Asme B30.4 (2020)

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ASME B30.4-2020
(Revision of ASME B30.4-2015)
Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Hooks, Jacks,

Pedestal Cranes
Safety Standard for Cableways,
A N A M E R I C A N N AT I O N A L STA N DA R D
Portal and
and Slings
Copyrighted material licensed to University of Toronto by Clarivate Analytics (US) LLC, subscriptions.techstreet.com, downloaded on 2020-11-21 16:36:25 +0000 by University of Toronto User.
Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Hooks, Jacks,
ASME B30.4-2020
(Revision of ASME B30.4-2015)
Safety Standard for Cableways,

Pedestal Cranes
AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Portal and
and Slings
x
Copyrighted material licensed to University of Toronto by Clarivate Analytics (US) LLC, subscriptions.techstreet.com, downloaded on 2020-11-21 16:36:25 +0000 by
Date of Issuance: October 20, 2020
The next edition of this Standard is scheduled for publication in 2025. This Standard will become effective 1 year after the Date of
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CONTENTS
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Committee Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
B30 Standard Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Summary of Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
Chapter 4-0 Scope, Definitions, Personnel Competence, Translations, and References . . . . . . . . 1

Section 4-0.1 Scope of B30.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Section 4-0.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Section 4-0.3 Personnel Competence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Section 4-0.4 Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Section 4-0.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Chapter 4-1 Erection, Characteristics, and Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Section 4-1.1 Site Preparation and Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Section 4-1.2 Structural Design and Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Section 4-1.3 Load Ratings and Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Section 4-1.4 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Section 4-1.5 Hoisting Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Section 4-1.6 Luffing Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Section 4-1.7 Swing (Slewing) Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Section 4-1.8 Travel Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Section 4-1.9 Brakes, General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Section 4-1.10 Lifting Magnets and Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Section 4-1.11 Operational Aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Section 4-1.12 Boom and Jib Support Ropes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Section 4-1.13 Reeving Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Section 4-1.14 Counterweights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Section 4-1.15 Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Section 4-1.16 Electrical Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Section 4-1.17 Operator’s Cab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Section 4-1.18 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Chapter 4-2 Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Section 4-2.1 Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Section 4-2.2 Operational Aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Section 4-2.3 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Section 4-2.4 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Section 4-2.5 Rope Inspection, Replacement, and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Chapter 4-3 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Section 4-3.1 Qualifications and Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Section 4-3.2 Operating Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
iii
Section 4-3.3 Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Section 4-3.4 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Figures
4-0.2.1-1 Pedestal Crane With Luffing Boom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4-0.2.1-2 Portal Crane With Level Luffing Boom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4-0.2.1-3 Portal Crane With Luffing Boom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4-3.3.4-1 Standard Hand Signals for Controlling Portal and Pedestal Cranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
iv
FOREWORD
This American National Standard, Safety Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Hooks, Jacks, and Slings, has
been developed under the procedures accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). This Standard had
its beginning in December 1916, when an eight-page “Code of Safety Standards for Cranes,” prepared by the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Committee on the Protection of Industrial Workers, was presented at the annual
meeting of the ASME.
Meetings and discussions regarding safety on cranes, derricks, and hoists were held from 1920 to 1925 involving the
ASME Safety Code Correlating Committee, the Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers, the American Museum of
Safety, the American Engineering Standards Committee (AESC) [later changed to American Standards Association (ASA),
then to the United States of America Standards Institute (USASI), and finally to ANSI], Department of Labor — State of New
Jersey, Department of Labor and Industry — State of Pennsylvania, and the Locomotive Crane Manufacturers Association.
On June 11, 1925, the AESC approved the ASME Safety Code Correlating Committee’s recommendation and authorized the
project with the U.S. Department of the Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks, and ASME as sponsors.
In March 1926, invitations were issued to 50 organizations to appoint representatives to a Sectional Committee. The
call for organization of this Sectional Committee was sent out October 2, 1926, and the Committee was organized on
November 4, 1926, with 57 members representing 29 national organizations.
Commencing June 1, 1927, and using the eight-page Code published by ASME in 1916 as a basis, the Sectional
Committee developed the “Safety Code for Cranes, Derricks, and Hoists.” The early drafts of this safety code included
requirements for jacks, but due to inputs and comments on those drafts, the Sectional Committee decided in 1938 to make
the requirements for jacks a separate code. In January 1943, ASA B30.2-1943 was published, addressing a multitude of
equipment types, and in August 1943, ASA B30.1-1943 was published, addressing only jacks. Both documents were
reaffirmed in 1952 and widely accepted as safety standards.
Due to changes in design, advancement in techniques, and general interest of labor and industry in safety, the Sectional
Committee, under the joint sponsorship of ASME and the Bureau of Yards and Docks (now the Naval Facilities Engineering
Command), was reorganized on January 31, 1962, with 39 members representing 27 national organizations. The new
Committee changed the format of ASA B30.2-1943 so that the multitude of equipment types it addressed could be
published in separate volumes that could completely cover the construction, installation, inspection, testing, mainte-
nance, and operation of each type of equipment that was included in the scope of ASA B30.2. This format change resulted
in B30.3, B30.5, B30.6, B30.11, and B30.16 being initially published as “Revisions” of B30.2, with the remainder of the B30
volumes being published as totally new volumes. ASA changed its name to USASI in 1966 and to ANSI in 1969, which
resulted in B30 volumes from 1943 to 1968 being designated as ASA B30, USAS B30, or ANSI B30, depending on their date

of publication. In 1982, the Committee was reorganized as an Accredited Organization Committee operating under
procedures developed by ASME and accredited by ANSI.
This Standard presents a coordinated set of rules that may serve as a guide to government and other regulatory bodies
and municipal authorities responsible for the guarding and inspection of the equipment falling within its scope. The
suggestions leading to accident prevention are given both as mandatory and advisory provisions; compliance with both
types may be required by employers of their employees. In case of practical difficulties, new developments, or unne-
cessary hardship, the administrative or regulatory authority may grant variances from the literal requirements or permit
the use of other devices or methods, but only when it is clearly evident that an equivalent degree of protection is thereby
secured. To secure uniform application and interpretation of this Standard, administrative or regulatory authorities are
urged to consult the B30 Committee, in accordance with the format described in Section IX of the B30 Standard Intro-
duction, before rendering decisions on disputed points.
Safety codes and standards are intended to enhance public safety. Revisions result from committee consideration of
factors such as technological advances, new data, and changing environmental and industry needs. Revisions do not imply
that previous editions were inadequate.
B30.4 has been in existence since 1943. New editions were published in 1973 and 1981 under the title Portal, Tower,
and Pillar Cranes. The 1990, 1996, and 2003 editions were published under the title Portal, Tower, and Pedestal Cranes.
For the 2010 edition, B30.4 removed all references to tower cranes and revised the title to Portal and Pedestal Cranes. All
requirements for tower cranes were incorporated into B30.3-2009. The 2015 edition contained technical and editorial
v
revisions, including the addition of responsibilities of personnel, personnel competence, and translations. In this 2020
edition, many changes were made throughout each chapter, including the scope and references to B30.30, Ropes.
This Volume of the Standard, which was approved by the B30 Committee and by ASME, was approved by ANSI and
designated as an American National Standard on July 16, 2020.
vi
ASME B30 COMMITTEE
Safety Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Hooks,
Jacks, and Slings
(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)
STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERS

T. L. Blanton, Chair
E. D. Fidler, Vice Chair
K. Peterson, Secretary
STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL

N. E. Andrew, AM/NS Calvert J. Sturm, Sturm Corp.
B. B. Bacon, Tennessee Valley Authority D. P. Sullivan, IUOE Local 542 JATC
T. L. Blanton, NACB Group, Inc. P. D. Sweeney, Riverside Engineering, LLC
P. A. Boeckman, The Crosby Group E. P. Vliet, Consultant
P. W. Boyd, The Boeing Co. J. D. Wiethorn, Haag Engineering Co.
J. R. Burkey, Columbus McKinnon Corp. R. C. Wild, CJ Drilling, Inc.
B. D. Closson, Craft Forensic Service S. D. Wood, Terex Corp.
J. A. Danielson, The Boeing Co. R. J. Bolen, Alternate, Consultant
D. R. Decker, Becket, LLC D. Boyle, Alternate, The Crosby Group
L. D. DeMark, Sr., Equipment Training Solutions, LLC B. M. Casey, Alternate, General Dynamics Electric Boat
D. W. Eckstine, Eckstine & Associates W. C. Dickinson, Jr., Alternate, Crane Industry Services, LLC
R. J. Edwards, NationsBuilders Insurance Services J. Dudley, Alternate, The Walsh Group
E. D. Fidler, Grove U.S., LLC D. Duerr, Alternate, 2DM Associates, Inc.
J. A. Gilbert, Associated Wire Rope Fabricators M. Eckstine, Alternate, Safelift, LLC
G. B. Hetherston, Hetherston Consulting, LLC S. R. Fletcher, Alternate, Cowles, Murphy, Glover & Associates
M. M. Jaxtheimer, Navy Crane Center M. Gardiner, Alternate, Haag Engineering Co.
P. R. Juhren, Morrow Equipment Co., LLC J. B. Greenwood, Alternate, Navy Crane Center
R. M. Kohner, Landmark Engineering Services D. A. Henninger, Alternate, Bridon-Bekaert The Ropes Group
A. J. Lusi, Jr., Lumark Consulting, LLP D. F. Jordan, Alternate, American International Crane Bureau
L. D. Means, Means Engineering & Consulting, P.C. K. Kennedy, Alternate, Navy Crane Center

M. W. Mills, Liberty Mutual Insurance D. P. Lavoie, Alternate, Liberty Mutual Insurance
W. E. Osborn, Ingersoll Rand J. Lindsay, Alternate, Link-Belt Construction Equipment
R. M. Parnell, ITI-Field Service J. P. Mihlbauer, Jr., Alternate, All Ship and Cargo Surveys, Ltd.
J. T. Perkins, All Material Handling, Inc. G. D. Miller, Alternate, Manitowoc Cranes
K. Peterson, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers D. A. Moore, Alternate, Unified Engineering
B. A. Pickett, Systems Engineering and Forensic Services L. S. Olver, Alternate, Kolo Holdings, Inc.
J. A. Pilgrim, Manitowoc Cranes J. M. Randall, Alternate, McDermott
S. K. Rammelsberg, McDermott K. Rask, Alternate, NationsBuilders Insurance Services
K. Reynolds, Shell Exploration and Production C. L. Richardson, Alternate, Lone Star Rigging, LP
J. E. Richardson, U.S. Department of the Navy M. Riggs, Alternate, Rigging Institute, LLC
D. W. Ritchie, Dave Ritchie Consultant, LLC J. R. Schober, Alternate, American Bridge Co.
J. W. Rowland III, Consultant J. Schoppert, Alternate, NBIS Claims & Risk Management
A. R. Ruud, Atkinson Construction T. Sicklesteel, Alternate, Leavitt Cranes, USA
L. Shapiro, Howard I. Shapiro & Associates C. H. Smith, Alternate, Morrow Equipment Co., LLC
D. W. Smith, STI Group J. A. Stewart, Alternate, General Service Administration
W. J. Smith, Jr., NationsBuilders Insurance Services J. J. Van Egeren, Alternate, Manitowoc Cranes
R. S. Stemp, Lampson International, LLC C. Warren, Alternate, Webber, LLC
R. G. Strain, Advanced Crane Technologies, LLC M. P. Zerba, Alternate, Lampson International, LLC
vii
HONORARY MEMBERS
J. W. Downs, Jr., Consultant R. W. Parry, Consultant
J. L. Franks, Consultant J. C. Ryan, Boh Bros. Construction Co.
C. W. Ireland, National Oilwell Varco D. N. Wolff, Consultant
J. M. Klibert, Lift-All Co., Inc.
B30.4 SUBCOMMITTEE PERSONNEL

M. M. Jaxtheimer, Chair, Navy Crane Center J. Hairston, RHTC, Inc.
J. D. Cannon, Consultant C. W. Ireland, National Oilwell Varco
A. J. Egging, IPS Worldwide From National Oilwell Varco J. E. Richardson, U.S. Department of the Navy
J. J. Gates, Konecranes M. Supkis, Seatrax
B30 INTEREST REVIEW GROUP

O. Akinboboye, Ropetech Engineering Services A. Mattoli, Prowinch, LLC
J. D. Cannon, Consultant J. Mellott-Green, All Canadian Training Institute, Inc.
B. Dobbs, LEEA J. Mihlbauer, Jr., All Ship and Cargo Surveys, Ltd.
M. J. Eggenberger, Berry Contracting, Inc. L. S. Olver, Kolo Holdings, Inc.
A. Gomes Rocha, Industrial Training International G. L. Owens, Consultant
J. B. Greenwood, Navy Crane Center A. Payne, Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement
N. C. Hargreaves, Hargreaves Consulting, LLC. K. Reynolds, Shell Exploration and Production
H. A. Hashem, Saudi Aramco L. Shapiro, Howard I. Shapiro & Associates
J. Hui, School of Civil Engineering, People’s Republic of China C.-C. Tsaur, Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Taiwan
B30 REGULATORY AUTHORITY COUNCIL

C. Shelhamer, Chair, New York City Department of Buildings C. N. Stribling, Jr., Kentucky Labor Cabinet
K. Peterson, Secretary, The American Society of Mechanical T. Taylor, Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry
Engineers G. M. Thomas, South Carolina Department of Labor, Licensing and
C. Harris, City of Chicago Department of Buildings Regulation
R. D. Jackson, U.S. Department of Labor A. O. Omran, Alternate, New York City Department of Buildings
D. E. Latham, State of Maryland DLLR N. Reynolds, Alternate, Maryland Occupational Safety and Health
M. J. Nelmida, State of California, Occupational Safety and Health
Standards Board
viii
B30 STANDARD INTRODUCTION ð20Þ
SECTION I: SCOPE B30.21 Lever Hoists

B30.22 Articulating Boom Cranes
The ASME B30 Standard contains provisions that apply
to the construction, installation, operation, inspection, B30.23 Personnel Lifting Systems
testing, maintenance, and use of cranes and other B30.24 Container Cranes
lifting and material-movement-related equipment. For B30.25 Scrap and Material Handlers
the convenience of the reader, the Standard has been
B30.26 Rigging Hardware
divided into separate volumes. Each volume has been
written under the direction of the ASME B30 Standards B30.27 Material Placement Systems
Committee and has successfully completed a consensus B30.28 Balance Lifting Units
approval process under the general auspices of the Amer- B30.29 Self-Erecting Tower Cranes
ican National Standards Institute (ANSI).
B30.30 Ropes
As of the date of issuance of this Volume, the B30 Stan-
dard comprises the following volumes: B30.31 Self-Propelled, Towed, or Remote-Controlled
Hydraulic Platform Transporters1
B30.1 Jacks, Industrial Rollers, Air Casters, and
B30.32 Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Used in
Hydraulic Gantries
Inspection, Testing, Maintenance, and Lifting
B30.2 Overhead and Gantry Cranes (Top Running Operations1
Bridge, Single or Multiple Girder, Top Running
Trolley Hoist)
SECTION II: SCOPE EXCLUSIONS
B30.3 Tower Cranes
B30.4 Portal and Pedestal Cranes Any exclusion of, or limitations applicable to, the equip-
B30.5 Mobile and Locomotive Cranes ment, requirements, recommendations, or operations
contained in this Standard are established in the affected
B30.6 Derricks
volume’s scope.
B30.7 Winches
B30.8 Floating Cranes and Floating Derricks SECTION III: PURPOSE
B30.9 Slings The B30 Standard is intended to
B30.10 Hooks (a) prevent or minimize injury to workers, and other-

B30.11 Monorails and Underhung Cranes (withdrawn wise provide for the protection of life, limb, and property
2018 — requirements found in latest revision by prescribing safety requirements
of B30.17) (b) provide direction to manufacturers, owners,
employers, users, and others concerned with, or respon-
B30.12 Handling Loads Suspended From Rotorcraft
sible for, its application
B30.13 Storage/Retrieval (S/R) Machines and (c) guide governments and other regulatory bodies in
Associated Equipment the development, promulgation, and enforcement of
B30.14 Side Boom Tractors appropriate safety directives
B30.15 Mobile Hydraulic Cranes (withdrawn 1982 — SECTION IV: USE BY REGULATORY AGENCIES
requirements found in latest revision of
B30.5) These volumes may be adopted in whole or in part for
B30.16 Overhead Underhung and Stationary Hoists governmental or regulatory use. If adopted for govern-
B30.17 Cranes and Monorails (With Underhung Trolley mental use, the references to other national codes and
or Bridge) standards in the specific volumes may be changed to
refer to the corresponding regulations of the govern-
B30.18 Stacker Cranes (Top or Under Running Bridge, mental authorities.
Multiple Girder With Top or Under Running
Trolley Hoist)
B30.19 Cableways
B30.20 Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices 1
This volume is currently in the development process.
ix
SECTION V: EFFECTIVE DATE Upon receipt by the Secretary, the request will be
forwarded to the relevant B30 Subcommittee for consid-
(a) Effective Date. The effective date of this Volume of eration and action. Correspondence will be provided to the
the B30 Standard shall be 1 yr after its date of issuance. requester defining the actions undertaken by the B30
Construction, installation, inspection, testing, mainte- Standards Committee.
nance, and operation of equipment manufactured and
facilities constructed after the effective date of this SECTION IX: REQUESTS FOR INTERPRETATION
Volume shall conform to the mandatory requirements
of this Volume. The B30 Standards Committee will render an interpre-
(b) Existing Installations. Equipment manufactured tation of the provisions of the B30 Standard. An Interpre-
and facilities constructed prior to the effective date of tation Submittal Form is available on ASME’s website at
this Volume of the B30 Standard shall be subject to http://cstools.asme.org/Interpretation/Interpretation-
the inspection, testing, maintenance, and operation re- Form.cfm.
quirements of this Standard after the effective date. Phrase the question as a request for an interpretation of
It is not the intent of this Volume of the B30 Standard to a specific provision suitable for general understanding
require retrofitting of existing equipment. However, when and use, not as a request for approval of a proprietary
an item is being modified, its performance requirements design or situation. Plans or drawings that explain the
shall be reviewed relative to the requirements within the question may be submitted to clarify the question.
current volume. The need to meet the current require- However, they should not contain any proprietary
ments shall be evaluated by a qualified person selected names or information. Read carefully the note addressing
by the owner (user). Recommended changes shall be the types of requests that the B30 Standards Committee
made by the owner (user) within 1 yr. can and cannot consider.
Upon submittal, the request will be forwarded to the
SECTION VI: REQUIREMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS relevant B30 Subcommittee for a draft response, which
will then be subject to approval by the B30 Standards
Requirements of this Standard are characterized by use Committee prior to its formal issuance. The B30 Standards
of the word shall. Recommendations of this Standard are Committee may rewrite the question for the sake of clarity.
characterized by the word should. Interpretations to the B30 Standard will be available
online at https://cstools.asme.org/Interpretation/
SECTION VII: USE OF MEASUREMENT UNITS
SearchInterpretation.cfm.
This Standard contains SI (metric) units as well as U.S.
SECTION X: ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE
Customary units. The values stated in U.S. Customary units
are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units are a direct The equipment covered by the B30 Standard is subject
(soft) conversion from the U.S. Customary units. to hazards that cannot be abated by mechanical means, but
only by the exercise of intelligence, care, and common
SECTION VIII: REQUESTS FOR REVISION
sense. It is therefore essential to have personnel involved
in the use and operation of equipment who are competent,

The B30 Standards Committee will consider requests
for revision of any of the volumes within the B30 Standard. careful, physically and mentally qualified, and trained in
Such requests should be directed to the proper operation of the equipment and the handling of
loads. Serious hazards include, but are not limited to,
Secretary, B30 Standards Committee improper or inadequate maintenance, overloading, drop-
ASME Standards and Certification ping or slipping of the load, obstructing the free passage of
Two Park Avenue the load, and using equipment for a purpose for which it
New York, NY 10016-5990 was not intended or designed.
The B30 Standards Committee fully realizes the impor-
Requests should be in the following format: tance of proper design factors, minimum or maximum
dimensions, and other limiting criteria of wire rope or
Volume: Cite the designation and title of the volume. chain and their fastenings, sheaves, sprockets, drums,
Edition: Cite the applicable edition of the volume. and similar equipment covered by the Standard, all of
which are closely connected with safety. Sizes, strengths,
Subject: Cite the applicable paragraph number(s) and and similar criteria are dependent on many different
the relevant heading(s). factors, often varying with the installation and uses.
Request: Indicate the suggested revision. These factors depend on
Rationale: State the rationale for the suggested revision. (a) the condition of the equipment or material
(b) the loads
x
(c) the acceleration or speed of the ropes, chains, (g) many variables that must be considered in each in-
sheaves, sprockets, or drums dividual case
(d) the type of attachments The requirements and recommendations provided in
(e) the number, size, and arrangement of sheaves or the volumes must be interpreted accordingly, and judg-
other parts ment used in determining their application.
(f) environmental conditions causing corrosion or
wear
xi
ASME B30.4-2020
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Following approval by the ASME B30 Committee and ASME, and after public review, ASME B30.4-2020 was approved by
the American National Standards Institute on July 16, 2020.
ASME B30.4-2020 includes the following changes identified by a margin note, (20).
Page Location Change

ix B30 Standard Introduction Updated
1 Chapter 4-0 Title revised
1 Section 4-0.1 Revised
1 4-0.2.1 Definition of luffing crane deleted
1 4-0.2.2 (1) Definitions of accessory; axis of rotation; boom; boom point;
brake; buffer/bumper; cab; counterweight; crane, standby;
drum; jib; load block, lower; maximum operating wind speed;
out-of-service; parking track; pedestal; radius; rail clamp; rope;
service, heavy; service, light; service, normal; shall; should;
switch, limit; truck, travel; two-blocking; and weathervaning
revised
(2) Definitions of level luffing boom; luffing boom; pintle/kingpost;
and superstructure added
(3) Definitions of administrative or regulatory authority; bogie;
braking means; dynamic loading; flange point; gage, track; high
strength (traction) bolts; load, working; minimum breaking
force; pawl (dog); permanent installation; pitch diameter;
rotation resistant rope; standing rope (pendant); structural
competence; tower; traction; and trolley, load deleted.
6 Chapter 4-1 (1) In Section 4-1.1, paras. 4-1.1.1.(g), 4-1.1.1.(j), and 4-1.1.2(g)

revised, and para. 4-1.1.3 deleted
(2) Section 4-1.2 added and subsequent Sections through former
Section 4-1.14 redesignated
(3) In Section 4-1.3 (formerly 4-1.2), paras. 4-1.3.1(c), 4-1.3.2(a),
4-1.3.2(b), 4-1.3.3(a), 4-1.3.3(e), 4-1.3.4(b)(2), and 4-1.3.6
revised
(4) In Section 4-1.4 (formerly 4-1.3), paras. 4-1.4.1(a), 4-1.4.5, and
4-1.4.6 revised
(5) In Section 4-1.5 (formerly 4-1.4), paras. 4-1.5.1(d), 4-1.5.2,
4-1.5.3(a) through 4-1.5.3(c), 4-1.5.4, and 4-1.5.5 revised
(6) Section 4-1.6 (formerly 4-1.5) revised in its entirety
(7) In Section 4-1.7 (formerly 4-1.6), subpara. 4-1.7.2(b) revised
(8) In Section 4-1.8 (formerly 4-1.7), subpara. 4-1.8.1(a) revised
(9) In Section 4-1.9 (formerly 4-1.8), subpara. (b) revised
(11) In Section 4-1.11 (formerly 4-1.10), subparas. (a)(2), (b)(2),
and (b)(4) revised; and subpara. (b)(5) deleted and subsequent
subparagraphs redesignated
xii
Page Location Change
(13) Section 4-1.13 (formerly 4-1.12) revised in its entirety, and
former Figure 4-1.12-1 deleted
(14) In Section 4-1.15 (formerly 4-1.14), subparas. 4-1.15.1(a),
4-1.15.1(b), 4-1.15.2(a), and 4-1.15.2(b) revised; and subpara.
4-1.15.2(c) added
(15) Former Section 4-1.15 deleted
(16) In Section 4-1.16, subparas. (d) and (h) revised
(17) In Section 4-1.17, subparas. 4-1.17.1(e), 4-1.17.2(a), and
4-1.17.2(c) revised
(18) In Section 4-1.18, paras. 4-1.18.1(b) and 4-1.18.6 revised;
and para. 4-1.18.9 added
14 4-2.1.1 Revised
14 4-2.1.2 Subparagraph (b)(2) revised
14 4-2.1.3 (1) Revised
(2) Subparagraph (i) deleted: former subparas. (j) and (k)
redesignated
(3) Subparagraph (k) added
14 4-2.1.4 (1) Subparagraphs (a), (b), and (d) through (f) revised
(2) Subparagraph (g) added
15 4-2.1.5 Subparagraphs (a) and (b) revised
15 4-2.3.1 Revised in its entirety
15 4-2.3.2 Revised
16 4-2.3.3 Added and subsequent paragraphs redesignated
16 4-2.3.4 Former para. 4-2.3.3, redesignated and revised
16 4-2.4.2 Subparagraph (a)(7) added
16 4-2.4.4 Revised
16 4-2.4.5 Revised in its entirety
18 4-3.1.2 Subparagraph (a) revised
19 4-3.1.3 Subparagraphs (f) and (g) added
19 4-3.1.3.1.2 Revised
20 4-3.1.3.2.2 Subparagraph (c)(1) revised

20 4-3.1.3.3.1 Subparagraph (o) deleted and remaining subparagraphs
redesignated
21 4-3.1.3.4 Revised
21 4-3.1.3.5 Added
21 4-3.2.1 Revised
23 4-3.2.3 Added
23 Section 4-3.3 (1) Paragraph 4-3.3.3 revised and subpara. (d) added
(2) Paragraph 4-3.3.5 revised
(3) Paragraph 4-3.3.6 revised
(4) Paragraph 4-3.3.7 deleted and subsequent paragraph
redesignated
25 4-3.4.2 (1) Revised in its entirety
(2) Figure 4-3.4.2.1 and Table 4-3.4.2-1 deleted
xiii
INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
xiv
ASME B30.4-2020
Chapter 4-0
Scope, Definitions, Personnel Competence, Translations,
and References ð20Þ
ð20Þ SECTION 4-0.1: SCOPE OF B30.4 boom: a member used for supporting the hoisting tackle,
with its outer end supported by ropes, chains, rods, or
Volume B30.4 includes provisions that apply to the hydraulic cylinder(s).
construction, installation, operation, inspection, testing,
and maintenance of electric motor or internal-combustion boom point: the outward end of the boom.
engine-powered portal and pedestal cranes that adjust boom stop: a device or structure designed to limit boom
operating radius by means of a boom luffing mechanism, travel to its highest allowable position.
that may be mounted on a fixed or traveling base, and to brake: a device, other than a motor, used for retarding or
any variation thereof that retains the same fundamental stopping motion by means of friction or power.
characteristics.
This Volume applies only to portal and pedestal cranes bumper: an energy-absorbing device for reducing impact
having a luffing boom and utilizing a drum and rope for when a moving boom or crane reaches the end of its
load hoisting. The requirements for tower cranes (refer to permitted travel. This is also known as a buffer.
ASME B30.3), telescopic boom cranes, twin boom cab: the operator’s compartment on the crane.
container handling cranes, and articulating boom clutch: a means for engagement or disengagement of
cranes are not included in this Volume. power.
SECTION 4-0.2: DEFINITIONS counterweight: weight used to supplement the weight of

the crane in providing stability for lifting loads; it rotates
ð20Þ 4-0.2.1 Types of Cranes with the superstructure.
pedestal crane: a crane consisting of a rotating superstruc- drum: the cylindrical member around which the rope is
ture with operating machinery and boom, all of which is wound for lifting or lowering the load or boom.
mounted on a pedestal (see Figure 4-0.2.1-1). gantry: a movable structural frame consisting of columns
portal crane: a crane consisting of a rotating superstruc- and bracing capable of supporting a crane with its working
ture with operating machinery and boom, all of which is and dynamic loads.

mounted on a gantry structure, usually with a portal heavy service: service that involves operating at 85% to
opening between the gantry columns or legs for traffic 100% of rated load or in excess of 10 lift cycles per hour as
to pass beneath the crane. The crane may be fixed or a regular specified procedure.
on a traveling base (see Figures 4-0.2.1-2 and 4-0.2.1-3). in-service: the condition of a crane ready for or engaged in
work; an operator is at the controls.
ð20Þ 4-0.2.2 General
jib: an extension attached to the boom point to provide
accessory: a secondary part or assembly of parts that
added boom length for lifting specified loads. The jib
contributes to the overall function and usefulness of
may be in line with the boom or offset to various
the crane.
angles in the vertical plane of the boom.
alteration (modification): any change in the original equip-
level luffing boom: a type of luffing boom arrangement
ment manufacturer’s design configuration of the crane
where the load stays at a constant elevation during
that pertains to load-supporting components, load-posi-
luffing of the boom.
tioning components, and other components that affect the
safe load-carrying capability of the crane (e.g., counter- light service: service that involves irregular operation with
weights, holding valves), including operational aids, loads generally about one-half or less of the rated load
limit devices, and other safety equipment. limit switch: a device that is actuated by the motion of a
axis of rotation: the vertical axis around which the super- part of a power-driven machine or equipment to alter or
structure rotates. disconnect the electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic circuit
associated with the machine or equipment.
1
ASME B30.4-2020
load hoist: a hoist drum and rope reeving system used for service life: the time, expressed as the sum of the periods of
hoisting and lowering loads. operation, over which a stressed component can function
lower load block: the assembly of hook, shackle, swivel, without undue risk of failure when the crane is operated in
sheaves, pins, and frame suspended by the hoisting rope. accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions under
either light, normal, or heavy service.
luffing boom: a member hinged to and part of the super-
structure that raises and lowers to change load radius and shall: a word indicating a requirement.
is used for supporting the hoisting tackle (see should: a word indicating a recommendation.
Figures 4-0.2.1-1 through 4-0.2.1-3). standby crane: a crane not in regular service that is used
maximum operating wind speed: the maximum wind speed occasionally or intermittently as required.
permitted by the crane manufacturer or a qualified person superstructure: the portion of the crane that rotates about
for the continued operation of the crane. the vertical axis (e.g., rotating frame, boom, A-frame,
normal service: service that involves operating at less than machinery house, hoisting machinery).
85% rated load and not more than 10 lift cycles per hour swing (slew): rotation of the superstructure for movement
except for isolated instances. of loads in a horizontal direction about the axis of rotation.
operational aid: an accessory that provides information to travel truck: the assembly that includes a pivot, frame,
facilitate operation of a crane or that takes control of par- axle(s), and wheel(s) on which a crane rides on rails.
ticular functions without action of the operator when a
limiting condition is sensed. Examples of such devices two-blocking: the condition in which the lower load block
include, but are not limited to, the following: anti-two or hook assembly comes in contact with the upper load
block device, rated capacity indicator, rated capacity block or boom point sheave assembly.
(load) limiter, boom angle or radius indicator, drum rota- unattended: a condition in which the operator of a crane is
tion indicator, load indicator, and wind speed indicator. not at the operating controls.
out-of-service: the condition of a crane when unloaded, weathervaning: wind-induced swinging of a crane’s super-
without power, with the controls unattended, and structure, when out of service, so as to expose minimal
prepared to withstand winds above the in-service level. surface area to the wind.
parking track: for rail-mounted cranes, a section of track
supported so that it is capable of sustaining storm or wind- SECTION 4-0.3: PERSONNEL COMPETENCE
induced wheel loads; it is provided with storm anchorages Persons performing the functions identified in this
when required. Volume shall meet the applicable qualifying criteria
pedestal: a fixed raised crane base or foundation that may stated in this Volume and shall, through education,
be solid or enclosed, but without a portal opening. training, experience, skill, and physical ability, as neces-
pintle/kingpost: fixed or rotating vertical structure sary, be competent and capable to perform the functions
(depending upon bearing arrangement) supporting the as determined by the employer or employer’s represen-
superstructure, which allows for rotation. tative.

qualified person: a person who, by possession of a recog-
SECTION 4-0.4: TRANSLATIONS
nized degree in an applicable field or certificate of profes-
sional standing, or who, by extensive knowledge, training, (a) The documentation required by Section 4-1.4 shall
and experience, has successfully demonstrated the ability be provided in a language specified by the purchaser at the
to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter time of the initial sale by the manufacturer.
and work. (b) Pictograms used to identify controls shall be
radius (load): the horizontal distance from a projection of described in the instructions. The pictograms should
the axis of rotation to the base of the crane portal or comply with ISO 7000, ISO 7296, or other recognized
pedestal, before loading, to the center of vertical hoist source, if previously defined.
line or tackle with load applied. (c) Translations of the original language instructions (if
the manufacturer no longer exists, translation of the
rail clamp: a device for fastening a traveling crane to its instructions with the machine is acceptable) shall meet
rails to limit storm or wind-induced travel. professional translation industry standards, which
remote-control station: a location, not on the crane, from include, but are not limited to, the following:
which the operator can control all the crane movements. (1) translating the complete paragraph message,
rope: refers to rope covered by ASME B30.30. instead of word by word
(2) ensuring grammatical accuracy
(3) preserving the source document content without
omitting or expanding the text
2
Pedestal
Figure 4-0.2.1-2 Portal Crane With Level Luffing Boom

Figure 4-0.2.1-1 Pedestal Crane With Luffing Boom
Luffing boom
ASME B30.4-2020
Luffing boom
3
Portal
Pintle
Figure 4-0.2.1-3 Portal Crane With Luffing Boom
ASME B30.4-2020
4
ASME B30.4-2020
(4) translating the terminology accurately Publisher: National Electrical Manufacturers Association
(5) reflecting the level of sophistication of the (NEMA), 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 900, Arlington,
original document VA 22209 (www.nema.org)
(d) The finished translation shall be verified for compli-
ance with (c)(1) through (c)(5) by a qualified person ANSI/NFPA 70-2017, National Electrical Code
having an understanding of the technical content of Publisher: National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1
the subject matter. Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169 (www.nfpa.org)
(e) The entities responsible for the operation, use, ANSI/SAE J2703-2008, Cranes — Access and Egress
inspection, testing, maintenance, assembly, and disas- ANSI/SAE Z26.1-1996, Safety Glazing Materials for
sembly of the covered equipment shall have the technical Glazing Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Equipment
and safety-related information available in a language that Operating on Land Highways — Safety Standard
their employees can read and understand. If the informa- Publisher: SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive,
tion is not available in a language understood by their Warrendale, PA 15096 (www.sae.org)
employees, the entities shall obtain a translation of the
original manufacturer’s technical and safety related infor- ASCE/SEI 7-16, Minimum Design Loads and Associated
mation from the manufacturer or from a translation Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
service provider. The translation(s) shall meet the re- Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE),
quirements of (c) and (d). 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191
(www.asce.org)
SECTION 4-0.5: REFERENCES
ASME B30.3-2016, Tower Cranes
The following is a list of publications referenced in this ASME B30.10-2014, Hooks
Standard: ASME B30.23-2016, Personnel Lifting Systems
ASME B30.30-2019, Ropes
Aluminum Design Manual–2015 Publisher: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Publisher: The Aluminum Association, 1400 Crystal Drive, (ASME), Two Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990
Suite 430, Arlington, VA 22202 (www.aluminum.org) (www.asme.org)
ANSI/AISC 360–16 Specification for Structural Steel EN 13001-3-1-2013, Cranes – General Design – Limit
Buildings States and Proof Competence of Steel Structure
Publisher: American Institute of Steel Construction, 130 Publisher: CEN, European Committee for Standardization,
East Randolph, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60601 Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium
(www.aisc.org) (www.din.de)
ANSI/ALI A14.3-2008 (R2018), Safety Requirements for FEM 1.001-1998, Rules for the Design of Hoisting Appli-
Fixed Ladders ances
Publisher: American Ladder Institute (ALI), 330 North Publisher: European Materials Handling Federation,
Wabash Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611

BluePoint Brussels, 80 Boulevard Auguste Reyers, B -
(www.americanladderinstitute.org) 1030, Brussels, Belgium (www.fem-eur.com)
ANSI/ASSE A1264.1-2007, Safety Requirements for ISO 7000-2014, Graphical symbols for use on equipment
Workplace Walking/Working Surfaces and Their — Registered symbols
Access; Workplace, Floor, Wall and Roof Openings; ISO 7296-1991, Cranes — Graphical symbols — Parts 1 – 3
Stairs and Guardrail/Handrail Systems ISO 15614–1-2017, Specification and Qualification of
Publisher: The American Society of Safety Engineers Welding Procedures for Metallic Materials
(ASSE), 520 N. Northwest Highway, Park Ridge, IL Publisher: International Organization for Standardization
60068 (www.asse.org) (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, Chemin de Blandonnet 8,
ANSI/AWS D1.1-2015, Structural Welding Code–Steel Case Postale 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
ANSI/AWS D14.3-2010, Specification for Welding Earth- (www.iso.org)
Moving and Construction Equipment Specification for Structural Joints Using High-Strength
Publisher: American Welding Society (AWS), 8669 NW 36 Bolts–2014
Street, No. 130, Miami, FL 33166 (www.aws.org) Research Council on Structural Connections, One East
ANSI/NEMA ICS8-2011, Industrial Control and Systems: Wacker Drive, Chicago IL 60601 (www.boltcouncil.org)
Crane and Hoist Controllers
5
ASME B30.4-2020
ð20Þ Chapter 4-1

Erection, Characteristics, and Construction
SECTION 4-1.1: SITE PREPARATION AND (j) The crane manufacturer or qualified person shall
ERECTION provide maximum resulting loads at the base of the
crane, or wheel loads, for use in design of the supports
4-1.1.1 Crane Supports (see para. 4-1.4.1).
(a) All load-bearing foundations, supports, and rail 4-1.1.2 General Erection Requirements
tracks shall be constructed or installed to support the
crane loads and transmit them to the soil or other (a) When cranes are erected, the manufacturer’s or a
support medium. In addition to supporting vertical qualified person’s written erection instructions and a list
load, foundations and supports, rail supports excepted, of the weights of each component to be erected shall be at
should be designed to provide a moment resisting over- the site.
turning equal to a minimum of 150% of the maximum (b) Cranes shall be erected in accordance with the
crane overturning moment. crane manufacturer’s or a qualified person’s recommen-
(b) Rails should be level and straight, unless specifically dations. Erection shall be performed under the supervi-
designed for curves or grades, and properly spaced for the sion of a qualified person.
crane trucks in accordance with the manufacturer’s speci- (c) Procedures shall be established before erection
fications. The track and support system should have suffi- work commences to implement the erection instructions
cient rigidity to limit dynamic oscillations and deviations and adapt them to the particular needs of the site. The
from plumb. need for temporary guying and bracing during erection
(c) Rails shall be securely attached to the supporting shall be established.
surface in a manner capable of resisting the horizontal and (d) Before crane components are erected, they shall be
vertical loads specified by the manufacturer. When appli- visually inspected for damage. Damaged members shall
cable, provision should be made for thermal expansion not be erected until repaired in accordance with the manu-
and contraction. facturer’s or qualified person’s instructions or replaced.
(d) Splices in rail tracks (bolted or welded) shall have (e) Slings and lifting accessories should be selected and
smooth joints. arranged to avoid damaging or marring crane members
(e) When required, a designated portion of the track during erection.

should be arranged and constructed as an out-of- (f) Wind velocity at the site at the time of erection
service parking area complete with means needed for should be considered as a limiting factor that could
supporting the crane against storm wind effects and require suspending the erection operation.
anchoring it against unwanted movement along the (g) Crane pedestals and gantries should be erected
track; the parking track should be in place before erection plumb to a tolerance that is specified by the manufacturer.
commences. (h) Cranes required to weathervane when out of
(f) Rails shall be electrically grounded when they carry service shall be installed with clearance for the boom
cranes electrically powered from an outside source. and superstructure to swing through a full 360-deg arc
(g) Both ends of all tracks shall be provided with stops without striking any fixed object or other crane.
or bumpers adjusted for simultaneous contact with both
sides of the travel base unless engineered or administra- SECTION 4-1.2: STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND
tive controls are utilized with dedicated track walkers/ CONSTRUCTION
spotters while the crane is traveling.
(h) When more than one crane will be operating on a (a) Structural members shall be designed in accor-
run of track, particular consideration should be given to dance with the ANSI/AISC 360-16, or other appropriate
the number and disposition of parking areas. design standards such as the Aluminum Design Manual or
(i) The hazard of earthquake effects appropriate to the FEM 1.001.
site or zone should be considered. (b) Welding shall conform to ANSI/AWS D1.1 or ANSI/
AWS D14.3, or ISO 15614-1 when welding is to be
performed on load-sustaining members. For materials
6
ASME B30.4-2020
not covered by ANSI/AWS D1.1 or ISO 15614-1, the manu- 4-1.3.2 Load Ratings Where Factors Other Than
facturer or a qualified person shall provide welding proce- Stability Govern Lifting Performance
dures.
(c) Structural bolting shall be in accordance with the (a) For each stipulated operating radius, the manufac-
RCSC Specification for Structural Joints Using High turer shall ascertain that the crane is capable of supporting
Strength Bolts or EN 13001-3-1. rated loads without stresses exceeding predetermined ac-
ceptable values. Dynamic effects associated with hoisting
SECTION 4-1.3: LOAD RATINGS AND STABILITY and swinging shall be considered, and wind, if applicable,
shall be taken in the least favorable direction and at the
4-1.3.1 Load Ratings Where Stability Governs maximum in-service velocity, as specified by the manu-
Lifting Performance facturer.
(b) Under any condition of loading, stresses may be
(a) For each stipulated operating radius, the load rating affected by boom or jib length, counterweight, swing
is established by taking a percentage of the load that by speed changes and other dynamic effects, hoist line
calculation produces a condition of incipient tipping when reeving, and hoisting speed range. Therefore, the struc-
the boom is in the least stable direction. Under static tural, mechanical, hydraulic, electrical, or pneumatic
conditions, the load ratings shall not exceed 67% of competence shall be evaluated for the least favorable
the calculated tipping loads. When wind is considered, configuration and operating conditions covered by
if applicable, the combined effects of static and wind given load ratings.
loads shall not exceed 77% of the calculated tipping load. (c) A nonsymmetrical mounting may require a consid-
(b) A nonsymmetrical mounting may require a consid- erably higher loading to produce a tipping condition in a
erably higher loading to produce a tipping condition in a direction other than the least stable direction for which
direction other than the least stable direction for which basic load ratings have been established. Therefore, if the
basic load ratings have been established. Therefore, if the crane specification includes ratings for other than the least
crane specification includes ratings for other than the least stable direction, such ratings may be governed by struc-
stable direction, such ratings shall not exceed the appli- tural, mechanical, hydraulic, electrical, or pneumatic
cable tipping percentages. competence, in which case, they shall be verified.
(c) For a load at any operating radius, stability is (d) For cranes designed to travel with load, inertial
affected by the length of boom, jib, or combination of forces, and forces induced by the maximum allowable
boom and jib and counterweight. The manufacturer track variation from level, as specified by the manufac-
shall take these conditions into account when establishing turer, shall be considered in establishing structural,
load ratings. Each load rating shall therefore be deter- mechanical, hydraulic, electrical, or pneumatic compe-
mined for the least stable permitted configuration tence.
governed by the rating.
(d) Wind forces shall be determined using the 4-1.3.3 Load Rating Chart
maximum operating wind speed applied in the direction
A durable rating chart with legible letters and figures
least favorable to stability.

shall be provided with each crane and attached in a loca-
(e) For cranes designed to travel with load, inertia
tion visible to the operator while seated at the controls and
forces and forces induced by the maximum allowable
at remote-control stations. The content of these charts
track variation from level, as specified by the manufac-
shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
turer, shall be considered in establishing load ratings.
(a) the crane manufacturer’s name, model and serial
(f) In addition to the above, the following stipulations
number of the crane, and a full and complete range of
shall apply to the establishment of load ratings:
manufacturer’s approved crane load ratings at all
(1) Incipient tipping exists when the algebraic sum of
stated operating radii for each permitted boom length,
the overturning (tipping) moments equals the sum of the
jib length, and combination boom and jib (when applica-
stabilizing moments.
ble).
(2) The crane is mounted level, except as in (e) above.
(b) cautionary or warning notes relative to limitations
(3) Lifting attachments that are a permanent part of
on equipment and operation procedures.
the crane in its working condition shall be considered part
(c) indication of the least stable direction and, in the
of the load for stability calculations whether or not such
case of nonsymmetrical mountings with ratings given
attachments are part of the published load ratings.
for other than the least stable direction, the directional
limitations applicable to each set of ratings.
(d) recommended parts of hoist reeving, size, and type
of rope for various crane loads.
7
ASME B30.4-2020
(e) whether the hoist-holding mechanism is automati- SECTION 4-1.4: DOCUMENTATION

cally controlled, manually controlled, and if free fall is
available. Each crane shall be provided with informational litera-
(f) advice that slings and lifting attachments are part of ture, including, but not limited to, the following.
the load. If the manufacturer elects to include the lower
4-1.4.1 Site Preparation and Crane Support Design
load block as part of the load, the rating chart shall so state.
Data
4-1.3.4 Backward Stability For use of the crane support designers, data such as
(a) The backward stability of a crane is its ability to what is listed below should be provided.
resist overturning in the direction opposite the boom (a) vertical and horizontal forces and torsional and
point while in the unloaded condition. The minimum ac- overturning moments applicable to the crane configura-
ceptable backward stability condition, as determined by tion and location of the particular installation; the data
calculation, is such that the horizontal distance between should indicate whether governing forces are due to
the center of gravity of the crane and the axis of rotation in-service or out-of-service winds and the applicable
shall not exceed 60% of the radial distance from the axis of wind velocities and direction(s); for traveling cranes,
rotation to the backward tipping fulcrum in the least stable the data can be stated in terms of wheel loads
direction. (b) maximum wind velocity for which traveling cranes
(b) The general requirements applicable for determi- possess adequate resistance to sliding, as determined by
nation of the backward stability condition are as follows: calculation, in the configuration for the particular instal-
(1) crane to be equipped for normal operation with lation and precautions that shall be taken to secure cranes
shortest boom permitted (as applicable) at higher wind velocities
(2) boom to be positioned at minimum achievable (c) rail track installation requirements and tolerances
radius for traveling cranes
(3) crane to be unloaded (no hook, block, or attach- (d) anchorage arrangements for cranes to be installed
ment weight) on fixed bases
(4) crane standing on level track or foundation (e) crane dimensional data
(5) maximum operating wind speed acting in a direc-
4-1.4.2 Erection Instructions
tion to reduce stability
For the use of crane erection personnel, data such as
4-1.3.5 Out-of-Service Stability what is listed below should be provided.
The manufacturer shall ascertain by calculation that in (a) weight and dimensions for components and subas-
each recommended configuration, traveling cranes shall semblies
have a margin of stability against incipient tipping when (b) recommended lifting attachment points, when ap-
exposed to wind forces appropriate to the installation site plicable
as given in ASCE/SEI 7 when the crane is out of service. (c) center of gravity location for nonuniform compo-
Overturning moments shall not exceed 80% of the stabi- nents and subassemblies

lizing moments, without consideration of any anchorage (d) the method and recommended sequence of
devices or rail clamps. For weathervaning cranes, the assembly, when applicable; warnings should be given
boom shall be taken in the attitude dictated by its alerting erection personnel when member strength or sta-
wind area balance; nonweathervaning cranes shall be bility requires particular methods or sequencing
taken in their least favorable attitude. For fixed cranes, (e) details, including diagrams where necessary, of
see para. 4-1.1.1(a). critical component connections describing and identifying
bolts, pins, and other parts needed, the method of assem-
4-1.3.6 Altered (Modified) Cranes bling the joint, the torque or tension to be applied to
prestressed bolts, the point in time in the erection
Whenever cranes are altered, unless the work is done by process for applying torque or tension, and the means
the original manufacturer, the owner of the crane shall for retaining components such as pins
maintain records of the work performed. The records
shall include calculations and drawings prepared and 4-1.4.3 Operating Instructions, Limitations, and
signed by a qualified person that delineate the alterations Precautions
and that verify that the entire crane and/or the affected
components satisfy the applicable portions of this Volume. Information, data, and recommended operating prac-
The calculations shall include a recitation of the engi- tices shall be provided by the crane manufacturer or a
neering criteria governing the design. After alterations, qualified person for use by the crane’s operator and super-
tests shall be performed in accordance with visory personnel.
paras. 4-2.3.1 and 4-2.3.2.
8
ASME B30.4-2020
4-1.4.4 Maintenance Requirements and 4-1.5.3 Hoist Brakes

Recommendations (a) Positive means, such as an automatic spring applied
This information should include identification of those brake, controllable from the operator’s station, shall be
members or locations it is advisable to periodically provided to hold the drum from rotating in the lowering
observe or test for the purpose of detecting the onset direction and be capable of holding not less than 125% of
of metal fatigue, the loosening of prestressed bolts, or the full load hoisting torque indefinitely without further
wear affecting the ability of the crane to support rated attention from the operator.
loads. (b) A power control braking means, such as regenera-
tive, dynamic counter torque, or eddy current braking or a
4-1.4.5 Repair Recommendations mechanically, pneumatically, or hydraulically controlled
braking means, shall be provided and capable of main-
If repairs are needed, advice on welding procedures
taining controlled lowering speed of rated loads.
should be provided, if applicable, and the type of metal
(c) When power-operated brakes having no contin-
used for load-sustaining members shall be identified
uous mechanical linkage between the actuating and the
[see para. 4-1.2(b)].
braking means are used for controlling loads, an automatic
4-1.4.6 Design Characteristics Affecting Safety means shall be provided to stop and hold the load in the
event of loss of brake-actuating power.
In addition to the information called for in para. 4-1.4.3, (d) When directly coupled electric or hydraulic
data such as what is listed below should be provided. motor(s) are used for controlling loads, an automatic
(a) location, proper settings and adjustments, and means shall be provided to stop and hold the load in
functioning of limiting and indicating devices the event of loss of power or pressure.
(b) location and required settings of hydraulic or pneu- (e) When automatic braking means are provided, a
matic pressure relief valves and locations of points where means, such as a manual release, should be furnished
circuit pressure can be checked (see para. 4-1.18.8) to permit controlled lowering of the load in the event
(c) limitations on service life of load-bearing members of loss of power or pressure.
or mechanisms, if applicable, including manufacturer’s (f) When provided, foot brake pedals shall be
recommendations for frequency of inspection as a func- constructed so that the operator’s feet will not readily
tion of severity of service slip off, and a means shall be provided for holding the
brakes in the applied position without further attention
SECTION 4-1.5: HOISTING EQUIPMENT by the operator.
4-1.5.1 General Requirements 4-1.5.4 Hoist Sheaves

(a) When using recommended reeving, the load hoist Hoist sheaves shall be in accordance with ASME B30.30.
shall be capable of hoisting and lowering rated loads with (a) Sheave bearings shall be provided with means for
operational characteristics required for crane service. lubrication, except for those that are permanently lubri-

(b) Unless coupled directly, or through a hydrostatic cated.
drive, the load hoist mechanism shall be provided with (b) The sheaves in the lower load block shall be
a clutching or power-disengaging device. equipped with close-fitting guards that will guard
(c) Electric-motor-operated cranes that are capable of against ropes becoming fouled in the sheaves when the
overspeeding the power plant on overhauling loads shall block is lying on the ground with ropes loose.
be provided with overspeed protection.
(d) Hooks shall be in accordance with ASME B30.10. 4-1.5.5 Hoist Ropes
Hooks shall be provided with latches unless the applica- Hoist ropes shall be in accordance with ASME B30.30.
tion makes the use of the latch impractical. When
provided, the latch shall bridge the throat of the hook
SECTION 4-1.6: LUFFING EQUIPMENT
for the purpose of retaining slings, chains, etc. under
slack conditions. 4-1.6.1 General Requirements
4-1.5.2 Hoist Drums Luffing of the boom may be by means of a rope drum or
hydraulic cylinder(s).
Hoist drums shall be in accordance with ASME B30.30.
(a) Luffing equipment that utilizes a rope drum shall
meet all of the requirements of Section 4-1.5 in addition to
the requirements outlined below.
9
ASME B30.4-2020
(b) The drum(s) shall be provided with an auxiliary (d) Means shall be provided to prevent crane travel
ratchet and pawl, or other positive locking device in addi- from the effects of wind per ASCE SEI 7 when the
tion to the brake required by para. 4-1.5.3(a) to hold the crane is out of service.
drum(s) indefinitely from rotating in the lowering direc-
tion. 4-1.8.2 Travel Trucks
(c) The drum(s) shall have sufficient rope capacity to
(a) Crane trucks shall be fitted with sweeps extending
operate the boom at all designed positions when using the
to the top of the rail and placed in front of the leading
manufacturer’s recommended reeving and rope size.
wheels in either direction.
(d) An integrally mounted holding device (such as a
(b) Truck wheels shall be guarded.
load hold check valve) shall be provided with boom
(c) Means shall be provided to limit the drop of truck
support hydraulic cylinder(s) to prevent uncontrolled
frames in case of wheel or axle breakage to a distance that
lowering of the boom in the event of a hydraulic
will not cause the crane to overturn.
system failure (e.g., supply hose rupture).
4-1.8.3 Travel Brakes
SECTION 4-1.7: SWING (SLEWING) MECHANISM
(a) Braking means shall be provided. A brake or other
4-1.7.1 General Requirements means shall be provided to hold the crane in position when
not traveling and to lock the wheels against rotation to
(a) The swing mechanism shall be capable of smooth resist the effects of in-service wind and operational forces.
starts and stops and of providing varying degrees of accel- (b) Brakes shall automatically engage on loss of power
eration and deceleration. or actuating pressure to the brake and when power is not
(b) Cranes required to weathervane when out of applied to the travel drive.
service shall be equipped with means controllable
from the operator’s station that render the rotating
SECTION 4-1.9: BRAKES, GENERAL
upper structure free to rotate.
REQUIREMENTS
4-1.7.2 Swing Brakes and Locking Device (a) Brakes shall be arranged to permit adjustment
(a) A braking means with holding power in both direc- where necessary to compensate for lining wear and main-
tions shall be provided to prevent movement of the tain force in springs, where used.
rotating upper structure during operation and shall be (b) Brakes shall have heat dissipation capability consis-
capable of being set in the holding position and remaining tent with service needs.
so without further action on the part of the operator. (c) Brakes shall be protected from the weather and
(b) A device for locking the rotating upper structure from lubricants, hydraulic fluid, or other such liquids,
should be provided. When provided, it shall be arranged and dirt.
for avoidance of inadvertent engagement or disengage- (d) Where springs comprise part of the braking
ment. If a locking device is provided, a visual or mechanism, they shall be subjected to compression only.
audible indicator shall be furnished to warn the operator

of device engagement. SECTION 4-1.10: LIFTING MAGNETS AND
BELOW-THE-HOOK LIFTING
SECTION 4-1.8: TRAVEL EQUIPMENT DEVICES
Lifting magnets and other below-the-hook lifting
4-1.8.1 General Requirements
devices shall comply with ASME B30.20.
(a) Means shall be provided to prevent cranes from
running into the bumpers or stops while under power. SECTION 4-1.11: OPERATIONAL AIDS
Means may include engineered or administrative controls
[see para. 4-1.1.1(g)]. (a) Indicating devices shall be provided to
(b) Drives shall be capable of smooth starts and stops (1) display the weight of the load on the hook
and of providing varying degrees of acceleration and (2) display the luffing boom angle and/or operating
deceleration. Provision should be made in the travel radius
drive(s) to provide power characteristics that permit (3) indicate the rotation of boom and hoist drums
the crane to travel to a parking area, with or against (b) Motion-limiting devices shall be provided to
the wind, if a wind alarm sounds. (1) limit load hoist upward motion to prevent two-
(c) A warning signal shall automatically activate when- blocking
ever the crane travels in order to warn persons in the (2) limit load hoist downward motion to maintain
vicinity. the minimum rope on the drum per ASME B30.30
10
ASME B30.4-2020
(3) limit boom hoist upward operation to prevent (c) Remote-operated cranes shall function so that if the
boom upper limit overtravel control signal for any crane motion becomes ineffective,
(4) limit boom hoist downward motion to maintain that crane motion shall stop.
the minimum rope on the drum per ASME B30.30 (d) Electric-motor-operated cranes shall be provided
(5) limit the weight of the load lifted with a device that will disconnect all motors from the
(6) limit operating radius in accordance with crane’s line on failure of power and will not permit any motor
rated capacity, i.e., load moment to be restarted until the control is brought to the OFF posi-
(7) limit pressures in hydraulic or pneumatic circuits tion or a reset switch or button is operated.
(see para. 4-1.18.8) (e) Electric-motor-operated cranes shall be provided
(c) Motion-limiting devices such as in (b) above should with means for the operator to interrupt the main
be provided with means to permit the operator to override power circuit from the operating position.
them under controlled conditions. (f) Remote-control stations shall include provisions for
(d) Motion-limiting devices that do not provide means emergency stop in the event of a device malfunction.
to permit the operator to override them under any condi- (g) Provisions shall be made to prevent simultaneous
tion activation of controls when more than one operator’s
(1) Boom stops and bumpers shall be provided for station (remote control) is provided.
cranes or boom elevation cylinders that limit the angle of (h) Where cranes are powered by hydraulic motors,
the boom. means shall be provided to automatically stop the
(2) Jibs shall be restrained from backward over- power plant on loss of hydraulic pressure.
turning.
4-1.15.2 Power Plant Controls
SECTION 4-1.12: BOOM AND JIB SUPPORT ROPES (a) Cranes powered by internal combustion engines
Standing ropes supporting booms or jibs shall be in with a direct mechanical or hydrodynamic drive to any
accordance with ASME B30.30. crane function (such as a torque converter or fluid
coupling) shall be provided with a clutch or other
SECTION 4-1.13: REEVING ACCESSORIES means for disengaging power. The control shall be
within reach from the operator’s station.
End terminations shall be in accordance with ASME (b) For cranes powered by internal combustion
B30.30. engines with a direct mechanical or hydrodynamic
drive to any crane function, controls for operating the
SECTION 4-1.14: COUNTERWEIGHTS power plant shall be within reach of the operator and
shall include, as applicable
(a) Crane superstructures shall be arranged to receive
(1) means to start and stop, with provisions to lock in
counterweights, made in accordance with the crane manu-
the stop position
facturer’s specifications, and to hold them in position with
(2) means to control speed of internal combustion
means provided to guard against shifting or dislodgement
engines
during crane operation.

(3) means to stop internal combustion engines
(b) Movable counterweights, if provided, shall either
under emergency conditions
move automatically or shall be equipped with a position
(4) means for shifting selective transmissions
indicator with readout at the operator’s station(s). When
(c) For cranes powered by internal combustion engines
counterweight position is controlled by ropes, means shall
that do not directly drive a crane function (e.g., the engine
be provided to prevent uncontrolled movement in the
drives a generator or pump drive), a means shall be
event of rope breakage.
provided within reach of the operator to stop the
engine. Other controls shall be provided at the engine
SECTION 4-1.15: CONTROLS itself or within reach of the operator.
4-1.15.1 Crane Function Controls 4-1.15.3 Control Forces and Movements
(a) At the operator’s station, controls used during the (a) Forces to operate shall not be greater than 35 lb
crane operating cycle shall be located within reach of the (156 N) on hand levers and not greater than 50 lb
operator. Controls shall have legible markings or symbols (225 N) nor less than 8 lb (35 N) on foot pedals.
to indicate their function and, where appropriate, the (b) Travel distance on hand levers shall not be greater
direction of the motion imparted. than 14 in. (360 mm) from the neutral position on two-
(b) Controls for hoisting, luffing, swing, and travel shall way levers and shall not be greater than 24 in. (610 mm)
cut off power to the motion drive when engagement pres- on one-way levers. Travel distance on foot pedals shall not
sure is released, unless intentionally restrained for func- be greater than 10 in. (260 mm).
tional purposes.
11
ASME B30.4-2020
SECTION 4-1.16: ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT (e) Cab glazing shall be safety glazing material as
defined in ANSI/SAE Z26.1. Windows shall be provided
4-1.16.1 General Requirements in the front and on both sides. Forward visibility
should include a vertical range to cover the hook block
(a) Each electrically powered crane shall have a main
and pickup points on the ground. Windows provided
disconnect switch mounted at or near the initial base of the
with openable portions shall be arranged to prevent inad-
crane. This switch shall have provisions for locking in the
vertent closure during operation. A windshield wiper
OFF position.
should be provided on the front window.
(b) Electrical equipment shall be so located or guarded
(f) Means shall be provided for cleaning windows from
that live parts are not exposed to inadvertent contact
inside the cab unless exterior platforms are provided.
under normal operating conditions.
(g) Cab lighting, either natural or artificial, shall
(c) Electrical equipment shall be protected from dirt,
provide a level of illumination that enables the operator
grease, oil, and moisture. Fixtures, wiring, and connections
to observe the operating controls.
exposed to the weather shall be of weather-resistant type.
(d) Wiring, motors, controls, switches, and other elec- 4-1.17.2 Access
trical equipment shall meet the applicable requirements
of ANSI/NFPA 70. Hoist, swing, trolley, and travel control- (a) Stairs or access ladders to the cab and machinery
lers shall conform to ANSI/NEMA ICS8. platforms shall be provided. Ladders shall conform to
(e) Provisions shall be made to guard against reversing ANSI/ALI A14.3 or to ANSI/SAE J2703, as applicable.
of each motor due to reversed phase connections. (b) Outside platforms shall have walking surfaces of a
(f) Electrical circuits between the fixed and rotating skid-resistant type, shall be provided with standard hand-
portions of the crane shall pass through connections rails, and shall conform to ANSI/ASSE A1264.1.
that permit continuous rotation in either direction (c) When it is necessary to climb more than 120 ft (37
unless other means are provided to prevent damage to m) of vertical ladder in the crane to reach the cab or
the electrical conductors. machinery deck, consideration should be given to
(g) Individual overload protection shall be provided for providing a powered means of access in addition to
each motor. ladders.
(h) All parts of the crane shall be electrically grounded (d) When access to the operator’s cab requires a climb
to protect against lightning strikes. Grounding includes of 100 ft (30 m) or more, sanitary facilities should be
providing bonding across hinges, bushings, slewing/ provided.
rotate bearing, and pin locations.
4-1.17.3 Toolbox
4-1.16.2 Resistors A metal receptacle should be provided for the storage of
(a) Resistors shall be of corrosion-resistant material. If small hand tools and lubricating equipment. It should be
guarded or enclosed, provision shall be made for ventila- secured in the cab or on the machinery platform.
tion to forestall overheating. Resistors shall be installed
with consideration for avoiding the accumulation of 4-1.17.4 Fire Extinguisher

combustible matter. A portable fire extinguisher, with a basic minimum
(b) Resistor units shall be supported to minimize vibra- extinguisher rating of 10 BC, shall be installed in the
tion. cab or at the machinery housing.
SECTION 4-1.17: OPERATOR’S CAB 4-1.17.5 Signal Device
4-1.17.1 Construction An audible signal device should be provided with the

control located within reach of the operator.
(a) An operator’s cab shall be provided. It shall be
constructed of materials that do not support combustion SECTION 4-1.18: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
and shall have means for ventilation.
(b) An adjustable operator’s seat with backrest shall be 4-1.18.1 Footwalks and Ladders
provided. The seat should be arranged and constructed to
minimize operator fatigue. (a) To provide access to the boom and its attachments
(c) Where necessary, areas of the cab roof shall be such as connections, limiting devices, sheaves, rope, and
capable of supporting, without permanent distortion, fittings, a footwalk with skid-resistant surface and with
the weight of a 200-lb (90-kg) person. handrails or holding lines should be provided. Other
(d) Cab doors, whether of the swinging or sliding type, means for access should be provided on booms too
shall be restrained from inadvertently opening or closing small for footwalks. Footwalks, when provided, should
during travel or operation of the crane. be 18 in. (450 mm) or more in width.
12
ASME B30.4-2020
(b) When A-frame gantries include items requiring 4-1.18.5 Clutch Protection and Adjustment
inspection or routine maintenance, ladders, handgrips,
and, if necessary, platforms with skid-resistant surfaces (a) Dry friction clutches shall be protected against rain
and with railings shall be provided. and other liquids, such as oil and lubricants.
(c) When it is necessary to periodically check or adjust (b) Clutches shall be arranged to permit adjustments
the tension of slewing ring-bearing attachment bolts, where necessary to compensate for wear.
access shall be provided, including work platforms
4-1.18.6 Wind Velocity Device
with railings, where needed.
(d) Footwalks, platforms, ladders, and railings shall be A wind velocity-indicating device shall be provided and
capable of supporting the weight of a 200-lb (90-kg) mounted at or near the top of the crane. The velocity
person without permanent distortion. Holding lines readout should be at the operator’s station in the cab,
should be installed so as not to deflect laterally more and a visible or audible alarm should be triggered in
than 6 in. (150 mm) when a 200-lb (900-N) lateral the cab and at remote-control stations when a preset
force is applied. wind velocity has been exceeded.
4-1.18.2 Guards for Moving Parts 4-1.18.7 Fuel Filler Pipes

(a) Exposed moving parts, such as gears, projecting set Fuel tank filler pipes shall be located or protected so as
screws and keys, drive chains and sprockets, and recipro- not to allow spillage or overflow to run onto the engine,
cating or rotating parts, which might constitute a hazard exhaust, or electrical equipment of the machine being
under normal operating conditions, shall be guarded. fueled.
(b) Each guard shall be capable of supporting the
weight of a 200-lb (90-kg) person without permanent 4-1.18.8 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Pressures
distortion, unless the guard is located where it is not (a) Relief valves shall be provided in hydraulic and
reasonable to expect a person to step during operation pneumatic circuits carrying fluid pressurized by a
or maintenance. power driven pump in order to limit the maximum pres-
sure in the circuit. The magnitude of the relief settings
4-1.18.3 Lubrication Points
shall permit operation under rated load conditions,
Lubrication points should be accessible without the and means shall be provided to prevent unauthorized
necessity of removing guards or other parts with tools adjustment or tampering.
unless equipped for centralized lubrication. (b) Means shall be provided for checking manufac-
turer’s specified pressure settings in each circuit.
4-1.18.4 Exhaust Gases
4-1.18.9 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Line Protection
Engine exhaust gases shall be piped and discharged
away from the operator. Exhaust pipes shall be Exposed lines subject to damage shall be protected
guarded or insulated to prevent contact by personnel insofar as it is practical.

when performing normal duties.
13
ASME B30.4-2020
Chapter 4-2
Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance
SECTION 4-2.1: INSPECTION (b) all control mechanisms for legible markings, exces-
sive wear of components, and contamination by lubricants
ð20Þ 4-2.1.1 General or other foreign matter
(c) all crane function-operating mechanisms for malad-
All inspections shall be performed by designated
justment interfering with proper operation and excessive
persons. Any deficiencies identified shall be examined
wear of components
and a determination made by a qualified person as to
(d) motion-limiting devices for proper operation with
whether they constitute a hazard and, if so, what addi-
the crane unloaded; each motion should be inched into its
tional steps need to be taken to address the hazard.
limiting device or run in at slow speed with care exercised
For rope inspection, see Section 4-2.5.
(e) operational aids for malfunction or inaccuracies —
ð20Þ 4-2.1.2 Inspection Classification daily, when in use
(f) all hydraulic and pneumatic hoses, particularly
(a) Initial Inspection. Prior to initial use, all new, rein- those that flex in normal operation
stalled, altered, or extensively repaired cranes shall be (g) electrical apparatus for malfunctioning, signs of
inspected to verify compliance with the applicable provi- excessive deterioration, dirt, and moisture accumulation
sions of this Volume. (h) hooks and latches for deformation, chemical
(b) Regular Inspection. Inspection procedures for damage, cracks, and wear (refer to ASME B30.10)
cranes in regular service are divided into two general clas- (i) hydraulic system for proper fluid level — daily when
sifications based on the intervals at which inspection in use
should be performed. The intervals in turn are dependent (j) structural members for damage or deformation
upon the nature of the critical components of the crane and (k) any additional inspections specified by the manu-
the degree of the exposure to wear, deterioration, or facturer or a qualified person
malfunction. The two general classifications are desig-
nated as frequent and periodic with respective intervals 4-2.1.4 Periodic Inspection ð20Þ
between inspection as defined below.
(a) Complete inspections of the crane shall be
(1) Frequent Inspection. Visual examination with
performed.
records not required.

(b) These inspections shall include the requirements of
(-a) light service — monthly
para. 4-2.1.3 and items such as the following:
(-b) normal service — weekly to monthly
(1) deformed, cracked, or corroded members and
(-c) heavy service — daily to weekly
welds in the crane structure and boom
(2) Periodic Inspection. Visual inspection at intervals
(2) loose bolts or rivets
listed below or as specifically recommended by the manu-
(3) cracked or worn sheaves and drums
facturer. Records shall be kept of apparent external condi-
(4) worn, cracked, or distorted parts, such as pins,
tions to provide a basis for continuing evaluation.
bearing, shafts, gears, rollers, locking and clamping
(-a) light service — annually
devices, sprockets, and drive chains or belts
(-b) normal service — semiannually to annually
(5) excessive wear on brake and clutch system parts,
(-c) heavy service — quarterly
linings, pawls, and ratchets
ð20Þ 4-2.1.3 Frequent Inspection (6) load, wind, and other indicators for inaccuracies
outside the tolerances recommended by the manufacturer
Items such as the following shall be inspected, including (7) power plants for performance and compliance
observation during operation for deficiencies that might with safety requirements
appear between regular inspections: (8) electrical apparatus for signs of deterioration in
(a) all control mechanisms for maladjustment inter- controllers, master switches, contacts, limiting devices,
fering with proper operation — daily, when in use and controls
(9) crane hooks inspected per ASME B30.10
14
ASME B30.4-2020
(10) load blocks for cracks, deformation, and exces- (c) When operational aids are inoperative or malfunc-
sive wear tioning, the crane and/or device manufacturer’s recom-
(11) travel mechanisms for malfunction, excessive mendations for continued operation or shutdown of
wear, or damage the crane shall be followed until the aids are restored
(12) hydraulic and pneumatic pumps, motors, to proper operation. Without such recommendations
valves, hoses, fittings, cylinders, and tubing for excessive and any prohibitions for the manufacturer against
wear, damage, or degradation further operation, the requirements of para. 4-3.2.1(b)
(c) Any deficiencies, such as those listed above, shall be shall apply.
examined and a determination made as to whether disas-
sembly is required for additional inspection. SECTION 4-2.3: TESTING
(d) Signs of possible damage may indicate the need to
remove paint or use other than visual nondestructive 4-2.3.1 Operational Tests ð20Þ
examination techniques to permit determination as to
(a) Before placing a new or altered crane in service, all
whether a hazard exists.
functional motions, locking devices, and brakes shall be
(e) High-strength bolts used in connections and at the
tested for operation without load under the direction of a
slewing ring bearing shall be checked for proper tension
qualified person. Testing of repaired cranes may be
(torque) at intervals recommended by the crane or
limited to the function(s) affected by the repair.
bearing manufacturer or at intervals noted in
(b) Functional motion tests shall include
para. 4-2.1.2(b)(2). Bolts that loosen should be
(1) load hoisting and lowering
checked for permanent deformation or other damage.
(2) boom hoisting and lowering
Visible cracks, difficulty in threading or unthreading a
(3) rotate motion
nut by hand, or observable necking are reason for replace-
(4) brakes and clutches
ment.
(5) limit, locking and safety devices
(f) Sheaves used in the hoisting system shall be checked
(c) The activation setting of hoist limit devices should
for cracks in the flanges and spokes. When external
be determined by tests comprising a series of runs each at
evidence of defects exists, it may be necessary to
increasing hook speed up to the maximum speed. The
remove the sheave from its mounting for this purpose.
actuating mechanism of the limit device shall be
(g) Any additional inspections specified by the manu-
located so that it will activate the device, under all condi-
facturer or a qualified person.
tions, in sufficient time to prevent contact of the lower load
ð20Þ 4-2.1.5 Cranes Not in Regular Use block with the upper load block or boom point sheaves.
(a) A crane, other than a standby crane, that has been 4-2.3.2 Rated Load Test ð20Þ
idle for a period of 1 month or more, but less than 12
Prior to initial use, or after being altered, cranes shall be
months, shall be inspected in accordance with
load tested under the direction of a qualified person.
para. 4-2.1.3 before being placed in service.
Repaired cranes shall be tested as determined by a qual-
(b) A crane that has been idle for more than 12 months
ified person. Testing may be limited to the function(s)

shall be inspected in accordance with para. 4-2.1.4 before
affected by the repair. Test loads shall not be less than
being placed in service.
100% or more than 110% of rated load, unless otherwise
(c) Standby cranes, before being used, shall be
recommended by the manufacturer or a qualified person.
inspected in accordance with the requirements of (a)
Test radii and boom azimuths shall be chosen so as to place
or (b) above, depending on the interval since they
maximum loading on the relevant crane parts. If the
were last used. When such cranes are exposed to
complete crane rail system was previously tested, the
adverse environments, they should be inspected more
loaded crane shall be traveled 100 ft or 50% of the
frequently.
crane rail length, whichever is less, in both directions
with the boom at rated radius perpendicular to the
SECTION 4-2.2: OPERATIONAL AIDS rails while traveling in one direction and then rotated
(a) Prior to daily operation, operational aids shall be 180 deg to be perpendicular to the rails on the opposite
checked in accordance with the device/crane manufac- side when traveling in the other direction. Pedestal cranes
turer’s recommended procedures to determine if they shall be tested with the superstructure rotated slowly to
are functioning properly. those positions that cause maximum loading of the
(b) Operational aids shall be inspected and tested in pedestal and then held for at least 10 min.
accordance with the device/crane manufacturer’s recom-
mended procedures as part of the periodic inspection of
para. 4-2.1.4.
15
ASME B30.4-2020
ð20Þ 4-2.3.3 Crane Rail Test (7) Relieve hydraulic oil pressure from all hydraulic
circuits before loosening or removing hydraulic compo-
New crane rail systems shall be tested under the direc- nents.
tion of a qualified person by slowly traveling the loaded (b) After adjustments or repairs have been made, the
crane the length of the runway with the crane oriented so crane shall not be returned to service until all guards have
as to cause maximum wheel loadings on one rail, then been reinstalled, limiting and protective devices reacti-
returning with the crane oriented to similarly load the vated, trapped air removed from hydraulic systems,
other rail, if possible. If not designed to travel with a and maintenance equipment removed. Warning or OUT
load, the crane shall be tested as a pedestal crane OF ORDER signs shall be removed by appointed personnel
(para. 4-2.3.2) in each operating location. Accelerations only.
and decelerations shall be maintained below ordinary
operational levels. 4-2.4.3 Adjustments and Repairs
ð20Þ 4-2.3.4 Test Records (a) Any hazardous condition disclosed by the inspec-
tion requirements of Section 4-2.1 shall be corrected
Signed and dated test records shall be made and kept
before operation of the crane is resumed. Adjustments
available for all tests of new, repaired, or altered cranes
and repairs shall be performed only by designated per-
required under paras. 4-2.3.1, 4-2.3.2, and 4-2.3.3. At a
sonnel.
minimum, the records should describe the test(s)
(b) Adjustments shall be maintained to ensure correct
performed, the loads, radii, and azimuths of the tests
functioning of components. The following are examples:
as applicable, the rationale for testing conditions and
(1) functional operating mechanisms
procedures adopted, and the name(s) of the qualified
(2) limiting devices
person(s) making the determinations and directing the
(3) control systems
tests.
(4) braking systems
(5) power plants
SECTION 4-2.4: MAINTENANCE (c) Repairs or replacements shall be provided as
needed for operation. The following are examples:
4-2.4.1 Preventive Maintenance (1) crane hooks showing defects described in
(a) The manufacturer shall furnish operation and para. 4-2.1.3(h) shall be taken out of service; repairs
maintenance information (paras. 4-1.4.3 through by welding or reshaping are not recommended.
4-1.4.6). A preventive maintenance program shall be (2) critical parts that are cracked, broken, bent, or
established and should be based on the recommendations excessively worn or corroded.
of the crane manufacturer or a qualified person. Dated (3) pitted or burned electrical contacts should be
records should be kept available. corrected only by replacement and in sets. Controller
(b) Replacement parts shall be at least equal to the parts should be lubricated as recommended by the manu-
original manufacturer’s specifications. facturer or a qualified person.
(d) Remote-control stations shall be kept clean with

ð20Þ 4-2.4.2 Maintenance Procedure function identification labels legible.
(a) Before major adjustments or repairs are started, 4-2.4.4 Welded Construction ð20Þ
the following precautions shall be taken:
(1) A traveling-type crane to be repaired should be Welding procedures and welding operator qualifica-
moved to a location where it will cause the least interfer- tions for use in repair or alteration of load-sustaining
ence with other cranes and operations in the area. members shall be in accordance with para. 4-1.2(b).
(2) All controllers shall be at the OFF position.
(3) The main or emergency switch shall be open and 4-2.4.5 Lubrication ð20Þ
locked in the OPEN position, except for test purposes. (a) All moving parts of the crane, for which lubrication
(4) Warning or OUT OF ORDER signs shall be placed is specified, should be regularly lubricated. Lubricating
by appointed personnel. systems should be checked for delivery of lubricant.
(5) Where other cranes are in operation on the same Care should be taken to follow manufacturer’s recommen-
runway, rail stops or other suitable means shall be dations as to points of lubrication, maintenance of lubri-
provided to prevent interference with the idle crane. cant levels, and types of lubricant to be used.
(6) Where temporary protective rail stops are not (b) Machinery should be stationary while lubricants
available, or practical, a signalperson shall be placed at are being applied and protection provided as called for
a visual vantage point for observing the approach of in paras. 4-2.4.2(a)(1) through 4-2.4.2(a)(6), unless
an active crane and warning its operator. equipped for automatic lubrication.
16
ASME B30.4-2020
17
Rope inspection, replacement, and maintenance shall
REPLACEMENT, AND
SECTION 4-2.5: ROPE INSPECTION,
be in accordance with ASME B30.30.

MAINTENANCE
4-2.5.1 General
ASME B30.4-2020
Chapter 4-3
Operation
SECTION 4-3.1: QUALIFICATIONS AND may be sufficient reason for disqualification. In such cases,
RESPONSIBILITIES specialized clinical or medical judgments and tests may be
required.
4-3.1.1 Operators (6) No evidence of being subject to seizures or loss of
physical control. Such evidence shall be sufficient reason
(a) Cranes shall be operated only by the following qual- for disqualification. Specialized medical tests may be
ified personnel: required to determine these conditions.
(1) designated persons. (7) Operators and operator trainees should have
(2) trainees under the supervision of a designated normal depth perception, field of vision, reaction time,
person. The number of trainees permitted to be super- manual dexterity, coordination, and no tendencies to
vised by a single designated person, the physical location dizziness or similar undesirable characteristics.
of the designated person while supervising, and the type of (8) A negative result on a substance abuse test. The
communication required between the designated person level of testing will be determined by the current standard
and trainee shall be determined by a qualified person. practice for the industry where the crane is employed, and
(3) maintenance and test personnel, when it is nec- the test results shall be confirmed by a recognized labo-
essary in the performance of their duties. ratory service.
(4) inspectors (crane). (c) Operator requirements shall include, but not be
(b) No one, other than personnel specified in (a) above, limited to, the following:
shall enter a crane cab with the exception of persons such (1) evidence of successfully passing a physical exam-
as oilers, supervisors, and those specific persons author- ination as defined in (b) above
ized by supervisors whose duties require them to do so (2) satisfactory completion of a written examination
and then only in the performance of their duties and with covering operational characteristics, controls, and emer-
the knowledge of the operator. gency control skills, such as response to fire or control
malfunction, as well as characteristic and performance
ð20Þ 4-3.1.2 Qualifications for Operators
questions appropriate to the crane type for which quali-
(a) Operators shall pass a practical operating examina- fication is being sought
tion. Examination may be limited to the specific type of (3) demonstrated ability to read, write, comprehend,

crane (portal, pedestal) that will be operated. and use arithmetic and a load/capacity chart in the English
(b) Operators and operator trainees shall meet the language
following physical qualifications unless it can be shown (4) satisfactory completion of a combination written
that failure to meet the qualifications will not affect and verbal test on load/capacity chart usage that covers a
the operation of the crane. In such cases, specialized clin- selection of the configurations the crane may be equipped
ical and/or medical judgments and tests may be required. to handle, for the crane type for which qualification is
(1) Have vision of at least 20/30 Snellen in one eye being sought
and 20/50 in the other, with or without corrective lenses. (5) satisfactory completion of testing by appropriate
(2) Be able to distinguish colors, regardless of posi- written, oral, or practical methods demonstrating profi-
tion, if color differentiation is required for operation. ciency in operating the specific crane type, including
(3) Hearing, with or without hearing aid, shall be prestart and poststart inspections, shutdown, and
adequate to meet operational demands. securing procedures
(4) Have sufficient strength, endurance, agility, coor- (6) demonstrated understanding of the applicable
dination, and speed of reaction to meet the demands of sections of the B30 Standard and federal, state, and
equipment operation. local requirements
(5) No evidence of physical defects, or emotional (d) Operators who have successfully qualified to
instability that could pose a hazard to the operator or operate a specific crane type shall be required to be requa-
others, or, which in the opinion of the examiner could lified if supervision deems it necessary. Requalification
interfere with the operator’s performance. Such evidence
18
ASME B30.4-2020
shall include, but not be limited to, requirements in (c)(1) (g) designating personnel for the purposes of inspec-
through (c)(5) above. tion, maintenance, repair, transport, assembly, and disas-
sembly
ð20Þ 4-3.1.3 Responsibilities
4-3.1.3.1.2 The crane user’s responsibilities shall ð20Þ
While the organizational structure of various projects include the following:
may differ, the following roles are described here for (a) complying with the requirements of this Volume,
purposes of delineating responsibilities. All responsibil- manufacturer’s requirements, and those regulations ap-
ities listed below shall be assigned in the worksite organ- plicable at the worksite
ization. (A single individual may perform one or more of (b) designating personnel to supervise crane activities
these roles.) (c) ensuring that the crane is in proper operating condi-
(a) crane operator: directly controls the crane’s function prior to initial use at the worksite by
tions. (1) verifying that the crane owner has provided
(b) crane owner: has custodial control of a crane by documentation that the crane meets the inspection and
virtue of lease or ownership. test requirements of paras. 4-2.1.3 and 4-2.1.4 and
(c) crane user: arranges the crane’s presence on a work- Sections 4-2.3 and 4-2.5.
site and controls its use there. (2) verifying that a frequent inspection has been
(d) lift director: directly oversees the work being performed as defined in para. 4-2.1.3
performed by a crane and the associated rigging crew. (d) verifying that the crane has the necessary lifting
(e) site supervisor: exercises supervisory control over capacity to perform the proposed lifting operations in
the worksite on which a crane is being used and over the the planned configuration
work that is being performed on that site. (e) using crane operators that meet the requirements
(f) rigger: ensures load weights are known, rigging gear of para. 4-3.1.2 and are qualified to perform the tasks that
is properly selected and attached, and loads are balanced will be required with the crane to which they are assigned
and guided when necessary. to operate
(g) signalperson: provides signals to the operator. (f) ensuring the designated operator(s) has been noti-
4-3.1.3.1 Responsibilities of the Crane Owner and fied of adjustments or repairs that have not yet been
Crane User. In some situations, the owner and user completed, prior to commencing crane operations
may be the same entity and is therefore accountable (g) designating personnel for inspections as required
for all of the following responsibilities. In other cases, in Sections 4-2.1 and 4-2.5
the user may lease or rent a crane from the owner (h) designating personnel for the purposes of mainte-
without supervisory, operational, maintenance, support nance, repair, transport, assembly, and disassembly, as
personnel, or services from the owner. In these situations, applicable
paras. 4-3.1.3.1.1 and 4-3.1.3.1.2 shall apply. (i) ensuring that all personnel involved in maintenance,
repair, transport, assembly, disassembly, and inspection,
4-3.1.3.1.1 The crane owner’s responsibilities shall as applicable, are aware of their responsibilities, assigned
include the following: duties, and the associated hazards

(a) providing a crane that meets the requirements of (j) ensuring that the inspection, testing, and mainte-
Chapters 4-1 and 4-2, as well as specific job requirements nance programs specified by the crane owner are followed
defined by the user
(b) providing a crane and all necessary components, 4-3.1.3.2 Responsibilities of Site Supervisor and Lift
specified by the manufacturer, that meets the user’s Director. In some situations, the site supervisor and lift
requested configuration and capacity director may be the same person.
(c) providing all applicable load/capacity chart(s) and 4-3.1.3.2.1 The site supervisor’s responsibilities
diagrams shall include the following:
(d) providing additional technical information (a) ensuring that the crane meets the requirements of
pertaining to the crane, necessary for crane operation, Chapter 4-2 prior to initial site usage.
when requested by the crane user (b) determining if additional regulations are applicable
(e) providing field assembly, disassembly, operation, to crane operations.
maintenance information, and warning decals and (c) ensuring that a qualified person is designated as the
placards installed as prescribed by the crane manufac- lift director.
turer (d) ensuring that crane operations are coordinated
(f) establishing an inspection, testing, and maintenance with other jobsite activities that will be affected by or
program in accordance with Chapter 4-2 and informing will affect lift operations.
the crane user of the requirements of this program
19
ASME B30.4-2020
(e) ensuring that the area for the crane is adequately (i) ensuring precautions are implemented when
prepared. The preparation includes, but is not limited to, hazards associated with special lifting operations are
traffic control as necessary to restrict unauthorized access present. Such operations include, but are not limited
to the crane’s working area. to, the following:
(f) ensuring that crane operators meet the require- (1) multiple crane lifts
ments of para. 4-3.1.2. (2) lifting personnel
(g) ensuring that conditions that may adversely affect (j) ensuring that the applicable requirements of ASME
crane operations are addressed. Such conditions include, B30.23 are met when lifting personnel.
but are not limited to, the following: (k) informing the crane operator of the weight of loads
(1) wind velocity or gusting winds to be lifted, as well as the lifting, moving, and placing loca-
(2) heavy rain tions for these loads.
(3) fog (l) obtaining the crane operator’s verification that this
(4) extreme cold weight does not exceed the crane’s rated capacity.
(5) artificial lighting (m) designating personnel to perform the crane’s load
(6) river traffic rigging.
(h) allowing crane operation near electric power lines (n) ensuring that the load is properly rigged and
only when the requirements of para. 4-3.4.2 are met. balanced before it is lifted more than a few inches.
(i) permitting special lifting operations only when
4-3.1.3.3 Responsibilities of Crane Operators. The
equipment and procedures required by this Volume,
operator shall be responsible for the following listed
the crane manufacturer, or a qualified person are
items. The operator shall not be responsible for
employed. Such operations include, but are not limited
hazards or conditions that are not under his direct
to, the following:
control and that adversely affect the lift operations. When-
(1) multiple crane lifts
ever the operator has doubt as to the safety of operations,
(2) lifting personnel
the operator shall stop the crane’s functions in a controlled
(j) designating a person to supervise the work
manner. Lift operations shall resume only after safety
performed by the rigging crew.
concerns have been addressed or the continuation of
(k) designating a person to perform crane mainte-
crane operations is directed by the lift director.
nance.
4-3.1.3.3.1 The operator’s responsibilities shall ð20Þ
ð20Þ 4-3.1.3.2.2 The lift director’s responsibilities shall
include the following:
include the following:
(a) reviewing the requirements for the crane with the
(a) being present at the jobsite during lifting opera-
lift director before operations.
tions.
(b) knowing what types of site conditions could
(b) stopping crane operations if alerted to an unsafe
adversely affect the operation of the crane and consulting
condition affecting those operations.
with the lift director concerning the possible presence of
(c) ensuring that the preparation of the area needed to
those conditions.
support crane operations has been completed before
(c) understanding and applying the information

operations commence.
contained in the crane manufacturer’s operating manual.
(d) ensuring necessary traffic controls are in place to
(d) understanding the crane’s functions and limita-
restrict unauthorized access to the crane’s work area.
tions, as well as its particular operating characteristics.
(e) ensuring that personnel involved in crane opera-
(e) using the crane’s load/capacity chart(s) and
tions understand their responsibilities, assigned duties,
diagrams and applying all notes and warnings related
and the associated hazards.
to the charts to confirm the correct crane configuration
(f) addressing safety concerns raised by the operator or
to suit the load, site, and lift conditions.
other personnel and being responsible if it is decided to
(f) refusing to operate the crane when any portion of
overrule those concerns and crane operations are directed
the load or crane would enter the danger zone of energized
to continue. (In all cases, the manufacturer’s criteria for
power lines as referenced in para. 4-3.4.2.
safe operation and the requirements of this Volume shall
(g) performing a daily inspection of the crane as speci-
be adhered to.)
fied in para. 4-2.1.2.
(g) designating a signalperson(s) and conveying that
(h) promptly reporting the need for any adjustments or
information to the crane operator.
repairs to a designated person.
(h) allowing crane operation near electric power lines
(i) following applicable lock-out/tag-out procedures.
only when the requirements of para. 4-3.4.2 and any addi-
(j) not operating the crane when physically or mentally
tional requirements determined by the site supervisor
unfit.
have been met.
20
ASME B30.4-2020
(k) ensuring that all controls are in the off or neutral (b) the proper rigging equipment is selected, inspected,
position and that all personnel are in the clear before ener- and complies with the applicable operating practices
gizing the crane or starting the engine. according to the criteria of the applicable ASME B30
(l) not engaging in any practice that will divert his volume (e.g., B30.9, B30.10, B30.20, B30.23, B30.26)
attention while actually operating the crane controls. (c) the rated load of the rigging equipment selected is
(m) testing the crane function controls that will be used sufficient for the load to be handled, based on the number
and operating only if those function controls respond of legs, hitch configuration, and effects of angles
properly. (d) the rigging equipment is properly attached to the
(n) operating the crane’s functions, under normal oper- hook, shackle, or other load-handling device
ating conditions, in a smooth and controlled manner. (e) the rigging equipment is adequately protected from
(o) knowing how to travel the crane. abrasion, cutting, or other damage during load handling
(p) ensuring that the load and rigging weight(s) have activities
been provided. (f) the load is rigged to be balanced and stable
(q) calculating or determining the net capacity for all (g) a tag line(s) is installed and used when additional
configurations that will be used and verifying, using the load control is required
load/capacity chart(s), that the crane has sufficient net
4-3.1.3.5 Signalperson Responsibilities. The signal- ð20Þ
capacity for the proposed lift.
person shall at a minimum be responsible for the
(r) considering all factors known that might affect the
following:
crane capacity and informing the lift director of the need to
(a) identifying himself/herself as the signalperson to
make appropriate adjustments.
the load handling equipment operator(s) before commen-
(s) knowing the standard and special signals as speci-
cing a load handling activity
fied in Section 4-3.3 and responding to such signals from
(b) confirming with the operator the method of
the person who is directing the lift or a designated signal-
communication and the associated signals that are to
person. (When a signalperson is not required as part of the
be used during the load handling activity
lift operation, the operator is then responsible for the
(c) ensuring that standard, discernible hand or voice
movement of the crane. However, the operator shall
signals provided to the operator are in accordance
obey a stop signal at all times, no matter who gives it.)
with paras. 4-3.3.4 and 4-3.3.5
(t) understanding basic load rigging procedures. For
(d) verifying that load handling activities are stopped if
responsibility of rigging the load and ensuring that the
there is a need to give instructions to the operator, other
load is rigged properly, see para. 4-3.1.3.4.
than those provided by the established signal system
(u) if power fails during operations
(e) ensuring that telephones, radios, or other equip-
(1) setting all brakes and locking devices
ment intended for use as the primary signal system
(2) moving all clutch or other power controls to the
are tested prior to the load handling activity
off or neutral position
(f) ensuring that a form of communication is main-
(3) landing any load suspended below the hook
tained with the operator during all load handling activities
under brake control, if practical
(g) ensuring that all directions given to the operator
(v) before leaving the crane unattended

shall be given from the operator’s perspective (e.g.,
(1) landing any load suspended below the hook.
swing right)
(2) disengaging the master clutch.
(h) ensuring that each series of voice signals contains
(3) setting hoist brakes, swing brakes, boom brakes,
three elements as noted in para. 4-3.3.5(d)
and other locking devices.
(i) ensuring that special signals (when needed) that are
(4) putting controls in the off or neutral position.
not covered by para. 4-3.3.2 do not conflict with standard
(5) stopping the engine. An exception to this may
signals
exist when crane operation is frequently interrupted
(j) avoiding giving signal commands that would result
during a shift, and the operator must leave the crane.
in loads being lifted over personnel whenever possible
Under these circumstances, the engine may remain
running, and (1) through (4) above shall apply. The
operator shall be situated where any entry to the SECTION 4-3.2: OPERATING PRACTICES
crane can be observed.
4-3.2.1 Handling the Load ð20Þ
(6) considering the recommendations of the manu-
facturer for securing the crane, when a local weather (a) Size of Load
storm warning exists. (1) No crane shall be loaded beyond the specifica-
tions of the load rating chart for its existing configuration
ð20Þ 4-3.1.3.4 Rigger’s Responsibilities. The rigger’s
except for test purposes as provided in paras. 4-2.3.2 and
responsibility is to ensure the following:
4-2.3.3.
(a) the weight of the load and its approximate center of
gravity have been obtained, provided, or calculated
21
ASME B30.4-2020
(2) For lifts where the load weight is not accurately vating the drum-holding device, if a separate nonauto-
known, the lift director shall ascertain that the weight of matic device has been provided.
the load does not exceed the crane ratings at the radius at (4) As an exception to (1) above, where a load is to be
which the load is to be lifted. held suspended for a period of time exceeding normal
(b) Operational Aids lifting operations, the operator may leave the controls,
(1) Indicating devices shall be checked daily before provided that prior to that time, the appointed individual
the crane is put in operation (see para. 4-2.1.3). and operator shall have established the requirements for
(2) Load indicator readings shall be used to guide restraining the load, swing, and travel functions and
crane operations within the specifications of the load provided barricades or whatever other precautions
rating chart, except when load weight is accurately may be necessary.
known from another source. (e) Moving the Load
(3) Luffing boom angle or radius indicator readings (1) The lift director shall ensure that
shall be used to guide crane operations within the speci- (-a) proper slings or other lifting attachments are
fications of the load rating chart; however, measured oper- being used
ating radii shall always govern over indicated boom angles (-b) the load is well secured and balanced in the
or radii. sling or lifting device before it is lifted more than a few
(4) When a load-limiting device, luffing boom angle, inches
or load or radius indicator is inoperative or malfunc- (-c) the lift and swing path is clear of obstructions
tioning, the crane may be kept in-service while awaiting (2) Before starting to lift, the following conditions
repair, provided all of the following conditions are should be noted:
adhered to. No operations shall be conducted if more (-a) The hoist rope shall not be kinked.
than one of the indicating or limiting devices are not func- (-b) Multiple part lines shall not be twisted around
tioning. each other.
(-a) All crane operations are conducted under the (-c) The hook shall be brought over the load in
direct supervision of a qualified person other than signal- such a manner as to minimize swinging.
person. (-d) If there is a slack rope condition, it shall be
(-b) Radio communications between the qualified determined that the rope is seated on the drum and in
person, signalperson(s), and crane operator are estab- the sheaves, as the slack is removed.
lished. (-e) The effect of wind on the load and on the crane
(-c) Each individual lift and the first of a series of should be noted.
identical repetitious lifts are specifically approved by the (-f) The load is free to be lifted; it is not caught on,
qualified person before the lift is made, with respect to nor attached to, other objects.
load weight, operating radii, lift heights, and crane (3) During lifting, care shall be taken that
motions. (-a) there is no sudden acceleration or decelera-
(5) When the wind velocity-indicating device is tion of the moving load
nonfunctioning, crane operations may continue if (-b) the load does not contact any obstructions
another crane on the site is equipped with a functioning (4) Side loading of booms shall be limited to freely

wind velocity indicator or if a qualified person determines suspended loads. Cranes should not be used for dragging
that ambient wind velocity is within permitted limits. loads.
(6) When drum rotation indicators are not func- (5) The operator should avoid carrying loads over
tioning, the crane may be kept in-service while awaiting people.
repair. (6) The operator shall test the brakes each time a
(c) Attaching the Load load approaching the rated load is handled by lifting it
(1) The hoist rope shall not be wrapped around the a few inches and applying the brakes.
load. (7) The load shall not be lowered below the point
(2) The load shall be attached to the hook by means where less than two full wraps of rope remain on the drum.
of slings or other devices of adequate capacity. (8) When swinging the boom or traveling the crane,
(d) Holding the Load sudden starts and stops shall be avoided. Swing and travel
(1) The operator shall not leave the controls while speeds shall be such that the load does not swing out
the load is suspended. beyond the radius at which it can be controlled. A tag
(2) No person should be permitted to stand or pass or restraint line shall be used when swinging of the
under a suspended load. load is hazardous.
(3) If the load must remain suspended for any (9) Consideration should be given to the effects of
considerable length of time, the operator shall keep wind on loads with a large sail area.
the drum from rotating in the lowering direction by acti-
22
ASME B30.4-2020
4-3.2.2 Personnel Lifting (a) basic understanding of crane operation and limita-
tions
This Volume recognizes that portal and pedestal cranes (b) standard hand signals described in para. 4-3.3.4
are designed and intended for handling materials and not whenever hand signals are used
personnel. Personnel are only permitted to ride in a per- (c) standard voice signals described in para. 4-3.3.5
sonnel platform supported by the crane load line attach- whenever voice signals are used
ment or boom-mounted platform when used in (d) responsibilities addressed in para. 4-3.1.3.5
accordance with the requirements of ASME B30.23 and
the crane manufacturer’s instructions. The crane shall 4-3.3.4 Standard Hand Signals
not be used for other purposes while handling personnel.
(Refer to ASME B30.23.) Hand signals shall be in accordance with
Figure 4-3.3.4-1 and shall be posted at the worksite.
ð20Þ 4-3.2.3 Critical Lifts
4-3.3.5 Standard Voice Signals
Certain lifting operations are recognized to have
increased levels of risk to personnel or property. The Prior to beginning lifting operations using voice signals,
criteria to categorize a lift as “critical” on this basis are the signals shall be discussed and agreed upon by the lift
established by site supervision, project management, a director, the crane operator, and the appointed signal-
qualified person, or company policies. Lift planning person.
and oversight shall be tailored to each operation and (a) Telephones, radios, or equivalent, if used, shall be
shall be sufficient to manage varying conditions and tested before lifting operations begin. If the system is
their associated hazards. ASME P30.1, Planning for battery powered, extra batteries should be available at
Load Handling Activities, or an equivalent lift planning the jobsite.
tool should be used when the lifting operation is (b) Prior to commencing a lift, the operator and signal-
deemed to be “critical.” person shall contact and identify each other.
(c) All directions given to the crane operator by the
ð20Þ SECTION 4-3.3: SIGNALS signalperson shall be given from the operator’s direction
perspective (e.g., swing right).
4-3.3.1 General (d) Each series of voice signals shall contain three
elements stated in the following order:
(a) Communication between the crane operator and (1) function and direction
signalperson shall be maintained continuously during (2) distance and/or speed
all crane movements. If at any time communication is (3) function stop
disrupted, the operator shall stop all crane movements
NOTE: The following are some examples of signals:
until communication is restored and a proper signal is (a) swing right 50 ft, 25 ft, 15 ft, 10 ft, 5 ft, 2 ft, swing stop
given and understood. (b) load down 100 ft, 50 ft, 40 ft, 30 ft, … 2 ft, load stop
(b) If the operator has any concerns regarding the (c) load up slow, slow, slow, load stop
requested movement of the crane or needs to communi-

(e) For load handling operations using voice signals,
cate with the signalperson, the operator shall stop all
the person directing operations shall consider the
crane movement. Crane movement shall not resume
complexity of the lift, the capabilities of the particular
until the operator and signalperson agree the issue at
crane, the experience and skill of the operator and signal-
hand has been resolved.
person, and the ability to communicate the necessary
(c) If it is desired to give instructions to the operator,
signals before permitting multiple simultaneous crane
other than those provided by the established signal
function signals.
system, the crane movements shall be stopped.
4-3.3.2 Standard Signals 4-3.3.6 Special Signals

For operations not covered by para. 4-3.3.4 or 4-3.3.5
Standard signals to the operator shall be in accordance
additions to or modifications of the standard signals may
with the standards prescribed in para. 4-3.3.4 or 4-3.3.5.
be required. In such cases, the required special signals
Signals shall be discernible or audible at all times. No crane
shall be agreed upon in advance by the lift director,
motion shall be made unless signals are clearly under-
operator, and signalperson. These special signals
stood.
should not be in conflict with the standard signals.
4-3.3.3 Signalperson Qualifications
Prior to signaling crane operations, signalpersons shall
be tested by a designated person and demonstrate their
qualifications in the following areas:
23
ASME B30.4-2020
Figure 4-3.3.4-1 Standard Hand Signals for Controlling Portal and Pedestal Cranes
HOIST. With forearm vertical, fore- LOWER. With arm extended down- USE MAIN HOIST. Tap fist on head;
finger pointing up, move hand in ward, forefinger pointing down, then use regular signals.
small horizontal circle. move hand in small horizontal circle.
USE WHIPLINE (Auxiliary Hoist). RAISE BOOM. Arm extended, LOWER BOOM. Arm extended
Tap elbow with one hand; then use fingers closed, thumb pointing fingers closed, thumb pointing
regular signals. upward. downward.
MOVE SLOWLY. Use one hand to RAISE THE BOOM AND LOWER THE LOWER THE BOOM AND RAISE THE University of Toronto User.
give any motion signal and place LOAD. With arm extended, thumb LOAD. With arm extended, thumb
other hand motionless in front of pointing up, flex fingers in and out pointing down, flex fingers in and
hand giving the motion signal. as long as load movement is desired. out as long as load movement is
(Hoist slowly shown as example.) desired.
24
ASME B30.4-2020
Figure 4-3.3.4-1 Standard Hand Signals for Controlling Portal and Pedestal Cranes (Cont’d)
SWING. Arm extended, point with STOP. Arm extended, palm down, EMERGENCY STOP. Both arms
finger in direction of swing of boom. move arm back and forth. extended, palms down, move arms
back and forth.
EXTEND BOOM (Telescoping Boom). DOG EVERYTHING. Clasp hands in RETRACT BOOM (Telescoping Boom).
One Hand Signal. One fist in front of front of body. One Hand Signal. One fist in front of
chest with thumb tapping chest. chest, thumb pointing outward and
heel of fist tapping chest.

4-3.3.7 Audible Emergency Signal 4-3.4.2 Crane Operation in the Vicinity of Electric ð20Þ
Emergency signals can be given by anyone. The signal Power Lines

used shall be agreed upon for each jobsite location, and it Portal and pedestal cranes should not be installed
shall meet the requirements of para. 4-3.3.6 (e.g., multiple where any part of the crane or load can encroach
short audible signals or a continuous audible signal). within 50 ft (15.25 m) of power lines. Where power
line encroachment cannot be avoided, operational re-
SECTION 4-3.4: MISCELLANEOUS quirements shall be in accordance with ASME B30.3.
4-3.4.1 Rail Clamps 4-3.4.3 Cabs

Rail clamps, if used, should have slack between the point (a) Necessary clothing and personal belongings shall
of attachment to the rail and the end fastened to the crane. be stored in such a manner as to not interfere with
Rail clamps shall not be used as a means of restraining access or operation.
tipping of a crane. (b) Tools, oilcans, waste, and other necessary articles
shall be stored in the toolbox and shall not be permitted to
lay loose in or about the cab.
25
ASME B30.4-2020
4-3.4.4 Refueling (b) Machines shall not be refueled with the engine
running.
(a) When refueling with gasoline using a portable (c) Smoking or open flames shall be prohibited in the
container, it shall be a safety-type can equipped with auto- refueling area.
matic closing cap and flame arrester.
26
ASME B30.4-2020

Asme B30.4 (2020)

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Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Hooks, Jacks,

Safety Standard for Cableways,

AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

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No part of this document may be reproduced in any form,

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Chapter 4-0 Scope, Definitions, Personnel Competence, Translations, and References . . . . . . . . 1

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STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERS

STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL

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B30.4 SUBCOMMITTEE PERSONNEL

B30 INTEREST REVIEW GROUP

B30 REGULATORY AUTHORITY COUNCIL

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SECTION I: SCOPE B30.21 Lever Hoists

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Page Location Change

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SECTION 4-0.2: DEFINITIONS counterweight: weight used to supplement the weight of

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Figure 4-0.2.1-2 Portal Crane With Level Luffing Boom

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ð20Þ Chapter 4-1

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(e) whether the hoist-holding mechanism is automati- SECTION 4-1.4: DOCUMENTATION

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4-1.4.4 Maintenance Requirements and 4-1.5.3 Hoist Brakes

4-1.5.1 General Requirements 4-1.5.4 Hoist Sheaves

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SECTION 4-1.17: OPERATOR’S CAB 4-1.17.5 Signal Device

4-1.17.1 Construction An audible signal device should be provided with the

4-1.18.2 Guards for Moving Parts 4-1.18.7 Fuel Filler Pipes

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be in accordance with ASME B30.30.

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4-3.3.2 Standard Signals 4-3.3.6 Special Signals

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Emergency signals can be given by anyone. The signal Power Lines

4-3.4.1 Rail Clamps 4-3.4.3 Cabs

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