 Aristote

o Believed in “Natural Motion” 

o Believed the four elements were EARTH, WATER, FIRE and AIR
 Galileo
o Absence of air resistance means that objects(regardless of weight) fall at the same speed
o Moving objects will keep moving unless friction is added.
o Force: a push or pull
o Inertia: A property that resists change in matter
 Newton
o First Law of Motion
 Every object continues in a state of rest or of uniform speed in a straight line
unless acted on by a nonzero net force.
o Second Law of Motion
 F = ma
o Third Law of Motion
 Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. (The same amount of force
applied onto an object is pushed back on the thing that applied said force)

 Net Force
o The total amount of force applied to an object
 Vector VS Scalar Quantities
o Vector: Describes the magnitude and direction of an object
o Scalar: Describes only the magnitude
o Magnitude is the amount that something has of something(mass, speed, volume, etc.)
 Equilibrium
o A state of equilibrium is a state in which all forces applied to an object are equal.
o ΣF = 0
 Support Force
o Support force (normal force) is an upward force on an object that is opposite to the force
of gravity.

 Motion Is Relative
 Speed
o Measured in “m/s”
o Equation: distance(m)/time(s)
 Types of Speed
o Average
 The average speed at which an object moves over a set amount of time
o Instantaneous Speed
 The speed at a single moment, regardless of the speed before or after it.
 Velocity
o A VECTOR Quantity
o Velocity is "directed" speed
 Acceleration
o A change in speed and/or direction.
o Acceleration = change in speed(m/s)/time interval(s)
 Free Fall
o The force of gravity pulling an object downward disregarding air resistance
o Earth’s Gravity is 10m/s (ROUNDED)
2

 Acceleration is Directly Proportional to Net Force

 Friction
 o A force created by the rubbing or touching of objects in opposing directions.
o Happens with ANY objects/materials(solid, liquid, or gas)
 Mass 
o The quantity of matter in an object. It is also the measure of the inertia or sluggishness
that an object exhibits in response to any effort made to start it, stop it, or change its state
of motion in any way.
o MEASURED IN “Kg”(Kilograms)
 Weight
o Usually the force upon an object due to gravity. 
o MEASURED IN “N”(Newtons)

 Equal and Opposite Reaction

o As stated by Newton’s Third Law, each action that exerts force from an object on an
object, that same force is applied to the object that dealt it.
 3 Laws of Motion
o First Law of Motion
 Every object continues in a state of rest or of uniform speed in a straight line
unless acted on by a nonzero net force.
o Second Law of Motion
 The mass of an object multiplied by the acceleration is equal to the force that
object has.
 F = ma
o Third Law of Motion
 Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. (The same amount of force
applied onto an object is pushed back on the thing that applied said force)

 Simple Machines
o Simple Machines help use the laws of physics to use energy more efficiently
 Work = Work  
IN OUT

o The amount of work put into an equation(as long as friction is disregarded) will always be
the same amount that comes out
o Fd = Fd
IN OUT

 Efficiency
o Efficiency determines how much energy was used correctly versus how much energy
was wasted
o Efficiency = Useful Energy Output/Total Energy Input
 All Energy Humans Use Comes From:
o The Sun 
o Geothermal
o Nuclear

 Work = Energy Theorem

o The Work = Energy Theorem states that work and energy are interchangeable. This
means that the formulas can be used interchangeably as well:
o E=W
o Fd = mgh
o And many more combinations!

  Formula Measure
Name
Velocity V = d/t “m/s” or Meters per second

Acceleration A = △V/△t “m/s ” or Meters per Second Squared

2

Distance D = (½)at 2
“M” or Meter

Force F = ma “N” or Newton

Work W = Fd “J” or Joule

Energy(Kinetic) E = (½)mv
K
2
“J” or Joule

Energy(Potential) E = mgh
P “J” or Joule

Energy = Work E=W “J” or Joule

Power P = W/t “W” or Watt