels [yore s the nature of taxation and its basis presents the old and the new tax fables a8 provided by et ly signed law of the state termed as the TRAIN Law; ie Acceleration and Inclusion Law. x. "This section explain: Intended Learning Outcomes ‘At the end of this section, the students are expected to: 1. identify the nature and importance of taxation tg the state; 2. determine the effects of the recent changes in the tax laws of the Philippines; and 3. identify the significance of the issues in the Philippine tax system to the understanding of the grand narrative of Philippine history. 230soci Polite, Economic, and Cute aug Phitippn In Philippine History | piagnostics ttt tinmeeenaes Tee Tac Taxes What are the main goods and st evel of government to the citizens? [; ree ervices provided by each ist them below. Local Government Where do governments get the money to pay for all these goods and services? Specify the type of taxes in yout lst 231History Readings in Philip! the arrival of Even prior to he Philippines the Spaniards in ine the establishment of formal communities, taxation has been considered among the primary purposes of leadership and governance. The datu the Fecal chieftain imposed tributes to his subordinates in return for protection to be accorded PY his ren, Aside from this, all harvests belonged to the local leader on whom the decision lies as to how the harvest will be distributed to the people. Duri, uring the Spanish colonial period, the system of collecting taxe: conve institutionalized because the natives were re eect mrovsened people and were required pay tributes Bonded ag enrich the royal exchequer and the officers who ace age srcetuest. Authority to collect taxes was vant ae con Tax rates were fied oF based on percenta don the tata certin portion would go to the Spanish at the cabeza power to charge move than what was ne This gave only in 1867 that a codified jaw on taxation was es During that time, taxes were categorized under a eed ® ive fe, ‘which included personal taxes ne tax @) fae tax or the custom duties; (3) mono; ie stamp tax, sale of quicksilver, salt, Toyneeee gun powder, liquors, tobacco, and opium; (8) ie public domain; and (6) miscellaneous (Plehn, 0? ‘At present, Philippine tax laws are : Ineral Revenue Code Sere with the paseme of te jorm Act of 1997 and the Tax Reform eaten and Inclusion (TRAIN) Law in 2017. Th or eeaton PS dstnad a te ti nbesead power la lnpore oan revenue for the purpose of su Te the contorted ipporting, the government and its 232socal, Poltcal, Economie, and Cuturalisves In Philippine History ecognized objectives. Taxation is seen asthe lifeblood of the ernment, without which no government can succeed. ‘According to De Leon (2008), taxes are categorized under six classes: 1, As to the subject matter: a. Poll, personal or capitation tax - one imposed on residents b. Property tax - imposed on property c. Excise tax - imposed on a privilege or right 2, As to the purpose: a. Revenue - to raise money for the government b. Regulatory - to regulate an act or practice 3, Asto the scope: a. Local/ Municipal - based on a certain locality b. National - national in nature 4, Asto the determination of the amount of tax to be paid: a. Ad valorem tax - based on value of the object taxed determined by the appraiser b. Specific tax - based on weight and measurement 5, As to who bears the burden: a. Direct tax - imposed to a person directly involved b. Indirect tax - forms part of the purchase price of the ‘commodity and passed on to consumers 6. As to the graduation or rate a. Proportional tax - based on a fixed percentage b. Progressive tax ~ based on certain tax bases c. Regressive tax - the tax rate decreases as the base increases 233Readings in Philippine History At present, it is clear that, the TRAIN Law brought about significant changes in Philippine taxation. These changes include the reclassification of personal income tax rates, estate tax, donor's tax, value added tax, documentary stamp tax, ang the excise tax on automobiles, petroleum products, sweetened beverages, cosmetic procedures, coal, mining, and tobacco, The reduction in personal income tax was seen as financial empowerment for the public because it signified an increase jn the net earnings and purchasing power. However, the increase in taxes on petroleum products and sweetened beverages were seen to offset the perceived tax reduction. According to the government, the revised tax rates were necessary to sustain the expenses of the government in its golden age of infrastructure campaign. The new tax rate imposed on petroleum products and sweetened beverages was blamed for the drastic spike of inflation in the country, which was recorded at 6.4% in August 2018. This inflation rate is the highest in nine years. As of the third quarter of 2018, Congress is attempting to pass the Tax Reform for Attracting Better and High-quality Opportunities (TRABAHO) Bill before the year ends. The bill seeks to gradually reduce corporate income tax from 30 percent to 20 percent by 2029 while removing previously provided financial incentives and perks to corporations. The tax cuts are expected to prompt corporations to hire more workers to increase production for better economic performance. However, the bill is being criticized in the context that it would have a negative impact on foreign direct investments in economic zones leading to job losses, lower production, and capital flight or pull-out of investors. Some critics were eager to point out that the proposed tax reforms would favor big corporations as they are set to enjoy the tax cuts. As such, some people see the TRABAHO Bill as an anti-poor and a pro-elite bill. 234I. Potties ESoromk, cd Cutec anes a Patpe History ‘The passing of the TRABAHO Bilt jtation by many because of how the ete resulted in increased prices of eo hawt proposed tax reforms is not set Nic which is why many are still is perceived with TRAIN law seems to mmodities. The new Yet fully understood by the ai opposing it. 235Soci PoE. Economic, and Cute ses Philippine History exercise 43.1 eee chuga-Chuga, Choo-choo...Train! seen in a negative light because of d; ices due to the increase in cu, products and sweetened beverages, provisions of the TRAIN Law and by citing concrete examples. After personal view on the issue, rastically inflated consumer stom duties on petroleum . Research on the significant analyze their implications your analysis, give your ee a 237Readings in Priippine History 238 isect Pele Econemt, and Cura sues in Poop History exercise 4.5.2 ie TRABAHO Bill: A Runaway TRAIN Name! Section, rovisions of the TRABAI sons from different i the TRABAHO Bill. Sui conclusion by discussi HO Bill and interview at least ten (10) industries to inquire about opinions on mmarize their responses and provide a ing your personal view on the issue, Response 1 — —— Response 2 Response 5 i 239 xrecaings In Prine HON! Response 6 oo 240structions: The Philippines was once considered “the mx man of Asia,” as it lagged behind its neighbors which si viously comprised its tral. Using the provided readings as Pickground, submit a synthesis paper analyzing the root cause of the underdevelopment of the Philippines as a nation. Make gare to consider the relationships between the issues of agrarian reform constitutional reforms and initiatives, and taxation. Readings: « Brillo, B. B. (2011). A theoretical review on Philippine policy-making: The weak state-elitist framework and the pluralist perspective. Philippine Quarterly of Culture & Society, 39(1), 54-76. Retrieved from https:// www jstor. org/stable/23645264?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents + Buendia, R. (1993). Colonialism and elitism in Philippine political development: Assessing the roots of underdevelopment. Philippine Journal of Public Administration, 37(2). Retrieved from http:/ /Iynchlibrary. pssc.org.ph:8081/bitstream/handle/0/4031/09_. Colonialism %20and%20Elitism%20in%20Philippine pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y + Hutchcroft, P. (1998). The political foundations of booty capitalism in the Philippines. In Booty capitalism: The politics of banking in the Philippines, New York, NY: Cornell University Press. 241eadings in Phitppine History * IBON Foundation (2016). Tax Ganern! DOF’s Tax », tax the poor anc relieve the rich. Retrieved from http: 7 19 tganerdote ate th and-relieve-the-rich “Poor. + Overholt, W. (2017). Duterte democracy, and. ¢, Retrieved from hnttps://www-brookings.edu reves cl v duterte-democracy-and-defense 242 / ‘bon,1, patea, Economic, and Cutsra issues In Philpine History i ALLELE EOLA es feren® : | pete in, He (2009). Fundamentals of taxation. Manila, pe ao pines: Rex Bookstore, Inc. i we Foundation (2009). Taxes and development in the 18 aippines: Toward enhancing domestic resource mobilization pail ir lopment. Retrieved from hitp://workspace.unpan. Jo" ites /internet/Documents/G3PH09%20Taxes%20 0F8'20Development’20in%20the %20Philippines. pdf C. (1901). Taxation in the Philippines, Political Science Pi a rterly, 16(4), 680-711. Rettieved from https://www. srorons/table/ pal 2140822 pat 243Nestor M. Asuncion is a faculty member at Mapia university. He has taught courses on Jose Rizal, Philippine History, Philippine Politics and Governance, Sociology, and Economics. He has taught in several schools in Metro Manila prior to his teaching stint at Mapua Institute of Technology. Prof. Asuncion earned his undergraduate degree in Political Science from the National College of Business and Arts, Quezon City. He also took education units at Sta. Cruz Institute, Sta, Cruz, Marinduque. He obtained his Master of Arts in Political Science and Doctor of Education major in Educational Planning and Management from Manuel L. Quezon University. His advocacy is on the protection of the right of workers, particularly teachers. He is the Vice Chair, Labor Sector of the Education Industry Tripartite Council (FITC), National Capital Region, and concurrently the Vice Chair, Labor Sector of the Regional Tripartite Industrial Peace Council (RTIPC), National Capital Region —both under the Department of Labor (DOLE). Geoffrey Rhoel C. Cruz has been teaching at the collegiate levelsharing his knowledge in the subject areas on Jose Rizal, Philippine History, Philippine Politics and Governance, Sociology, and Economies since 2007. He has taught in Mapiia Univesity, De La Salle University, and Manila Central University. Prof. Cruz obtained his undergraduate degree in Political Science from the University of Santo Tomas and his Master of Arts in Development Policy from De La Salle University. Prof. Cruz also earned units in Education from the Philippine Women’s University. He is currently pursuing his PhD in Development Studies at De La Salle University. His research interests include cultural heritage conservation and Philippine political dynamics. He is a member of the Philippine Political Science Association. He also co-authored books on Rizal course titled A Workbook on the Rizal Course and Life and Works of