Unit Operations in Food Processing

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APPENDICES
APPENDIX 2

UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

Length 1 inch = 0.0254 m 1 ft = 0.3048 m

Area 2 2 Volume 3 3 1 gal Imp 3
1 ft = 0.0929m 1 ft = 0.0283 m = 0.004546 m
1 gal US 3
= 0.003785 m = 3.785 litres
1 litre 3
= 0.001 m
Mass 1 lb = 0.4536 kg 1 mole molecular weight in kg
Density 3 -3 Velocity 1 ft/sec -1 Pressure 2
1 lb/ft = 16.03 kg m = 0.3048 m s 1 lb/m = 6894 Pa 1
torr = 133.3 Pa
5
1 atm = 1.013 x 10 Pa
= 760 mm Hg
-2
1 Pa = 1 N m
-1 -2
= 1 kg m s

Force 1 Newton
-2 -2
1 lb ft s = 1 kg m s
= 1.49 kg m s-2

-2
Viscosity 1 cP = 0.001 N s m = 0.001 Pa s 1 lb/ft sec = 1.49 N s m-2
-1 -2
= 1.49 kg m s

Energy 1 Btu = 1055 J

1 cal = 4.186 J
= 1 kJ s-1 = 1 J s-1
Power 1 kW 1 W
-1
1 horsepower = 745.7 W = 745.7 J s
= 0.746 kW
1 ton refrigeration = 3.519 kW
Heat-transfer coefficient -2 -1 -1 -2 -
Temperature units (°F) = 5/9 (°C) = 5/9 (K) 1 Btu ft h °F = 5.678 J m s
1 Thermal conductivity -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 Constants 3.1416
°C 1 Btu ft h °F = 1.731 J m s °C π σ 5.73 x 10-8 J
-2 -1 -4
m s K
e (base of natural logs) 2.7183
R -1 -1
8.314 kJ mole K
3 -1 -1
or 0.08206 m atm mole K
6
(M) Mega = 10 ,
3
(k) kilo = 10 ,
2
(H) Hecto = 10
 -3
(m) milli = 10
-6
(μ) micro = 10

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Unit Operations in Food Processing. Copyright © 1983, R. L. Earle. :: Published by NZIFST (Inc.)