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acR;jyefae\/ qufí tdyfraysmf/ oufoufrJh vmí
'ku©ay;aom bdk;bdk;ygwum;/

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
20
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ocifvGif
*VKefOD;apmu om"kudk aA'ifa[mcJhonfh twkdif;aomf

vnf;aumif;? þpmtkyf wpfae&mwGif azmfjyxm;onfh
EdkifiHa&;orm;tcsKdU\ azmufjyefrIudk pdwfrESpfNrdKUí vnf;
aumif; om"k EdkifiHa&;rSxGufNyD; aygif'g vkyfa&mif;&mrS
*syefajy;í t*Fvdyfjyefa&mufvmaom (pD at tufpf bD)
ppftkyfcsKyfa&;acwfwGif &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; toHcsJUpufwpfck
om"kwGif &Sdae\/
aygif'ga&mif;&mwGif toHcsJUpufESifh "mwfjym;zGifh
a&mif;&onfrSm tvGefwGufajcudkuf\/ rsufESmyef;vnf;
vS\/ w½kwfaq;wdkufrsm;? ukvm; bD'Daq;vdyf ukrÜPD
rsm;? qyfjymvkyfief;rsm;uvnf; om"k\ toHcsJUpufudk
tvkt,uf iSm;Mu\/ um;a&m toHcsJUpufygqdkvQif
waeY 150 usyfrS 200 usyftxd &\/ uGufopf r*Fvm
aqmif? &SifjyK? tokbwdkYyg toHcsJUpuf oHk;vmonfrSm
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
21
om"k vl0g;0w,f
om"k toHcsJUpufu pcJhjcif;jzpf\/ rSwfrSwf&& usm;ul;
uGufopf r*FvmaqmifrS yxrjzpfvsuf om"k\ ylwlwl;
yHkESdyfwdkufwGif r*Fvmzdwfpm vmtyf\/
owdkYom;ESifh owdkYorD;wdkYrSm ppfajy;'ku©onfrsm; jzpf
vsuf zdwfpmwGif azmfjyxm;aom *kPfxl; 0daoorsm;
onfum; qdkvQif . . .
qkdufum;ydkif;&Sif udkaomif;xdef
udk
jr rkefY[if;cg; rjrcif
ESifh
rdbwdkY 0wå&m;&Sdonfhtwdkif;
xdkr*FvmyGJrS tpjyKvsuf toHcsJUpuf\ qlnHrIrsm;udk

em;0ifoGm;í avmrod/ rif;rEdkifuGufopf? uyÜvDuGuf
opf? z q y v uGufopf? axmifNcHuGufopf ponfwdkYrS
iSm;&rf;Mujcif;jzifh om"kyGJqufae&awmh\/ wpfcgwpf&H
toHcsJUpuf rtm;vyfaomaMumifh r*FvmyGJ&uf a&TU&onf
rsm;vnf; xl;jcm;pGm BuHKawGU&\/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
22
om"k vl0g;0w,f
xkdtxJwGif bkef;BuD;w&m;yGJrsm;uvnf; vmMuao;
onf/ om"k rvkduf/ "r®uxdursm; tm0ZÆef;&TifvmvQif
em;csdefr& qufwkduf zGifh&aomaMumifh pufylonf/ rD;vHk;
ysufonf/ bufx&Dtm;ukef jrefonf/ w&m;a[m
aumif;qJ puftoHavsmhoGm;vQif? ysufoGm;vQif jyóem
wufacsrnf/ xdkYtwl EdkifiHa&; w&m;yGJrsm;udkvnf; om"k
riSm;/
odkYwkdifatmif rjiif;omaom udpöawG ay:vmonf/
wpfBudrfaomf ocifvGifESifh ocifvSauR aygufvmonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; w&m;yGJtwGuf toHcsJUpuf iSm;&rf;
vmjcif;/
tjcm;aom EdkifiHa&;w&m;yGJrsm;udk om"k jiif;qefcJh
aomfvnf; vkyfazmfudkifzuf EkdifiHa&; ocifrsm;udkum;
om"k acgif;rcg&uf jzpfoGm;onf/ odkYESifh w&m;yGJusifhy&
rnfh aeYa&mufaomtcg ocifatmifqef; (AdkvfcsKyf) ESifh
rawGUvdkaomaMumifh om;wynfhjzpfol armifarmifvS
(,ck a&mifpHkyHkESdyfumvm armifarmifvS) udk vTwfvdkufNyD;
om"kurl toHcsJUpuf ysufvQif vkyfay;&ef w&m;em
y&dowfxJwGif xkdifapmifhcJh\/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
23
om"k vl0g;0w,f
(rSwfcsuf/ / ocifatmifqef;ESifh rawGUvdkonfh
taMumif;rSm twif;ac:í EdkifiHa&;xJ qGJoGif;rnfpdk;í
tawGUrcHvdkjcif; jzpfonf/ wpfzef xdkpOfu uGefjrLepf
ygwD ocifoef;xGef;uvnf; ac:onf/ qdk&S,fvpf
ocifjruvnf; ac:onf/ ocifoef;xGef;ESifh roifhrwifh
jzpfaeol tvHeDjzpftHh qJqJ ocifpdk;uvnf; ac:onf/
Mum;aeocifrsm;uvnf; vmí pnf;½Hk;onf/)
tcsdefrSm jynfolY&Jabmfrsm;yif ESpfpkoHk;pkuGJrnfh t&dyf
ta&mif orf;aeonf/ tcsif;csif; wkdufMurnfh tvm;
tvmuvnf; &Sdaeonf/ om"k onf e,fcsJUorm;udkom
wkdufvdkonf tcsif;csif; &efrD;ryGm;vdk? ryGm;apcsif? e,f
csJUudkwdkufí vGwfvyfa&;&&eftwGufrl om"k twwfEdkif
qHk; ulnDaecJhonf/ (towfcH&awmhrnftxd jzpfcJh&
onf/) oD;jcm; azmfjyyg tHh/
t>rm>rmuGJaeaom rnfonfh ocifujzpfap? e,fcsJU
qefYusifa&;udpöESifh vmvQif om"krjiif;/ odkYaomf 'DygwD
0ifNyD; [dkygwDudk rqJcsif rwdkufvdk/ xdkYaMumifh AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;udk a&Smifjcif;jzpf\/
xdkonfrSpí rMumcPqdkovdk ocifvGif? ocif
vSauRwdkY toHcsJUpuf vmvmqGJonf/ xkdtpnf;ta0;?
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
24
om"k vl0g;0w,f
þw&m;yGJ ponfwkdYudk om"k vdkufulnD&\/ wpfcgw&H
75 usyf? 100 usyfrQ ay;\/ tBudrfBudrf vnf; wpfaeY
200 usyf&onfh tvkyfudk zsufí olwdkYESifh vdkufoGm;&
onf/ wpfjym;rS r&onfhjyif "mwfqDzdk;yg om"ku
pdkuf&\/
wpfaeYaomf eHeuf 6 em&Davmuf ocifvGifa&mufvm
onf/ r&ru EdI;onf/ csif; Arm nDvmcH&Sdaeí toHcsJU
pufa&m um;yg vdkuful&efajymonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;?
'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd? ocif0wifBuD;wkdYvnf; ygrnf[kajym
onf/ xD;vif;? *efYa*g? aqm? a,mwdkYtxd a&mufMu
rnf/ xkdrQ a0;aomt&yfodkY om"kvkdufí rjzpfEdkif/
&efukefwGifvnf; tvkyfwpfzuf &SdaeaMumif; ajymaomf
vnf; r&/ vlykoavmuf pdwf&Snf&SnfESifh ajymaeol
ocifvGiftm; om"krjiif;om jzpfoGm;&NyD; aemufwpfaeY
eHeuf &efukefrS xGufMuonf/
n 9 em&D omom jynfNrdKUodkY a&mufaomf wdkuf
wpfvHk;wGif tdyfMu&ef jyifqifMuonf/ om"krSm ol
wpfxl;tdrfwGif tdyfwwfol r[kwfí um;xJwGifyif tdyf
onf/ rMumrD wynfhausmf armifarmifvSu vmEdI;NyD;
ocifvGif ac:aeaMumif; ajymojzifh xoGm;&m . . .
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
25
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]uJ? ocifazoef; tpDtpOfuawmh ajymif;vkduf&NyD
Asm? c&D;qufMu pdkY}
]b,fudkvJ}
]'Dn a&mufoavmuf armif;ayghAsm? tmvHtxd jzpf
jzpfaygh} [k ocifvGifu wpfpHkwpf&m ylyefaeaom trl
t&mjzifh ajym\/
][mAsm? uRefawmf ck um;armif;vm&wmvnf; wGuf
MunfhOD;? rdkif 200 eD;yg;As? NyD;awmh vrf;awG ysufaevdkY
a&Smif&wdrf;&eJY b,favmuf yifyef;ovJ}
][kwfygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'Dn c&D;rquf&if rjzpfawmh
vdkY}
]'DrSm ocifvGif? cifAsm;wkdYu um;xJxkdifvkdufvm&
wm? tdyfcsifvJ tdyfvkdY&ao;w,f? uRefawmfu ajca&m
vufa&m rsufpda&m em;a&m wpfvrf;vHk; tvkyfvkyfvm&
wmAs? wpfudk,fvHk; emaeNyD}
]at;ygAsm? 'gayr,fhvJ}
]'gayrr,fheJYawmh? uRefawmf anmif;w,f? tdyfvnf;
tdyfcsifw,f}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
26
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ocifvGif awGoGm;aomfvnf; aemufxyf olajymcsif
aeao;yHk &\/ xkdpOfu olonf z q y v tvkyform;
Xme udkifaeonf jzpfaomaMumifh . . . .
]cifAsm; odom;r[kwfvm;? tvkyform;awG wpfaeY
b,fESpfem&D tvkyfvkyf&rvJ? ck uRefawmf armif;vmwm
reuf 5 em&Du n 10 em&D xd}
wrif uyfowfajymjcif;um; r[kwf/ &Jabmf&Jbuf
csif;? taejzifh olYudk uvdvdkufonfomjzpf\/ þwGif
ocifvGifrsufESm ydkí tdkoGm;onf xifvdkuf&\/ wpfpHk
w&m bmrQrajymao;bJ twlygom ocifarmifarmif
ocifbouf (,cifwavmu ½kyf&SifaumifpD) wkdYudkom
wpfvSnfhpD Munfhae\/
om"kvnf; cyfwnfwnfxoGm;um armifarmifvStm;
tdyf&mrsm; jyefvnfodrf;qnf;í armfawmfum;rS a&ESifh
pufqDrsm; toifhvkyfxm;&ef ajymum cyfvSrf;vSrf;ü
tayghoGm;aepOf ocifvGif a&mufvm\/
]uJ ocifazoef;? cifAsm; pdk;&drfaerSmpdk;vdkY zGifhrajym
wm? 'Dvkd&Sdw,fAs? uRefawmfwkdYaemufu um;wpfpD;eJY
AdkvfcsKyfwdkY eufjzef vdkufvmvdrfhr,f? tJh'gvSrf;NyD;
taMumif;Mum;vdkufNyD? aemufaeYrSmvmzdkY tajctae
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
27
om"k vl0g;0w,f
raumif;bl;? AdkvfcsKyfwdkY&JU vIyf&Sm;rIrSeforQudk e,fcsJU
ua&m Armtcsif;csif;ua&m aESmuf,SufaeMuw,f?
vmAsm}
om"ktm; wkdufay:odkY qGJac:oGm;NyD;rS . . .
]ckvnf; AdkvfcsKyfwkdY vmr,fqdkwmudk vrf;uae wpf
ckck aESmuf,Suf vdrfhr,fvdkY owif;&xm;w,f}
]bmvJAs? 'Dvkdawmh uRefawmfhudk rvSefYeJYAsm? tm;vHk;
toifhjzpfaeNyD? cifAsm;wdkYvnf; jyifMuawmh? vm armif;
r,f}
jynfrS n 11 em&Davmuf xGufcJhMu&m0,f vrf;ü
ocifvGifu qufí ajymao;\/ AdkvfcsKyfonf um;vrf;
rS rvmawmhbJ rD;&xm;jzifh oGm;vdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif;
jynfNrdKUwGif owif;vTifhxm;cJhonf[lí/
xkdYaemuf 15 rdkifavmuf armif;rdonfwGif ocif
armif? ocif boufBuD;wdkYtjyif &Jabmfa[mif;tcsKdUyg
um;aemufydkif;wGif vIyfvIyf&G&G jzpfaeMuonf/
]'DrSmocifazoef;? um;udk &yfcdkif;&if &yfray;eJYaemf?
,leDazmif;eJYjzpfjzpf? bmjzpfjzpf? aqmifhom wkdufypfvkduf
Asm}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
28
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]pdwfcs? cke cifAsm;ajymuwnf;u 'g pOf;pm;NyD;om;yJ
av? EdkY cifAsm;wdkYqDvnf; [dk[mawG ygom;yJ? toifh
vkyfxm;aygh}
]arSmifcdkavm vdkifpifESifhavmrod pwif;a&m ypöwdka&m
vufypfAHk;yg olwdkY ,lvmMuonf/ boufBuD;uyif
om"ktm; ypöwdkwpfvuf ay;ao;onf/ vdk&r,f&[k/
]rudkifcsif;ygbl;Asm? 'gawG ypfvnf;rypfwwfbl;} [k
aygif;wnfrS txGufwGif om"k ajymNyD; jiif;cJh&ao;onf/
aemufwpfaeYvnf; om"krtdyf&ao;? vufyHacsay:
txd idkufidkufESifh armif;cJh&onf/ bmtEÅ&m,frS rawGU&/
odkYaomf acsmufNrdKUESifh vufyHacsay: Mum;avm? yk*HESifh
vufyHacsay: Mum;avm rrSwfrdawmh/ oJvrf; wpf
avQmuf auGUaumufarmif;&onfrSm um;vnf;em? vl
vnf; roufom wpfcgwpfcg oJepfNyDqdkvQif (wpfcsdef
wGif 0efBuD;jzpfvmrnfh) ocifvGifyg qif;wGef;&onf/
ESpfrdkifavmuf armif;rdvQif wpfcgqdkovdk wGef;Mu&í
olwdkYvnf; roufom? um;vnf; pufylaomaMumifh . . .
]uJ rwufMueJYawmhAsm? um;vnf; ayghayghyg;yg;
oGm;&atmif? cifAsm;wkdYvnf; rwGef;&atmif vrf;om
avQmufvkdufcJhMuawmh}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
29
om"k vl0g;0w,f
pum;tqHk;wGif om"kvnf; 0kef;ceJ armif;xGufoGm;
NyD; vrf;aumif;rnfh ae&mavmufwGif apmifh&\/ um;
vrf;[kyif qdk&aomfvnf; trSefrSm vSnf;rsm;yif aMumuf
aomvrf;jzpf\/ oJtvGefxlonf? vrf;0J,mwkdYwGif
qD;yif (ZD;yif) rsm; jynfhaeonf/ qD;oD;rsm;vnf;
>ywfaeonf/ tao;qHk;yif ig;rl;aphvHk;cefY &Sdonf/ om"k
vnf; tm;&yg;& cl;ípm;onf/ EGm;ausmif;om;ESifh qGrf;
cHausmif;om; oHk;av;a,mufuvnf; qD;yifudk vIyfcg
csay;onf/
]a[h? 'DqD;oD;awG b,folrS rcl;bl;vm;? rif;wdkYaum
rpm;bl;vm;} [k om"ku xdkifaumuf&if; pm;&if;u
ar;onfudk . . .
]'DrSmawmh EGm;awGyJ pm;w,fAs}
om"k NyHK;NzJNzJ atmifhoGm;&onf/ rMumrD ocifvGifwkdY
a&mufvmonf/ boufBuD;u pwif;aoewf wum;
um;ESifh qD;oD; aumufpm;onf/ aemuf tm;vHk; ukef;
aumufMuonf/ pm;Muonf/
twdkcsKyfMuqdkvQif xD;vif;ü nDvmcH usif;yonf/
qm;rsm; awmifyHk&myHk a&mif;csay;&m csif;trsKd;om;rsm;
tvkt,uf 0,fMuonf/ om"kwkdY ig;&ufrQ aecJh&onfh
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
30
om"k vl0g;0w,f
umvtwGif; pdwfrcsrf;omzG,f tjzpfESpf&yfESifh BuHKvdkuf
&onf/
om"kwdkYESifh twlygol &Jabmfwpfa,mufonf nDvmcH
rwdkifcif ESpf&uftvkdü csif;rysKdwpfOD;ESifh &nf;pm;vkyf
onf/ 'kwd,aeYwGif csdef;awGU&ef tpDtpOfvkyfaMumif;
owif;&í acgif;aqmifvkyfol ocifvGiftm; wdkifMum;&ef
jzpfaomfvnf; olu ta&;ay:udpöjzifh yckuúLqif;oGm;
aomaMumifh tjcm;olrsm;ESifh wkdifyifonf/ tm;vHk;vdkvdk
u tqdkyg&Jabmftm; rajym0Hh? &GHUaeMuojzifh om"kvnf;
ocifboufBuD;xHrS ypöwdkqGJum ypfenf;ygar;NyD; xdk
&JabmfxH xGufoGm;onf/
tqifoifhyif csif;ysKdjzLtdrfESifh rv Srf;rurf; wpfae
&mwGif xkd&Jabmfudk awGUí [kwfr[kwfar;&m olu 0efcH
onf/
]aumif;NyD? cifAsm; 'Daumifrav;udk wu,fcspf
ovm;? vufxyf,l rvm;}
olawGNyD; rsufESmBuD; &Jvmonf/ aemuf olYukwf
tuÐsxJodkY vufEdIufvdkufonf/ olYwGif aoewfygonf
udk om"k odNyD;jzpf\/ om"kurl ypöwkdudk ajymifajymif
udkifxm;onf/ om"ktar;udk ol ½kwfw&ufrajz/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
31
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]ck? cifAsm;wkdY uRefawmfwkdYvmMuwm csif; Arm
nDvmcHaemf? cspfMunfa&;vnf; ygw,f? trSefcspfMuOD;
awmh ckaecgrSm a&Smif&r,f r[kwfvm;? rawmfwq
oHo,jzpfoGm;&if b,fhES,fvkyfrvJ? nDvmcHa&m cspf
Munfa&;yg xdcdkufr,f}
ol tHBudwfaeonf/
]aemufNyD; wu,f vufxyf,lr,f qdk&ifvnf;
nDvmcHNyD;rS olYxHk;pH "avhtwdkif; vlBuD;awGeJY wdkifyif
aphpyf}
]cifAsm;eJY bmqdkifvJ}
olYtoH wkefcgaeNyD jzpf\/
][kwfw,f? cifAsm;wdkY tcspfudpö uRefawmfeJY rqdkif
bl;? vlrsKd;a&;eJY qdkifw,f? wdkif;jynfeJY qdkifw,f? vGwf
vyfa&;twGuf aoG;pnf;zdkY vmMuwJhtcsdefrSm cifAsm;
tcspfu ydkta&;BuD;aeovm;}
om"kwGif pdwfrxdef;Edkifjzpfvmonf/ tom;awGvnf;
wkefvmonf/ jzpfvdk&mjzpf? þjyóemudk toufESifhvJí
umuG,f&ef qHk;jzwfNyD; jzpfonfhtwdkif; . . .
]'DrSm&Jabmf? cifAsm; cspfwmBudKufwm aemufrS vkyfcsif
ovdkvkyfyg? nDvmcH rNyD;rcsif;awmh onf;cHzdkY uRefawmf
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
32
om"k vl0g;0w,f
awmif;yefw,f? aumifrav; vmawGU&ifvnf; jyefvTwf
vdkufyg? 'grSr[kwf&if uRefawmfhudk ypfowf}
ol a'gowBuD; a&SUwdk;vmonf/ om"kuvnf;
aemufrqkwf? vl csif;rSm ESpfayrQom uGmawmhonf/
]'gyJ cifAsm; ZGwfvkyfr,fqkd&ifawmh uRefawmf ypf&
vdrfhr,f}
&Jabmf vufEdIufxm;aom ukwftuÐstdwfrSm cyfcgcg
vIyfoGm;onf/ om"kuvnf; olvufxkwfonfESifh armif;
jzKwfrnfom jzpf\/
]ocifazoef; cifAsm; jyefawmhAsm}
]&Jabmfygvdkuf&if jyefr,f}
]awmuf} ceJ olacgufvkdufonf/
]'Dudpöudk AdkvfcsKyf odoGm;&if? [if olrsufESmrS
raxmuf csifawmhbl;}
&Jabmfonf xkdpum;Mum;onfESifh EdIufxm;aom vuf
udk xkwfNyD; om"kudk zufonf/ vufESpfzufpvHk;jzifh
tm;yg;w& zufonf/ aemuf 0rf;enf;yufvuf ½dIuf
onf/ om"ku jyefzuf&if; qGJac:&m tomwMunfyif
vdkufygvmonf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
33
om"k vl0g;0w,f
pifppf olvnf; owådacolr[kwf/ wkdufyGJtrsKd;rsKd; ETJ
vmol &Jabmfa[mif; jzpfonf/ ,ckvdk ol vdkufavsm
onfrSm om"kudk aMumufír[kwf/ wdkif;&if;om; cspf
Munfa&; aoG;pnf;a&; qdkonfudk oabmaygufoGm;í
vnf; r[kwf? ]AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;} [laom trnfudk
om"k tcsdefrD oHk;vdkufrdíom jzpfonfxif\/

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
34
om"k vl0g;0w,f
0uftlvSnfh a&G;aumufyGJ
acwfrSm z q y v wdkY bkef;wefcdk;xGm;aeonfh tcg

or,/ yxrqHk; jrLa&G;aumufyGJ jyKvkyfawmhrnfhtcsdef
]om"ku pma&;q&maygufp jzpfaeqJumv/ wpfaeYwGif
usm;ul;uGufopf om"kwdkYESifh rvSrf;rurf; wGifaeaom
udkvSydk roef; (,ck armifarmf b&m;om;? AdkvfcsKyfaps;)
wdkY ESifhtwl ocifodef;armifqdkol (,cifu rodzl;aom)
&yfuGufrdwfaqG om"kxH a&mufvmum . . .
]'DrSmAs q&m OD;om"k? ck jrLa&G;aumufyGJrSm 0if
ta&G;cHygvm;}
½kwfw&uf om"k tHMooifhoGm;onf/ *syefacwf
vGwfvyfaom ½kyfao;tpdk;& zGJUNyD;onfrSpí ygwDEdkifiH
a&;udk pdwf'Hk;'Hk;cs ausmcdkif;cJhol om"ktzdkY tqef;vdk jzpf
oGm;\/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
35
om"k vl0g;0w,f
tvsOf;oifhí tenf;i,f &Sif;jy&ef vdktyfvmonfrSm
txufü ]ygwDEkdifiHa&;} [k qdkcJhonfhtwdkif; tvGefusOf;
ajrmif;aom? tmPm&a&;om t"dujzpfaeaom? ygwDrdIvdk
yGaeaom EdkifiHa&;udk om"k ausmcdkif;cJhjcif; jzpf\/
þwGif xyfí&Sif;&ef vdkvmjyefonfrSm ,ckpmtkyf
wpfae&mwGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; EkdifiHa&;? vlrIa&;?
qufqHa&;? &Jabmfpdwf"mwf cdkifrma&; ponfh taMumif;
wpfckckaMumifh odkYr[kwf tm;vHk;aMumifh om"konf ocif
oef;xGef;? ocifatmifqef;? ocifpdk;? ocifjr? ocif
av;armif polwdkYESifh pdwfoabmxm;csif; r[yfrdMuap
umrl olwdkYwpfawG bmaumifrQ r[kwfMuaomtcg (0g)
olvkdigvdk omref t&yfom;rsm;b0odkY jyefa&muf
vmaom tcgwGifum; ac:ajymEIwfqufrI &SdvmMujyef
onf/
wpfcgu om"k ]bk} rIwfcJhojzifh tvGefa'gojzpfoGm;
aom *syefacwf0efBuD; ocifoef;xGef;onf t*Fvdyfrsm;
jyef0ifvmonfhESifh ol qdkufum;uav;pD;NyD; c&D;ESifae&
&Smonf/ wpfnae om"ku A[ef;aps;odkY ylwlwl;
aygif'grsm; oGm;ydkYpOf ocifoef;xGef;udk qdkufum;ay:
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
36
om"k vl0g;0w,f
awGUvdkuf&ojzifh om"kuyif vSrf;ac:NyD; vufzuf&nf
aomuf zdwf&m . . .
]tawmfyJ? uRefawmf cifAsm;eJY awGUcsifaewm} [k
olu tNyHK;ESifh vufcH\/
vufzuf&nfqdkifxJ a&mufMuavNyD/ om"ktm; ed'gef;
ysKd;p&mrvkd? rBudKufaMumif; olodxm;onfhtwdkif; . . .
]ck uRefawmfwdkY uGefjrLepfygwD zGJUpnf;NyD;NyD?
tawmfvnf; c&D;a&mufaeNyD? ocifazoef;? uRefawmfwdkY
eJY wGJvkyfygvm;}
uGefjrLepfygwD0if&ef om"kudk olu urf;vSrf;onf/
omreftcGifh ta&; r[kwfonfudk om"kem;vnf\/
ocifoef;xGef;wdkY tkyfpkonf uGefjrLepfygwDodkY ay:yif
ocif ay:yif EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk vufrcH/
odkYwkdifatmif om"krSm ygwDEdkifiHa&;udk vkyfvdkpdwf r&Sd
awmhaomaMumifh ol\zdwfac:csufudk om"k *kPf,lrd
aMumif;ESifh tajctaeu ray;ao;í ryg0ifvdkao;
aMumif; jiif;qefvdkuf&m . . .
]pOf;pm;ygOD; ocifazoef;&m? cifAsm;vdkvlwpfa,muf
uRefawmfwdkY &r,fqdk&if}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
37
om"k vl0g;0w,f
odkYvQif pum;tqHk;rowfao;bJ awGaeNyD;rS om"kudk
qufí trTef; wifaeawmh\/
]odyfvJxifrxm;ygeJYAsm? uRefawmfvnf; olvdkigvkd}
]r[kwfbl; ocifazoef;? cifAsm;udk uRefawmf aoao
csmcsm em;vnfxm;w,f? ppfrjzpfrD t*Fvdyfacwfwkef;u
('kwd, urÇmppfrwkdifrd) cifAsm;wdkY &efukeftv,fydkif;
wdkYArm tpnf;t½Hk;u qHk;jzwfcsufwpfckck csvdkuf&if
wpfjynfvHk; *,uf½dkuf½Hkrubl;? wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk; Xme
csKyfudkyg tzsm;cwfcwfoGm;w,f? 'gawG[m cifAsm;vuf
csufcsnfyJ odwmaygh}
(ocifoef;xGef; qdkvdkonfh taMumif;t&m tpHkudk
wae&mwGif ½Iyg)
]xm;ygawmhav? ck uRefawmfrS ygwDEdkifiHa&;udk pdwf
r0ifpm;awmhbJ}
][kwfNyDav? pdwfr0ifpm;wm 0ifpm;wmu cifAsm;qE´?
pdwfygvm atmifqGJaqmif&rSmu uRefawmfhwm0ef r[kwf
vm;? 'Dawmh uRefawmf ZGwfajym&rSmyJ? 'DrSm ocifazoef;?
cifAsm;vnf; rSwfrdrSmaygh? w&m;yGJ a[m ajymyGJ wpfckckrSm
cifAsm;eJY uRefawmfwkdY qHkrdMuwdkif; uRefawmfwkdY ocif
odef;armifBuD;wdkY? ocifatmifqef;wdkYu bdk;pdefBuD;vdk
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
38
om"k vl0g;0w,f
aemufqHk;rS xGufr,fqdkNyD; cifAsm;wkdYudk a&SUwef;wifay;
vkdufa&m? cifAsm;u xdyfqHk;uae a'gufa'guf'uf'ufeJY
ajymcsoGm;a&m? uRefawmfwkdYtvSnfha&mufawmh ajymp&m
tcsuftvuf rusefoavmuf jzpfoGm;cJhzl;wmawGav}
om"ku acgif;ndwf½Hk acgif;ndwfvdkufonf/
]tif;? uRefawmfwkdYrSm ]tJtJ ocifazoef; ajymoGm;
ovdkygyJ} eJY NyD; oGm;&w,f? tJovkd cifAsm; ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif
ajymwwfwm&,f? NyD;awmh uRefawmf 0efBuD;b0rSmawmif
cifAsm; rSefw,fxif&mudk &J&JBuD; ajymcsvdkufwm&,f?
'Dpdwf"mwfrsKd;? t&nftcsif;rsKd; &SdwJhvlawG uRefawmfwdkY
trsm;BuD;vdkw,f}
om"kurl wGifwGifom acgif;cgcJh\/ (tu,fí
xdkpOfuom olYygwD0if? olESifhtwl awmcdkcJhrdacsu xdk
r[kwfrcH pdwf"mwfaMumifhyif jzKwf xkwf owfxJ ygoGm;
rnfrSm om"k t½dk;aqG;avmufayNyD/)
olu qufvufí ZGwfajymao;onf/ om"kuvnf;
ZGwfyif jiif;qef&mrS aemufqHk; ]pOf;pm;yghr,fAsm} [k
ajymvdkufrSyif rausreyf avoHjzifh . . .
]at;avAsm? uRefawmfwkdY uGefjrLepf0g'udk rBudKufvkdY
qdkvnf; wpfckckawmh vkyfAsm? ck ocifjrwdkYvnf;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
39
om"k vl0g;0w,f
qdk&S,fvpfygwD axmifMuvdrfhr,f? 0ifvkyfcsif vkyfyg?
'Dtwdkif;awmh ab;z,fraeaphcsifbl;? ocifazoef;vdk
vlwpfa,muf EdkifiHa&;u MuOfoGm;wm wkdif;jynfemw,f?
zqyvxJjzpfjzpf 0ifvkyfayghAsm? aemuffqHk; wdkif;jynf
twGuf wpfckckawmh}
]'Dpum;udkawmh uRefawmf vufrcHEdkifbl; ocif
oef;xGef;? uRefawmf EdkifiHa&;u a&SmifMuOfoGm;vdkY wdkif;
jynfemw,fqdkwm vGwfvyfa&;AdrmefBuD; wnfaxmif&m
rSm tkwfwpfcsyf vyfoavmuf &SdrSmyg? b,fol0ifjznfh
jznfh&ygw,f? wu,fvkdY uRefawmfyg 0ifaqmufvdkY
wpfckckrSm;oGm;&if 'DAdrmefBuD; wpfpdwfwpfa'oaomf
vnf;aumif;? wpfjcrf;aomf vnf;aumif; ysufpD;oGm;Edkif
p&maum r&Sdbl;vm;? cifAsm;u uRefawmfhudk ta&;BuD;wJh
tqifhrSmxm;NyD; ajymaeawmh rSm;p&m&Sdvnf; ta&;BuD;
BuD; rSm;r,fr[kwfvm;}
þwGif olt"dyÜm,fygyg NyHK;vdkufNyD;rS . . .
]'gaMumifh cifAsm;udk vdkcsifw,f ajymwmaygh? at;av
bmjzpfjzpf pOf;pm;OD;ayghAsm? awGUvnf; awGUMuao;wm
aygh [kwfvm;? cifAsm;udk jzpfapcsifwmu wdkif;jynf
twGuf wpfckckawmh}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
40
om"k vl0g;0w,f
odkYpum;udk tqHk;rowfbJ xonfESifh om"ku ol\
udk,fa&; udk,f wm toHk;p&dwfudk pHkprf;NyD; aiG 200 usyf
ay;vkduf\/
xkdpOfu om"k aygif'gvkyfa&mif;aeonf/ xdkaeYnu
wpfnvHk; tdyf raysmf? ]wdkif;jynftwGuf wpfckckawmh}
[laom ocifoef;xGef;\ pum; onf em;xJrSrxGufbJ
bmvkyf&rnfudk awG;r&wkdif; tdyfraysmfEdkif jzpfae cJh&\/
]cifAsm;vdkvlwpfa,muf EdkifiHa&;u MuOfaewm wdkif;
jynfemw,f}
olYpum;onf pifppf om"kESifh tvSrf;a0;vGef;onf
xif\/ olYygwD0if&ef yifhvdkufjcif;avm[kvnf; awG;\/
rnfodkYjzpfap wdkif;jynftwGuf wpfckck vkyfoifhonfudk
um; ocifoef;xGef; azmfvdkufrS om"k awG;&ef ay:vm
onfrSm trSef/
wdkif;jynftwGuf ]bmwpfckck} vkyf&rnfenf;/ aemuf
qHk; tawG;aygufonfum; ]bufrvkduf owif;pm}
wpfapmif xlaxmif&ef jzpfvsuf tbufbufrS uRrf;
usifrI &,lvdkao;onfhtwdkif; wwftm;orQ yHkESdyfpuf
uav;wpfvHk;jzifh yPmrysKd;cJh&mrS wdkif;a&;jynf&m
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
41
om"k vl0g;0w,f
owif;pmt,f'Dwm rjzpfbJ tcspf tdrfaxmifa&; pma&;
q&m jzpfrSef;rod jzpfcJh&\/
þonfvnf; trsm;jynfolwdkY\ tcspf? tdrfaxmif
a&;? jyKjyifa&;? ukd,fusifhw&m; a&;&mrsm; a&;om;
EdkifcJhonf jzpfaomaMumifh ]wkdif;jynftwGuf wpfckck}
taejzifh tusKH;0ifoGm;ayNyD/ ocifoef;xGef;\ aphaqmf
csufyifjzpfí ]aumif;&mok*wd vm;apaomf} [k om"k
qkawmif;&rnfom jzpf\/ qkvnf; tNrJawmif;yg\/
xdkenf;twdkif;yif ocifjr? ocifav;armif? ocif
atmifqef; wdkYESifhvnf; vlvlcsif;taejzifh om"k tcif
trif rysufcJh/ (wpfae&mwGif ½Iyg/)
odkYvQif om"k ygwDEdkifiHa&;udk rvkyfvkdawmhbJ yHkESdyf
pufzGifh? pmtkyf wdkufaxmifum owif;pmxkwfEdkifa&;
twGuf vHk;yrf;aecdkuf txufyg twdkif; jrLa&G;yGJ0if&ef
vmajymonfü
][m uRefawmf 0ifta&G;rcHcsifbl;? 'gawGvnf; rvkyf
csifawmhbl;? cifAsm; bmpdwful;&NyD; vmajymaewmvJ}
]'DzqyvawG aqmifh<um;<um; EdkifvGef;vkdY? NyD;
olwdkYvkyfyHkawGvnf; rBudKufvdkY? tJ'g raeYu wpfaeYvHk;?
nuvnf; wpfnvHk; uRefawmfwdkY aqG;aEG;Muw,f?
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
42
om"k vl0g;0w,f
wkduf&rSmu rvG,fvSbl;As? NrdKUawmf0efavmif; OD;odrf;
armifuvnf; {&mryk*¾dKvf jzpfaewmeJY ocifazoef;udk
wkdufwGef;zdkY uRefawmfwdkY qHk;jzwfMuw,f}
][m;? uRefawmfua&m {&mryk*¾dKvfrdkYvm;? awmufwD;
awmufwJhAsm}
]cifAsm;u pma&;q&m r[kwfvm;? y&dowf&Sdw,fAs/
tJ'Dawmh wpfoD;yk*¾vtaeeJY 0ifNydKifAsm? tm;vHk; vdktyf
wmawG uRefawmfwkdY pDpOfvkdufr,f/
twdkcsKyfvdkufaomf om"k twefwef jiif;\/ r&/
ZGwfta&G;cHcdkif; olrsm;wGif qef;OD;xGef;&if? yef;ykOD;vGif?
½Ir0OD;ausmf? udkausmfjrwdkYvnf; yg\/ usm;ul;? rif;
rEdkif? a,mufvrf;? xef;awmuGufopfomru uefwdk
rifwdkufe,frS zqqefYusifol tawmfrsm;rsm;u vmí
tm;ay;Muonf/ wdkufwGef;Muonf/ bBuD;baz ukd,f
wdkifuyif vufzuf&nfaomuf zdwfí axmufcH&if; . . .
]armifhudk pma&;q&m om"ktaeeJY av;pm;vdkY wkduf
wGef;Muwmaemf? armifom"k tjywftowfEdkifrSm aocsm
w,f}
þtxd om"k pOf;pm;qJyif &Sdao;\/ taMumif;
aomfum; om"kpdwfudk om"kodonf/ prdvQif aemuf
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
43
om"k vl0g;0w,f
rqkwfcsif/ jrLvlBuD; ta&G;cH&aomf EdkifiHa&;pdwf
jyef0ifvmrnf/ qufwkduf vkyfrdacsawmhrnf/ ygwD tzGJU
tpnf; wpfckckodkY0if&ef taMumif;ay:vmrnf/ om"k
onf e,fcsJUudkom wkdufvdkonf/ Armtcsif;csif; &efrjzpf
csif/
odkYwkdifatmif bBuD;baz\ aemufqHk; pum;wpfck
jzpfaom . . .
]at;av armifom"k pOf;pm;aygh? udk,fhudk av;pm;vdkY
wdkufwGef;olawGudk ukd,fuvnf; jyefav;pm;&r,f
r[kwfvm;}
xdkpum;onf om"ktm; tav;teuf pOf;pm;cdkif;
ovdk &Sdaeonf\ tqHk;ü tmrcHaiGygoGif;í tqifoifh
vkyfvmMuaom pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;wGif om"k vufrSwf
a&;xkd;vdkufum tpp jyifqif&awmh\/
owif;pmrsm;wGif om"k ta&G;cHrnfhtaMumif; ygvm
NyD; aemufwpfaeYwGif ocifvSauR (qdk&S,feDtjzpf cGJ
rxGufao;) ESifh tjcm; z q wpf OD;wkdY a&mufvmum .
..
]a[h ocifazoef; b,fvkdjzpfwmvJ? cifAsm; 'gaw
jyefvkyfcsif&if ajymygvm;Asm? ckawmh uRefawmfwkdY &Jabmf
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
44
om"k vl0g;0w,f
&Jbufcsif; xwdkufovkd jzpfaeNyD? ocifEkuvnf; awGU
csifaew,f? cPvdkufcJhygvm;Asm}
om"k acgif;cgvdkuf\/ aemuf &yf&GmESifh pmayvlxk\
qEúdk rvGefqefEdkifí 0ifvdkuf&aMumif;? zqudk wkduf
onfr[kwfbJ trSefw&m; qefYusifolrsm;udkom &ifqdkif
&efjzpfaMumif; ajymvdkufojzifh wpfBudrfu tvGefcspfcif
aom &Jabmf ocifvSauRvnf; pdwfraumif;BuD;pGmjzifh
jyefoGm;\/
wpfywfcefYtMumwGif tcGefta&;ygonfh 'kwd,wef;
pm; z q acgif;aqmifwpfOD; (trnfrazmfoifh xif\/)
a&mufvmjyefum om"ktm; ,ckta&G;cHrnfh ae&mrS
EkwfxGufNyD; tjcm;&yfuGufwpfckrS 0ifta&G;cH z q udk,f
pm;vS,fu z,fay;rnf? om"kuvnf; z q taejzifh
ta&G;cH&ef ponfjzifh qG,f\/ om"kuvnf; acgif;cgNrJ
cgonf/
]cifAsm; yHkESdyfpufu tawmftdkaeNyDyJ? topfavQmufyg
vm;? puúLwdkY yHkESdyfrSifwdkYyg tifydkYvdkufpif avQmufav
Asm? tenf;qHk; av;ig;aomif;zdk; avmufaygh}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
45
om"k vl0g;0w,f
olYpum;ukd om"k em;vnfonf? om"ku ,Ofaus;pGm
jzifh xdkrQaiG om"kwGif r&SdaMumif;? ravQmufvdkaMumif;
avmufom jiif;qefvdkufonf udk . . .
]ocifazoef;uAsm? vdkifpif&zdkYom t"duygAs}
olqdkvdkonfrSm vdkifpifavQmuf? &vQif a&mif;pm;[l
onfh xdkacwfu tifydkYvdkifpif aomif;usef;pepfudk ajym
&if; qG,faeonf/ þvdk odu©mudk xdyg;vmaomf om"k
pdwf"mwf zswfceJ wif;rmvmwwfonfhtwdkif;
]uJ? cifAsm; jrefjrefjyef&if aumif;r,f? cifAsm; EdkifiH
a&;orm; vkyfaeNyD; azmufjyefa&;ynmawG vmoifae
wmvm;} [k armif;xkwfvdkuf&\/
om"krSm rlv pdwfxm;twdkif; at;at;aecJhvQif
aumif;avpG/ ,ckrl trsm;\ qE´tavsmuf ta&G;cH&ef
vufrSwfxdk;rdojzifh trsKd;rsKd;aom jyóemESifh wdk;ae&
onf/ tNydKifta&G;cH&&ef emrnfpm&if; oGif;xm;ol
rsm;rSm OD;odrf;armif? om"kESifh tjcm;wpfOD;/
xdkwpfOD;uvnf; vmjyefacsao;onf/ olonf ta&G;
cH wdkufe,f &yfuGufwpfckrS olBuD;jzpfvsuf olYrJrsm;udk
om"kudk ay;aprnf/ olurl [efaqmifavmufom
aernf/ olYudk aiG 1500 usyf ay;yg[k aps;ac:onf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
46
om"k vl0g;0w,f
acgif;cgvdkufaomtcg wpf&ufwjcm; aps;usoGm;onf/
1000 usyf? 750 usyf? aemufqHk; 500 u syf ravQmhEdkif
[k qdkonf/ om"kurl . . .
]'DudpöeJYywfowfNyD; vmudkrvmeJYawmh} [k atmfypf
vkduf&onf/
jyóemum; þwGif r&yfao;/ wpfaeYaom nae 6
em&DcGJavmuf ykZGefawmif jrLvlBuD;a[mif; a':wif
a&mufvmNyD; ]a&G;aumufyGJudpö ta&;BuD;aompum; ajym
vdkí} [k vmac:ojzifh (armif0PÖwdkY tarESifhvnf;
aqGrsKd;eD;pyf awmfoljzpf\/) vufn§dK;nTef&m um;armif;
cJhí a&Twd*Hkbk&m; teD;odkYa&mufrS om"ku ar;rdonf/
]b,foGm;rSmvJ rrwif}
]at;? armifazoef;udk tpfudkBuD;u awGUcsifvdkYwJh}
]b,ftpfudkBuD;ygvdrfh}
]a'gufwm Aarmf}
om"kvnf; um;udk OD;b&DZ&yfa&SUwGif xdk;&yfvkduf\/
(xdkpOfu vuf0Jarmif;pepf/)
]EdkY rrwifajymawmh jrLa&G;yGJudpö wdkifyifp&m ta&;
BuD;vdkYqdk}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
47
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]at;av? rif; aocsmayguf rEdkifcsifbl;vm;? ck
a&G;aumufyGJrSm}
pum;toGm;tvmudk om"k &dyfrdNyD/ odkYaomf wdwd
usus odvdkonfESifh om"ku acgif;ndwfvdkuf\/
]'Dvdkav armifazoef;&JU rif;a&;NyD;½dkufa0wJh aMunm
csufudk tpfudkBuD; zwf&awmh ]'Dom"kqdkwm b,folvJ}
wJh/ OD;azoef;ac: pma&;q&m om"kqdkNyD; vufrSwfxkd;
xm;awmh olr&Sif;bl;xifyg&JU? 'geJY rrwifu uRefr
armifawmfw,fvdkY ajymawmh tJ tJ tpfudkBuD;wynfh
armifNrdKifudkvnf; olu pHkprf;cdkif;xm;wmudk;}
rrwifpum;rsm; wpfqufwnf; ZwfpHkcif;aeí ½Iyf
oGm;aomaMumifh om"ku xyfar;ao;\/
]'Dvkd 'Dvdk? armifazoef;&JU aMunmcsufzwfNyD;
tpfudkBuD; a'gufwm barmfu tawmfoabmusaewmeJY
armifNrdKif (,ck ausmufukef;wGifaeol) udk pHkprf;cdkif;awmh
rrwifa&SUwifyJ oluajymw,f? ]ukefaps;wef; ocif
azoef;qdkwm olyJqdkawmh} tpfudkBuD;av odyf0rf;om
oGm;w,f? 'geJY csufcsif;yJ rrwifudk tac:cdkif;wmeJY ck
xGufvmwmyJ}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
48
om"k vl0g;0w,f
pum;toGm;tvmudk jcm;jcm;em;em; &Sif;oGm;NyD jzpf
aomfvnf; xyfodvkdao;onfESifh . . .
]ac:ckdif;NyD; uRefawmfhudk r[mArm jrLvlBuD;avmif;
taeeJY ta&G;cHcdkif;r,f qdkygawmh} (r[mArmtzGJUonf
a'gufwmbarmf\ ygwD)
]aeOD;? rrwif &Sif;jyOD;r,f? ck armifazoef; NydKif&rSm
u oHk;a,muf aemf? [dk usm;ul;uGufopf olBuD;qdkwmu
r[mArmtaeeJY ukefusp&dwfyg tpfudkBuD;u ay;NyD;
ta&G;cHcdkif;xm;wmuG,fh? &Sif;yvm;? tJ wu,fvdkY armif
azoef;u a'gufwmAarmfeJY awGUNyD;vkdY r[mArmtaeeJY
ta&G;cHzkdY oabmwl&if usm;ul;uGufopf olBuD;udk Ekwf
xGufvTm wifcdkif;vkdufr,fwJh? 'grSr[kwfvnf; oleJY
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xnfhcdkif;zdkY tpDtpOf&Sdw,f}
rjzpfEkdif? vHk;0rjzpfEkdif? rlvuwnf;u yg0ifta&G;cH
vdkpdwf r&SdcJhbJ &yfuGufua&m om"k\ pm½Iy&dowfuyg
wdkufwGef;í vufcHNyD; ]wpfoD; yk*¾v} trnfjzifh pDpOfcJh
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rnfqdkaomf EdkifiHa&;t& xkdxuf &Sufp&maumif;aom
vkyfaqmif csufonf &SdEdkifawmhrnfr[kwf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
49
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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ao;w,f? ocifazoef;udk ajymjyygwJh? wpfoD;yk*¾v
taeeJYyJ ta&G;cHNyD; aemufrS MunfhvkyfwmayghwJh? vdktyf
wJh tultnD tukef&r,f? ckaum rif; ydkufqH b,f
avmufukefaeyvJ? tJ'gxufru &atmif rrwif ajym
ay;r,fav}
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&r,f} [laom jr§LvHk;uJhodkY jzpfae½Hkomru vlaumif;
wpfa,mufudk opömazmufoifay;onfh oabmrsKd; trsm;
qHk; ygaeaomaMumifh . . .
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bl;? q&mBuD;udkvnf; ajymjyvdkufyg? wpfaeYaomtcgrSm
jywfjywfom;om; vkyf&r,fh udpöay:&if tcsdeftcgra&G;
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rrwif? uRefawmfhudk apwem arwÅmeJY ta&G;cHcdkif;wJh
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awmifbuf armif;xGufcJh\/ olYtdrfa&SUa&mufí um;ay:
rStqif;wGif . . .
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
50
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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jzef 10 em&Davmuf rrwif vmcJhOD;r,f}
]rjzpfygbl; rrwif? EdkifiHa&;rSm wpfoufvHk; tNid
tpGef; r&SdcJhwm ckrS ,kwfrm&r,fqdk&if}
odkYvQif qufí z q y v rS wpfae&may;rnfh
udpöyg ajymjyvdkuf& ao;\/
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armif z q udk 82 rJjzifh uyf½HI;oGm;onf/ rMumrD
OD;odrf;armifvnf; NrdKUawmf0ef jzpfoGm;onf/
xkdYaemuf wpfESpfomom Mumaomtcg ]wyfxJu
jrwfudkudk} 0w¦Kjzifh om"ktm; pmayAdrmefqk csD;jr§ifhonfh
tcrf;tem;wGif OD;odrf;armiftm; awGU&onf/
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trwfa&G;yGJ wdkY? tdkAsm bmrS 0ifrvkyfygeJY}
odkY wHk;wdwdBuD; ajymvdkufaomaMumifh om"kyif
a,mifcsmcsm jzpfoGm;um taMumif;&if;udk &Sif;yg&ef
arwÅm&yfvdkufrS . . .
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vHk;vnf; zwfw,f? odyfBudKufw,f? &Sif;&Sif; 0efcHr,f
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
51
om"k vl0g;0w,f
txd av;pm;w,fqdkwm xif&Sm;atmif ajym&r,f qdk&if
jrLa&G;aumufyGJwkef;u trSeftwdkif;qdk uRefawmf ½HI;w,f?
cifAsm;u tjywftowf Edkifw,f}
]a[mAsm}
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qdk&S,fawGu rJvdrf rJcdk; vkyfvdkYaygh? EdkYrdkY&if}
OD;odrf;armifvnf; cyfvSrf;vSrf;odkY om"ktm; vuf
n§dK;nTefjy&if; . .
]olYudk odovm;}
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]odyfvnfwJhvl udkom"k? olYaMumifh uRefawmfEdkifwm?
cifAsm;uawmh tJ'DaeYu rJ½Hkem;rSmyJ &yfaewmaemf?
oluawmh &Jabmf0gawG tJ'Dwkef;u ppfajy;'ku©onfpcef;
av? Mum;rdzl;rSmaygh? rvufwdk&Gm 'ku©onfawGudkyg
um;BuD;um;i,feJY wifvmNyD; rJrxnfh&ao;wJh emrnf
awGeJY tukefusKH; xnfhoGm;wmyJ}
om"k yg;pyfta[mif;om ai;aerd\/ z q NrdKUawmf
0efwpfa,muf taeESifh þpum;rsKd; ajymxGufvdrfhrnf
rxifrd/
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om"k vl0g;0w,f
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]EdkY bmjyKvdkY ta&G;cHao;vJ 'gjzifh}
]tJh'DtcsdefrSm uRefawmfuvnf; olwdkYeJY ruif;Edkifao;
bl;av? xrif; tkd;uvJ tuGJrcHEdkifao;awmh? tif; om;
awG orD;awG? ckawmh awmfygNyD Asm? 'gaemufqHk;yJ?
a&SUavQmuf bmrS 'DvdkroefY&Sif;wmawG rvkyfawmhbl;?
uRefawmf qHk;jzwfNyD;NyD}
om"k bmjyefajym&rnfudk rod? tu,fwd olom
qufí z q wdkY ESifh vufwGJoGm;rnfqdku olYynm
t&nftaoG;ESifhqdku 0efBuD;txd arQmfvifhcsuf&Sdonfom
jzpf\/
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twif; vufrSwfxdk;cdkif;vdkY tm;emwmeJY}
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tm;udk;eJYom vkyf&if olwkdYacwfrSm wpfoufvHk; rEdkifbl;?
tJ ckeu pum;awmif usefaeao;w,f? rvufwdk 'ku©
onfwkdY? &Jabmf0gwdkY&JU rJeJYwif pdwfrcs&vdkY cifAsm; rJyHk;
udk zifuae 0uftlvSnfheJY zGifhcdk;NyD; uRefawmfhrJyHkxJ xnfh
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aqmif&GufcJhwJh ol&Jaumif;awG usaewmyJ? uRefawmfh
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
53
om"k vl0g;0w,f
qDvmNyD; tm;yg;w& ajymMuao;w,f? uRefawmf jzifh
&SufvGef;vdkY}
OD;odrf;armif ajymjyrSyif rJyHk;udk oHESifhrvkyfbJ opf
om;aowÅm oHk;onfrSm ]0uftlvSnhf} tm;udk;[k om"k
em;vnfvdkuf&awmh\/ tpfudkBuD; OD;odrf;armiftm;vnf;
aemifwGif pmayudkom ememzda&;awmhrnf jzpfaMumif;
0efcHvdkuf&\/
qkay;yGJNyD;í tdrfjyefa&mufaomtcg om;vwf
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a':odef;odef;u . . .
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]aumif;ygw,f odef;odef;&JU? bmjyKvdkYvJ}
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&Tif&Tifysysvnf; r&Sd? bmawG b,foleJY bkusvmjyefovJ}
rSef\/ om"krSm pmayqkxuf tav;teufxm;í
pOf;pm;vmonfh taMumif;&if;um; . . .
1/ a'gufwmAarmf aiGukefcHí r[mArm jrLvlBuD;
avmif;tjzpf ta&G;cHcdkif;ol usm;ul;olBuD;u olvdkcsif
aomaiG&vQif olYrJrsm;udk om"kudk usdwfícGJay;rnf/
jrLvlBuD;tjzpfxuf aiGudkvdkcsifaeonf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
54
om"k vl0g;0w,f
2/ OD;odrf;armifum; z q \ jrLvlBuD;avmif; jzpf
onf/ ta&G;vnf; cH&onf/ xdyfqHk; jrdKUawmf0efvnf;
jzpfaeonf/ odkYwkdifatmif vdrfnm npfywfí &aomrJESifh
wufcJh&aomaMumifh ol&Sufaeonf/ z q uvdrf usrI
rsm; zGifhxkwfjyonf/ aemifaomtcg þvdkt½Iyfrsm;wGif
olyg0ifawmhrnfr[kwfaMumif; ajymonf/
þESpfvDudk awG;&if; jyefvmaomaMumifh xkdta&;\
a&mifjyef[yfrIjzifh om"krsufESmü rnfodkYjzpfaeonfudk
um; om"kvnf; rod/

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
55
om"k vl0g;0w,f
*smreD tif*sifeD,m
a&Twd*Hkbk&m;vrf; usm;ul; uGufopfwGif ]ylwlwl;

a&mifpHkyHkESdyfpuf} [lí acsmufacsmuf csufcsuf ½dkufESdyf
aom tvkyfuav;jzifh xrif;0aomfvnf; [if; raumif;
waumif; pm;ae&aom om"k? oBuFefuswdkif; ]tdrfrdk;&
awmhrnf} jzpfí "edzdk;twGuf pdwfarmcJh&aom om"k?
aexGufonfrS n oef;acgifwdkif acR; wNydKufNydKufjzifh
puf½dkufae&aom om"krSm jrif;ysHOD;wifh aumif;rIaMumifh
usm;ul;uGufopfxuf tqifajyaom? £aÈ´&aom a&
ausmfbufodkY a&mufcJh&\/
jrif;ysHrwifh aq;ayghvdyfcHkydkif&Sif jrif;ysHOD;wifhrSm
t*Fvdyf acwfu ukefaps;wef;&Sd rlv &Sef[JzJwdkufwGif
refae*smtjzpf tvkyfvkyfaepOf om"k uav;b0 u
wnf;u rkefYzkd;ay;aeol? om"kudk cspfol oem;ol jzpf
onfhtwdkif; . . .
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
56
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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>ywfodyfNyD; rD;qdk&if rifhyHkESdyfpufuav;yg rD; 0g;oGm;vdrfh
r,f? 47 vrf;rSm ightdrf&Sdw,f? tJ'Dudk ajymif;vm? ig
vcr,lbl;}
odkYESifh om"kvnf; 47 vrf;odkY pdkifaumfouJhodkY
a&mufvmcJh&\/ a&cHajrcHqdkonfudk xdktcgusrS om"k
,HkMunfvmonf/ usm;ul;wGif tvkyfvkyfcJhpOfu r0w0
ESifh rvSry? 47 vrf;tdrfodkY a&mufNyD;aemuf rMumrDyif
vkyfief;tajctae wdk;wufvmonf/ yHkESdyfpufBuD;wpfvHk;
rS ESpfvHk;jzpfvm½Hkru rdwfaqGwpfOD;uyif vkyfief;ajymif;
ojzifh olYyHkESdyf pufBuD;wpfvHk; vmtyfxm;aomaMumifh
xdkpufudk yg tcrJh oHk;cGifh&vdkufao;onf/
xdkYaemuf rMumrDwGifvnf; ]wyfxJu jrwfudkudk} 0w¦K
pmayAdrmefqk &vdkufjyefaomaMumifh pmtkyf xyf½dkuf&
onf/ aiGuav; &Tifvmonf/ jrif;ysH OD;av;wifhuvnf;
rpcsifpdwf ay:vmavoavm rod? ]om"k aiGukefav
rnfpdk;í} [k qdkum ]tdrfa&majryg ,lvdkufawmh} [k
aps;aygaygESifh ay;onf/ aytpdwf? ayajcmufq,f 4000
usyfom ,l\/ taqmufttHkvnf; ygao;onf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
57
om"k vl0g;0w,f
qufwdkuf qdkouJhodkYyif ]wyfxJu jrwfudkudk}
ausmif;oHk; jzpfoGm;jyefí a&mif;ravmuf wGifus,fcJh
onfESifhtrQ wJtdrfBuD;rSonf ESpfxyfwkduf jzpfvmonf/
vkyfief;onfvnf; wdk;onfxuf wdk;wufvmaomaMumifh
yHkESdyfpufrsm;vnf; aemufxyf vdkvmjyefonf/ odkYESifh
om"kvnf; taemufEkdifiH toD;oD;odkY pma&;pHkprf;um
atmfwdkrufwpf yHkESdyf pufwpfvHk; rSmvdkuf\/
avmavmq,f om"kwdkYoHk;aeaom pufrSm a&S;ya0
oPDacwfu ajcESifheif;í ½dkuf&aom ]csef'vm} pufrsm;
jzpfvsuf ½dk;½dk; wpfa&mifwnf; ½dkufonfyif r&yfrem;
acR;'D;'D;us BudK;pm;ygrS wpfaeY &Gufa& ig;axmifavmuf
tEdkifEdkifNyD;onf/ a&mifpHk ta&mifwif½dkufaomf oHk;axmif
xuf ydkí r½dkufEdkif/ xkdpufrsm;rSm ½dkufvdkaom puúLudk
vufESifhaumuf? pufxJ xnfhNyD;½dkuf? aemuf vufESifhjyef
,l ponfjzifh ajca&mvufa&m rsufpda&m tem;rae&
onfudk jrifzl;olwdkif; odMuNyD;jzpf\/
,ck om"krSmvkdufaom pufrSm uwfwavmuf erlem
pmqdkt& tHhbG,fh yHkESdyfpufjzpf\/ cvkwfudk ESdyfvdkuf½Hk
jzifh pufvnfonf/ pufay:&Sd pifuav; ay:odkY ½dkufvdk
aom puúLwifay;xm;NyD; tjcm; pufcvkwf ESdyfvdkufvQif
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
58
om"k vl0g;0w,f
pufuyif puúLudk tvdktavsmuf qGJNyD; pufxJxnfhay;
onf/ olbmom ½dkufNyD; olYtvdktavsmuf pufxJrS ½dkuf
NyD;om; puúLudk n§yf,lqGJxkwfum pufay:&Sd pifay:
wifay;onf? wifay;½Hkomru wnDwnf;jzpfatmif n§dí
pDay;ao;onf/ om"kwdkYtaejzifh tHhp&m aumif;ae onf
um; ,cifpufrsm; wpfaeukef½dkufygrS av;axmifcefYNyD;
&ef tEdkifEdkif&SdcJhaomfvnf; ,ckpufrSmrl wpfem&Dig;axmif
acsmifacsmif uav; ½dkufay;Ekdifonf qkdojzifh xdkpufudk
Munfhcsif ½dkufcsifvdkufonfrSm wpfydkif;ru aocsifapmfeH
aeonf/
oHk;vcefYMumaomf xdkatmfwdkrufwpf ]tvkdtavsmuf}
puf a&mufvmacsNyD/ ,if;pufudk wifvmonfh oabFm
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om"kxHodkY ukrÜPDrS pmwpfapmifjzihftaMumif;Mum;onf/
]vlBuD;rif;rSmMum;aom yHkESdyfpuf ydkYvdkufygNyD? xdkpuf
udkifwG,fyHk ½dkufESdyfyHk cRwf,Gif;u jyKjyifyHk enf;vrf;[l
oí tao;pdwf jyoay;&ef twGuf uRefawmfrsm;\
*smreD tif*sifeD,mrsm;u xkdpufESifh a&SUqifhaemufqifh
a&mufvmygvdrfhrnf}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
59
om"k vl0g;0w,f
pufaowÅmum; BuD;rm;vGef;aomaMumifh om"k\ tdrf
a&SUwHcg;udk oHk;qcefY jyefzsufNyD; oGif;&\/ csufcsif;
zGifhMunfhonf/ pufudk pdwf0ifpm;vGef;aeojzifh xrif;pm;
vmac:onfudkyif atmfvTwfrdonf/ ,ckacwf [D;Edk;um;
wpfpD;pmcefY av;aompufudk xnfhay;vkdufonfh aowÅm
udk zGihf&onfrSm tarmwaum &SdvSonf/ wynfhausmf
armifarmifvS (,ck umvmarmifarmifvS) onf tBudK;
pm;qHk;ESifh tyifyef;qHk; aowÅmzGifhol jzpf\/ ½dkufxm;
onfh oHrsm; cdkifcefYvSonfwGif bdkwlrsm;ESifhyg tdrf
aqmufouJhodkY pkyfí wkyfxm;vdkufao;\/ aocsm
oyf&yfvSaom taemufEdkifiH om;rsm;ygaywum;/
eHeuf 11 em&DrS pwifzGifhcJhaom pufrSm nae 4 em&D
wGif armarmESifh acsmacsm yGifhoGm;aomfvnf; ikwfwkwf
om MunfhaeMu&onf/ bmrQrvkyfwwf/ xdknu tdyfí
yifraysmf? vSJae&mrSx pufBuD;udk oGm;Munfhvdkuf? jyefvSJ
vdkufjzifh tm;rvkdtm;r& jzpfae&acsonf/ rdk;vif;onf
ESifh vl;vJxum pufBuD;em;odkY a&muf&jyefonf/ ½dkuf
MunfhcsifNyD b,fupí bmvkyf&rnfyif rodao;/ odkYESifh
pdwful;wnfh&m tydkypönf;aowÅmudk zGifhMunfh&if; twGif;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
60
om"k vl0g;0w,f
rS ypönf;rsm;udk qGJxkwfvdkuf&mü yvwfpwpftdwfESifh
xnfhxm;aom pmtkyfrsm;udk awGU&onf/
tu,fí raeYuom xdkaowÅmuav;udk zGifh ½Hkom
rzGifhbJ twGif;ypönf;rsm;udkyg xkwfMunfhcJhvQif pmtkyf
rsm;ygonfudk raeYuwnf;uyif awGU&rnf/ csufcsif;yif
om"k xdkifzwfonf/ pmtkyfrSm *smreDrS ydkYaomfvnf;
t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh ½dkufESdyfxm;aom ]pufudk rnfodkYrnfyHk
vnfywf toHk;jyK&rnf} [lonfh ½dkufESdyfenf; tnTef;
pmtkyf/
oHk;Budrfwdwd tao;pdwf jyefzwfNyD;aomtcg olYpm
tnTef;twdkif; vdktyfaom qDrsm;xnfhNyD; wynfhrsm;udk
vufESifh tprf;vSnfhcdkif;um puftoGm;tvmESifh ud&d,m
rsm; tvkyfvkyfyHkudk avhvmMunfh\/ "mwftm;ESifh vSnhf&
rnf jzpfaomfvnf; rawmfwq rSm;oGm;vQif ysufpD;ukef
rnf/ odkYESifh nae 3 em&DavmufwGif vufESifhvSnfhí
prf;jcif;udpörsm; acsmarmoGm;ojzifh bavmufwpfvHk;qif
yHkESdyfrif rsm;xnfhum "mwftm;jzihf armfwmudk jznf;jznf;
vSnfhí ½dkufMunfh\/ yxr r[ef/ 4 em&DwGif
tajccH&vm\/ pdwfurl &J&J r½dkuf0Hhao;/ odkYaomf ZGJum;
rusao;/ 6 em&DwGif xl;jcm;vmNyDjzpfvsuf wpfem&DwGif
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
61
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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pHcsdefwpf0uf t&SdrQom &Sdao;aomfvnf; wpfaeYqdkvQif
&Gufa& wpfaomif;ajcmufaxmif at;at;NyD;Edkifonf/
xdkaeYuaomf pufvnf; vnfywf ½dkufESdyfEdkifNyD jzpfí
wpfaMumif;? armvnf; armvSojzifh apmapmyif 0iftdyf
um aemufwpfaeY apmapm xjyefNyD; pufBuD;udkMunfhí
MunfEI;aerd\/ awmfMu&Smygayonf/ [dkcvkyfESdyf? 'D
armif;wHuav;qGJ? tESDbkuav;zd? xd½HkwkdY½HkrQjzifh om"k
wdkY q,f&ufrQ vkyf&onfh tvkyf wpf&ufESifh NyD;atmif
armifrif;BuD;om;rsm; xGifwwfMuonf/ vlawGvnf;
oufomvSonf/ acR;qdkonfrSm a,mifírQ wpfpufyif
rxGuf/
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jzifh rSefrSefBuD; vnfaeacsNyD/ tvkyfwGif us,fvdkufonf
rSmvnf; ajymp&mr&Sd? armifarmifvS qdkvQif ,cifuvdk
pufxJ vufEdIufp&mrvdk? vufuav; tomydkufí
tBudKufawGUaeonf? tvGef auseyfaeonf/
q,fhav;&ufwif;wif; jynfhcJhNyD jzpfaomfvnf; udka&T
tif*sifeD,mwdkY ay:rvmMuao;/ odkYwkdifatmif armif
armifvSESifh yHkESdyfpufwdkY tuGufvnf aeMuNyDjzpfí
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
62
om"k vl0g;0w,f
olwdkYrvmapumrl ta&;rBuD;vS/ xdkaeYu OD;tkef;jrifh
(,cif py,fyHkESdyfwdkuf&Sif) vma&muf tyfESHoGm;aom
½k&Sm;oH½Hk;rS xkwfa0onfh owif;pOf rsufESmzHk;a&mifpHk
½dkufESdyf&mwGif armifarmifvS rsufESm½HIUaeonfudk om"k
tdyf&mrS Edk;Edk;csif; awGU&ojzifh ar;Munhf&m ,ck½dkuf
aom bavmufwHk;rSm riftxdrsm;aom ajymifom;ydkojzifh
rifrsm; ½kwfw&uf rajcmufbJ pufuvnf; wpf&GufNyD;
wpf&Guf ½dkuf&if;xyf&if; oGufaeaomaMumifh pm&Gufrsm;
wpfckESifhwpfck uyfukefojzifh pufudk &yf&yfNyD; jzefYvSef;
ae&aMumif; od&\/
þwGif pufESifhtwl ygvmaomfvnf; rvkdtyf ao;í
,lroHk;bJ xm;aom ud&d,mwpfrsKd;udk wyfqifvdkufNyD;
aygif'grIefYwpfrsKd;jzifh prf;oyf ½dkufMunfh&m olYpmnTef;
twdkif;yif puúLwpf&GufESifh wpf&Guf vHk;0ruyf awmh
aomaMumifh armifarmifvSwGif yg;pyfta[mif;omESifh ai;
oGm;awmh\/ olomru om"ktzdkYwGifvnf; EGm;vSnf;
acwfu ay:vmaom armfawmfum;udk Munfhae&bdokdY
tHhMoukefEdkifzG,f jzpfaerd\/ rifxnfhNyD; puúLwifay;
vdkufvQif vlu bmrQ yifyef;p&mrvdk? cvkwfuav;
ESdyfvdkufvQif udpöNyD;onf/ pufu olYtvdktavsmuf
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
63
om"k vl0g;0w,f
½dkufESdyfpD ay;½Hk r[kwfao; ruyfatmifvnf; ud&d,mu
xdef;ay;vdkufao;onf/
wpf&Gufcsif; ½dkufae&mrS ESpf&Guf xyfygoGm;vQif
pufu tvdkvkd &yfoGm;onf/ puúLtpkwftNyJ ygoGm;
vQifjzpfap? apmif;&GJUaevQifjzpfap? ½dkufESdyfNyD;om; puúL
olYae&m jyefra&mufvQifjzpfap pufu qufí tvkyf
rvkyf? vkyfvQif qufvufí rSm;rnf/ xkdYaMumifh tvkd
tavsmuf &yf&yfay;onf/ ,if;odkYaom qef;jym;vSonfh
wDxGifrIY wefcdk;aMumifh armifarmifvSonf puf½dkufxm;
vsufu wydk;wyg;odkY oGm;Edkifao;onf/ wpfckck rSm;vQif
pufu&yfNyD; vludk apmifhaernf/ þonfwkdYudk warQmf
wac:BuD; Munfhí tm;&aeaom armifarmifvSonf
tb,fyHk cHpm;vkduf&onf rod/
]tpfudk aemufqdk&if puúLwdkY? rifwdkY? pufqDwdkYudk
olwdkY[molwdkY oGm;0,fNyD; olwdkY[molwdkYyJ ½dkufwJhpuf
rsm; jzpfvmrvm; rodbl;aemf} [k ajymvdkufaom olY
tawG;ESifh olYpum;udk ,ckxd Mum;a,mifae\/ vGefcJh
aom tESpftpdwfavmufu þvdkajym cJhaom armifarmif
vStm; ,ck uGefjyLwm pufwpfvHk; 0,fay;vdkufvQif
rnfodkYaom tawG;ESifh pum;rsm; xGufvmOD;rnf rod/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
64
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ol\tawG; ol\tajymwGif epfajrmpOf;pm; aerdpOf
ajcoHMum;ojzifh vSnfhMunfhvdkufonfwGif Oa&mywdkuf
om;ESpfOD; a&mufaeonfudk awGU&ojzifh ][kwfuJh? uRef
awmf bmtultnD ay;&rvJ} [k ar;vdkuf\/ ukvm;
xdkifrsm; ,lcsay;\/ olwdkYu xkdifvnf;rxdkif? bmrQ
vnf; rajymao;bJ wpfa,mufu pufudkom rsufvHk;cJí
Munfhaeonf/ tjcm; wpfa,mufurl pufywfvnf
vSnfhí puftoGm;tvm vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;pGm
vdkuf Munfhaeonf/
þpuf pwifvnfywfpu &efukefomru e,f&Sd yHkESdyf
wkduf avmuom;rsm;yg vma&mufMunfh½IU MuonfrSm
aepOfESifhtrQ tcsKdUolwdkYvnf; ]rSmvdkonf? aqmif&Gufay;
yg} qdkojzifh om"ku ulnD&ef uwday;cJh\/ ,ck vm
Munhfol rsufESmjzL Oa&my wdkufom;rsm;u rjrifzl;í
vmMunfhjcif;um; rjzpfEdkif/ pufudkMunfhvkduf? om"kESifh
armifarmifvSudk MunfhvkdufESifh wtHhwMo jzpfae&mrS
½kwfw&uf pufudk wpfa,mufu cvkwfESdyfNyD; &yfvdkuf
ojzifh a[m *smreDrS a&mufvmMurnf qdkonfh tif*sif
eD,mrsm;qdkonfrSm olwdkYyif jzpf&rnf[k om"k twyf
wGufvdkuf\/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
65
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]ydkif&Sif b,folygvJ}
,ckrSyif pwifí t*Fvdyfpum;oH ryDhwyDjzifh ar;\/
][kwfuJh? uRefawmfygyJ} [k om"ku ajzvdkufrS ydkí
tHhtm;oifhoGm;Muum ysmysmovJ vufqGJEIwf quf\/
aemuf pufudk rnfolqifay;onf? ½dkufESdyf&ef rnfol
jyoay;onfrsm;ukd tao;pdwf ar;acsawmh&m om"ku
vnf; tnTef;pmtkyf zwfNyD; ukd,fwdkifyif rnfodkYrnfyHk
prf;oyf armif;MunfhcJh aMumif;rsm; ajymjyvdkufonfudk
tptqHk; em;axmifaeNyD;rS wzef 'dkif,m&Dpmtkyf xkwfí
tao; pdwf xyfar;jyef\/ a&;rSwfMu\? NyD;onfwGif
om"ku vdar®mf&nfwdkuf&if; ]*smreDrS vdkufvm& onfrSm
a0;vGef;ojzifh 0rf;enf; tm;emrdaMumif;} ajym&m
]usKyfwdkY pifumylu vmwmyg? av,mOfae&m r&vdkY
aemufusoGm;wm cGifhvTwfyg? trSeftwdkif; qdk&if pufeJY
NydKifwl a&muf&r,f jzpfygw,f? tenf;qHk; wpfywf
avmuf &efukefrSmaeNyD; puftoHk;jyK enf;rsm; jyoay;&
r,fh tpDtpOf &Sdygw,f? wm0efvnf; &Sdygw,f? ckjrif&
wJhtwdkif; qdk&ifawmh usKyfwdkY 'DaeYyJ BuHK&mav,mOfeJY
pifumyludk jyefEdkifMuNyD ayghAsm}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
66
om"k vl0g;0w,f
0rf;om t,fvJoHjzifh wpfa,mufu ajymí tjcm;
wpfa,mufuvnf;
][kwfw,f? usKyfrdef;reJY uav;awGawmh odyf0rf;om
oGm;MurSm} [k vdar®mf&nf aomuf&if; taomuav;
azmufvdkufao;\/
]usKyfwdkY yHkESdyfpufawG tm&SwdkufrSm a&mif;cJhwm tvHk;
aygif; wpfaomif;ig;axmif ausmfNyD? tm;vHk;udk vkdufNyD;
qifay;&w,f? jyay;&w,f? wcsKdUqdk&if wpfq,fhig;&uf
eJYawmif aumif;aumif; rwwfcsifMubl;? cifAsm;wkdY yHkESdyf
wdkufwpfckyJ pmtkyfzwfNyD; ½dkufwwfwm awGUzl;ao;w,f?
usKyfwdkY odyftHhMooGm;w,f? 'DynmawG b,fuwwfxm;
ovJ}
]uRefawmfu pufrIvkyfief;udk 0goemygvdkYyg? aemuf
NyD; cifAsm;wdkY taemufEdkifiHom;awGu 'Davmuf tHhMo
p&m toHk;0ifwJhpufawG wDxGifEdkif ao;wm uRefawmfwdkY
u 'Dpufudk vnfywfatmif toHk;jyKEdkifzkdY avmufawmh
ÓPfxkwf BudK;pm;&rSm ayghAsm}
olwdkYESpfa,mufpvHk; NyHK;oGm;Muonf/
]EdkY ar;yg&apOD;? pufBuD; vnfywf½dkufESdyfEdkif atmif
tJh'Dpdwful; ÓPfawG cifAsm;wdkY b,fu xGufvmovJ}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
67
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]EkdY pufBuD; jzpfay:vmatmif zefwD; wDxGifEdkifwJh
pdwful; ÓPfawGaum cifAsm;wdkY OD;acgif;&JU b,fae&mu
xGufvmygovJ}
olwdkYESpfa,mufpvHk; NyHK;NyHK;BuD; x&yfMuonf/ ukef;
ukef;BuD; vufqGJ EIwfqufMuonf/ t&yfu &Snfo
avmuf a'gufa&m cGeftm;yg awmifhvSojzifh olwdkY\
vufqGJjcif;\ tm;yg;w&&SdrIudk om"krcHEdkif? tawmf
uav; atmifhaevdkuf&onf/ armifarmifvSrSmrl ½HIUrJhrJhESifh
&,fNyHK; NyHK;aeonf/
t&yftarmif;? cGeftm;Av? BuHpnfwDxGifrI pGrf;
tm;wGifyg olwdkYrsufESmjzLrsm;u tomBuD;omaeonf/
tpp t&m&mwGif ESpfaygif; wpf&mhig;q,favmuf olwdkY
u a&SUrS ajy;aeonf/ aemufxyf tESpfwpf&m MumvQif
vnf; om"kwkdYuyif ESpfaygif; wpf&mhig;q,f aemufus
usef&pfMuayOD;rnf/ wDxGifrIü olwdkYu &yfaeMuonf
r[kwf? om"kwdkY tm&SwdkufrS EGm;vSnf;rsm; EGm;r&SdvQif
'ku©? urÇmOD;tpu pD;cJhMu&aom EGm;vSnf;rsm;yif ,ckxd
zifrcH Edkifatmif aqmifhaeqJ? olwdkY rsufESmjzLawGuaomf
um; rdkifaygif; odef;csDa0;aom vurÇmqD oGm;&mí wpf
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
68
om"k vl0g;0w,f
q,fhoHk; puúefYavmuf aemufusonfudkyif wGufudef;vGJ
avjcif;[k &ifxkrwwf 0rf;enf; aewwfMuonf/
ajy;csifoavmuf a&SUu ajy;Muygap? wDxGif BuHq
qef;csifoa&GU qef;Muygap/ rnfonhf pufypönf;jzpfap
wdkYArmrsm;uvnf; a&mufvm orQudk ususee udkifwG,f
toHk;jyK jyvdkufMurnf? ysufpD;orQ vSvSyy jyifjyvdkuf
Murnfom/
,ckqdkvQifum; om;wynfhausmf armifarmifvS onf
yif om"k yxrqHk; rSmokH;cJhaom ydkvD*&yfzf [dkif',fbwf
ponfwdkYomru atmfwdkrwfwpf yHkESdyfpuf[lorQ 'dk;vdk
arTí jyifEdkifaeNyDjzpf\/ olwdkYu xGifEdkifvQif om"kwdkY
ArmawGuvnf; jyifEdkif& rnf r[kwfygwHkavm/

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
69
om"k vl0g;0w,f
cPcP vmrSmvm;
om"krSm þpmtkyf wpfae&mwGif azmfjyxm;onfh t

wdkif; vufvDvufum; ukefonfaygif;pHkwdkY\ a&mif;0,f
azmufum;orIjyK&m &yfuGufwGif BuD;jyif;vmcJh&ol jzpfí
pD;yGm;a&;orm;wkdY\ p½dkufoabmudk tqdk;a&m taumif;
yg em;vnf oabmaygufcJhNyD; jzpf\/
taMumif;wpfckudk jy&aomf ukvm;ukefonf wkdY\
]vdrfenf;} (0g) ]jzef;enf;} wpfckrSm tvGef wmoGm;NyD;
c&D;a&mufvSonfudk awGjrifod&Sd&\/ vdrfnm jzef;oef;
ola&m tNzD;tjzef; cH&oltzdkYyg tvGefaumif;aom enf;
[k om"kqdkacsaomf pm½Iol tawG;& cufaumif; cufae
aytHh/ qufzwfyg pm½Iol/
,if; ukvm;wdkY\ jzef;enf;onfum;qdkvQif ¤if;wkdY
qdkifodkY 0,fol wpfOD;wpfa,muf 0iftHh/ xdk0,folonf
¤if;wkdYqdkifwGif wpfBudrfwpfcgrQ 0,fzl;olr[kwf/ 0,fol
tzdkYü þqdkifonf qkdifopf? vlopf? qdkif&SifwGifvnf;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
70
om"k vl0g;0w,f
xdk0,folonf vlpdrf;vlopf/ odkYaomf xdkqkdif&Sifu ,if;
0,foludk jrifvdkufonfESifh vdIufvdIufvSJvSJ NyHK;jy\/
]aeaumif;&JUvm;? tpfrBuD; tpfudkBuD;} ponfjzifh
&if;&if;ESD;ESD; oduRrf;cJhzl;oa,mif rsufESmay;jzifh tajy;
tvTm; c&D;OD;BudKjyK\/
þonfrSm trSwf 1 jzef;vdkufjcif;/
]tr,f? rif;wkdY ighudk b,fwkef;u odvdkYvJ}
[k 0,foltopfu jyefar;rnf xifygoavm? vHk;0
rar;onfhtjyif odkYc&D;OD;BudK azmfa&Gvdkufonfudkyif 0,f
olonf tvGefauseyfoGm;onfh t&dyfta,mifjzifh jyefí
NyHK;jywwf\/
þwGif ukvm;ukefonfu ]olzrf;aom tuGuf rdav
NyD} [k oabm xm;um
]tpfudkBuD;wkdY? tpfrBuD;wdkY uRefawmfwkdYqdkifrSm r0,f
wm MumNyDaemf? uRefawmfwdkYudk pdwfqkd;aeovm; [J[J}
þonfum; trSwf 2 NyD;jcif;/
]r[kwfygbl;uG,f? wdkYqDrSm ta&mif;t0,f enf;enf;
yg;vdkY rvmwmyg}
0,fol tpfrBuD;wdkYuvnf; olwdkYukd,folwdkY þqdkif
\ 0,faeus azmufonfBuD;ozG,f cyfxnfxnfav;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
71
om"k vl0g;0w,f
jyefvSdrfhvdkuf\/ 0,fol\ txifum; ukvm;onf olY
tm; 0,faeus[kxifNyD; rsufESmcsKd aoG;aeonf[k ,lq
um aps;EIef;vnf; oufomvdrfhrnf[k xifí acsmfvJ
a&mxdkifaejcif; jzpf\/ rnfodkYjzpfap 0,foltzdkYü þ
tajc þazmfa&GrIonf tvGef MunfEI;p&m jzpfae\/
aemuf ukefypönf;rsm; aps;EIefar;? tavQmhtwif;vkyf?
ta&mif; t0,f jzpfoGm;Muonfh tqHk;ü
]aemufvnf; vmygaemf? rauseyf&if ajymygaemf? aps;
rsm;&if tqifta&mif rBudKuf&if jyefvJygaemf? aemuf
wpfcg wjcm;qdkifrSm oGm;0,f&if uRefawmfwkdY pdwfqdk;rSm
yJ [J[J[J} [k trSwf 3 tjzpf ukvm;u pD;yGm;a&; nK
nKvdkufjyef\/
ukvm;ukefonfu þodkYvnf; cRJvdkufao;\/ rnf
onfh 0,folonf aemufxyf þqdkifodkY rvmbJ aeEdkifyg
awmhtHhenf;/
,if;onfrSm ESpfOD;ESpfbufpvHk; tjyeftvSef NzD;Mu
jzef;Muaomfvnf; ESpfOD; ESpfbufpvHk;uyif auseyf
tBudKufawGUMuonf/ aps;EIef;yif oufomapOD; rsufESm
&SpfacgufcsKd;ESifh platmifhatmifh a&mif;aomqdkifxuf pdwf
csrf;omonfrSm aocsmvS\/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
72
om"k vl0g;0w,f
wpfBudrfaom tcgu ]yyuacwf} ½kyf&Sif ½dkuf&mwGif
tcrf;tem;jyif&ef vdktyfaeaom ydwfteuf 0,fcGifh&&ef
oufqdkif&m OD;pD;refae*smodkY EIwfjzifhyif tusKd;taMumif;
wufajym&m olu (,ck uG,fvGefoGm;&SmNyD jzpfol) aps;
onf trlt&mESifh r[kwfbJ t&m&SdtdkufwifESifh ]avQmuf
vTmwifyg} [k qkdojzifh om"kvnf; toifhygvmaom
ukrÜPD acgif;pD;yg puúLuwf xkwfí a&;csvdkufonfESifh
xdkt&m&Sdu
]tdrfa&mufrSa&;yg? eufjzefrS vmwifyg} [k ½Iwif;
wif;ESifh ajym\/
om"k&ifxJwGif usifceJ pdwfqdk;oGm;rdaomfvnf; ol
ay;rS&rnf jzpfaomaMumifh rvTJomaom onf;cHjcif;jzifh
onf;cHvdkuf&apumrl b0ifum; rusao;/
]uRefawmfwkdYrSm rif;om;rif;orD;u ay;wJh&uf trD
½dkuf&ygw,f? 'gvnf; ta&;wBuD; csKyf&jyif&rSmrdkY jzpf
Edkif&if 'DaeY}
]'DaeYawmh r&bl;av}
[k ajymajymqdkqdk xí tjcm;tcef;wpfckodkY 0ifoGm;
aomaMumifh om"kwGif tHBudwfNyD; jyefvmcJh&um aemuf
wpfaeY awGUMuonfwGif om"k udkjrifonfESifh ,refaeYu
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
73
om"k vl0g;0w,f
rsufESmxm;rsKd;odkY ajymif;oGm;onf/ om"ku avQmufvTm
wifay;vdkufonfudk zwfNyD;
]rsm;vScsnfvm;}
][kwfygw,f? ay:yvifteuf av;tkyf&rS vHkavmuf
rSmrdkYyg}
]aeygOD;? ½kyf&Sif½dkufwmeJY 'Dydwfeufu bmqdkifvJ}
]ck uRefawmf ½dkufaewJh Zmwfum;xJrSm jyZmwfuwJh
oDcsif;qdkcef; wpfcef;ygygw,f? tJ'Dydwfteufudk aemuf
cHtjzpfxm;NyD; tJh'Day:rSm a&TcsnfaiGcsnfeJY yef;csDa&;rSm
jzpfygw,f} [k om"ku tao;pdwf &Sif;jyaomfvnf; ol
ay;csifyHkray:/
]cufwmyJ? wpfa,mufxJudk 'Davmufrsm;rsm; ra&mif;
Edkifbl;? tvGefqHk; q,fudkufyJ ay;w,f}
][kwfuJh? tpfukdBuD;ajymwmvJ uRefawmf oabm
aygufygw,f? 'gayr,fh wpfckawmh wifjyyg&ap? uRef
awmf[m ck wpfa,mufwnf;orm; taeeJY trsm;BuD;
vm0,fwm r[kwfygbl;? wcsKdU aq;qdk;yef;½dkuf puf½Hk
oabmrsKd; trSefwu,fyJ rsm;rsm;vdkvdkY vm0,fwJh
oabmrsKd; jzpfygw,f? jyZmwfpifudk Munfhcsif&ifvnf;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
74
om"k vl0g;0w,f
vdkufjyyghr,f? uRefawmf avQmufwJh ayt&Snf[mvnf;
twdtusjzpfaMumif; tpfudkBuD; odapcsifygw,f}
þwGif OD;pD;refae*smonf cJwHwpfacsmif;jzifh xdkxdk
þþ jcpfaeNyD;rS
]at;av? 'Dwpfcgawmh ay;vdkufr,f? ESpftkyfavmuf
aygh}
]ravmufygbl;cifAsm? trSef ravmufvdkY ajymwmyg?
av;tkyfawmh}
]r&bl;av ESpftkyfyJ} [k ajymajymqdkqdk avQmufvTm
wGif ESpftkyftwGufom a&;csNyD; om"kudk vSrf;ay;&if;u
]'DrSmaemf? ckwpfcg avQmufvdkY&w,fqdkNyD; cPcP
vmOD;rSmvm;}
om"kpdwfxJwGif xdkpum;twGuf jrufceJ jzpfoGm;rd
\/ þwpfcsDwGifrl om"kwpfa,mufxJtwGuf r[kwfbJ?
trsm;aom 0,f,lpm;oHk;olrsm;bufu &yfwnfawmhrnf?
ajymawmhrnf? olpdwfqdk;í ygrpfjyefawmif; vQifvnf;
arSmifcdkudkyif tm;ay;awmhrnf[laom qHk;jzwfcsufjzifh
]cPcP rvm&awmhbl;qkd&if 'Dta&mif;Xme[maum
'Dwpfcga&mif;NyD; ydwfvdkufawmhrSmvm;}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
75
om"k vl0g;0w,f
odkYvQif om"k ar;vkdufonfESihf ol ½kwfw&uf aMumif
oGm;onf/ om"kudkom awGí rausrcsrf; Munfhaeonf/
]pdwfr&SdygeJY cifAsmaemf? ck 'Dta&mif;XmersKd;awGrSm
ukefypönf; tNrJ&Sdaeoa&GU a&mif;csaeoa&GU 0,folawG
[m tNrJvmae&rSmyJ r[kwfvm; tpfudkBuD;? 0,folawG
vmaerSyJ 'Dvkyfief;awG vnfywfaerSmyJ r[kwfvm;cif
Asm? tJ'g aiGay;NyD; vm0,foludk rvm&bl;qdk&if}
]cifAsm;udk b,folu rvmeJYvdkY ajymovJ? cPcP
rvmzdkYom ajymwm}
]trSefwu,f vdktyfae&ifaum? trSefwu,f oHk;&if
aum? cPcP vdktyfwJh ypönf;qdk&ifaum? uRefawmfqdk
vdkwmu a&mif;ol[m 0,fol&SdrS tvkyfjzpfw,f? 0,fol
rsm;rsm;vmrS cPcPvmrSm ta&mif;wGifus,fr,f? tpdk;
&uvJ aiGjrefjrefay: jrefjrefeJY rsm;rsm;jrwfr,f? NyD;awmh}
]'g usKyfem;vnfw,f} [k ajym&if; olux&yf\/
a'gvnf; tawmfyGae\/ om"ktzdkY aemufwpfBudrf bmrQ
avQmufí &awmhrnf r[kwfonfudkvnf; om"k&dyfrdNyD;
jzpf\/
xdkYtwl oloabmaygufoGm;vQif aemifvmvwåHaom
0,fol avQmufolrsm; tqifajypdrfhaomiSm
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
76
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]tpfudkBuD;wkdYvnf; v[mjyif tpm;taomufwef;rSm
yvmwmwdkY acgufqGJwkdY pm;avh&Sdygvdrfhr,f? tJ'Dw½kwf
awG ukvm;awGuawmh cPcP vmrpm;&bl;vdkY tpfudk
BuD; tajymcH&zl;w,fqdk&ifawmh ck uRefawmf ajymwmawG
rSm;oGm;NyDaygh? awmif;yefygw,f}
]vlwdkif;udk r,HkEdkifbl;As? arSmifcdk a&mif;pm;rSmpdk;vdkY
ajymaewm}
raeYutwdkif;yif pum; rqHk;wqHk;ESifh tjcm;tcef;
wpfcef;odkY 0ifoGm;avawmh\/
odkYaomf þ ]odkYaomf} um; tvGeftzdk;wefaom odkY
aomfjzpfacs\/ taMumif;aomfum; ½kyf&Sifvkyfief;wdkYrnf
onfrSm awmif;pkwf yvHk;pkwfrStp vdktyfvS\/ wpfcg
wpf&H acwfay: vQyfppf wkdifuyfem&DBuD; vdktyf aeouJh
odkY wpfBudrf wpfcgwGifvnf; a&S;acwf pm;yGJwifem&D
ta[mif;rsKd; vdkwwfonf/ wpfcgu aomufa&tdk;wif
aom a'gufpifr&Sdí ½kyf&Sif½dkuf wpf&uf ysufcJh&zl;\/
tqdkyg refae*smBuD;ESifh uawmufuqjzpfcJhNyD; rMum
rDrSmyif ara';jyZmwf u&eftwGuf apmif? jcifaxmif?
tdyf&mcif;ponfrsm; ta&;wBuD; vdktyfaeonf/ apw
emh0efxrf; udk,fhp&dwfESifhudk,f ujy&rnfjzpfí tjyifaps;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
77
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ESifh 0,f&efrSmvnf; teifhom;ay;&rnfjzpfí &vdk&jim;
uHw&m;xm;í ,if; refae*smxHodkYyif avQmufvTma&;í
wynfhwpfa,mufudk vTwfvdkuf&m avQmavQmvQLvQLyif
0,fcGifhjyKvkduf\/
om"k om"k? aumif;avpG aumif;avpG/

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
78
om"k vl0g;0w,f
cifAsm; vl0g;0rSmpdk;vdkY
om"k tvGefcspfaom ociftcsKdUonf *syefacwfu

[efjy&&SdcJhaom twkta,mif tmPm rjzpfpavmuf
uav;udkyif rjrifzl;í rl;jrpfxifum tBuD;tus,f b
0ifudkif aeMuaomaMumifh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk pdwfysuf
NyD; (EdkifiHa&;udkrl toufESifhxyfwl cspf\/) cyfat;at;
yif ylwlwl;aygif'g vkyfa&mif;aecJh\/
xrif;? vufzuf&nf? pGyfus,f wpfywfEGrf;u tp
wzGzG tvªcHavh&Sdaom ociftcsKdUyifvQif &mZ0wftkyf
av; tp ½Hk;trIxrf;av;tp jzpfvmonfESifh om"kudk
awGUonfudkyif rjrif[ef aqmifoGm;wwfMuonf/ yuf
yif;wdk;aeaom tcgrsm;wGifvnf; pum;[[ rajym/
xdkvdk ocifrsm;teuf &mxl;BuD;olrsm;u ydkíqdk;onf/
tmPmrsm;rsm;&Sdav rsm;rsm; tzufrvkyfcsifMuav jzpf
ukefMuonf/
q&mBuD; ocifudk,fawmfrdIif; wpfcgu ajymzl;onf/
xkdwpfcgu qdkonfrSm ta&G;cH&aom vTwfawmf
trwf ocifrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;Muaom tcgujzpf\/ t"d
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
79
om"k vl0g;0w,f
u taMumif;t&if;rSm jynfolwdkY\ tcGefaiGudk acRwm
aomtm;jzifh vnf;aumif;? ydkaomaiGudk tjcm;ae&m
vlxktusKd;twGuf oHk;Edkif&ef vnf;aumif;? ociftrwf
rsm;u vcr,l&ef aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwf twnfjyKaomumv?
ociftrwfrsm;uvnf; vpmr,lbJ aeMurnf[k uwd
jyKaom tcsdeftcgor,/ ,if;tcgu ajymzl;onfrSm
]at;? wdkYocifawG ckawmh tawmf[kwfwmyJ? 'gay
r,fh 'DaumifawG odyfawmh pdwfrcs&ao;bl;? 0efBuD;av;
bmav; jzpfNyD;rS olwdkYpdwfxm; trSefudk od&rSm? b,fol
aqmifh<um;<um; jzpfvmrvJ qdkwm}
q&mBuD;xifonfh (EdkifiHa&;aA'if a[mvdkufonfh)
twkdif;yif uGufwd rSefaeonfudk *syefacwfu vufawGU
odvkduf&acs\/ (txufyg 'kwd,tydk'ftwdkif;/)
vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;p wpfaeYwGif om"konf a&Twd*Hk
bk&m;vrf; usm;ul;uGufopf&Sd wJwpfvHk;wGif pmyHkESdyf½dkuf
aeonfhtcdkuf ]vJNAD;wyf} ,leDazmif;jzifh t&m&Sdwpf
a,muf aygufvmonf/ olYaemufwGif i,fom;wyfom;
&m;xl;tqifhqifhwdkY oHk;av;a,mufvnf; ygvmonf/
½kwfw&uf ol rrSwfrd/ b,folygvdrfh[k tuJcwf&if;
ukvm;xkdifrsm; xkwfay;vdkufonf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
80
om"k vl0g;0w,f
om"krSm yHkESdyfpuf ½dkufaeqJwef;vef;u xí {nfhcH&
aomaMumifh wpfudk,fvHk; ayusHaeonfESifh vufaq;&ef
tvSnhfvdkufwGif
]a[h? xkdifygOD;uG}
xdktoHaMumifh jyefvSnfhtMunfhwGif xkdt&m&Sd\
tNyHK;udk jrifvkduf&rS a&eHoydwf ta&;awmfyHk twGif;u
om"kwdkY a&eHoydwfwyfBuD; csDvmpOf o&ufNrdKUrS vdkuf
vmaom ocifwpfa,muf jzpfaeonfudk od&\/ xdkpOf
u tvGef½dk;aom at;aom? odrfarGUvSaom ocifwpfOD;
jzpfvsuf om"kwdkYESihftwl ykPÖu ocifxGef;pdef wdkYrSm
wwGJwGJjzifh tvGef cspfcifcJhMuonf/ wpfOD;udk wpfOD;
av;pm;Muonf/
,ckrl olu
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wpfrsKd;jzpf oGm;onf/
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ocifoufwif ajymvdkufrS rif;'DrSmaeaMumif; od&vdkY ig
vmcJhwmyJ}
om"kwpfudk,fvHk; usifoGm;onf/ olonf a&eHoydwf
wpfavQmufvHk; tNyHK;ESifh El;nHhodrfarGUcJhonf/ olYxuf
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
81
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ig;ESpfcefYi,faom rif;bl;rSvdkufvmonfh ocifodef;av;
qdkoludkyif ]cifAsm;? uRefawmf? [kwfuJh} ponfjzifh aysmh
aysmif;cJhygvsuf? om"kudk ydkí av;pm;cJhygvsuf? tb,f
aMumifh rif;awG igawGESifh pum;rdkufvHk; BuD;aeonfrod?
olYxuf q,fjyefruaom acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;? 0efBuD;
rsm;yifvQif om"ktm; þvdk &ifh&ifhoD;oD; pum;vHk;roHk;/
]at;? ig'DrSmaeaMumif; rif;odNyD? odvdkY vmNyD? igeJY
vnf;awGUNyD? uJ rif;ighudk bmajymcsifovJ? ajymNyD;&if
jyef? ig tvkyf&Sdao;w,f}
odkYvQif om"kuvnf; cyf&ifh&ifh oHk;vdkufaomaMumifh
ol tawmfBuD; rsufESmysufoGm;onf/ olESifh ygvmolrsm;
vnf; tHhtm;oifhukefMuonf/ uG,f&mwGif olu olYi,f
om;rsm;tm; rnfodkYrnfyHk avvHk;xGm;cJhonfudk awG;p&m
rvdk/ ,if;wdkY\ trlt&mtm;jzifh odomaeNyDjzpf\/
ol½kwfw&uf bmrQqufrajymEdkif? vufudkifyk0gxkwf
acR;okwfjzifh ajym&rnfhtaMumif;t&m &Smaeonf/
]'DrSm&JabmfwdkY? oleJY uRefawmfeJYu a&eHoydwfrSm t
wlwl taocHAdkvf vkyfcJhMuwmaygh? ocifbdk;vSBuD;NyD;&if
ykPÖuocif xGef;pdef? aemuf uRefawmf? uRefawmfNyD;&if
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
82
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ocifwifOD;? tJ aemufawmh olaygh? olu yOörwyfAdkvf
qdkygawmh}
om"kvnf; xkdodkYyif olESifhygvmaom i,fom;rsm;
bufodkY vSnhfí ajymjyvdkuf\/ olydkí rsufESmysufoGm;
onf/ aemuf tjcm;aom tvkyftudkif taMumif;rsm;
avmufom ajymNyD; vJNAD;t&m&Sd xjyefoGm;avawmhonf
[l\/ (vJNAD;wyfqdkonfrSm z q y v wdkY\ cg;ydkuf
aqmif vufeufudkifwyfzGJU? rMumcPvnf; trnfajymif;
onf/)
xdkaeYu olwdkY jyefoGm;NyD;aemuf tvkyfvkyf&onfrSm
rajzmifh jzpfae\/
om"kaeaom usm;ul;&yfuGuf qdkonfrSm ppfab;
aMumifh te,fe,frS ajy;vmMuaom 'ku©onfu vl
trsm;pkjzpfonf/ vlaygif;pHk? e,faygif;pHk jzpfívnf;
p½dkufaygif;pHk &SdMuonf/ tcsKdUu ,Ofaus;NyD; tcsKdUu
tvGefrdkuf½dkif;Muonf/ om"kxuf i,foltcsKdUu om"k
tm; ]rif;-ig} toHk;tEIef;omru wdkif;xGmíyif ajym
wwfMuaomfvnf; olYp½dkufESifhol jzpfaomaMumifh om"k
pdwfrqdk;Edkif? rauseyfu aemufxyf ta&mr0ifbJ ae
vdkuf½Hkom&Sdonf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
83
om"k vl0g;0w,f
rdkufuef;wwfol? qufvuf rdkufuef;aeonfudk bm
ajym&ef vdkawmhoenf;? tvGef,Ofaus; odrfarGUcJholu
rdkufuef;vmonfudkrl om"k onf;rcHEdkif? odkY onf;rcHEdkif
onfh taMumif;&if;rsm;xJwGif olYtwGuf ,lusKH;r& jzpfrd
jcif;vnf;ygonf/
owåavmuBuD;wGif tqdk;csnf;vnf; r&Sd? taumif;
csnf;vnf; r&Sd? tqdk;ESifhtaumif; tNrJ 'GefwGJaeonf[k
om"kwdkY\ ukd;uG,fqnf;uyf&m a*gwrbk&m;u a[mjy
oGm;onf/
wpfaeYaom aeYv,fydkif;tcsdef txufyg usm;ul;
&yfuGufrSmyif? yHkESdyfpuf ½dkufaepOfrSmyif om"kwJa&SU
yvufazmif;odkY um;teufuav; wpfpD; qdkufvmojzifh
om"k *½kwpdkuf Munfhaerdonf/ um;rSm 0efBuD;rsm;om
trsm;tm;jzifh pD;aom ]0DpvDum;} jzpfí om"kxHodkY
yHkESdyfvkyfief; wpfckcktyf&ef vmoavm}? ]vmwwfMu
onfrSm tdrfwuf r*FvmqGrf;auR;? vk&m;taeuZmwif?
xdrf;jrm;r*Fvm ponfh zdwfMum;pmrsm; tyfESH&ef} ,ck
vnf; odkYyif xifvdkufrd\/
xl;jcm;onfum; ,ckvm&yfonfhum;rSm tcgwdkif;u
uJhodkYr[kwf? vufeufudkif oufawmhfapmifhrsm; ygvm
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
84
om"k vl0g;0w,f
onf/ ¤if;wkdYu yxrqif;NyD; um;aemufwHcg;udk zGifhay;
vdkuf&m acgif;aygif;ESifh wkdufyHkESifh tcefYom; vlykyk wpf
a,muf qif;vmonfudk awGU&ojzifh om"k ydkí tuJ
cwfMunfh aerdonf/
0efBuD;rsm;vm;? ighrdwfaqG 0efBuD;awGqdkvnf; ighqD
rvmzl;Muygbl;/
xdkolvnf; um;ay:rSqif;NyD; om"kwJodkY OD;wnf
avQmufvmjyef aomaMumifh
]0efBuD; qdk&avmufatmifvnf; 'Davmuf ykwJhvl
0efBuD;tzGJUxJygwm rMum; rjrifrdygbl;}
xkdtawG;rsm; vQyfjyufovdk wpfuGufNyD;wpfuGuf
ay:vmcdkuf xdkvl om"k wJ0a&mufrSyif
][m a[;? cifAsm; b,fvdkjzpfvmwmvJ}
om"k xkdrQom a&&GwfEdkifonf/ wpdwfvHk;vnf; tHh
tm;oifhjcif;jzifh rtm;rvyf awGaeonf/ om"krSmvnf;
xHk;pHtwkdif; yHkESdyfrif? a&eHqD? pufqDwdkYjzifh aya&um
pGyfus,fpkwf? abmif;bDwdk uydku½dkESifh npfayaeonf
udkyif xkdvlu r&GHr&Sm om"kvufarmif; ESpfbufudk qkyf
udkif&if;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
85
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]'DrSm? 'DrSm ocifazoef;&JU ck uRefawmf 0efBuD;jzpfvm
NyD}
olonf om"kudk udkifxm;onfh vufwpfbufudk
jzKwfum vufrjzihf olY&ifnGefYudk axmufjy&if; ajymae
onf/ odkYaomf olYtrlt&mwGif b0ifudkifí rmeaxmif
vmonfh toGifrsKd;r&Sd/ nDtpfudkcsif; pmar;yGJatmif
ojzifh 0rf;omtm;& vm<um;onfh t&dyfvu©PmrsKd; jzpf
\/
olum; tjcm;olr[kwf? þpmtkyfwpfae&mwGif azmfjy
xm;aom csif;ArmnDvmcHodkY twloGm;cJhMuonfh ocif
vGif jzpfacs\/ xdktcsdefu pkwfjywf aya&aeaom om"k
tm; w&if;wESD; ,ckuJhodkY zufvSJwuif; ajymqdkjyKrlae
onfudk olYoufawmfapmifhrsm;a&m ywf0ef;usifuyg w
tHhwMo ai;armaeMu\/
]aeprf;ygOD; b,fwkef;u 0efBuD; jzpfvdkufwmvJ?
owif;rMum; bmrMum;eJY}
]'DaeYyJAs? rsufpdvnf vrf;rSm;NyD; 0efBuD;jzpfoGm;w,f?
ckyJ usrf;usdef NyD;jyefvmwm? tdrfawmif jyefra&mufao;
bl;? 0efBuD; ylylaEG;aEG;b0eJY yxrqHk;awGUwm cifAsm;yJ?
wrifhudk cifAsmhqD vmawGUwm}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
86
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]tJ? vm&wJhtaMumif;u}
]bmtaMumif;rS r&Sdbl;? wrifoufoufudk cifAsmhqD
OD;OD;zsm;zsm; vmEIwfqufwm? cifAsm; vl0g;0rSmpdk;vdkY}
om"ku&,fí
]bmudk vl0g;0&rSmvJ}
]cifAsm;u ,Hk&wmr[kwfbl;? vlawmxJayr,fh pdwf
rxif&if pGyfajymwwfw,f r[kwfvm;}
NydKifwl &,frdMu&mrS ododomom rsm;vmaom ywf
0ef;usif vlxkudk om"k tuJhcwfvdkufrd\/ olwdkYvnf;
&,faeMuonf/ om"kwdkY MunfEl;ovdk olwdkYvnf; a0pk
,lum MunfEl;aeMuonf/
]uJ b,fvkdvJ jyefawmhrvdkYvm; xdkifOD;avAsm}
]'DvdkeJY b,fjyefvdrfhrvJ? {nfhonfvmwm wpfckck
awmh auR;rSayghAsm}
]'gjzifh vufzuf&nfvm; aumfzDvm;}
]uRefawmfh &JabmfawGtwGufyJ vufzuf&nf vkyfAsm?
b,frvJ q&mraum}
ar;&if;ajym&if;yif ocifvGifvnf; tv,fcef;wGif
armif0PÖudk EdkYwdkufaeonfh rcifndKtm; EIwfqufpum;
ajymae\/ om"kuvnf; wynfhausmf armifarmifvS
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
87
om"k vl0g;0w,f
(,ck umvmarmifarmifvS) tm; vufzuf&nf rSmcdkif;NyD;
tv,fcef;odkY 0ifoGm;&m ocifvGif r&Sdawmhacs/ aemuf
az;buf 0ifoGm;onfqdkojzifh vdkufoGm;onfwGif 0efBuD;
wpfa,muf taejzifh jyKrlvdrfhrnf[k rarQmfvifhrdaom
tjzpfrsKd;ESifh BuHKvdkuf&acsawmh\/
om"k bmrQrajymbJ &yfMunfhaeonf/ acgif;aygif;p
wvlvljzifh 0efBuD;aygufp ocifvGifonf aMumiftdrfudk
zGifhí yef;uefjym;wpfcsyf qGJ,lum xrif;tkd;zGifhNyD; xrif;
xnfhonf/ aemuf ',ftdk;xJrS bJOvHk;aMumf qDjyefwpf
vHk;ESifh tESpftenf;i,f cyfxnfhum aMumiftdrfzGifhjyef
onf/ ig;yd&nfESpfZGef; cyfxnfhNyD; vSnfhtvmwGif om"k
ESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkifrdMuonfwGif om"ktm; NyHK;MunfhNyD;
xrif;ESifh [if;a&m ig;yd&nfyg tm;yg;w& a&me,fae
onf/ xrif;wpfvkwf olYyg;pyfxJ oGwfoGif;vdkufpOf
]ajyma&mayghAsm? cl;cyfay;rSmaygh} [k om"ku ajym&if;
armif0PÖwdkY tartm; vSrf;ac:vdkuf&m
]rac:eJY q&mrudk ajymNyD;rS uRefawmfh[muRefawmf
vmcl;pm;wm? cgwdkif;vJ uRefawmfvm&if 'DvdkyJ cl;cyf
pm;csif pm;wmyJ r[kwfvm;? q&mr ausmif;oGm;aewJh}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
88
om"k vl0g;0w,f
om"kwdkYtm; vSrf;í jrifae&aom ae&mwGif vufzuf
&nf aomufaeMuaom oufawmfapmifh &JabmfwdkYrSm
vnf; ydkí uJí tHhMoai;arm&if; wpfa,mufrsufESm wpf
a,mufMunfhaeMu\/
]uJ vmAsm? tdrfa&SUrSm xdkifpm;}
om"ku ykyk0efBuD;udk qGJac:vmNyD; tdrfa&SU{nfhcef;odkY
ac:vmaomfvnf; ukvm;xkdifwGif rxdkif? puúLxkyfrsm;
yHkxm;onfh uGyfyspfay:wufí aqmifhaMumifhBuD; xdkifpm;
aejyef&mrS om"ku wpfpHkwpf&m ajymawmhrnfudk odoGm;
onfhES,f
]bmvJAs? awmtvªrSm xkdifpm;aewJh awmolBuD;eJY wl
raebl;vm;? cifAsm;ajymrSm uRefawmf odygw,fAsm}
xdktcdkuf q&mrxGufvmNyD;
]tdk} [k a&&GwfvdkufonfESifh
]r[kwfbl; q&mr&JU? xrif;eJY[if;eJY ckvdkyHkNyD; pm;
w,fqdkwm 'Dtwdkif; xdkifpm;rS tm;&yg;& &Sdw,fAs}
qkdufqdkufNrdKufNrdKuf om"kESifhrS BuHKvdkuf&aom 0efBuD;
aygufp ocifvGif\ &,fp&m jzpf&yfwpfckvnf; &Sdacs
ao;\/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
89
om"k vl0g;0w,f
txufygt& om"ktdrfwGif xrif;cl;pm;oGm;NyD;aemuf
wpfywfavmuftMumwGif yHkESdyfpufudpöjzifh twGif;0ef½Hk;
odkYtoGm; vefjcm;wpfpD;u a&SUrSjzwfajy;vmaom uav;
wpfa,mufudk ta&SmifvdkufwGif om"kum;ESifh bGm;ceJ
wdkufrdawmh\/ om"k um;armif;vQif tvGefowdxm;
avh&SdonfESifhtnD uav;udk BudKjrifuwnf;u t&Sdef
owfxm;cJhíom vefjcm;udk wdk;rd½Hkwdkufrdonf/ t&Sdef
rjyif;aomfvnf; vefjcm;qGJol ukvm;rSm tbdk;BuD;jzpfí
rxdef;Edkif r[efEdkifjzpfum vefjcm;rSm aemufodkY yufvuf
vefaxmifaeNyD; vefjcm;ukvm;onfvnf; vrf;ESifhajc
axmuf oHk;ayavmuf vGwfNyD;ajrmufaeojzifh om"k cyf
okwfokwf ajy;qif;oGm;\/ avxJwGif ajrmufaeaom
vefjcm;bufrS ckefí vufwHudk qGJcdkaqmifhcsvdkufrS vef
jcm;rSm yHkrSeftajcodkY a&mufoGm;pOf
][m ocifazoef;}
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]aeOD;? uRefawmfvnf; vdkufr,f}
zdkifwGJudk csKdif;Mum;n§yfí vefjcm;ay:rS vTm;ceJqif;?
ukvm;udk ydkufqHay;? om"kum;ay:odkY cyfat;at; wuf
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
90
om"k vl0g;0w,f
vmaom ocifvGiftm; 0efBuD;wpfa,muf[k &yfMunfhae
oltcsKdUu odí NyHK;aphaph jzpfaeMu\/
]at;Asm? 'DaeY um;uvnf ysufae? ½Hk;rSmuvJ ta&;
BuD;wJhudpöawG &SdaewmeJY vefjcm;yJ pD;cJh&w,f}
]bmvJAs? ta&;rBuD;&ifawmh vefjcm;vnf; rpD;bl;?
½Hk;vnf; rvmawmhbl;vm;}
]vkyfNyD cifAsm;? uJ ½Hk;udkvdkufydkY? [dka&muf&if vuf
zuf&nfwkdufr,f}

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
91
om"k vl0g;0w,f
tvkyfESifh vl0g;0vQif
odNyD;jzpfMuonfh twdkif;yif aysmhnHhnhH cyfat;at;

avajyuav;xkd;um &mxl;onfom t"duxm;aeMu
aom olYuRefb0 EdkifiHa&;acwfwGif 0kef;ceJ 'dkif;ceJ &J&J
awmuf a<u;aMumfoHjzifh ]wdkYArm tpnf;t½Hk;} [lí ay:
aygufvmaomtcg EdkifiHa&;avmuomru yk'kr®mtuÐs
wpfxnf? vifrepf xbDwpfuGif;? y0gwpfydkif;? ay:
yvif wkdufyHkwpf0wfpm? c½kyav uyfvHkcsnfwpfxnfESifh
&SyftuÐs&vQif a&G;aumufyGJ rJxnfh&ef vdkufwwfMuaom
t&yfom;avmuwGifyif tjyif;txef vIyf&Sm;oGm;cJh\/
avajyuav; wjznf;jznf; wdkufae&mrS rodrom
wtDtD jyif;vmrnf? aumif;uif taetxm;? taoG;
ta&mifyg ajymif;vJvmrnf qdkygu urÇmhenf;t& vnf;
aumif;? Armhenf;t& vnf;aumif; avrkefwdkif;us rnf
avm? avoif"kef;avm? av0Juawmhavm ponfjzifh
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
92
om"k vl0g;0w,f
BudKwiftuJ cwfEdkifMuonf/ aemuf ava&mrdk;yg tjyif;
txef wdkufcwfvmonfhwkdifatmif xdwfvefY pdk;&GHUrIonf
vnf; olYt&SdefESifhol jzpfcJhí tawmftwef cHomrnf/
wkdYArmtpnf;t½Hk;[lí ay:vmonfrSmum; avrqif
toGifaomfrS rjybJ 'dkif;ceJY ay:vmaom rdkifwpf&m
EIef;ru jyif;xefvSonfh rkefwdkif;ozG,f aMumufcref;
vdvd &SdvSacs\/
rjrif rod rMum;rdao;olwdkY oabmayguf acgufrd
ap&ef xyfrH azmfjy&aomf xdkpOftcdkufu tkyfpdk;Muol
t*FvdyfwkdYtm; ]t&Sif ocif} [k ac:a0:orkwf vuftkyf
csDaeMucsdef? wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;0ifrsm;u emrnf xdyfwGif
]ocif} wyfvdkufaomtcg t&Sifocif[k tac:cH&onf
udk t&om awGUaeMuaom t*Fvdyfrsm;onf vnf;
aumif;? olwdkY\ vufyg;ap Armt&m&Sdrsm;onf vnf;
aumif; atmifhoufoufESifh ysm,mcwfukef Muawmh\/
olwdkYwpfawGtm; ]ocif} [k qufqH ac:a0:jcif;udkyif
wm;jrpfvmMu\/ ociftrnfaMumifh yGJOD;xGuf tjrwf
xGufvm\/
]ukd,fhypönf;udk "m;jywdkufcH&wJhtcg rsufESmcsKdaoG;NyD;
vufjzefYawmif;vdkY b,fawmhrS jyefr&bl;? wdkuf,l&r,f/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
93
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ck jrefrmjynfudk t*Fvdyfu "m;jywdkuf ,lxm;w,f? tJ'g
bmvkyfMurvJ} [laom w&m;a[moHonfvnf; aMumuf
zG,ftwd jzpfoGm;cJh\/
]aer0ifaom tifyg,mEdkifiHBuD;} [k urÇmwpf0uf
ausmfudk pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyf rif;vkyfaeaom a*smhbk&ifyHk wHqdyf
acgif;udkom pmtdwfwGif aZmufxdk;uyfum ]acG;acgif;
ajymif;jyef uyfvkdufonf} [k pmwef;xkd;í pmwdkufrS
xnfhvdkufaomaMumifh ocifvSarmif tzrf;cH&\/
xkdrQ jyif;xefpGm EdkifiHa&;tm;jzifh vIyf&Sm;ykwfcwf
vdkufaomaMumifh ocifvSarmif wpfa,muf oufom
awmhrnfr[kwf? ]*syefolvQKd} [laom pmtkyfudk zwfxm;
zl;onfjzpfí *syefrsm;u w½kwfjynf? udk&D;,m; ponfh
EdkifiHwdkYwGif EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;rsm;tm; rnfodkYESdyfpufyHk
udk om"k oabmaygufxm;í xkdtwdkif;yif ocifvSarmif
cH&acsawmhrnf[k awG;yl pdk;&drfrdcJhaomfvnf; t*FvdyfwdkY
onf xkdrQ r&ufpufbJ axmifcs½Hkom tjypfay;vdkuf\/
]ocifaygufp axmifajcmufv? taruarG; axmifu
auR;}
odkYtavsmufvnf; om"konf &efukefNrdKUv,f ukef
aps;wef; vrf;wGif ]&efukeftv,fydkif; wdkYArm tpnf;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
94
om"k vl0g;0w,f
t½Hk;} [lí pwifwnfaxmifpOfu tawmfav; tcuf
tcJawGUcJh&\/ xdkvrf;onf vnf;aumif;? xdkvrf; wpf
0dkufonf vnf;aumif; vufvDvufum; ukefonfyGJpm;?
olaX;rsm;\ &yfuGufjzpfaomaMumifh om"ktdrfwGif qdkif;
bkwfwifvkdufonfESifh xkdaeYrSpí om"k pm;aygufydwf
avawmh\/
tjzpfonfum; xdkpOfu om"krSm q&m0efudkjraq;
wkdufwGif vcpm;tvkyfuav;jzifh uoDvifw wpfvESifh
wpfv tvsOfrDatmif pm;ae&\/
Mum;ayguftaejzifh xdkxkdþþ ukefonfrsm;? olaX;
rsm;u ½Hk;udpö? pmwdkufudpö? oabFmqdyf? rD;&xm; ponf
rsm;udpö ac:cdkif;vQif tydk0ifaiG uav;jzifh oHk;&\/ tif;
wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk; axmifí ocifvkyfaomtcg olwdkY
wpfawGu rcdkif;csifMu/ om"kudk cdkif;vQif? ac:ajym
0ifxGuf vkyfvQif ocifawGudk tm;ay;onf[k txifvGJ
cH&rnf aMumufMu\/ om"kvnf; rlvuyif wGufNyD;
om;jzpf\/ ocifvkyfvQif tvkyfaomfvnf; jyKwfcsif
jyKwfrnf/ t&yfuvnf; aq;azmfaMumzuf vkyfaomfrS
vkyfrnf/ rnfodkYjzpfap þ epfemrnfh tcsufrsm;udk
om"k\ ,HkMunfhcsufESifh rvJEdkif/ tvkyfrSmrl rjyKwf½Hkom
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
95
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ru q&m0ef udkjraq;wdkufydkif&Sif OD;at;ausmfu vcyif
wdk;ay;vdkufao;onf/ &efyHkaiGvnf; usdwfí ay;onf/
tjcm;aom ukefonf olaX;wdkYuaomf &GHU&GHUt,ft,f jzpf
ukefMuonf/
pifppf rvG,fvS/ ociftpnf;t½Hk; pwifxlaxmifp
u ausmif;om; oli,fcsif;tcsKdUESifh aowÅmvkyfaom
vuform;? pufcsKyfol ponfjzifh vufwpfqkyfpmrQom
ygonf/ odkYwdkifatmifvnf; 0ifaMu; wpfrwf ray;Edkif
Muojzifh om"ku pdkuf&onf/ pmtkyfpmwrf; ponfh vdk
tyfaom ypönf;rsm; 0,f&ef aiGr&Sd/ &mbmwHqdyfwHk;yif
rvkyfEdkifao;/
om"k iSm;aeaom tdrfrSm wpfv 22 usyfcGJ ay;&NyD;
&yfuGuf bmoma&;toif;wpfckrS ypönf;tcsKdUxm;ctjzpf
wpfv 10 usyf ay;onf/ wkdYArm tpnf;t½Hk; qdkif;bkwf
wifaomtcg xdkbmoma&;toif;u ]tpdk;& txif
vGJrnf pdk;onf} [k taMumif;jyum tjcm;odkY ypönf;rsm;
a&GUoGm;ojzifh om"kwGif jyóem wuf&jyef\/
&HyHkaiG &Sm&ayawmhrnf/ tvªvdkufcHjyefvnf; ocifqdk
vQif cspfaomfvnf; wpfzufrS NidKjiifrnfudk aMumufí
&J&J0Hh0Hh ay;vªMurnf r[kwf/ oabmaygufatmif ajym
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
96
om"k vl0g;0w,f
a[m tvªcHvQif tenf;tusOf; tm;emyg;em ay;Murnf/
odkYaomf tcsdefukefrnf? tmaygufatmif ajym&rnf/
om"k tBuHwpfck&vmonf/ om"kESifhcifaom om"kudk
cspfaom odrfBuD;aps;olaX;\ wlawmfol\ tultnDjzifh
trdIufusKH;aom vSnf;? wHjrufpnf;? jcif;awmif;rsm;
odrfBuD;aps;rS acwåiSm;NyD; wpfaeYaom tm;vyf&ufü
vrf;xJ&Sd tjrifrawmfaomtrdIufrsm; awmif;pkwf aowÅm
ysufrsm;udk &Sif;vif; vSnf;usif;Mu\/ a&0yfaeaom
csKdifhrsm;rS a&rsm; cyfxkwf jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfMu\/ jrLtzGJUrS
aeYpOf wHjrufpnf;vSnf;aomfvnf; vrf;rSm ukefonf
&yfuGuf jzpfaomaMumifh tcsdef&Sdoa&GU puúL? aumuf½dk;?
zuf? vTpm ponfwdkYjzifh tNrJvdkvdk yGaewwf\/
xdkaeYu om"kwdkY ocif ocifrwpfpk trdIufvSnf;Mu
onfudk &yfuGufu tvGefauseyfoGm;Muum BuH&nf0,f
wdkufMuonf/ tcsKdUu EdkYxrif;usKdí auR;onf/ tcsKdUu
vnf; rkefY0,fpm;Mu? vufzuf&nf aomufMu[kqdkum
ig;rl;wpfusyf ay;Muonf/ xkdaiGrsm;udk tm;vHk; oabm
wl ocif&efyHkaiGtjzpf odrf;xm;Muonf/
om"kwdkY e,fcsJUMuavNyD/ aemuf tm;vyf&yfrsm;wGif
ukefaps;wef; omruawmhbJ tjcm;aom 25 v rf;? 26
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
97
om"k vl0g;0w,f
vrf;? 27 vrf; tjyif odrfBuD; aps;odkYygoGm;MuNyD;
wHjrufpnf; vSnf;Muonf/ trdIufusKH;Muonf/ aya&
aeaom qdkif;bkwfawGUorQ aq;aMumay;jcif; zkefcgjcif;
rsm; jyKvkyfay;Muonf/ odkYaomf a,mifírQ tvªrcHMu?
apwemESifh auR;onfudkom pm;í arwÅmjzifh ay;aomaiG
udkom vufcHNyD; &efyHkaiGpkMu&mrS Mumaomf qif;&Jaom
ocif ocifrrsm;udkyif yifeDtuÐsrsm; csKyfay;Edkifonf
txd aiGawmifhvm½Hkomruao;/ om"kwdkYvkyfaqmifcsuf
udk tm;usvmMuonfhtwdkif; vlwef;pm;wdkif; MunfEl;
vufcHvmonfh vkyfief;jzpfí wpfaMumif; pdwfyg 0ifpm;
vmMuum ocif[lpdef (,ck armifaxmfav;vrf;xdyf?
[dkw,f 'DpD;wD; ydkif&Sif)? ociftvD (odrfBuD;aps; owif;
pmudk,fpmvS,f)? ociftusKwf (,ck vl0ifrIBuD;Muyf
a&;)? ocif&zpf (odrfBuD;aps;xdyf opfoD;qdkif olaX;
om;) ponfjzifh tawmfrsm;rsm;yif ocif tpnf;t½Hk;
0ifrsm; jzpfvmMuonf/
ociftpnf;t½Hk; pwifuwnf;u yg0ifcJhaom ukef
aps;wef;OD;ndK? a':rdk; ydk;xnfqdkifydkif&Sif om;rsm;jzpfonfh
ocifudkudkBuD; (,ck &efukef rD;&xm;½Hk; aiGpm&if;Xme?
OD;udkudkBuD;)? ocifwifarmif (,ck ukefoG,fa&; 18)
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
98
om"k vl0g;0w,f
OD;oef;xGef; wdkYuvnf; xD;? qyfjym olaX;tD;pDr'g;om;
rsm; ociftufpfpDr'g;? ociftufpftD;r'g; ponfjzifh
tpnf;t½Hk;0ifjzpfatmif pnf;½Hk;EdkifcJhMu\/ wHjrufpnf;
vSnf;&mwGifvnf; olwdkYtm;vHk; ygMuonf/
vrf;xJwGif t&if;&SiftqefqHk;? bk&ifcH eef;&if;0ef
topfvJwdkif;? ae&yfjyefMuwdkif; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; vuf
aqmifay;&onfudk tvkyfwpfck tjzpf *kPf,lavh&Sdaom
ukefonfBuD; wpfOD;onfum; ocifqdkvQif tvGef rkef;
acs\/ wpfaeYaomf om"kwdkYocifwpfpk trdIufvSJ&if;u
aya&npfywf aeaom ol\ armfawmfum;udk 0dkif;0ef;
a&aq; okwfoifaeMucdkuf ol wkdufay:rS qif;tvmESifh
BuHKoGm;um tvGefMunfEl;tm;&aom tNyHK;jzifh om"kudk
ac:um aiGESpfusyf xkwfay;\/ xdkpOfu ESpfusyfonf
pGyfus,ftuÐs &SpfxnfESifh nDrQ\/
aemufydkif;wGif ocifrsm;tay: apwemjyif;jyvmol
rsm;ü OD;qif a':aX;\om; OD;armifarmif? pdefb&m;om;
OD;xGef;pdefwdkYvnf; yg0if\/ txufyg ukefonfBuD;rsm;
aiGESpfusyfvªonfhudpö OD;armifarmifwkdYtm; ajymjyvdkufzl;
&m wpfnaewGif om"kwdkYocifrsm; tcgtm;avsmfpGm vdk
tyfvQif vdktyfoavmuf ulnDwwfol OD;bdk;Nidrf; ukrÜPD
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
99
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ydkif&Sif OD;oH'dkif\ qdkiftwGif;0,f OD;armifarmifESifhtwl
apmapmu a&;cJhonfh ocifrkef;ol aiGESpfusyftvª&Sif
olaX;wdkY jrLa&G;aumufyGJudpö wdkifyifaqG;aEG; aeMu&mrS
pum;pyfrdoGm;Muum OD;armifarmifu
]b,fhES,fvJAs? cifAsm; ocifawG rkef;w,f? tjrif
uwfw,feJY aiGESpfusyfawmh tvªygoGm;NyD r[kwfvm;}
[k ar;vkduf&m
]at;Asm? [dkacG;aumif ocifazoef;av;? usKyfpdwf
"mwfudk tvkyfeJY tEkdif,loGm;w,f}
ol\ aemufausmbuf cyfvSrf;vSrf;wGif olrkef;aom
ocifazoef;av; (om"k) wpfa,muf a&0ifaomufae
onfudkum; olrjrif/

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
100
om"k vl0g;0w,f
om"k xGufw,f
om"konf udk,fhpdwfukd,f odaomaMumifh toif;t

yif; [lorQwdkYwGif toif;0ifwpfa,muf taejzifh yg0if
onfxuf ab;rSom udk,fzd&ifzd aqmif&Gufwwf\/
toif;tpnf;ta0; ponfrsm;udk wufa&mufavhr&Sd/
taMumif;aomfum; toif;[lorQwGif pnf;rsOf; &Sd
onf/ toif;vlBuD;rsm;? trIaqmifrsm;onf trsm;tm;
jzifh pnf;rsOf;udk ab;csdwfNyD; xif&mpGwfvkyfwwfMuonf
udk ab;rS Mum;&½HkESifhyif om"k tom;rsm;wkefvm wwf
onfjzpf&m tpnf;ta0;om wufrdygu om"k pdwfxdef;
Edkifawmhrnf r[kwfay/
om"k 12 ESpfom; t&G,favmufuwnf;u ukefaps;
wef;0ef;usif&Sd &yf&GmvlBuD;rsm; wnfaxmif xm;aom
]&efukefNrdKUr A[dkt½kPfqGrf;awmftoif;} [lí &SdcJh&mwGif
paeaeY naewdkif; odrfBuD;aps;wpf0dkufodkY qGrf;cHxGufMu
onf/ we*FaEGaeY eHeufwGif a&Twd*Hk apwDawmfü
t½kPfqGrf; uyfMuonf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
101
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ESpfpOfvnf; ESpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0; usif;yum
trIaqmifopfrsm; jyefvnf a&G;aumufMuonf/ xkdtcg
rsm;ü tjcm;aom vli,frsm;ESifhtwl om"k vdkufygí
a0,m0pö vkyfay;onf/ tpm;taomufrsm; csay; o,f
ay;? yef;uefrsm;yg 0dkif;aq;ay;onf/ tvGefvnf; aysmf
p&m aumif;vSonf/ wpfa,mufwpfayguf ajymNyD;
wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf ykwfcwfonfrsm;udkvnf; Mum;
&onf/ vufoD;vufarmif; wef;onfrsm;vnf; awGU&
onf/
xdkpOfu om"krSm vli,fwpfa,mufyif jzpfaomfvnf;
,if;odkYaom jrifuGif;rsm;udk rBudKuf? tb,faMumifh[lí
rod? pdwfvnf; npf\/ bmoma&;toif; jzpfygvsuf
odkY jiif;Mu a'goxMuonfrSm tb,faMumifh[k om"k
taMumif;&SmMunfhaomtcg apwemESifh rSm;onfh udpörsm;
ESifh pdwfa&mudk,fyg rSm;onfrsm;udkvnf; awGU&\/ rnf
odkYyifjzpfap xdktrSm; ESpfrsKd;pvHk;onf Oya'ESifh qefYusif
aeonfcsnf; jzpf\/
tqdkyg toif;rSm xdkacwfpum;t& qdkaomf rsufESm
BuD;toif;yif jzpfvsuf qmjrbl;? a'gufwmat;armif
(0efBuD;a[mif;)? a':ararcif (vTwfawmf0efaxmuf)
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
102
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ponfwkdYtjyif tpdk;& txufwef; t&m&SdBuD;rsm;? xif
&Sm;aom ukefonfyGJpm;rsm;? qmOD;oGifuJhodkYaom olaX;
om;rsm;vnf; yg0ifouJhodkY tv,ftvwfwef;pm;rsm;
vnf; toif;0ifMu\/ vpOfaMu;rSm wpfvig;rl; jzpf
aomfvnf; wpfBudrfwnf; &moufyefaMu; wpf&musyf
ay;olu OD;a&rsm;\/
om"kwdkYurl toif;0ifr[kwf? 0if&efvnf; pdwfr0if
pm;apumrl om"k\ apwem vkyftm;udkMunfhí vlBuD;
rsm;u &moufyef toif;om;tjzpf tcrJh twnfjyK
vdkufMu½Hkru 16 ESpfom; t&G,favmufwGif wGJzuf
tusKd;aqmiftjzpfyif tqdkoGif; axmufcHum &mxl;tyf
vkdufMuaomaMumifh om"k raewwf rxdkifwwfatmif
pdwftdkufoGm;&awmh\/
xdkrnfaom oif;vHk;uRwf tpnf;ta0; yxrydkif;rSm
yif tpD&ifcHpmzwf? &Sif;wrf;rsm; wifjyMu&if;? tusdwf
te,f a0zefMu&mwGif wpfzufrS rlrrSefonfh tcsufrsm;
udk om"kudk,fawGU odNyD;jzpfapumrl ajymydkifcGifh vnf;r&Sd?
vli,f omrefwpfa,mufrQomvnf; jzpfaomaMumifh
NidrfaecJhum aemufydkif;ü trIaqmifopf a&G;&mwGif ]wGJ
zuftusKd;aqmif} [laom &mxl;udk om"k&vdkufonfESifh
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
103
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ajyma&;qkdcGifhvnf; &SdvmonfESifh txlojzifh rwefwq
ae&m &vdkufaomaMumifh b0ifuav;uvnf; udkifvm
aomaMumifh e*dkuvnf; jywfjywfom;om; ajymwwf
aomaMumifh
]vlBuD;rif;rsm;cifAsm; apmapmydkif;u uRefawmf[m
toif;0ifvnf; r[kwf? touftm;jzifhvnf; vlBuD;rif;
rsm;&JU om;ajr; t&G,frQomjzpfvdkYrdkY uRefawmf bmrS ajym
qdkcGifh r&SdcJhygbl;? ckawmh uRefawmf[m wGJzuf tusKd;
aqmif jzpfvmNyDrkdY enf;enf;ajymcsifygw,f? toif;BuD;
&JU ESpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0;wdkif; vdkvkdrSmyJ wpfzufeJY
wpfzuf jiif;ckefMuwm a0zefMuwm ESpfwkdif;vdkvdk Mum;
ae&ygw,f? tJ'gudk uRefawmf rSwfrdoavmuf ajym&
r,fqdk&if pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk ausmfNyD; vkyfMuvdkYyJjzpfyg
w,f? vkyfwJh yk*¾dKvfrsm;uvnf; 'gudk 0efrcHcsifMubJ
apwem½dk;eJY rSm;wmygvdkY ckcHMuygw,f? tJ'g uRefawmf
vnf; trIaqmifxJ ygaeNyDrdkY apwem½dk;eJY rSm;csifygw,f?
cGifhjyKEdkif rjyKEdkif odyg&ap}
[k xajymvdkufaomtcg a0zefolrsm;u vufckyfwD;
Muaomfvnf; trSm;jyKrdolrsm;u om"kudk a'gyGukefMuyg
awmh\/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
104
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ae&if;xdkif&if; trIaqmifrsm;wGif ygoGm;aomaMumifh
vdr®movdk raewwfaomaMumifh rkef;olaygvm&\/ xdkY
aMumifhvnf; toif;tzGJU qdkvQif om"k aMumuf\/ ab;
rSom ulnDcsif\/ ]pma&;q&m} jzpfvm aomtcgwGif
vnf; om"k at;at;aecJh\/ r&? pma&;q&mBuD;rsm;u
tp pma&;q&mtoif;odkY ZGwftwif; 0ifcdkif;Mu\/
om"k r0if? ayuyf aecJhaomfvnf; wpfaeYwGif ESpfywf
vnf nDvmcH zdwfpm a&mufvmojzifh pHkprf;Munfh&m
'*Hka&TrQm;ESifh ½Ir0OD;ausmfwdkY vufcsufjzpfaMumif; od&
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
105
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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yg}
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q&mrsm;onf ¤if;wkdY ta&G;cH&rItwGuf rJvdktyfaeojzifh
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
106
om"k vl0g;0w,f
armifxif? q&mocFg? AdkvfAudk? vSordef? a&Tydefaomif;?
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vmqGJMu\/
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awmh\/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
107
om"k vl0g;0w,f
aemifESpfwGif wpfzef uavmifeDwdkY wpfpcef; xMu
jyef\/
þwpfBudrfwGifrl ,cifESpfuuJhodkY tvHeDtkyfpk? tvH
jzLtkyfpk[lí rNydKifawmhbJ &mxl;a0,lrnfh oabmjzifh
vIyf&Sm;vmMuonf wpfaMumif;? vlBuD;ydkif; pma&;q&m
BuD;rsm;yg pdwfysufaeonf wpfaMumif;wkdYaMumifh nDvmcH
wufolOD;a&rSm ododomom enf;yg;ae\/ om"kESifh
oabmxm; wlMuol wpfpkomvQif tusdwfte,f xdef;
ae&NyD; aemufqHk;ü '*kefwm&m Ouú|jzpfoGm;um vuf0J
ESifh Mum;aetkyfpk rQae\/
a&mifpHk vuf0J pma&;q&mwdkYonf ajcukwfuav;
&vmonfqdkvQif aemifawmfh aemifawmfBuD;rsm;\ nTef
Mum;csuftwdkif; (0g) tvHjzL tvHeDwdkY\ Mo0g'twdkif;
twifh&Jvmum pma&;q&m toif;wHqdyfrSpí csKd;½kyfwdkY
tdk;ykwfwdkY vkyfcsifvm\/ [dkaxmufcH 'DuefYuGuf vkyf
vmMu\/ yxr oHk;vwGif xl;xl;jcm;jcm; oif;vHk;uRwf
nDvmcHac:um toif;wHqdyfudpö aqG;aEG;vm\/ vuf0J
EdkifiHa&;avoHrsm; rkefwdkif; xefvmojzifh
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tyif;&JU touf aoG;aMum[m pnf;rsOf;Oya'jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
108
om"k vl0g;0w,f
aoG;aMumudkawmh rjzwfMuygeJY? ck 'Dpma&;q&mtoif;&JU
pnf;rsOf;xJrSm ]toif;taeeJY EdkifiHa&;rvkyf&} vdkY twd
tvif; wm;jrpfxm;ygw,f? wpfOD;csif;taeeJYawmh awm
cdkcsif cdkMuyg? udk,fh,HkMunfcsufeJY ukd,fvkyfwmudk om"k
bmrS 0if½Iyfp&m r&Sdygbl;? pnf;rsOf;xJrSm "m;jyrwkduf&
vdkY qdkxm;&if rwdkufMuygeJY? aumif;NyD "m;jywdkufcsifMu
ovm;? trsm;oabmwl pnf;rsOf;udkjyifyg? ]"m;jywdkuf
vlowf jyefay;qGJcGifh&Sdonf} tJ wkdufMuyg? BudKufovdk
vkyfMuyg}
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vnf; rJtjynfh r&EdkifrSef; odMuí pnf;rsOf;udk ab;csdwf
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onfESifh jywfjywfom;om; om"kvnf; xdktpnf;ta0;
wGif twdtvif; aMunmNyD; pma&;q&mtoif;rS wpfcg
wnf; EkwfxGufvdkuf aom[l\/

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
109
om"k vl0g;0w,f
[Hom0wDowif;pm om"k w&m;pGJrnf
vGefcJhaom ESpf 30 cefYavmufu om"kwpfa,muf

pma&;q&m jzpfrSef;rod jzpfaecsdefumv? om"k yifudk,f
pdwf&if;twkdif; r[kwfrcH rSef&mudk tm;remwrf; ajym
wwf a&;wwfaom pdwf"mwfu jyif;xefaeonfh or,/
wpfaeYaomf eHeufapmapm owif;pm a&mufvmvm
csif; aMumfjimydkif;udk uokwfuoufvSefvdkuf\/ owif;
pmrSm [Hom0wD owif;pmjzpfvsuf xdkaeYu xkwfa0
aom tqdkyg owif;pmwGif om"k\ pmtkyfwpftkyf
aMumfjimyg&rnfhaeY jzpfí aMumfjimydkif;udk tm½Hkpdkufum
vSefvdkufjcif; jzpf\/
om"k aMumfjimudk awGU\/ awGUawGUcsif;vnf; tom;
rsm;wkefvm onftxd a'gojzpfaerd\/ taMumif;&if;
um; om"kaMumfjimwGif ]pmrsufESm 300 ausmf ESpfusyf}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
110
om"k vl0g;0w,f
[k xif&Sm;aom ESpfvdkif;pmvHk;rJjzifh azmfjy&ef jzpf &mü
owif;pmu ]pmrsufESm 30 ausmf ESpfusyf} [lí ½kyfysuf
qif;ysuf rSm;í azmfjyxm;aomaMumifh om"k tvGefpdwf
qdk;oGm;\/ ½kwfjcnf;qdkovdkyif teD;&SdtdrfrS w,fvDzkef;
aumufqufum [Hom0wDowif;pm aMumfjimXmeodkY xkd
aMumfjimtrSm;udpöudk tjypfqdk ajymjyvdkuf&mü
]'gawmh b,fwwfEkdifrvJ? pmpDXmeu rSm;wm} [k
racsriH jyefajymaomaMumifh om"k ydkí a'gyGvm\/
rSm;onfrSmvnf; cGifhvTwfEdkifzG,f&maom tao;tzGJ
trSm;rsKd;r[kwf? xdkpOfu 0w¦K? *sme,f? r*¾Zif;rsm;om
ru owif;pmrsm;yif pmrsufESm rsm;rsm; ay;Ekdifjcif;udk
a&mif;yef;tjzpf tom;,l azmfjyaecsdef jzpfonfESifh tnD
om"k\ pmtkyfaMumfjim trSm;aMumifh tb,frQ t½kyfqdk;
í tb,fodkY xdkcdkufEdkifonfudk azmfjy &Sif;vif;&efyif
rvdkawmhonfudk ,ck pm½Iol odNyD; jzpfygcsdrfhrnf/
]uJ rdwfaqG? om"k wdkwkdyJ ajymr,f? tJ'DaMumfjim
trSm;udk jyefxnfh ay;rvm;? 'grSr[kwf}
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om"kpum; rqHk;rDrSmyif olu txufygtwdkif; ajym
NyD; zkef;csoGm;aomaMumifh om"ku wkduftkyfxH zkef;ac:
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
111
om"k vl0g;0w,f
vdkuf\/ tusKd;taMumif; &Sif;jy\/ wdkuftkyfuvnf;
cyfwif;wif;yif avoHjyif;aejyef\/
]uRefawmfwkdYrSm owif;pmtvkyf jzpfvdkYrdkY tcsdefvkNyD;
vkyfae&w,f? trSm;qdkwmuawmh ygrSmyJ} [k olu
qdkacs\/
]owif;pmwdkufwpfck&JU pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufrI qkwf
,kwfrI pnf;urf;wus &SdrIawGrSm xdyfqHk;u wm0ef,l
xm;&wJh wdkuftkyftaeeJY 'Dpum;rsKd; rajymoifhbl; xif
w,f? ckvdkom aiGukefaMu;uscHNyD; aMumfjimaewJh aMumf
jim&SifawG pdwfysufavmufatmif rMumcP rSm;aer,f?
tJ'DtrSm;rsKd;udkvnf; wm0efr,lbl;qdk&if aMumfjim&SifawG
qDu 0ifaiGenf;yg;oGm;rSm rpdk;&drfbl;vm;}
[k om"ku ar;vkdufonfwGif wdkuftkyfxHwGif ½kwf
w&uf pum;oH ay:rvmao;bJ twefMumrS
]uJygAsm? trSm;jyifqifcsuf qdkwmavmufawmh jyef
xnfhay;r,f}
olqdkvdkonfh jyifqifcsufudk om"k em;vnfonf/
owif;pm\ acsmifBudKacsmifMum;wGif rxifr&Sm; tao;
qHk; pmvHk;uav;rsm;jzifh ]rnfonfh aeYxkwf rnfonfh
aMumfjimwGif pmrsufESm 30 ausmftpm; 300 ausmf[k
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
112
om"k vl0g;0w,f
jyifqif zwf½Iyg&ef} xdkrQom jzpfrnf/ ,if;jyifqifcsuf
udk awGUol y&dowfu rnfonfhaeYxkwf owif;pm [l
onfudk jyefvnf vSefavSm&SmazG wdkufqdkif zwf½Irnf
avm/ vHk;0 t&ma&mufrnf r[kwfaom jyifqifcsufudk
om"k vufrcHEdkif/
]jyifqifcsufqdkwmudk rlvaMumfjimtwdkif; pmvHk;rJeJY
xnfhay;rvm;} [k om"ku ar;&m
]'gawmh rjzpfEdkifbl;} [laom tajzESifhtwl zkef;csoGm;
onf/
om"k rauseyf/ t,f'DwmcsKyfxHodkY zkef;qufNyD;
taMumif;pHk wdkifMum;\/ olum [Hom0wD OD;xGef;azjzpf
\/ olYxHrSvnf; avoHwpfoHwnf; xGufvmjyef\/
]udkom"k cifAsm;vnf; odom;eJY? rSm;wJhtydkif;avmuf
jyifqifcsuf xnfhay;&if auseyfavmufa&maygh}
]'DrSmAs tpfudkBuD;? uRefawmfu &SpfvufrtwGuf
aMumfjimcay;NyD; xnfhcJhwm r[kwfvm;? tJ'gudk vufr
0ufavmuf jyefxnfhay;½HkeJY auseyf&r,fqdkwmawmh
aMumfjim&SifawGudk 'g oufouf tEkdifusifhwmyJ} [k
tpcsDum aMumfjim&Sifrsm;taejzifh tb,frQ epfem&onf
rsm;udk tao;pdwf &Sif;jy\/ wpfcgu ½kyf&SifaMumfjim
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
113
om"k vl0g;0w,f
wpfckwGif vwfvwfqwfqwf jyoaeqJ aMumfjimü
]jyNyD} tpm; ]NyD;NyD} [k rSm;xnfhojzifh aMumfjim&Sifü
tb,frQ xdcdkufoGm;&onf rsm;udkyg ajymjyaomfvnf;
aemifawmf owif; pmq&mBuD;rSm owif;pmbufrSom
vQifjrifaeNyD; xHk;pHtwdkif; owif;pmbufrSyif taMumuf
tuef umuG,f ajymqdkae\/ om"kuvnf; aMumfjim
&SifbufrS BuHUBuHUcHum
]uJ tpfudkBuD;? uRefawmfhaMumfjimudk rlvtwdkif;
tjynfht0 xnfhay;&if xnfhay;yg? jyifqifcsufuawmh
rvdkcsifbl;? tJ rlvaMumfjim twdkif; tjynfhxnfhray;&if
uRefawmf qdkif&mu w&m;pGJr,f? uRefawmfh pmtkyf ukd,f
pm;vS,fawG tcsKdUuvnf; ]pmrsufESm 30 ausmfeJY
ESpfusyf qdk&if rydkYygeJYawmhvdkY ckbJ oHBudK;pm;awG a&muf
aeNyD? tJ'D epfemaMu;ay;yg w&m;pGJr,f? 'gygyJ tpfudk
BuD;? 0rf;awmhenf;ygw,f} [k ajymNyD; om"ku t&if zkef;
csvdkuf\/
xdkYaemuf wpfem&Davmuf twGif;rSmyif rdwfaqGjzpfol
0wfvHkawmf& ocifbOD;xH oGm;a&mufum udpöt00
&Sif;jyvdkuf&m ocifbOD;u
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
114
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]tif; w&m;pGJvdkYuawmh &ygw,f? ArmjynfrSmawmh
tqef;jzpfoGm;rSmyJ? 'gayr,fh aMumfjimcu tpdwfavmuf
eJY w&m;p&dwf ukefrSmu ESpf&m ausmfaevdrfhr,f? pOf;pm;
ygOD;Asm}
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w&m;pGJvdkY&w,fqdkwm aMumfjim&SifawG odoGm;&if? NyD;
awmh owif;pmwdkuf awGuyg 'Dvdk tEdkifusifhwmrsKd;
w&m;Oya'u cGifhrjyKbl;qdkwm oabmayguf oGm;&if
awmfNyDAsm? vlwdkif; vlwdkif;rSm taMumif;t&mwdkif;eJY
ywfowfvdkY tm;vHk; odapcsifw,f? w&m;pGJzdkYom pDpOfyg
awmhAsm? uRefawmf reufjzef vmcJhr,f}
xkdodkY ajymqdk xGufvmNyD; tdrfjyefa&mufonfESifh
wynfhjzpfolu pmwpfapmif vmay;ojzifh azmufzwf
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pmjzpfae\/ ]om"k\ rlvaMumfjimtwdkif; tjynfht0
tcrJhyif xnfhay;ygrnf? pdwfr&Sdyg&ef} [lownf;/

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
115
om"k vl0g;0w,f
acbdkxdkif
*syefacwf *syefwdkY\ &ufpufrIudk Mum;zl;olwdkif;

oJxdwf &ifzdkp&ma&m tcJrausp&ma&m jzpf&yfrsKd;pHk &SdcJh
onfhteuf om"k BuHKawGUcJh&aom Zmwfvrf;wpfckudk
wifjy&aomf
xdkpOfu &efukefNrdKUv,f ukefonf&yfuGufyrm vdk&m
ypönf;&Edkifaom A[ef;aps;wpf0dkufESifh a&wm&Snfvrf;
opf vrf;a[mif; ponfwkdYrSm ,ck odrfBuD;aps; AdkvfcsKyf
aps; v[mjyifaps; ponfwdkYuJhodkYyif pnfum;vS\/ aiG
omvQif wwfEdkifvQif tvkd&Sd&m ukefypönf; 0,fí&\/
ydkí &Sif;atmifa&;&aomf xdktcgumvtwGif;u om"k
\ rdwfaqG owif;pmwpfapmifrS emrnfBuD; pma&;q&m
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
116
om"k vl0g;0w,f
t,f'Dwm wpfa,muf 0rf;udkufa0'emudk tvl;tvJ cH
ae&aMumif; owif;&onfESifh olYtdrfodkY oGm;Munfh&m vl
rrSwfrdavmufatmifyif t½dk;ay:ta&wif½Hkom usefawmh
onfudk awGUvdkuf&aomaMumifh om"kvnf; eD;&mq&m0ef
wpfOD;udk ac:jy&m q&m0efvnf; rsufpdrsufESm raumif;
jzpfum om"kudk vufwdkYac:oGm;NyD; tdrfjyifodkY a&muf
onfESifh
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t*Fvdyfxdk;aq;yJ arQmfvifhcsuf&Sdayr,fh 0,fvdkYawmh &rSm
r[kwfbl;}
om"kurl &atmif&Smrnf aq;trnfom a&;ay;yg[k
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vrf;rSyif xkdaq; (t,frwif;) xdk;aq;ykvif; 1800 ESifh
0,fí&cJh\/ (t*Fvdyfacwfu wpfykvif; ESpf&m ausmf½Hk
om ay;&onf/) xdkaq;aMumifhyif xdkowif;pmq&mBuD;
rSm ,ck pma&;aecsdeftxd wdkif;jynftwGuf wwfEdkifonfh
bufrS pmayjzifh pGrf;aqmifaeqJ &Sdao;acs\/
xdkrnfaom A[ef;aps;wpf0dkufrSm vdkcsifaom ypönf;
tpHk&onf/ xdkYaMumifh pnfum;onf/ ,if;onfaMumifh
vnf; *syefppfom;a&m ppfAdkvfomru AdkvfrªBuD; tqifh
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
117
om"k vl0g;0w,f
xdaom *syefrmpwmwkdY ajccsif;vdrfrQ oGm;Mu? vmMu?
0,fMu? aemuf ppfwyfrS ypönf;rsm;vnf; cdk;xkwfMuESifh
yk&Guf qdwftHkyrm w&G&GESifh usdwfusdwfwdk; pnfum;ae
\/
t*Fvdyfajy;p aiG 800 rQ jzifh tacsmif&vdkufaom
[D;vfrif;um;av;udk om"kudk,fwdkifarmif;í ZeD;udk ab;
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vSrf;vSrf;wGif ar*smtqifh "mvG,fBuD; ab;wGif t0ifh
om;ESifh oGm;aeol *syefwpfaumifudk jrifae&í txl;
owdxm;armif;cJh&mrS olYteD;odkY om"kum; a&mufrSyif
jrif;vSnf;wpfpD;rS jrif;vefYNyD; ckefxGufvmaomaMumifh
uysmu,m um;udk ,mbufodkY ta&Smif? vm;vm; tqdk
yg *syefaumifudk aqmifhceJwdkufrdum *syefar*smvnf;
zifxdkifvsufom; vJusoGm;acsawmh\/
om"k aMumufvdkufonfrSm ajymp&mr&Sd? acwfrSm
olwdkYrif; olwdkYcsif;? vkyfom;jynfolvlxk a&SUwGifaomf
vnf;aumif; *syefu aoewfESifhypf? "m;ESifhckwf vkyfcsif
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pGJrnfhol r&Sd/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
118
om"k vl0g;0w,f
,ck um;ESifhwkdufrdol *syefrSm ES,fES,f&& r[kwf?
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wGif zifxkdufvsufvnf; t&Suf&& vJusonf? &THUrsm;u
vnf; jrifraumif;atmif ayukefonfaMumifh olYzif
Munfhvkduf? vufudkifyk0gESifh okwfvdkufjzifh ESmacgif;BuD;
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csifovm;? tdkau cifAsm; jyefEdkifNyD OD;om"k jyefEdkifNyD}
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om"kvnf; pum;qHk;onfESifh jzKef;ceJ xjyefvmcJh
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ydkydkomom &Sdaeonfudk awGU&í wpfzufu pdwfat;oGm;
aomfvnf; ½Hkydwf&onfh tjzpfum; t½kyfqdk;vSacsrnf/
om"k½kyf&Sif wnf;[laom trnfudkvnf; xdcdkufrnf/
txl;ojzifh qifqmpnf;urf; azmufzsufí tydwfcH&jcif;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
148
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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om"k xdk'Pfudk rcHEdkif/
enf;vrf;&SdorQ Z,m;csí pOf;pm;&awmhonf/ tBuH
wpfck &vm\/ jzpf&yfrSm qifqmvkyf&mwGif aw;oHryg
bJ ,ckrS ygaeaomaMumifh[k wpfzufu taMumif;jy&m
xkdtydkif;udk qifqmjyefvkyfNyD; cGifhjyKcsuf awmif;vdkuf
vQif xdkudpö NyD;ajyoGm;Edkifonf/ odkYESifh om"konf n
csif;yif qifqm½Hk;t&m&Sd OD;xGef;BudKif tdrfodkY pHkprf;&m
aemufaeY tmaomu½HkwGif ukvm;um; qifqm&SdaMumif;
ajymvdkufojzifh txufyg tqdkygtydkif;udk ,loGm;NyD;
wm0efus vlBuD;rsm;tm; taMumif;pHk &Sif;jyum xdktydkif;
udk Munfhí cGifhjyKay;yg&ef arwÅm&yfcH&m
]at; wdkYuvnf; Munfhay;r,f? rif;uvnf; a'guf
wmomvSudk oGm;ajymvdkufOD;}
OD;zdk;csdefu cGifhjyKoifhaMumif;? uefYuGufp&m ryg
aMumif; pmwpfapmif a&;ay;aomfvnf; pmudk om"ku
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wpfa,mufESifh ydkYcdkif;vdkuf\/ xkdudpöonfvnf; þwGif
NyD;oGm;\/
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pmt&) ½kyf&Sif a&Tpifqk csD;jr§ifha&; tcrf;tem;yGJodkY om"k
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a&;0efBuD; OD;jrifhpdk;u apmapmvm&ef taMumif;Mum; o
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
149
om"k vl0g;0w,f
jzifh om"kvnf; apmapmyif a&mufaeNyD; ½kyf&Siform;csif;
pum;ajymaeMupOf OD;apmOD; (,ck-ygwD) u vufwkdY
ac:oGm;NyD;
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uydku½dk acgif;rzD; bmrzD;eJY? EdkY acgif;aygif;aum ryg
bl;vm;}
]bmvkyfzkdYvJ? acgif;aygif;u tdkuf&wJhtxJ? 'gaMumifh
tay: tuÐsawmif 0wfrvmwm Munfhawmh}
]wu,fvdkY tu,f'rDqk ac:ay;ae&if 'DvdkyJ wuf,l
rvm;? cifAsmh yHkpHu NrdKUwufvmwJh EGm;yGJpm; usaewmyJ}
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qifqm wif&müvnf; uRrf;xdk; arSmufcHk jzpfcJh&aom
aMumifh (0g) pdwfwdkif;us tacsmowf&ef tcsdefr& vdkuf
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
150
om"k vl0g;0w,f
onf wpfaMumif;wkdYaMumifh a&Tpifqkudk om"k vHk;0 rarQmf
rSef;cJh/
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om"kESifh yeHr&jzpfcJhonfudk pm½IolwdkY odNyD? qifqmudpö
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rpm; jyKrlcJhonf/ tb,frSmvQif a&Tpifqkudk om"k arQmf
rSef;Edkifonfh tcGifhtvrf; &Sdygawmhoenf;/
(odkYaomf 'g½dkufwm a&Tpifqkudk om"k &&SdcJhonf/)
a'gufwmomvSudk,fwdkifu tb,f taMumif;tcsuf
rsm;aMumifh om"kudk taumif;qHk; 'g½dkufwm a&G;&
aMumif;? a&Tpifqkay;&aMumif; tao;pdwf &Sif;vif;csuf
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
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om"k vl0g;0w,f
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omrubJ Zmwfum;udkyg tu,f'rDay;zdkY tpfudkBuD;
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om"ku olYtajzudk apmifh&if; Munfhaeaomfvnf;
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vm;}
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
152
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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t& b,fvdkvkyfyg vkyfygqdk NyD;oGm;rSm? aemufydkif;us
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rSef&majym opöm om"k&SufoGm;yg\/
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rvkyfcJh&if}
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bkawGabmufawG ajymcJhw,f? tJ'gawmif uRefawmfh
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
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om"k vl0g;0w,f
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vnfae\/ (t&om&SdvSaom rsuf&nf/)

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
154
om"k vl0g;0w,f
a'gufwm ausmfNidrf;
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arG;&myg oaEÿg ADZaMumifhavmrod/ tcspf0xÅKrStp
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xdkpOfu om"krSm wpfcgwpf&H qefjyKwf tjzLxnf
ajryJaMumf ESpfjym;zdk;rQjzifh xrif;wpfeyfpm 0ae&aom
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rdk;vif;onfESifh tarwdkYtwGuf vufzuf&nfESifh eHjym;
oGm;0,f&onf? xkd vufzuf&nf eHjym;udk om"k pm;
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(rSwfcsuf/ /om"kwdkYi,fpOfu vufzuf&nf? aumfzD
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
155
om"k vl0g;0w,f
usefaom owif;rsm;zwfum nae ausmif;qif;onfESifh
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
156
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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wpfyk'fudkrl oHk;rsufESmom zwfNyD; aemif wpfoufvHk;
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EdIufEdIufcRwfcRwf t,kwfwrm vdifudpörsm; a&;om; xm;
aomaMumifh/
odkYvQif i,fi,f&G,f&G,fESifh om"k pmMurf;ydk;usbdodkY
toufav;q,fausmf *kPfoa&a&m ynmyg&SdvSonfh
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wpfcgwpf&H odrfBuD;aps; em&Dpifatmuf&Sd pmtkyfqdkifrsm;
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jrifwkdif; om"k MunfEl;&\/ om"kudk rsufrSef;wef;rdaeol
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EIwfquf\/
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wpfeHeufcif; we*FaEGaeYwGif om"konf aumif;Edk;
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
157
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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rwfavQmh} [k aps;qpf\/
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
158
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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xH a&mufvmí Munfhvdkufaomtcg ynma&;ESifh ywf
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zdwfMum;jcif; jzpfaeonf/ om"k tvGef ajymcsifaeaom
jyóemjzpfí 0rf;omoGm;onf/ wufjzpfatmif wufcJh
onf/ udk,fwkdifvnf; yg0ifaqG;aEG;onf/ tjcm;aom
taMumif;t&mrsm;udk t&ifwifjyvQif &Snfaernfjzpfí
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oufqdkif&m zdwfMum;olrsm;udk txl;yJ aus;Zl;wifvSyg
w,f? om"k wifjyaqG;aEG;csif wJhtcsufuawmh olYuRef
b0rSm om"kwdkYi,fi,fu ausmif;rSm o½kyfaqmifcJh&wJh
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
159
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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rkefYrsKd;pHk trnfrsm; oifay;ygw,f? aygifrkefYzkwfwJholudk
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u aps;qpfenf; ponfjzifhayghAsm? 'gwifru 'DrkefYu
bmeJY vkyfwmvJ? oMum;ygovm;? axmywfrkefYvm;?
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wJh ESif;qDcdkifawG jzpfaerSmyJ/
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
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178
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
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r[kwfvm;}

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
200
om"k vl0g;0w,f
olu xyfac:jyefonf/ ,ckaomf olonf befaumuf
ESifh ouúvyfwdkufyHkESifh acgif;aygif;ESif? xdkYjyif rrSwfrd
avmufatmif 00zdkihfzdkifh jzpfaeonf/
qdkMuygpdkY? olonf z-q0efBuD;wpfyg; jzpfaeavNyD/
om"k olYtem;odkY a&mufoGm;onf/ t&yf0wf t&yfpm;
ESifh olY oufawmfapmifhrsm;u om"kudk rsufjcnfrjywf
MunfhaeMuonf/ 0efBuD;rif;u om"kudk r@yf twGif;odkY
twif;qGJac:í ygoGm;&onf/ (þvdkyumoeawmxJodkY
om"k r0ifvdk/ pdwfusOf;usyfonf/)
trSeftm;jzifh ,ckuJhodkY 0efBuD;wpfyg;u om"kudk
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p&myif/ ,ckum; þvkdpdwfxm;jzifh c&D;OD;BudKqdkjcif;
r[kwf/ taMumif;t&m tjynfhtpHkudk oD;jcm; tvsOf;oifh
ovdk azmfjyygOD;tHh/
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om"krjrifzl;onfh ocifvufopf (ta&;ay:ocifrsm;)ESifh
om"kudk rdwfqufay;onf/ &mxl;&Sifrsm; jzpfMuukef\/
aemuf xdkxkd þþ pum;rsm;ajym&if;u aAsmuftdk;eHY?
rD;yef;,rf;eHrsm; pl;0ifvmojzifh zswfceJ owd&um
om"ku þodkY pum;pvdkuf\/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
201
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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ran§mfbl;vm;? usef;rma&;vnf; owdxm;OD;Asm} [k
om"ku pum;tuGuf qifvdkuf\/
][man§mfwmawmh rajymeJYawmh? jrifwJhtwdkifyJ? 'D
uav;awG ½dIUMu azmufMuwm Munfhygvm;? ,rf;cdk;awG
arSmifaewmav}
]at;Asm? cifAsm;wdkY uRefawmfwdkY cyfvSrf;vSrf;u an§mf
wJhteYHawmif 'Davmufqdk;ae&if vufeJYudkifNyD; azmuf½dIU
aewJh uav;awGqdk usef;rma&; ydkNyD;; rxdcdkufaybl;vm;}
0efBuD;vnf; pdwfraumif;jzpfoGm;aom toGifjzifh
]tif olwdkYvnf; wpfESpfrSwpfcg aysmf&awmhvnf;
rD;yef;½dIUcsif azmufcsifMuayrSmaygh}
][kwfygw,fav? 'DrSm Munfhygvm;? uRefawmfhom;
awGawmif ylqmvGef;vdkY 0,fay;xm;w,f? cifAsm; o
abmaygufovdk uRefawmfvnf; vufcHygw,f? wpfESpf
wpfcg aysmfMu&wJh yGJqdkawmh tJ tJ cifAsm;wdkY tpdk;&
taeeJY aAsmuftdk;rD;yef; ponfjzifhayghAsm? aumif;aumif;
oefYoefY teHYrjyif;? tcdk;rxGufwmawG EdkifiHjcm;u rSm
oGif;ay;zdkY raumif;bl;vm;}
þvdk om"ku ajymvdkufonfESifh 0efBuD;onf acgif;
udk oGufoGufygatmif cgí
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eJY EdkifiHjcm;u rSmcGifhay;&r,fqdkawmh cifAsm; ocifpdwf
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
202
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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xdcdkufukefrSmaygh? ckqdk&if jynfwGif;jzpf aq;qdk;yef;½dkuf
ygwdwfawG awmfawmf tqifhtwef;jrifhvmvdkY EdkifiHjcm;
ygwdwfawmif vdkifpifcsray;awmhbl;? yavuyfvHkcsnf?
ouúvyfOD;xkyf? 'gawGvnf;ydwfxm;w,fav? jynfwGif;
jzpfawG xdcdkufrSmpdk;vdkY}
om"kqifvdkufaom tuGufum; 0ifvmacsNyD/ odkYaomf
tpm;taomufrsm; a&mufvmojzifh xdkpum;p jywfoGm;
&\/ rEÅav; rkefYwDpm;ítNyD; yifrSnfhvdar®mf&nf zefcGuf
udkifrdonfqdkvQifyif
]tif; 'gvnf; jynfwGif;jzpfyJaemf? awmfawmftqifh
twef; jrifhygw,f NyD;awmh owif;wpfckvnf; Mum;
rdoAs? bD-yD-tdkif uqdkvm;? csufwJht&uf[m a&mif;
ravmuf jzpfae½Hkomru EdkifiHjcm;uawmif rSmMuw,f
qdk}
]at;aygh? tifrwefudk aumif;w,f? EdkifiHjcm;t&uf
tcsKdUxufvnf; omw,f}
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&rf; qdkvm;}
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wmyg? 'geJYAsm jynfwGif;jzpft&ufawG 'Davmufaumif;?
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
203
om"k vl0g;0w,f
'Davmuf pHcsdefrDaewm bmjyKvdkY EdkifiHjcm;u t&ufawG
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NyD;awmh}
om"kpum;yif qHk;atmif olrapmifhEdkifawmhbJ
]t&omcsif; rwlbl;av} [lí vTwfceJ ajymrdNyD;rS
][dk tJ 'DvdkavAsm ocifazoef;u yifrSnfhvdar®mf&nf
BudKufw,faemf? wcsKdUu 0ifwdkrS oabmusw,f? wcsKdU
u usawmhvnf; u&ifaqmf'g? *sif*sm? vifrepf ponf
jzifh t&om wpfrsKd;pD BudKufMuovdkayghav? om"kvnf;
yifrSnfhudk cyfokwfokwf armhcsvdkufNyD;rS jyefawmh&ef xí
]cifAsm;wdkY EdkifiHjcm;t&ufawG rSmoGif;&wm wpfESpfudk
q,fhav;ig;odef;xuf enf;r,frxifbl;? wpfykvif;udk
&mausmfxuf enf;r,frxifbl;? wpfykvif;udk &mausmf
wefawGyg rSm&wmudk;}
olawGaeonf/
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cifAsm;wdkY uRefawmfwkdY om;orD;av;awG tEÅ&m,feHY
uif;uif; aysmfMuygapvm;}
olawGoGm;onf/
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wpfESpfrS wpfcgom aysmfcGifh&wmrdkY uav;awG t&om
jrufjrufuav; cHpm;Muygapvm;Asm? aemufESpf EdkifiHjcm;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
204
om"k vl0g;0w,f
u rSmoGif;Asm? aem vSvSyy uav;awG upm;Muyg
apAsmaemf? t&omcsif;rS rwlbJav aem}
xdkYonfhaemuf ajcmufvcefY Mumaomtcg xdk0efBuD;
u qdk&S,feD trwfrif; ocifvSauRtm; atmufygtwdkif;
ajymvdkufonf [lowwf/
]ocifazoef;Asm? odyf vl0g;0w,f? vla&SUra&Smif
ola&SUra&Smif xif&m pGwfajymwmyJ}

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
205
om"k vl0g;0w,f
*VKefOD;apm
om"kwpfa,muf &Spfwef;atmifí udk;wef;wGif ajcmufv

rQom ynm,laeqJ wuúodkvfoydwf ay:vmonf/
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&; acgif;aqmif
tcsKdUu wuúodkvfynmudk ]uRefynm} [k uifyGef;wyf
vdkufMuonf/ om"ktygt0if &efukef[dkufpul; ausmif;
om; av;q,fcefYwdkYonf
]uRefynm tvkdr&Sd}
odkY a<u;aMumf½Hkomru wpfcgwnf; ausmif;rS xGuf
ypfvdkufNyD; oydwfpcef;odkY jref;Muonf/ oydwfudpö
NyD;oGm;aomtcg ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif tawmfrsm;rsm;
u uRefynmudkoif&ef ausmif;jyefwufMuonf/ om"k
bmvkyf&rnfrod? a,mifcsmcsm jzpfae&onf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
206
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ausmif;jyefwuf&efudkum; vHk;0 pdwfrul;/ a<u;aMumf
oHESifh [dwf[efxkwfí ausmif;xGufcJhNyD;rS udk,fhwHawG;udk
jyefírrsKdvdk/ odkYESifh rsufrSef;wef;rdaeaom wuúodkvf
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&; q&mh q&m wkdYxH csOf;uyfí
]ausmif;awGrSmoifwm uRefynmqdkvdkY uRefawmfawmh
xGufvdkufNyD? ocifynmu b,fvdk[mvJ} [kar;&m rnf
olrQ [kwådywåd tajzray;Mu/
]ta&mif;t0,f pD;yGm;a&;wpfckck vkyfaygh? udk,fa&mif;
csifwJhtcga&mif;? acgif;udkufwJhaeY tdrfrSmtdyfae? udk,fh
txufu qlr,fh Budrf;r,fhvlr&Sdbl;? vGwfvyfw,f? 'g
ocifynmaygh}
odkYuvdkvnf; tcsKdUu jzef;Muonf/
om"krSm udk,fydkifaiG wpfq,fjynfhatmif udkifEdkifonf
r[kwfaomaMumifh 0goemjyif;jy&m wdkYArm tpnf;t½Hk;
oGm;vdkuf? EdkifiHa&;oabm w&m;rsm; em;axmifvdkuf?
t&yfxJodkY jyefvmvdkuf? [dkvl'Dvlcdkif;orQ vkdufvkyfay;
vdkuf? rkefYzdk;uav; wpfyJ wpfrl;&vdkufESifh q,fveD;yg;
tcsdefukefaecJhpOf q&m0efudkjr aq;wdkufrS tvkyfac:ay;
ojzifh xrif;auR; wpfv 5 usyfjzifh e,fvSnfh aMumfjim
um;ESifhtwl vdkufí ydkpwmuyf&\/ (tus,fudk aemifrS
a&;ygOD;rnf/)
twdkcsKyf&aomf ,if;q&m0ef udkjraq;wdkufrSmyif w
jznf;jznf; &mxl;wufum wpfv 45 usyfpm;txd tajc
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
207
om"k vl0g;0w,f
tae wifhvmNyDjzpfaom tcsdefwGif taronf odrfBuD;
aps;atmufü em;awmif;? Mu,foD;? rsufESmacs aygif'g
ponfh rdef;r toHk;taqmifypönf;rsm; a&mif;csae&m?
tm;vHk;aom a&mif;ukefrsm;xJwGif eHYomcJ[laom rsufESm
acscJrSm ta&mif;vnf; oGufonf? tjrwfvnf; ydk&onf/
odkYaomf xdkeHYomcJrSm azmufonfoGif;ol yif&if;u ydóm
csdefjzifh a&mif;onf/ tarwdkYu 100-50 ,lí &ma& jzifh
a&mif;\/
om"k awG;rdonfrSm ¤if;eHYomcJuav;rsm;udk bl;
uav; vSvSyywGif xnfha&mif;vQif ydkrdkwGifus,fp&m
&Sdrnf/ wHqdyftrSwftom;ESifh qdkvQif 0,foHk;olwdkY prf;
w0g;0g; jzpfp&mrvdk/ xdkpdwful;udk taumif txnfazmf
&mwGif ]ol eHomcJ} [k trnfwyfí yef;csD armifarmifjr
([dkuf pul;yef;csDenf;jyq&m) \ vuf&mjzifh xkwfa0
vdkuf&m xifonfxuf ydkí wGifpGma&mif;&\/
ajcmufvrQ Mumaomtcg tvSukefqdkifrsm;u qdkif
wGifcsdwfqGJ&ef ydkpwm vSvSuav; vkyfay;yg[k awmif;
qdkvmMu\/ aiGt&if;tESD;u jrKwfaeao;aomaMumifh
yef;csDqGJ&ef bavmufvkyf&ef rwwfEdkifao;í om"k
trdIifom; ai;ae&onf/ aemuf pdwftdkuftdkuf&SdonfESifh
odrfBuD;aps; pmtkyfqdkifrsm;qDodkY xGufvmrdonfü vwf
vwfqwfqwf topfxGufvmaom ]ol&d,r*¾Zif;} udk
jrif&onf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
208
om"k vl0g;0w,f
pmudkom jrwfEdk;í wefzdk;xm;wwfaom om"kvnf;
,ckwpfBudrfwGifrl r*¾Zif;rsufESmzHk;udk tm½HkpdkufrdoGm;\/
yef;csDausmf OD;bvHk (,ck bvHkav;\ q&m&if;) a&;qGJ
xm;aom trsKd;orD;yHkrSm obm0a&m tvSa&m bmrQ
ajymp&mr&Sdatmif aumif;vS\/ yHkrSm oBuFeftBudK rdk;OD;
us ESpfcGt"dyÜm,f&aeaom trsKd;orD;wpfOD; tm;yg;w&
&,faeyHk yHkwGif rsufESmí a&pufuav;rsm; oD;aeonf/
aemufcHwGif rdk;a&wef;vdkvdk? oBuFef a&yuf[efvdkvdk
jc,frIef;xm;onf/
zswfceJ owd&vdkufonfum; (pm½IUolwkdY &dyfrdygvdrfh
rnf) avmavmq,f vdktyfaeaom ]ol-eHYomcJ} ydkpwm
twGuf xdka&mifpHkbavmufudk oHk;vdkuf&vQif jrefrmjzpf
aygif'g rsufESmacsavmuwGif om"k Adkvf yxrpGJ oGm;Edkif
onf/ rnfodkYrnfyHk þbavmufpHkudk &Edkifygrnfenf;/
xdkpOfu t,f'DwmrSm OD;odef;armif (aemifaomtcg
oHawmfqifh OD;odef;armif) jzpfvsuf xdyfqHk;rS BudK;udkif
xm;olum; tpk&Sif 'g½dkufwm t,f'DwmcsKyf *VKefOD;apm
(vufiif;ü eef;&if;0ef) jzpfonf/ om"k pOf;pm;onf/
OD;odef;armifxH oGm;íajym&vsif oluwpfqifh wifjy&OD;
rnf/ OD;apmtm; wdkuf½dkuf wifjyjcif;omvQif & r&
jrefjref od&rnf/
wzef pOf;pm;&ef ay:vmjyefonfum; xdkpOfu om"k
onf tv,fydkif; wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk; twGif;a&;rSL; tm
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
209
om"k vl0g;0w,f
us,faom ocifwpfa,muf jzpfaeacsNyD/ *VKefOD;apm
ygwDESifhqdkvnf; tBuD;tus,f y#dyu© jzpfaecsdef/ *VKef
w&m;a[mwdkif; ocifu oHyHk;wD; awmxkwfonf/ *VKef
tzGJUu 0g;&if;wkwfESifh vdkuf½dkufonf/ q&mBuD; ocif
udk,fawmfrdIif;yif wpfBudrfu t½dkufcHcJh&onf/
odkYjzpfvQif xdka&mifpHkbavmufrsm;udk tb,fyHk &Edkif
ygrnfenf;/ enf;wpfenf;om &Sdonf/ ocifemrnf azmf
rjybJ ]armifazoef;} [lí awmif;qdk arwÅm&yfcH&ay
rnf/
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awmif;awmhrnf[kqHk;jzwfum atmufygpmwpfapmif a&;
vdkuf\/
odkY
OD;apm (t,f'DwmcsKyf)
ol&d,owif;pmwkduf
za&Zmvrf;
&efukef/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
210
om"k vl0g;0w,f
vlBuD;rif;cifAsm;
þpma&;olonf wdkYArm tpnf;t½Hk;0if ocifwpfa,muf jzpf
ygonfqdkvQif vlBuD;rif; tHhtm;oifhaomf oifhoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/
uRefawmfonf &efukef tv,fydkif; (ukefaps;wef;) wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;
twGif;a&;rSL; ocifazoef; jzpfygonfqdku ydkí tHhtm;oifhonfxuf
ydkí a'goxGufum þpmudkqufí zwfaomfrS zwfvdrfhrnf xifyg
onf/ tb,faMumifh qdkaomf vlBuD;rif;onf ukefaps;wef; ocif
azoef; [laom trnfudk awGU&onfESifh vlBuD;rif;ESifhwuG vlBuD;rif;
\ tpdk;&tzGJU vkyfaqmifcsuf vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ESifh ywfowfí auseyfzG,f
r&Sdwdkif; jyif;xefpGm ½Iyfcsaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; tNrJcsavh&Sdonfh ukef
aps;wef; wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk; twGif;a&;rSL;\ vkyf&yfrsm;udk trSwf&rd
vdrfhrnf jzpfaomaMumifh jzpfyg onf/
(rSwfcsuf/ / om"kwdkY wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk; (ukefaps;wef;) onf
a'gufwmAarmf? OD;yk ponfh tpdk;&rsm;udkvnf; xkdYtwl
a0zefcJhMuonf om jzpf\/)
odkYaomf vlBuD;rif;onf ynmt&ma&m? b0tawGUtBuHKyg
&ifhusuf aeNyD jzpfí EdkifiHa&;? vlrIa&; ponfhtaMumif;t&mwdkYudk
oD;jcm; oabm ayguf vufcHvdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunfygonf/ uRefawmf
udk,füuvnf; xdk oabmt&yif ,ckudpöü EdkifiHa&;ESifh ywfowfrI
r&SdaomaMumifh vlBuD;rif;tm; eef;&if;0eftaejzifh a&;om;jcif;rjyKbJ
t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf om tultnD awmif;cHvdk&if; jzpfygonf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
211
om"k vl0g;0w,f
odkYvQif tpcsD a&;om;NyD;rS ol&d,r*¾Zif; tzHk;
bavmufrsm; acwå½dkufESdyfcGifhjzpfap? ulnDEdkifu ulnDyg
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csuf/ / txufygtwdkif;[kom qdkvdkuf&aomfvnf;
twdtusudkum; rrSwfrdawmhí oabmt"dyÜm,frQom
,lqMuap vdkygonf/)
ig;&ufcefY Mumaomtcg vlwpfa,muf pmvmay;
oGm;aMumif; xrif;pm;tjyefwGifod&í zwfMunfh&m *VKef
OD;apmu olYxHodkY paeaeY nae 4 em&DwdwdwGif vmawGU
&ef zdwfac:aompm jzpfae\/
awGUMuNyD qdkygpdkY/
OD;apmu om"ktm; tNyHK;jzifh qD;BudK\/ om"kvkyf
a&mif;aeaom eHomcJ tajctaeudk ar;\/ aiGt&if;tESD;
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om"kvdkcsifaom bavmufrsm; tqifoifh xkwfxm;ap
&efESifh om"k tjyefwGif ay;vdkuf&ef nTefMum;\/ OD;odef;
armif xGufoGm;onfESifh OD;apmonf "mwfbl;xJrS aumfzD
ESpfcGuf xnfhNyD; om"kudk wpfcGufESifh oHk;oHk;vHk; pD;
u&ufyg wnf\/
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ygapqdkwm tNrJ atmfw,faemf? usKyfwdkYudkvnf; "e&Sif
vufyg;aptpdk;& ponfjzifhayghAsm "e&Sifqdkwm tNrJyg
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
212
om"k vl0g;0w,f
w,f? EdkY }"e&Sif} qkdwm ocifazoef; b,fvdk oabm
t"dyÜm,f aygufovJ}
om"k ½kwfw&uf aMumifoGm;\/ xkdpOfu atmfrnfh
omatmf? oHk;rnfhom oHk;cJhonf/ a&vnfpGm oabm
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olaX;rsm;[líom od\/ ,ckvdk tar;cH&aom tcg
omrefyk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufudk ajzouJhodkY NzD;jzef;í &rnf
r[kwfaomaMumifh pum;vHk;&Smovdk awGaepOf
]ocifazoef;wdkY&JU acgif;aqmifawGudk,fwkdifu pNyD;
rSm;aew,f? "e&Sifqkdwm &wem a&TaiG <u,f0olaemf?
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aiGudk wdk;yGm;atmif wpfqu ESpfq pojzifhaygh? tJ'g
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puf½Hkwnfr,f? t&if; enf;enf;eJY tjrwfrsm;rsm;,lr,f?
tJ'gudk t*Fvdyfvdk (Capitalist) aygh/ t"dyÜm,f trsm;BuD;
us,f0ef;w,f/ "e&Sifqdkwmudk usKyfawmh t*Fvdyfvdk
bmom rjyefwwfbl;? csrf;om<u,f0ol 'gavmufyJaygh?
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
213
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
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276
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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280
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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onf/
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283
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287
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
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om"k vl0g;0w,f
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
319
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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odkYaomf xdkaeYu aeYa&m nbufa&m wpfaumifrQr&/
aemufaeY rdk;vif;vif;csif; qif;Munfhonf/ csdwfxm;
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bdef;rkefYudkyif rBudKufíavm? odkYr[kwf tarwdkY wpf
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ywf0ef;usif pHkprf;Munfhaomtcgvnf; xdkenf;ESifh
tdrfaygif; 30 cefYwGifrS 10 tdrfavmufom <uuf&Mu
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om"kwdkYtdrfbuf cGJwrf;pdwfcs&NyD/ 'kwd,aeYu ajr

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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
320
om"k vl0g;0w,f
tNrD;jzwfcdkif;NyD; EdkYqDcGufESifhxnfh tay:rStkwfcJzdí odrf;
xm;onf/ tNrD;jywf<uufudk vTwfypfvdkufonf/
wwd,aeYwGif <uufwpfaumifrdaeNyD[k armif0PÖwdkY
tar ajymojzifh rsufESmyifropfao;bJ oGm;Munfhonf/
om"k ]awmuf} wpfcsuf jyif;jyif;acgufrd\/ taMumif;
aomfum; xdkrdaeaom <uufrSm raeYu tNrD;jzwfvTwf
vdkufaom <uufjzpfaeonf/ xdk<uufudk BudK;ESifhcsD odrf;
xm;? aemufwpfaumif axmif&efrSmvnf; tNrD;r&Sdaom
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uHtm;avsmfpGm xdkaeYnaeapmif;avmufwGif <uuf 2
aumif wpfNydKifwnf; rdaeNyD[k a,mu©rBuD;u owif;ydkY
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tjcm;tdrfrS tNrD;jywfavmrod/ ¤if;ESifhtwl ¤if;udk,fvHk;
wpf0ufcefY <uufvwfwpfaumifyg rdaeonf/
om"kwGif ajrBuD;ay: zifxdkifvsufom; vJusoGm;
onf/ tNrD;jywfudk vTwfypf&ef wHcg;[vdkufonfESifh
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
321
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ti,faumif xGufajy;vdrfhrnf/ ti,faumifukd zrf;xm;
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aomaMumifh tcufawGU&jyefonf/ olwdkYvmrSyif &Sif;jy&
ayawmhrnf/ rwwfEdkif/
aojcif;qdk; <uuform;awG a&mufvmMuygacsNyD/
wpftdrfcsif;\ axmufajcmufrsm;udk ppfaq;onf/ tNrD;
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jyefrSwpfqifh owday;onf/
tjcm;aom ESpfaumifpmom rdolESifh om"kqdkvQif
ab;z,f&yfcdkif;xm;NyD; tpp ppfaq;í vlukefaomtcg
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
322
om"k vl0g;0w,f
om"kwdkYvlwef;rSm a&SUqHk;rS aemufqHk; 12 a,muf?
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a,mufyg\/ aygif; 23 a,muf/ om"ku aemufqHk;wef;
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bmvkyfrnfenf; [lí/
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xm;onf/ xdkum;jzifh om"kwdkYudk ac:oGm;rnfjzpfí xdk
ae&modkY OD;wnfavQmufcJh&onf/ ywf0ef;usifuvnf;
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ausmfptjyK
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om"ku ajcvSrf;udk aES;vdkuf&if;
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
323
om"k vl0g;0w,f
*syefaumif om"kteD;odkY a&mufvmNyD? &ifxJwGif w
xdwfxdwfESifh rdom;vQif yg;&if;em;&if; ylacsawmhrnf/
*syefaumif bmrQrod? om"kudkyif 'l;ESifh cvkwfwdkuf
rdNyD; olu awmif;yefoGm;ao;onf/
armfawmfum;ay: ygoGm;aom om"kNcHrSvlrsm; om"kudk
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aomtcg ,cifu (wHwm;av; t½l;axmif) ,ck pdwf
a&m*gukaq;½Hk urÇmat;bk&m;vrf; a&mufonfESifh um;
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us,fvSawmhacs/ pD;yGm;a&; vmbfjrifolwdkYu vdIifvdIif
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
324
om"k vl0g;0w,f
vlwef;pm;qdkwm r&Sdbl;
wdkYArm tpnf;t½Hk;[lí ay:vmNyD;aemuf ]wkdYArm ocif

rsm;} vnf; vsifjrefpGm aygufzGm;vmMuonf/
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vdkufonf/ tpyxrwGif urÇmY0g'BuD;rsm;jzpfonfh uGef
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wGif qif;&Jom;? olaX;? aiG&Sif aMu;&Sif? ypönf;rJh ponf
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pum;ajymonf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
325
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]acG;acgif;udk &Sif;&efvdkrnfxif\/ trsm;twGuf A[k
okw/
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wpfcgu jynfNrdKUodkY pmwpfapmifa&;NyD; pmtdwfydwfí
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oGm;avawmh\/
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
326
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ocifoef;xGef;onf xdktwdkif;yif wpforwfwnf;
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pum;prdwdkif; wef;wlvlwef;pm;oabmw&m;udk aqG;aEG;
onf/ uGefjrLepfbuf ,drf;aeaom ocifA[def;wkdYudk
vnf; wGifwGifa[mí wGifwGifaoG;pnf;onf/
olYpum;rsm; tajctaet& rSefuefaeaomaMumifh
tawmfrsm;rsm;u vufcHMuonf/
jrefrmjynf twGif;odkY *syefrsm; 0ifa&mufvmacsNyD/

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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
327
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ocifoef;xGef;u vlwef;pm; rcGJa&;? wef;wlqufqH
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vl? okb&mZmvnf; vljzpfaomaMumifh tqifhtwef; rcGJ
jcm;oifhaMumif; a'gESifh rmefESifh [efygyg a[majymoGm;
onfudk wufa&mufvmMuaom 0efBuD;rsm;ESifhtwl wdkY
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onf/
olwdkY jyefoGm;Muaomtcg om"kNcH0wGif xdkif&if; pOf;
pm;onf/ ]okb&mZm olawmif;pm; p@mv polwdkYESifh
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vlvlcsif; qufqHa&;onf cJ,Of;p&m r[kwfapumrl
p½dkufcsif;um; rwlvQif qufqHrI rvG,ful/ olawmif;
pm; qdkolwdkYonf tvkyfvkyfpm;csifolrsm; r[kwf/ ouf
aomifhoufom awmif;pm;jcif;wGifom arGUavsmfMuonf/
taetxdkif t0wftpm; tpkwfpkwftjywfjywf ae&jcif;
onf olawmif;pm;wdkY\ t&nftcsif; wpf&yfvdk jzpfae
onf/ rnfonfhpepfjzifh wef;wl qufqHMurnfenf;/ ESpf
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wpfaeYaomf
om"konf ylwlwl;aygif'g oGm;ydkY&if; A[ef;tkwfvrf;
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vl&dyfvdkvdk jrifvdkuf&aomaMumifh vSnfhMunfhvdkuf&m jrL
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
328
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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pum;udk tqHk;rowfbJ awGaeNyD;rS wHjrufpnf;vSJ&ef
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olu NyHK;vdkufNyD;rS
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
329
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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pm&if;t& tvkyform; 700 ausmfonf/ xdktwGuf
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
330
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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teuf t0wftxnfonf acgifcdkufatmif aps;wufaeo
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rsm;jzpfí tb,frQ pkwfjywfaeMuavrnf/ tcsKdU rdv’m
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onf/ xdkpOfu om"konf pma&;q&mvnf; rjzpfao;/
toufuyg Ek? A[kokwyg e,fusOf;ao; aomaMumifh
wwfoavmuf rSwfoavmuf/
armifrmCrnfaom &Gmom;onf &yf&GmoefY&Sif;a&;?
trsm;olig pdwfMunfvifa&;udk tNrJwap apwemxm;í
wHjrufpnf;vSnf;jcif;? trdIufusKH;jcif;wkdYaMumifh uG,fvGef
aomtcg odMum;rif; OD;rmC[lí jzpfvmaMumif;rStp
],cka&muf&SdaeMuol jrLvkyfom;wdkYonf olwpfxl;
rudkifcsifaom tnpftaMu;? rvkyfcsifaom tvkyfrsm;udk
vkyfaeMuí tvGefaus;Zl;wif&aMumif;? vltrsm;\ usrf;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
331
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
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345
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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rsm;jzifhvnf;aumif; tjyeftvSef aps;EIef;owfrSwfí t
a&mif;t0,f vkyfMuonf/
olwdkYESifh wpfygwnf; ygvmaom pmtkyfrsm;teuf
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u csKyfonf/ oabmrSm pmtkyfudk vdyfí abmif;bDtdwf
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rStp tif*siftxd um;wpfpD;vHk;wGif vdktyfaom ypönf;
rsm;udk "mwfyHkESifh jyxm;onf/
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
346
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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ray;awmhbl;vm;}
ol tenf;i,f awGoGm;onf/ aemufrS vIyf&Sm;vmNyD;
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
347
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ajymajymqdkqdkyif olvSnfhxGufoGm;aomaMumifh om"k
wGif tai;om; aMumifaerd\/
om"k pdwf"mwfravQmh½Hkomru ydkíyif wif;vmonf/
rcHcsifonfhpdwf? rauseyfonfh a'gowdkYvnf; waxmif;
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xGifolrsm;udkvnf; txl;wvnf tm;ay;Muonf/
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awGeJY wyfqifaewm awGUcJh&ygw,f/
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t*Fvdyf tar&duefrsm; 0ifvmpOfu ¤if;wdkYoHk;aom um;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
348
om"k vl0g;0w,f
rsm; tenf;i,f csKdU,Gif; ½HkrQjzifh pkyHkavvHypfvdkufMu
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taemufrkcf csKdifhBuD;xJwGif vmypfMuonf/
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pufypönf;rsm;udk olOD;ig& jzKwfMu o,fMuonf/
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jyifqifí &vQif qifNyD; a&mif;Muonf/ tBuD;tus,f
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qdkifa&SUwGif &yfxm;um xdkum;udk toifh0,fvdkolay:u
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vnf; a&mif;onf/ aemufrS qdkif&Sd tjcm;tif*sif jyefwyf
onf/ vdkifpif,lonf/ vG,fvG,fyif &onf/
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onf/

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
349
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]vnf;} qdkonfh xkdpum;
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trnfjzifh 'g½dkufwm armifwifjrifh trnfcH vl&Tifawmf
zdk;ygav;u aq;a&mifpkH½kyf&Sif½dkuf&mwGif NyD;pD;ygu Zmwf
nTef;tjzpf cGifhjyKc aiG 2000 usyf om"ktm;ay;&ef/
odkYaomf zdk;ygav;onf Zmwfum;NyD; ½Hkwifjyoae
onfhwdkifatmif aiGray;½Hkru vlygtawGUrcHbJ r½dk;om;
azmufvmojzifh om"ku w&m;pGJaom trIjzpf\/
xdkpOfu ½kyf&Siform;rsm;onf pma&;q&mwdkY\ 0wÅK
udk enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifhcdk;csNyD; ½kyf&Sif½dkuful;aeMuaomfvnf;
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r&Sdojzifh twifh&Jcsifwdkif; &JaeMucdkuf jzpf\/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
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om"k vl0g;0w,f
þvdktjyKtrludk w&m;pGJEdkifaom Oya'onf a&S;ya0
oPD t*Fvdyfvufxufuwnf;u &SdcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh
om"k ukd,fhtcGifhta&; udk,f wdkifonf/
qdkMuygpdkY? ½Hk;a&mufMuNyD/ ,cka&;vkdaom taMumif;
t&m tpdwftydkif;\ vdktyfcsufudkom azmfjy&aomf
xdkaeYu ½Hk;awmfrS om"kudk ppfonf/ &efukef½kyf&Sif
bufrS a'gufwmAarmf\ tpfudk 0wfvHkawmf&BuD; a'guf
wmA[efu vdkufNyD; om"kbufrS a'gufwm OD;odef;u
aqmif&Gufonf/
a'gufwmA[ef ar;/ / tcktrIudk w&m;pGJ&mrSm udkom"k

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vlpm; r[kwfygbl;}
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
351
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ajz/ / ]yxrOD;qHk; uRefawmf w&m;pGJzkdY qHk;jzwfawmh
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wmtrSefyJ w&m;pGJvdkY&w,fajymvdkY) uRefawmf tpDtpOf
vkyfw,f/ p&dwftwGuf yHkESdyfpuftaygifcHr,fhvl pHkprf;
w,f/ tJh'g owif;pmawGu odoGm;vdkY owif;a&;Mu
wmeJY pma&;q&mtoif;uvnf; odoGm;NyD; uRefawmfhudk
ac:aqG;aEG;ygw,f}
w&m;½Hk;/ /]ocifbOD;eJY wdkifyifNyD;rS bmaMumifh a'guf

wmOD;odef; jzpfoGm;wmvJ? udkom"ku 0wfvHkajymif;NyD;
iSm;wmvm;}
ajz/ /]r[kwfygbl;/ pma&;q&mtoif;u ulnDwmyg?
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om; jzpfygw,f}
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ay;&r,fvdkY a&;vdkufw,f? tJ'g [kwfovm;}
ajz/ /][kwfygw,f}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
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om"k vl0g;0w,f
ar;/ / ]'gqdk? cifAsm; aiG 2000 usyf&&if NyD;NyD;yJ ½dk;½dk;
awmif;ygvm;? bmjyKvdkY w&m;pGJ&wmvJ}
ajz/ / ]uRefawmf oHk;av;cgpma&;w,f? taMumif;rjyef
bl;? NyD;awmh uRefawmfeJYajymxm;wJh uwdpum;awGvnf;
ysufuGufw,f}
ar;/ /]'DrSm a&;xm;w,f/ (0wÅKtwGuf aiG 2000 usyf

r&ao;yg? 'gyJygw,f? cifAsmhpmxJrSm)
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olzwfjyonfhtxJwGif rygaomaMumifh
om"k/ /] w&m;olBuD;cifAsm;? ckeOD;av;OD;b[ef zwfjy

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cifAsm? uRefawmfa&;wJhpm[m oHk;av;apmif jzpfygw,f/
ck wpfapmifyJ zwfjywm uRefawmf rauseyfygbl;}
w&m;olBuD;/ /]uJ tusKd;aqmifBuD;u ay;zwfvdkufyg}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
353
om"k vl0g;0w,f
xdkpmudk om"k zwfcGifh&onf/
(0wÅKtwGuf aiG 2000 usyfvnf; r&ao;yg)/
a'gufwmOD;b[ef zwfjyaom pmyk'fwGif pmwpfvHk;
avsmhaeonfudk csufcsif; owdxm;rdonfESifh
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vJ}
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
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om"k vl0g;0w,f
om"k/ / ]uRefawmf[m pma&;q&myg/ pm-pum;awGudk
a&;om;okH;EIef;&mrSm t"dyÜm,fr½Iyfatmif owdxm;&yg
w,f}
tm;vHk; wdwfqdwfpGm em;pGifhaeMuonf/
om"k/ / ck uRefawmfa&;vdkufwJhpmrSm (aiG 2000 usyf

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&,fMujyefonf/
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BuD;udkawGUawmh (a&mh om;vJpm;vdkY ajym&if? olnDawGvJ
auR;qdkwJh t"dyÜm,f? aemuf nDav;awGvJ auR;vdkufqdk
&if olvJpm;qdkwJh oabmudk olodygw,f}
w&m;olBuD; acgif;ndwfaeonf/ OD;b[efu NyHK;onf/

a'gufwmOD;odef;u a&TtHoGm;rsm;ay:atmif &,faeonf/
om"k/ / ]tJ'D Oyrmtwdkif;ygyJ? w&m;olBuD;cifAsm (aiG

2000 usyfvnf; r&ao;ygqdk&mrSm 2000 u syftjyif
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
355
om"k vl0g;0w,f
w&m;olBuD;/ /]wjcm;tcsuftvufqdkwm bmvJ}
om"k/ /yxrpmawGrSm ygygw,f/ uRefawmfa&;wJh
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azmfjyay;&r,fqdkwJh tcsufawGtjyif aiG 2000 u syf
vnf; ay;&rnfvdkY qdk}
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(trIudk &ufcsdef;ay;vdkufonf [lownf;/)

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
356
om"k vl0g;0w,f
0wÅK ESifh ½kyf&Sif
om"k rSwfrdoavmuf jrefrm½kyf&Sif[lí pwifay:ayguf

vmpOfu ,ckuJhodkY ] ½kyf&Sif} [lí trnfrwyf/
]t&dyfjyyGJ vdkufcsif&if a':a':hudk eif;ay;}
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odkYwap t*Fvdyfpmrwwfaomjrefrmrsm;u ]t&dyfjyyGJ}
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wjznf;jznf; umva&GUvsm;vmonfESifhtrQ jrefrmpm
wwf jrefrmwdkYu ]t&dyfjyyGJ} rS ]"mwf&Sif} [k ajymif;vTJ
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aumif; ajymif;vJ ac:a0:vmMuonf/
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BudK;yrf;cJholrsm;teuf wpfOD;jzpfol jrefrmtrsKd;om;acgif;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
357
om"k vl0g;0w,f
aqmifBuD; OD;xGef;&Sdef uG,fvGefoGm;csdef ½kyf&Sif½dkuf uifr
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armifarmifu owif;um;tjzpf ay; 250 cefY ½dkuful;NyD;
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atmifjrifcJhavowwf/
tqdkyg uifr&mrif; OD;armifarmifonf ,ckwdkif
toufxif&Sm; &Sdaeao;vsuf ol\ psmyeowif;um;
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
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om"k vl0g;0w,f
rSdwf qufjyavawmh\/ Munfh&onfrSm t&om ysufvS
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jrefrmh yxr toHxGufum;wpfum; ay:xGufvmum
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aom tzGm;BuD;tjzpf o½kyfaqmifyHkrSm aumif;vGef;vS
onf/ at;udku olYtm;jyefrcspfEdkifaMumif; cg;cg;oD;oD;
jiif;qefxGufoGm;onfü
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cdk;&ifha&mif orf;aeonf/ þonfuyif wpfrsKd; usufo
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ajy;&onf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
374
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ol twGif;cef;ü xkdifaeonfudk wHcg;Mum;rS jrif&
onf/ {nfhonf&G,fwlwpfa,mufESifh pum;ajymaeojzifh
om"k t0if&cufaeonf/
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om"k vm&onfhudpöESifh ½kyf&Sifypönf;taMumif; ajymjyNyD;
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vkvifüvnf; udef;atmif;ae[efwl\/
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u t&m&Sdyg? 'DvdkyJ vm vm pum;ajymwwfw,f}
om"k tvkdufod&rnf/ olwdkY ½Hk;orm;csif;yifjzpfapOD;
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rxifbl;}
aemufaeY udk;em&Davmuf uwnf;u om"k oGm;apmifh

onf/ 10 em&D 5 rd epfavmufwGif rsufESmjrif cspfcif
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NyD/ odkYaomf raeYu ½Hk;apudk t&dyfaomfrS rjrif&ao;/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
375
om"k vl0g;0w,f
0ifcGifhudk wpfqifhawmif;&rnfhol r&Sdao;aomfvnf;
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NyD;
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ayawmh}
pum;wpf0ufavmufuyif olacgif;iHkYNyD;om; jzpfoGm;
onf/ raeYu ]e0ifyD,H} &SdvSaom olYtoHonfvnf; ,
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½Hk;vkvifu ar;aomtoHESifh rsufESmxm;rSm omom
,m,m r&SdvS/
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xm;ovm;}
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uawmf um;vTwfNyD; tac:cdkif;vdkY vdkufoGm;&w,fAs?
uRefawmf awG;NyD; pdwfraumif;jzpfrdao;w,fav? OD;av;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
376
om"k vl0g;0w,f
om tJ'DaeYu avQmufvTmvmwif&if tqifajyrSm r[kwf
bl;vdkYav}
om"k awGoGm;onf/ ½Hk;aA'ifudk olu twwfodae
aomaMumifh/
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ovm; 'Dudpö}
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ajymyghrvJ}
om"k tpOf;pm;& usyfoGm;\/
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vm;? b,ftrsKd;orD;eJY b,favmufMumMum pum;ajym
ovJ qdkwmawGaygh? q&muawmfu odyfoabmEkw,f
OD;av;&JU}
]aMomf? aMomf}
]uRefawmf olwdkYtdrfa&mufawmh q&mr&Sdawmhbl;? apm
apmydkif;uwnf;u olwdkYcsif; &efjzpfNyD; bwfpfum;eJY
xGufoGm;w,fxifwmyJ? uRefawmfawmhAsm 12 em&Dxkd;
a&m q&muawmf ppfaq;ar;jref;vdkuf [J [J rkefYvJ pm;
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npfp&mBuD;}
]tif;}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
377
om"k vl0g;0w,f
om"kurl bmrQ 0ifrajymao;bJ pma&;q&myDyD pdwf
xJrS Zmwfvrf;qifMunfhaerdonf/
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ygbl;? vmorQudkawmh azmfazmfa&Ga&G qufqHwwfw,f?
wpfcgwav q&muawmf vmacsmif;wmeJY wdk;oGm;&if
awmh wpfrsKd;wpfrnfawG xifukefawmhwmygyJAsm}
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vdkpyfqdkifaevdkYvJ}
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jzpfjzpf b,foljzpfjzpfaygh tdrfrSm jyóemay:cJh&if ½Hk;
a&mufwmeJY awGUwJhvludk [def;vdkuf a[mufvdkuf vkyf
wwfMuw,f}
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[meJYrMunf&if ½Hk;a&mufvJ EIwfcrf;axmfaeawmhwmyJ/
tJ'gaMumifhaygh tJ'DaeYu OD;av;avQmufvTmvmwif&if
wkduf½dkuf 0ifawGUrSmqdkawmh tif;? OD;av;vnf; tem;
a&mufrS ta[mufcH&rvm;? t0if0rSmyJ qD;NyD; armif;
xkwfrvm;vdkY uRefawmf awG;yloGm;wmaygh}
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ckyJ? OD;av;awmif tHhtm;oifhoGm;w,f? 'Dvl bmjzpfvdkYyg
vdrfhvdkYayghuGm? yxraeYuqdk OD;av; olYudk jrifjrifcsif;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
378
om"k vl0g;0w,f
odyfcifrifrdw,f? t*Fg½kyf tawmfusufoa&&SdwJhvl? toH
vnf; Mum;Mum;csif;}
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qHk;As? oabmvnf; odyfaumif;w,f? cufwmu tdrfrSm
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½kyfaygufvmwmyJ}
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rD; n§daepOf
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ZeD;eJY ajyvnfvdkY MunfvmwJh t&m&Sd&,f? tdrfrSm vifr
,m;csif; rMunfrvifjzpfvmwwfwJh t&m&Sd&,f vlwef;
pm;ESpfrsKd;udkajymwm? tJ txl;ojzifh a,musfm;t&m&Sdqdk
&if rdef;raMumuf&wJh t&m&Sdu ydkqdk;w,f}
]taMumif;u}
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w,f? tJ tdrfrSm ta&;awmfyHkay:vdkY t½IH;ay;cJh&orQ ½Hk;
a&mufvm&if awGU&mvl rJawmhwmyJ? tJ'DxJ [dkaeYu
OD;av;ygoGm;wmaygh? a[m [kdrSm vmaeNyD}
refae*sm a&mufvmavNyD/ ,aeYaomfrl Munfvif&Tif
yspGmESifhyif a&mufvmonf/ odkYaomf tjcm;wpfcef;odkY
BudKí0ifoGm;aomaMumifh om"k &ifzdk&jyef\/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
379
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]ryleJY OD;av;? 'DaeY Munfw,f? ol a&mufvm&if
aemufuom 0ifvdkufoGm;}
½Hk;vkvif Mo0g'twdkif; om"k jyKrlonf/ acsmacsmarGU
arGU ajyvnfoGm;onf/ aomMumaeYu om"kavQmufvTm
vufrcHEdkif jzpf&onfudkyif 0rf;enf;pum; ajymvdkufao;
\/
rsufESmjrif cspfcifygí toHMum; av;pm;zG,f&maom
refae*smtcef;rS xGuftvm ½Hk;vkvif b,foGm;aeonf
rod/ pD;u&uf aemufwpfvdyf ray;cJh&/
xdkaeYrSpí om"kvnf; todÓPfwpfrsKd;jzifh awmuf
avQmufvl0g;0oGm;awmh\/
ypönf;avQmufonfjzpfap tvkyfudpö oGm;onfjzpfap
oufqdkif&m ½Hk;vkvifudkuyfí
]nDav;wkdYq&m 'DaeY Munf&JUvm;} [k yxrtqifh
taejzifh pHkprf;orI jyKonf/ rMunfvQif jyef? Munfaom
aeYrS 0ifawGU? udpö[lorQ tjynfhr[kwfonfhwdkif zpfzwD;
ygqifhavmuf acsmarmwwfaMumif; owif;aumif;yg;
vdkuf&acsonf [lvdk/

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
380
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ajymif;Mu a&TUMu&ifvJ
wpfcgu oGm;aeus XmewpfckqDodkY udpöwpf&yfjzifh wef;

wef;rwfrwf 0ifoGm;onf/ cgwdkif;ESifhrwl/ "mwfrD;ysuf
aeíavm rod/ jywif;aygufrsm;rS 0ifvmaom ae\
tvif;a&mifjzifhom 0dk;wdk;0g;wm; jzpfaeNyD; tcsKdUae&m
wGif vHk;vHk;arSmifaeonf/
axmifhwpfck csKd;auGUNyD; apGUceJY 0ifvdkufonfESifh
]'gu bmvkyfwmvJ? bmudpö 0ifvmwmvJ? 'DrSm rdef;
rom;awGcsnfyJ&Sifh}
oHk;a,mufwpfwGJ xGufvmaom pm;a&;rBuD;i,f wpf
odkufESifh &ifbwfcsif; wkdufrdrvdk jzpfoGm;&mrS txufyg
toH pmpmav;rsm;aMumifh om"k tonf;ESvHk; cgoGm;
ovm; xifvdkufrd\/
]'g OD;atmifoef;xG#ftcef; r[kwfvm;? olYudk awGU
csifvdkY}
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rar;rjref; 0ifvmw,f}
][ wpfaeYuyJ OD;av;vmao;wm}
]raeYu ajymif;oGm;NyD? ck[mu 'DjyifXme}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
381
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]tJ'grS OD;av;rodbJ? EdkY b,fajymif;oGm;vJ}
]rajymwwfbl;}
wpfa,mufu abmufqwfqwf/
]ajymraeygeJYat? vm [dkrSm vufokyfukefoGm;OD;r,f}
wpfa,mufu rmausmausm/
þwGif om"ku rsufvHk;jyL;jyNyD;
]at;? igom 'DXme tBuD;tuJqdk&if rif;wdkY oHk;
aumifpvHk; jyKwfNyD}
]atmifrm}
oHao;oHaMumif NydKifwlvdk xGufvmonf/
]bm atmifrmvJ? rif;wkdY vlawmxJaeNyD; vlvdkrquf
qHwwfbl;}
olwdkYcsif; wpfa,mufrsufESm wpfa,mufMunfhaepOf
rSmyif om"kudpö ta&;BuD;aeojzifh vSnfhxGufvmcJh&if;
awG;onf/ þvdktjzpfrsKd; rMumcP BuHK&onf/ BuHKrd
wdkif;vnf; awmufacguf oufjyif;csrdonf/ ,ckvnf;
xdktawG; 0ifvmonf/
Xmewpfckonf tjcm;wpfae&modkY ajymif;a&TUoGm;ygu
rlvXme\ trsm;jrifEdkifonfh wpfae&m&mwGif puúLwpf
&Gufjzifh (rnfonfhae&m XmeodkY ajymif;a&GUoGm;aMumif;)
vdyfpma&;í uyfrxm;oifhygoavm/ owif;pmrsm;wGif
ESpfaMumif; oHk;aMumif;avmuf trsm;jynfoludk todray;
oifhygoavm/ (aMumfjimc ray;&ygacs)
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
382
om"k vl0g;0w,f
þodkYaom odwwfrIuav;rsm;onf ]apwem} rSom
vQif aygufzGm;Edkifonfudk om"k em;vnf\/ apwemryg
onfhwdkif tvkyf0wÅ&m;t& aqmif&Gufoifhonf/
rnfonfhaeY&ufwGif a&ydwfrnf[k aMunmavh&Sdaom
jrLtzGJUESifh rnfonfhaeYwGif "mwfrD;acwÅ&yfxm;rnf[k
tcsdefydkif;ESifh owif;pmwGif aMumfjimavh&Sdaom vQyfppf
"mwftm;XmewdkYtm; trsm;BuD; aus;Zl;wifae&onf/
om"kwdkY ½kyf&Sif½dkufrnf[k pDpOfonfESifh xrif;[if;csuf&
onfyif 500 u syfcefY ukefonf/ vlydkYvlBudK um;iSm;
p&dwf 350 usyf? taxGaxG tvkyform;rsm;p&dwf 500
usyfcefY/ (,ckqdkvQif wpfaeY 3000 usyfcefY ukef\/)
tu,fí tm;vHk;pDpOfNyD;rS "mwfrD;rvmvQif xdkxkd
p&dwfaiG 1350 usyfaom aiGrsm; a&pkefarsmrnfjzpf\/
BudKwifaMujimavh&SdMuaom Xmersm;rS armifrif;BuD;om;
rsm; usef;rmcsrf;omMuygap/
wpfBudrfaom tcgor,uvnf; urm&Gwf½Hk;wpf½Hk;
wGif om"k trIqdkifae&onf/ wpfaeYaom ½Hk;csdef;wGif
tdrfrStxGuf vrf;xdyfa&mufonfESifh um;bD;aygufaom
aMumifh wpfem&DcefYaemufusNyD; ½Hk;ay:wufoGm;aomtcg
yvwfpwpfa&ydkuf? "mwfrD;acsmif;? 'eftkd; ponfwkdY pkyHk
xm;onfudk awGU&ojzifh azmufxGif;rIypönf;rsm; ouf
aocHjcif;avm[k xifrdonf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
383
om"k vl0g;0w,f
aemufrS or0g,r ypönf;rsm; jzpfaeNyD; w&m;½Hkonf
vnf; ajymif;oGm;acsNyDwum;/
pHkprf;onf? ar;jref;onf/ rnfolar;ar; Za0Z0gom
tajz jzmaeonf/ aemufqHk; qdkufuúm;orm;wpfOD;\
vrf;nTefrIaMumifh ajymif;a&GUoGm;aomw&m;½Hk;odkYta&muf
aemufusaeonfh trIonf om"k jyóempk&awmhonf/
wpfzuftrIonf\ tusKd;aqmif0wfvHku om"krvm
ojzifh ½Hk;awmfudk rxDrJhjrifvkyf&ma&mufonf/ 0&rf;xkwf
yg[k awmif;qdkaeqJ om"ka&mufoGm;NyD; w&m;olBuD;
tm; taMumif;pHk &Sif;jyonf/
][dk rlv½Hk;rSmvnf; b,fajymif;oGm;w,fqdkwJh tod
ay;pm uyfrxm;awmh usKyfu b,fudk vdkuf&Sm&rvJ}
om"ku wpfbuf0wfvHkudk þvdk acsyvdkufNyD;rS xdk
pum;onf w&m;olBuD;\ vkyfaqmifcsufudkyg tzsm;
cwfoGm;aMumif; &dyfpm;rdvdkuf\/ w&m;olBuD;uvnf;
om"kudk wpfcsufarmhMunfhNyD; wpfpHkwpf&m a&;rSwfvdkuf
onf/ om"kuvnf; wpfbufrS tusKd;aqmiftm;
]aemufwpfcku cifAsm;a&m 'D½Hk; 'Dajymif;vmwm? BudK
wifodrSmaygh? wu,fqdk&if uRefawmfhqDudk zkef;quft
aMumif;Mum;zdkY aumif;w,f? uRefawmfh zkef;eHywfvnf;
cifAsm; odom;eJY}
]NyD;wm NyD;NyDyJav? [kwfw,f? uRefawmfwdkY½Hk;taeeJY
vnf; enf;enf; owdvpfoGm;wmudk 0efcH&rSmyJ? ajymif;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
384
om"k vl0g;0w,f
a&TUvmwJh aMunmcsuf uyfrxm;rdcJhbl;av? uJ? ck
OD;om"ku bmajymrvJ? tusKd;aqmif 0wfvHk rygbl;vm;?
olua&m bmrSrajymbl;vm;? ½Hk;ajymif;wJh udpö/
]uRefawmf 0wfvHk riSm;&ao;ygbl;? &ufcsdef;ay;zdkYyJ
ajymcsifygw,f}
Xme tajymif;ta&TUvkyfwdkif; rlvae&mwGif aMunm
csufuyfjcif;? owif;pmrsm;wGif azmfjy today;jcif;rsm;
rvkyfrae&tjzpf rnfolu trdefYay;Edkifygvdrfh/
apmapmu ajymif;oGm;onfqdkaom OD;atmifoef;xG#f
wkdYXmeudk aemufwpfaeYwGifrS pHkprf;í&\/ wufoGm;\/
4 xyfodkYa&mufaomtcg acwÅtarmajzNyD;rS ½Hk;cef;xJodkY
vSrf;0ifoGm;&m om"k rsufrSef;wef;rdolESpfOD;rSvGJí tjcm;
trIxrf;rsm;rSm vlopfrsm; jzpfaejyefacsonf/
odkYaomf t&m&Sdum; ,cift&m&Sdyif jzpfvdrfhrnfxifí
oD;jcm;tcef; wpfckxJ 0ifawmhrnfjyKpOf vlopfpma&;
wpfOD; xvmonf/
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]aMomf? OD;atmifoef;xG#f}
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Xmeu ajymif;vmwm}
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0ifawGU&rSmyJaygh? 0if&rvm;}
]bmudpövJ}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
385
om"k vl0g;0w,f
om"ku tvkyfudpö taMumif;t&mrsm; a&;xm;onfh
pmudkjy&m
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vmyg}
olYpm;yGJodkY ac:oGm;onf/ om"k rxdkif&ao;rDrSmyif
xdkpmudk olwifjyay;rnfjzpfaMumif; ajymqdkum 4 &ufcGm
NyD;csdef;vdkuf\/
5 &ufajrmufaomaeYwGif om"k oGm;onf/ t&m&SdxH
wifxm;NyD;jzpfaomfvnf; jyefrusvmao; [kqdkum wpf
ywfcsdef;onf/ om"k tenf;i,fpdwfwkdrdaomfvnf; bmrQ
rajymao;bJ xjyefvmcJhonf/
udpörSmvnf; tpnf;ta0;xdkifí qHk;jzwf&efvdkaom
jyóemr[kwf/ t&m&Sdjzpfolu abmvfyifwpfcsuf oGuf
½Hkjzifh 'ufceJ NyD;Ekdif\/
om"kwdkYrSm tvkyfudk tcsdefvk vkyf&onf/ rif;orD;
rif;om; ay;aom&ufwGifom½kyf&Sif½dkufEdkifonf/ wpf&uf
ysufuGufvQif aemufxyf q,fhig;&ufcefY apmifh&jyef
onf/ þwGif txuf½Hk;q&mwkdYu (wpfaeYwpfnr[kwf
yJ) tywfvdkuf a&TUcsdef;aomtcg tarmBuD; arm&onf/
csdef;aomaeY xyfoGm;onf/ taMumif;rxl;/ 3 &ufcGm
csdef;jyefonf/ wuf&qif;&onfrSm (av;xyfBuD;jzpfí)
roufomvS/ om"k pdwfr&SnfEdkifawmhNyD/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
386
om"k vl0g;0w,f
csufcsif; qdkovdkyif xdkpma&;pm;yGJrSxNyD; t&m&Sdcef;
wHcg;[MunfhNyD; 0ifcGifhawmif;&m t&m&Sdu acgif;ndwfjy
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387
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om"k vl0g;0w,f
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
389
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390
om"k vl0g;0w,f
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
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vmw,fqdkawmh xrif;rpm;&ao;bl;aygh? pm;oGm;ygvm;
Asm? [if;aumif;w,f? Muufom;ukvm;csuf? refusnf;
oD;[if;csKd? [if;EkEG,faMumf}
]pm;awmhygbl;/ ajy;&OD;r,f tpnf;ta0;}
olYum; xGufoGm;í NcH0avmufta&mufrSmyif zkef;vm
onf/ cspfcspfxHrS[k wynfhrav;u ajymonf/
]at; cspfcspfvm;? aeaumif;w,faemf}
]vlvnf; aeaumif;ygw,f? pdwfvnf; aeaumif;yg
w,fwJh}
om"k pdwfaxGoGm;&jyefonf/
]cke udkxGef;vmoGm;w,f r[kwfvm;wJh}
om"k tb,fyHk ajz&rnf rodojzifh rMum;ovdk xyf
ar;cdkif;&if; xGef;xGef;udk,fwdkifuom om"kxHvmrnf[k
cspfcspftm; ajymoGm;roGm; raocsmí
]tJ qdkprf;ygOD;}
]uRefrudk qlylNyD; xGufoGm;w,fav? q&mhudk oGm;
awmif;yefr,fqdkNyD? tJ'g [dk uRefru q&mhudk yrmrcefY
zkef;xJu ajymvdkYwJh}
]aMomf? aMomf}
]ol bmawG ajymoGm;vJ? bmrS r,HkeJYq&m? uRefr
bmrSrjzpfbl;? wpfcgwpfcg pdwfwdkw,f? a'gojzpfw,f?
'gvnf; olYaMumifhygwJh}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
400
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]tif;}
om"ku pum;ajymcGufrS qif;vdkufNyD; wynfhZeD;
wynfhrav;uem;axmif&if; wpfqifhajym? om"k pdwfarm
vSonf/
]olYtaMumif; q&modNyD;NyDvm;? q&mh xGef;xGef;av?
ck yifv,fig;xufi,fwJh yifv,fykZGef pm;aeNyD? ]parm}
awG bmawGeJY jzpfaeNyDaum}
][m}
]r[meJY q&ma&? olYvnf; oGm;rar;ygeJYaemf? uRefr
udk &efvkyfaeygOD;r,f? ck olYtvkyfu nae cPjyefvm
a&csKd; 6 em&Dxdk;wmeJY ]ti,f} qD ajy;wmyJ? [dkrSm tdyf
w,f? reufqdk 8 em&Davmuf tdrfudk jyefvmw,f? a&rdk;
csKd; xrif;pm;NyD; ½Hk;oGm;a&m? tJ'gygyJq&m? uRefrrSm jzpf
yHku ol [dktdrfa&mufaewJhtcsdef b,fuzkef;vmvm pdwf
rcsrf;ombl;? a'gojzpfaerdw,f? pGwfpufNyD; ajymrdajym
&m ajymcsvdkufrda&m? q&mhawmif ra&SmifEdkifjzpfrdw,f}
]at;Asm? Mum;&wm pdwfraumif;ygbl;}
]rjzpfeJYq&m? trSefu uRefrvnf; 'gawG rajymcsifyg
bl;? vif r,m;i,f,lwm b,f r,m;BuD;u ajymcsifrSm
vJ? tJ'g olu uRefryJ ya,m*0ifaeovdkvdk ab;rSm
owif;vTifhaeao;w,f? ck q&mhudkvnf; 'grsKd;yJ ajymcsif
ajymoGm;rSm? q&m r,HkeJYaemf? azmufaewmu ol? 'gygyJ
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
401
om"k vl0g;0w,f
av? aemuf q&mzkef;quf&if ol [dkoGm;aewJh tcsdefav;
udk a&SmifNyD;qufygaemf? uRefr pdwfxdcdkufvGef;vdkYyg}
zkef;csoGm;onf/
þonfudk om"k bmwpfckrQ rwwfEdkif/ wpfpHkwpf&m
vnf; 0ifa&mufrpGufzufvdk/ pyfpkp&mvnf; taMumif;
r&Sd/ Mum;0ifajz&Sif;í &paumif;aom taMumif;jcif;&m
jyóemrsKd;vnf; r[kwfacs/

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
402
om"k vl0g;0w,f
vlvnf; MunfhvkyfMuyguGm
tMuifyk*¾dKvf wpfOD;wpfa,mufudk (rnfol rnf0grSef;

rodí) tjcm;ol wpfpHkwpfOD;u taMumif;wpfckck jyKrd
rSm;cJhaom ememMunf;Munf;r[kwfvQif txufygtwdkif;
]vlvnf; MunfhvkyfMuyguGm} [k wjcm;vlu 0ifí owd
ay;avh &SdMuonf/
tu,fí xdkjyKrdrSm;rI xkvnfBuD;rm;aevQifum; ]vl
MunfhvkyfyguG}[k a'gojzifh xefavh rmefavh &SdMuonf/
a'gESifh armESifh jyef[def;wwfMuonf/
þonfudk pm½Ioludk,fwdkif Mum;0if ajymoltjzpf
vnf;aumif;jzefajzcH&oltjzpf vnf;aumif;? tjyKtrlcH&
oltjzpfvnf;aumif;? wpfckr[kwf wpfck BuHKzl;ayvdrfh
rnf/ ,kwfpGtqHk; xdkpum;rsKd; Mum;zl;ol tjzpfum; pm½I
ol rjiif;Edkif/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
403
om"k vl0g;0w,f
odkYtwdkif; wpfckck rSefcJhonfjzpfthH/ pm½Iolonf xdk
pum;\ teuft"dyÜm,fudk y,fy,fe,fe,f awG;Munfhzl;
yg\avm/ rnfodkY oabmaqmif oufa&mufonfudk
avhvmarQmfac: rdyg\avm/
wpfcgu ½Hk;udpöwpfckjzifh om"kudk ppfaq;&efac:xm;

ojzifh av;xyf taqmufttHk wpfcka&SUarSmuf om"k
a&mufvm&onf/ xdkaeYu om"k tvGefEGrf;e,faeonf/
aexdkifraumif;í 5 &ufrQ tpm;ttdyf ysufaecJh&aomf
vnf; xdkaeY xdk&ufu ½Hk;odkY rvmírjzpfaomaMumifh aEG
acgifacgifwGif t0wftpm; xlxlxJxJ0wfí ZGwfxGufvm
cJh&onf/
xdk taqmufttHkodkY a&mufaomtcg om"k oGm;awGU
&rnfhXmeudk pHkprf;Munfh&mwGif tay:qHk;xyfodkY wuf&
rnf od&ojzifh e*dku armaeol om"krSm &ifwkefíyif
[pfypfvdkufcsifonf/ odkYaomf rwwfEdkif/ em;em;aeaeyif
wuf&ayawmhrnf/ avSum;&Sd&modkY 0ifcJhonfü NrdKufceJ
0rf;omoGm;onf/
avSum;&if;wGif "mwfavSum;&Sdonf/ txJwGif trsKd;
orD;ESpfa,mufESifh trsKd;om;wpfOD; "mwfavSum; armif;
olurl "mwfavSum;ESifh oHk;aycefYtuGmwGif &yf&if; (,ck
acwf Mum;um;py,f,mu c&D;onf arQmfonfhyHkpHrsKd;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
404
om"k vl0g;0w,f
t0if0buf Munfhaeonf/) aemufxyfwufrnfhol apmifh
ae[ef/
om"kuvnf; ayghyg;pGmyif "mwfavSum;xJ vSrf;0if
&yfvdkufonf/ rMumrD om"k ycHk;udk vufwdkYonfh cHpm;&
rIwpfckaMumifh vSnfhtMunfh
]cifAsm;u b,foGm;rSmvJ}
om"kawGUvdkonfh t&m&Sd&mxl;ESifh wnf&Sd&mtxyfudk
ajymjy&m
]'g atmfzpfqmawGom wufcGifh&Sdw,f? t&yfom; rpD;
&bl;? cifAsm; jyefxGufyg? [dkavScg;u wuf}
a&iwfjcif;'ku©udk tvl;tvJcHae&ol wpfOD;tzkdY cyf
vSrf;vSrf;wGif jrifvdkuf&aom a&uefuav;u xdk'ku©udk
xuf0ufeD;yg; ajyaysmufoGm;apaomfvnf; a&uefem;
a&mufí aomufrnfjyKaomtcg vlaoaumif;ykyf ayg
avmajrmaeonfudk awGU&tHh/ xdkolonf a&uefrawGUrD
uxuf ESpfqoHk;qrQ ydkí a&iwfjcif; 'ku© cH&wwfonf
[louJhodkY om"kvnf; xdkYtwl cHpm;vdkuf&acs\/
om"k rauseyf/ tu,fwd xdkpOfu aexdkifaumif;
aom tajctaewGif &Sdygu ususee ar;cGef;awG xkwfrd
acsrnf/ ZGwfayí "mwfavSum;xJ &yfaernf/ jzpfcsif&m
jzpf/
taMumif;&Sdí pnf;urf;wpfckck vkyfxm;vQif xdkpnf;
urf;udk om"k av;pm;onf/ vdkufemonf/ olwdkYvkyfxm;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
405
om"k vl0g;0w,f
aom ]atmfzpfqm t&m&SdrS pD;&rnfh "mwfavSum;} pnf;
urf;udkrl om"k vufrcHEdkif/
jynfolvlxk\ tcGeftwkwf vpmudk pm;aeol t&m&Sd
rsm;udkrl rarmyef;ap&ef "mwfavSum;jzifhwuf? trsm;
jynfolawGum; vQmtwpfom; xGufaomf xGufap? ½dk;½dk;
avSum;rS wuf[lbdodkY vlwef;pm; cGJjcm;&m a&mufae
onf/ ]trsm;jynfol tusKd;udk OD;pm;ay;} [laom acgif;
aqmifBuD;rsm;\ Mo0g'ESifh ajzmifhajzmifhBuD; qefYusifae
onf/
þwGif oufqdkif&mwdkYu axmufjyp&mwpfuGuf&Sd\/
]b,folwufwuf ydkYay;&r,fqdk&if "mwfavSum;
armif;orm; b,fem;&rSm r[kwfawmhbl;? "mwftm;c
vnf; tqrwef ukefrSmyJ}
rSef\/ þonfaMumifh pnf;urf;xm;vdkaomf xm;yg
ukef/ odkYaomf trsm;jynfoludkum; rydwfyifoifh/ Oyrm
½Hk;csdefatmfzpfqmrsm; a&mufwwf? ½Hk;wufwwfonfh
eHeuf 9 em&DrS 11 em&Dtxd rnfol qif;qif;wufwuf?
tm;vHk;udk pD;cGifhjyKNyD; 11 em&D wdwdwGif "mwfavSum;&yf
aomhcwfxm/ t&m&Sdrsm;? xdktcsdefausmfrS ½Hk;a&mufaomf
trsm;enf;wl ½dk;½dk;avSum;rSwuf/ nae½Hk;qif;csdef 3 em
&DavmufrSpí "mwfavSum; jyefzGifh 5 em&DwGif ydwf/
odkY awG;&if;yif em;vdkufwufvdkufjzifh qdkif&m atmf
zpfqmtcef;odkYa&mufaomf om"k ½kwfw&uf pum;rajym
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
406
om"k vl0g;0w,f
Edkif/ tvGefarmaeonf/ t&m&Sdtm; pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;
xkwfjy&if; acR;okwfaepOf
]aMomf q&mOD;om"kqdkwm xifyg&JU}
][kwfygw,f}
]tif;? emrnfawmh Mum;zl;aewmyJav? vludkawmh ½kyf
&SifxJrSmyJ jrifzl;w,f}
om"k pum;rqufEdkifao;? tarmrajyao;? ajz&rnfh
taMumif;t&mvnf; r[kwfao;/
]0rf;omygw,fAsm? ckvdk vludk,fwdkif awGU&wm? ck
bmZmwfum;awG ½dkufaevJ? 'geJY q&m aeraumif;bl;
xifw,f/ taEG;xnf txyfxyfeJY}
em;em;aeaeyif om"ku &Sif;jyvdkuf&onf/ xdkpum;
xJwGif "mwfavSum; udpövnf; ygoGm;ojzifh
]tdk}
t&m&Sdonf tawmfuav; pdwfraumif;jzpfoGm;&mrS
pm;yGJwifacgif;avmif;udk ESdyfvdkufNyD; rMumrD ½Hk;vkvif
wpfa,muf ay:vm\/
]a[h armifzkd;0uf oGm;ac:prf;}
csufcsif;qdkovdk "mwfavSum;armif;ol a&mufvm
onfESifh
]a[h? rifhudk igajymaygif;rsm;NyD? ighqDvmwJh trIonf
awG[m vlBuD;vlaumif;awG rsm;w,f? "mwfavSum; pD;
cGifhjyKygqdkwm}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
407
om"k vl0g;0w,f
xdkvl rwkefrvIyf acgif;iHkYaeonf/
]olb,folvJ rif;odvm;? 'g pma&;q&m 'g½dkufwm
OD;om"kuG? rif;wdkY awmfawmfcufwmyJ? vlvnf; MunfhrS
aygh}
aemuf armifzdk;0ufu atmfzpfqma&m om"kudkyg
awmif;yefaomaMumifh udpöNyD;oGm;\/ om"kvmaom ½Hk;
udpövnf; NyD;oGm;onf/ xdkYaemufydkif;wGif em&D0ufrQ ½kyf
&SiftaMumif;rsm; oluar; om"ku ajzjzifh tawmfuav;
cifrifoGm;Muonfhtwdkif; txufwGif azmfjycJhonfh ]"mwf
avSum;pD;cGifh jyóem} udk tBuHay;[ef wifjyvdkuf&m
]awmfawmfaumif;wJh pnf;urf;av;wpfckyJ? 'gayr,fh
uRefawmfawmh wpfa,mufwnf; oabmeJYvnf; rNyD;bl;
Asm? 'djyift&m&SdawGqE´vnf; ,l&OD;r,f? NyD;awmh aeYcif;
aeYv,fydkif;rSmvnf; uRefawmfwdkYtxufu yk*¾dKvfawG
vmwwfMuwmrdkY tif;- wifawmh wifjyoifhwJh udpöwpf
ckyJav}
][kwfuJh? tJ'g jzpfEdkif rjzpfEdkifudk ab;z,fNyD; &if;&if;
ESD;ESD;awmh wpfckajymcsifw,fAsm}
][m? bmjzpfjzpf uRefawmfhudkawmh tm;rembJ ajymyg
q&m? ajymom ajymyg}
]aMomf? cke vlvnf; MunfhvkyfMuyg} qkdwmav? "mwf
avSum; armif;oljzpfjzpf? pma&; trIxrf;jzpfjzpfaygh?
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
408
om"k vl0g;0w,f
b,fol[mjzifh ]bm} qdkwm oD;jcm;odxm;rS vlMunfhvkyf
vdkY&r,f r[kwfvm;}
t&m&Sdvnf; aq;wHudkzGm&if; awGaeNyD;rS-
][kwfw,fAsKdU? uRefawmfwdkYvnf; 'Dpum;udk vufoHk;
tjzpf ajym ajymaeusrdkY oHk;aeMuwm? 'Dtxd rawG;rdbl;?
0rf;omw,fAsm? q&meJY awGU&wm A[kokwyJ? uJ? vuf
zuf&nfvm;? aumfzDvm;}
]'gawG uRefawmfjzwfvdkufwm 15 ESpfausmfygNyD? a&
aEG;Murf;yJ aomufawmhw,fav}
]'gjzifhvnf; a&aEG;Murf;eJY rkefYwpfckck pm;ygaemh}
½Hk;vkvifudkac:í ZGwfyif a&aEG;Murf;ESifh qrlqm rSm
auR;onf/ pum;vnf; qufrdMujyefonf/
]tif;? q&majymrSyJ qufawG;rdawmhw,f/ ]tjyifvl
rsm; w,fvDzkef; ajymcGifhrjyK qdkwm&,f? ½Hk;udpörSwpfyg;
zkef; roHk;& qdkwm&,f} trSefuawmh pmqGJxm;wmom
tzwfwifw,f? taMumif;uawmh rxl;ygbl;? tjyifvl
xuf twGif;vluydkqdk;w,fq&ma&U? wmjrpfjyef&ifvnf;
b,f½Hk;udk ½Hk;udpöyJ ajymwmyg qdkawmh b,folu [kwf
r[kwf xdkifem;axmifaeEdkifyghrvJ}
]NyD; ckepum; aemufqufwGJ &Sdao;w,fav? qufNyD;
awG;vdkuf&if ]vlvnf; MunfhvkyfMuyguGm} qdkwJhpum;rSm
tqifhtwef; cGJjcm;rIawG ygaew,f? MunfhvkyfoifhwJh vl
wef;pm;eJY vkyfcsifovdk vkyfEdkifwJh vlwef;pm;&,fvdkYav}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
409
om"k vl0g;0w,f
olawGoGm;jyefonf/
]uRefawmf jzpfapcsifwmuawmh ½Hk;udpöeJY vmwJhvlqdk
b,foljzpfjzpf wef;wlyJ tcGifhta&;&SdzdkYaygh? b,fvludkrS
Munfh rvkyfapcsifbl;av}/

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
410
om"k vl0g;0w,f
vlrIa&; aq;wpfykvif;
om"k tjyifrSjyefvmNyD; vG,ftdwftcsdwfvdkufwGif pmyGJ

ay:rS zdwfpmwpfapmifcyfBuD;BuD;awGU&aomfvnf; aumuf
rMunfhrdao;/ xrif;qmqmESifh [if;taEG;cdkif;NyD;rS zdwf
pmudk iHkYMunfhrdjyefonf/
r*Fvmaqmif? &SifjyKwpfckckyif jzpfwef&monf[k xif
um aumufrudkifao;/ xdkvdkudpöjzpfvQif &ufBudKwif
zdwfwwfojzifh xrif;pm;NyD;rS at;at;aq;aq; zwfrnf
[k/
xrif;yGJ jyifaepOf owif;pmwpfapmif zwfaecdkuf
om;wpfa,mufu zdwfpm,lvmNyD; owday;onf/
]azaz awGUNyD;NyDvm;? 'Dzdwfpm qufquf<ucJhygwJh?
AdkvfrSL;csKyf OD;wifazu ydkYcdkif;vdkufwmwJh}
zdwfpmudk om"k zGifhMunfhvdkufonfü (ukefoG,fa&;ESifh
or0g,r0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD;tjzpf) wm0efxrf;aqmifae
qJ AdkvfrSL;csKyfwifaz\ zdwfMum;pm jzpfaeonf/ ]npm
pm;yGJodkY <ua&mufyg&ef} [líom awGU&onf/ tjcm;udpö
bmrQryg/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
411
om"k vl0g;0w,f
om"k zswfceJ 0rf;omoGm;onf/ taMumif;aomfum;
xdkpOfu om"k rausreyfjzpfaeaom tcsuftvuftcsKdU
udk 0efBuD;ESifh wdkuf½dkufwifjycGifh &awmhrnf[k taMumif;
jyKaom 0rf;omjcif;/
5? 2? 70 ckESpf aeY&uf? nae 6 em&DcGJomomwGif
om"k a&mufoGm;onf/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfudk,fwdkif qD;BudKonf/
EIwfqufonf/ zufvJwuif; &SdvSonf/ om"k wpf
a,mufudkum; r[kwf/ ol zdwfxm;onfh vlwdkif;udk
vdIufvdIufvSJvSJ BudKqdkonf/
½kyf&SifaumifpDrS OD;nDyk? udkcifaZmfwdkYtjyif rif;om;
ausmfaqG? xGef;a0wdkYvnf; ygonf/ *DwaumifpDrS Adkvf
uav;wifhatmif? armifudkudkwdkYvnf; ygonf/ tEkynm
onf tawmfpHkonf/ vlaphatmif rrSwfrdawmhNyD/
om"kvnf; tcGifhta&;ESifh tcsdefudk apmifhaeonf/
AdkvfrSL;csKyfvnf; vmorQvludk BudKqdk&if;? ae&may;&if;
tvkyf½Iyfaeonf/ om"kwGifvnf; ,aeYrS ajymcGifhr&vQif
aemif ajymcGifh wifjycGifh BuHK&ef rvG,ful/
7 em&DavmufwGifaomf vlpHkoavmuf &SdNyDjzpfí om"k
teD; vGwfaeaom qdkzmwGif AdkvfrSL;csKyf vmxkdifonf/
½kyf&SiudpöESifh vkyfief;tajctaersm;ar;onf/ om"kvnf;
ar;orQ &Sif;jyNyD; om"kajymcsifonfrsm;udk pum;prnfjyK
onfESifh tdrfom; wpfa,mufu zkef; vmonfqdkojzifh
AdkvfrSL;csKyf xoGm;onf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
412
om"k vl0g;0w,f
xdkYaemuf jyefvSnfhvmaomtcg pmul;pufjzifh vSnfh
xm;aom pmtkyfwGJrsm; txyfvdkufESifh olYwynfhtm;
a0cdkif;onf/ om"k wifjycGifh vGwfoGm;&jyef\/
]a&TbdkNrdKUe,fwGif AHk&Snf? AHkBuD;? AHkvwfoHrsm;jzifh
awmifolv,form;rsm; ujyoDqdkavh&Sdaom AHkBuD;oH oD
csif;rsm;}
txufyg xyfpnf;pmwrf;jzifh AHk&SnfBuD;ESifh AHkBuD;oH?
AHkvwfAHkwdkY ponfhwD;aom AHkud&d,mtrsKd;tEG,f? t&G,f
tpm; &yf&Gme,fy,ftvdkuf toHk;jyKavh&Sdonfh a&TbdkNrdKU
ywf0ef;usifwpfcdkwGif ,aeYwdkif awGU&SdEdkifao;onfrS pí
rnfonfhtcsdefumvu pwifwD;rIwf toHk;jyKcJhMuonf
udk ouú&mZfESifhwuG azmfjyxm;onfh pmwrf; jzpfonfudk
zwf½I&\/
tqdkyg AHkBuD;oHtzGJU toD;oD;wGif yg0ifwD;rIwf oDqdk
olwdkY\ trnfrsm; &yf&Gmtvkduf azmfjyxm;aomaMumifh
vnf; A[kokw tawmfrsm;rsm; &vdkufonf/
aemufydkif;wGif xdkpmwrf;ESifh ywfowfí aqG;aEG;Mu
onf/ tcsKdUu qdkjyNyD; tcsKdUu wD;[efrsm; jyMuonfrSm
&if;&if;ESD;ESD; &SdvSonf/ tjcm;aom jrefrmhaw;*DwESifh
ywfowfonfrsm;vnf; ajymqdkMuonf/
trSefudk 0efcH&vQif þrnfaom AHkBuD;oH? aw;rmef
aw;oGm;rsm;udk om"k ruRrf;usifí tidkifom; em;pGifhae&
onf/ om"k pdwfxJwGifum; AdkvfrSL;csKyfudk ajymcsifaom
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
413
om"k vl0g;0w,f
pum;rsm;om tpDt&D oDukH;aerdonf/ rsufvHk;uvnf;
AdkvfrSL; tm;vyfrnfhtcsdefudkom acsmif;aeonf/ oludk,f
wkdif yg0ifaqG;aEG;aejyefaomaMumifh om"k arQmfvifhcsuf
ESifh rudkufjzpf&jyefonf/
aemufrMumrD pum;usJoGm;onfESifh pm;aomufzG,f&m
rsm; a&mufvmonf/ tm;remwrf; pm;Mu&ef vlaphatmif
vdkufajymonf/ om"kteD;odkY AdkvfrSL;csKyf a&mufvmacsNyD/
þtcsdefwGif om"konf ESpfa,mufqdkzmwGif wpfa,muf
wnf; xdkifaecdkufjzpfí olyg0ifxdkifNyD; (t&ufzefcGufAef;
wpfckjzifh xkdxkdþþ vSrf;ay;aeoltm;) atmfac:NyD;
t&ufwpfzefcGuf,lum om"kudk ay;\/ om"kurl vuf
umí
]uRefawmf raomufbl;}
trSeftm;jzifhrl om"k raomufwwfaMumif; ajym&ef
jzpfaomfvnf; tjcm;aom tEkynm&Sifrsm; wusKdufusKduf
armhaeMuonfwGif om"ku tom;,lovdk rajymcsifaom
aMumifh xdkrQom-
]enf;enf; jzpfjzpfayghAsm? aysmfaysmfyg;yg;}
][kwfuJh uRefawmf raomufyg&apeJY}
]'guawmh enf;enf;jyif;w,fav? 'Dxuf aysmhaysmh
aomufrvm;? &Sdw,f}
]onf;cHygAsm? uRefawmf}
]bmvJAs?raomufcsifwmvm;? raomufwwfwmvm;}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
414
om"k vl0g;0w,f
om"k raewwfawmhojzifh
]raomufwwfvdkYyg}
]rnmeJYAsm? uRefawmf owif;&NyD;NyD? r*dkvrf; jynfolY
t&ufqdkifrSm cifAsm; oGm;oGm;0,fw,fr[kwfvm;}
][m 'gu t&ufr[kwfygbl;? wpfcgu AdkufemNyD; ae
raumif;jzpfvdkY q&m0ef nTefMum;csuft& ]0ifumepf} ]tD
rl;} qdkwmyg? ]pefwdk*sif} vnf; 0,fzl;ygw,f}
]tJ'gawGu rD;aeonf aomufwmyJAs}
olu cyf&Tef;&Tef;ajymojzifh tm;vHk;yif cyfaomaom
&,fMuonf/ om"kyg a&mí [m;ae&onf/
csufcsif;qdkovdkyif t&ufzefcGufudk ab;wGifcsí
tjcm;wpfa,muftm; vSrf;ac:um
]a[h tDrl;jzpfjzpf 0ifumepfjzpfjzpf rD;aeonf aomuf
wmrsKd; wpfckck ,lcJhuGm}
][m rvkyfygeJY AdkvfrSL;csKyf? AdkufemvdkY aq;tjzpf
aomufwmawmif tdrfrSm rl; rl;oGm;w,f}
]enf;enf;aygh? zefcGufeJY vufESpfvkH;avmufyJ aomuf?
auseyfNyD}
]awmif;yefygw,fAsm? ckvmwmvnf; uRefawmf wpf
a,mufwnf;? tjyefrSm um;armif;&if; rl;&if rawmfwq}
]tdkAsm? cifAsm;rl;&if uRefawmfudk,fwdkif xrf;ydkYr,f?
enf;enf;av;jzpfjzpfawmh aomuf&r,fAsm}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
415
om"k vl0g;0w,f
om"k tjiif;&cufacsNyD/ tu,fí t&ufudkom ZGwf
wkdufvQif om"kuvnf; ZGwfjiif;rnf? vHk;0 EIwfcrf;em;
awhrnfr[kwf/ ,ckaomf t&uf tenf;i,fygaom tm;
wdk;aq;? rD;zGm;olESifh oufBuD;&G,ftkd vlrrmemvefxrsm;
aomufonfhaq;/ om"kudk,fwdkif aomufcJhzl;onfh aq;
rsKd;jzpfaomaMumifh Nidrfaevdkuf&aomfvnf; tjyef vrf;
wGif rl;rnf pdk;&drfrd\/ tdrfwGif AdkufempOfu tMurf; yef;
uefESifh wpf0ufr&Sdw&Sd aomufonfyif wpfcgaomuf
wpfcgrl; wpfcgtdyfaysmfoGm;avh &SdonfhtwGuf tBuH&
cufae\/
xkdYxufydkí om"k pdwf0ifpm;vm&onfh taMumif;&if;
um; r*dkvrf; jynfholYt&ufqdkifwGif q&m0efvufrSwfjzifh
tDrl; pefwdk*sif oGm;0,favh&Sdonfudk AdkvfrSL;csKyf rnfodkY
odaeoenf;/
rnfoluowif;ydkYoenf;/ rnfolu rnfodkY nTefMum;
xm;oenf;/ om"k pOf;pm;ír&/ pum;pyfrd&mrS om"k
taMumif;ygvmí q&m0efu ajymavoavm/ wpfcg
wpf&H ukefoG,fa&;½Hk;odkY avQmufvTmESifh 0,fcGifh awmif;&
aomaMumifh xdk½kH;rS tBuD;tuJrsm;uyif pyfrdpyf&m ajym
rdMuoavm/ Mumaomf om"k acgif;½Iyfvmojzifh qufr
awG;awmhbJ om"k wifjyvdkonfh udpöudk ajymawmhrnf[k
]'DrSm 0efBuD; uRefawmfwpfckajymcsifwm&Sdw,f? trsm;
eJYqdkifwJh udpöqdkygawmh}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
416
om"k vl0g;0w,f
][m ajymomajym? 0efBuD;udkajymrvm;? AdkvfrSL;csKyfudk
ajymrvm;? wifazudk ajymrvm;? BudKufovdkajym? uJqdk}
]wjcm;awmh r[kwfygbl;? AkdvfcsKyfu ukefoG,fa&;eJY
or0g,rudk udkifaewJh 0efBuD;rdkY}
]tif;? bmawG rauseyfwm &SdaevdkYvJAs}
][kwfuJh? trsm;jynfolawGudk,fpm; ajymcsifwmyg?
jynfolYqdkifawGrSm a&cJaowÅmeJY aiG&SifaMu;&SifoHk; tdrf
aqmuf ypönf;awG vdkoavmuf 0,fvdkY&ayr,fh qif;&J
om;oHk; tdrf½dkufoHqdkwm r&Sdoavmuf &Sm;yg;aeygw,f}
]aeygOD;As? aiG&Sif aMu;&SifoHk; ypönf;qdkwm bmawGvJ}
]yvwfpwpf ,if;vdyfac:rvm;? tJ w½kwfuyf ae
a&mifum yvwfpwpftvdyfawG? wHcg;uvefY? rif;wHk;?
arsmufvuf? ta&mifwzdwfzdwfeJY tzdk;wef ypönf;awG?
EdkifiHjcm;jzpf jywif;oHwHcg;abmifawG}
]tJ tJ [kwfNyD? tJ'gawG rSmwkef;u enf;enf;yg;yg;?
ta&mif;av;aevdkY ckvdkvufusef}
]uRefawmf ajymcsifwmuvnf; tJ'gyg? ta&mif;&aES;
wJh olaX;oHk;awG wifoGif;r,fhtpm; ta&mif;&oGufwJh
qif;&Jom;oHk; ypönf;rsm;rsm; ydkrSm&if}
ckawmh tJh'gawG pDpOfNyD; vkyfNyD;aeygNyD? rMumcifyJ
tdrf ½dkufoH? 0uftl? vuform; ypönf; qdkwmawG azm
azmoDoD &ygawmhr,f? 'djyifaumAs bm&Sdao;vJ? ajym
p&m}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
417
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]oabmuawmh tJh'grsKd;ygyJ? ckqdk&if *syefum;awG?
z,frvD,mwdkY wl;'dk;? zdk;'dk;wdkY oHk;av;aomif;wef um;
topfawG a&mif;aeNyD; qif;&Jom; bwfpfum;? avmf&D?
oHk;bD; pwJh tydkypönf;awGqdk&if jym; 60 w ef b&dwf
0g&SSm 0,fr&jzpfaew,f? tJ'Dvdk jym; 60 wef? wpfusyf
wef? EdkifiHjcm;jzpf 0,fvdkYr&vdkY um;wdkuf um;arSmuf
jyóemawG}
]at;Asm? 'gawGvnf; rSwfom;xm;yghr,f}
]cke AkdvfrSL;csKyf vSrf;awmif;vdkufwJh tDrl;wdkY pefwdk*sif
wdkY qdkwm wpfcgwpfcg odyft0,f& cufaeygw,f? [dk
avsmufvTmwif&? 'DaxmufcHcsuf awmif;&eJY? tJ'g wpf
ykvif;rS 10-11 usyfwefyg? usef;rma&;twGuf aq;
buf0ifayr,fh vG,fvG,fr&bl;As? a[m 100 usyfwef
200 usyfwef t&ufawGuawmh jynfolYqdkifawGrSm vdko
avmuf 0,fvdkY&aew,f? 'gvJ rrSefuefbl; xifwmyJ?
NyD;awmh}
][m vmAsKdU} om"k pum;rqHk;rDrSmyif {nfhonfwpfOD;
a&mufvmjyefojzifh (AdkvfcsKyf xoGm;jyefojzifh) pum;
vufp jywfoGm;&jyefacsawmh\/
pifppf om"k\ pum;ESifh taMumif;t&mrSm tpysKd;
ed'gef;csDaejcif; jzpfaomaMumifh aysmhaysmhaysmif;aysmif;u
pwifum wjznf;jznf; jyif;xefpGm a0zef&ef [efjyifxm;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
418
om"k vl0g;0w,f
cJhaomfvnf; vdk&if;odkY ra&mufEdkifbJ &Sdae&ao;\/ odkY
aomf pdwfravQmh/ tuGufaumif;udk acsmif;NrJ? apmifhNrJ/
rMumrD armifudkudkwdkY? Adkvfuav;wifhatmifwdkYwD;0dkif;
pMuonf/ qdkolu qdk uol u pm;NrJaomufNrJwdkYu
vnf; pm;qJ aomufqJ/
][dkrSm [dkrSm ajymaew,f? oDcsif;wpfyk'f qdkygwJh}
rif;om;ausmfaqGu om"kem;uyfí vmajymaom
aMumifh
]awmufwD;awmufwJh? bmoDcsif; qdk&rSmwkef;}
þwGif AdkvfcsKyfu
]aysmfaysmfyg;yg;ayghAsm? olwdkYvnf;qdkMuwmyJ? cifAsm;
vnf; wpfyk'fqdkaygh}
om"k tae&usyfoGm;onf/ trsm;y&dwfowfa&SUwGif
]wdkYudk,fusKd; vHk;vHk;ryg} [laom wdkYArm oDcsif;rSvGJí
bmoDcsif;rS om"k rqdkzl;cJh/
]qdkav tpfudk? [dk {nfhonfoDcsif;qdkAsm} [k rif;om;
xGef;a0 0ifaxmufvmonfESifh tm;vHk;u awmif;qdkaom
vufckyfoHaMumifh aMumifttESifh xqdkcJh&\/ ({nfhonf
oDcsif;)
om"kNyD;aomf ausmfaqG? aemufwpfa,muf? aemuf
wpfa,muf ponfjzifh oHao;oHaMumifa&m toHatm
awGyg pHknHvQHoGm;onf/ tvGefvnf; aysmfp&maumif;vS
onf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
419
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm; xrif;vufqHk pm;MuonfhyGJ
yrm wcJeuf odkufNrdKufvSonf/ ajymcsif&majym qdkcsif&m
qdk? wHcg;r&Sd twm;r&Sd vGwfvyfaeMuonfrSm om"kyif
0efBuD;wpfyg;jzpfaom (0g) ppfbuft&m&SdBuD;jzpfaom
AdkvfrSL;csKyfwifaz [lonfudk arhaerdonf/
]aqm&D;ygAsm? cifAsm;udk wkdufcsifvGef;vdkY tDrl;wdkY pef
wdk*sifwdkY &Smcdkif;wm bmrS r&bl;}
]uRefawmf ajymom;yJ? Adkufemwkef;uom aomufwm
ygvdkY ckae &vdkY wkdufvnf; uRefawmf AdkvfcsKyfudk tm;em
yg;emeJY wpfiHkavmufyJ aomufrSm}
]at;ayghAsm? uRefawmfwkdY jrefrmawGu apwem&SdvmNyD
qdk&if b,fvlrsKd;eJYrS rwlatmif &ufa&mMuw,f r[kwf
vm;? rsm;rsm;pm;av 0rf;omav? rsm;rsm;aomufav}
]rsm;rsm; rl;avaygh}
ol tm;&yg;& &,fonf/
]'gvnf; olYtBudKufeJY olayghAsm? tJ cifAsm;BudKufwm
av;eJY rjyKpk&wmawmh pdwfraumif;bl;av}
][m BudKufw,fqdkwmu pGJpGJvrf;vrf;eJY rMumcP
pm;wm aomufwmudk qdkvdkwJh pum;yJ? uRefawmfu 'Dvdk
r[kwfygbl;? Adkufem&ifom aq;tjzpfeJY? ckvnf; vHk;0
remawmhbl;}
olonf ukefoG,fa&;ESifh or0g,r 0efBuD;jzpfaom
aMumifh tqifrajyjzpfaeaom pD;yGm;a&;udpörsm; wpfyHk
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
420
om"k vl0g;0w,f
wpfxrf; ajymcsifao;\/ odkYaomf AdkvfrSL;csKyftm; Munfh
&onfrSm om"ktm; awmfepf0dkif rwdkuf&onfudk pdwfrtD
rom jzpfaeaMumif; xif&Sm;\/ pum;vSatmif ajymjcif;
ESifh ESvHk;om;rS cHpm;jzpfay:vm&jcif;\ jcm;em;csufonf
rsufESmwGif a&mifjyef[yfavh &Sdonf/
ol pdwfraumif;jzpfaeonfudkyif om"ku jyefí tm;
emaerdonf/
twdkcsKyf&aomf toD;oD; xjyefMuonf qdkygpdkY/ vrf;
wpfavQmufvHk; om"k wEHkYEHkY pOf;pm;awG;awmvmonfrSm
wdkif;jynf\ t"du tcsuftcsm wpf&yfjzpfaom Xme
ESpfck udkifaeonfh tvGeftvkyfrsm;vSonfhMum;u oD;jcm;
tcsdefvkí tEkynm jrefrmhaw;*Dwudk jrwfjrwfEdk;Edk;
aqG;aEG;&if; A[kokw jzefYa0vdkufonfh ol\ ½dk;wGif;csOf
qD0goem jyef;xefrItaMumif;/
aemufaeY eHeuf 12 em&D avmufwGifrS om"kEdk;\/
rsufESmopf&ef oGm;yGwfwH? aq;wdkYvdkufonfESifh ½dkUceJ
om;wpfa,muf aygufvmonf/ aemufrSaeí
]azaz}
]a0h}
om"k vSnfhtMunfhwGif om;vufxJwGif txkyfwpfck
ayGUxm;onf/
]a[m'DrSm reufu yDatqdkvm; vmay;oGm;w,f?
azazhzdkY vufaqmifwJh}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
421
om"k vl0g;0w,f
om;vufxJrS txkyfvSrf;,lNyD; ywfxm;aom tjym
a&mif puúLudk ajzvdkufaom tcgwGifum;
puúLjzLjzL acsmacsmESifh xkyfí zJjym;yef;a&mif vSvS
av;jzifh xkyfcsDxm;aom av;axmifhuyfxl; bl;&Snf&Snf/
aemuf zJjym;udk ajz? puúLywfudk vTmvdkufaomtcg
wGifum;
ODom"k AdkufemvQif aomuf&ef

wifaz
[laom vufESdyfpuf pmvHk;jzifh ½dkufESdyfxm;aom ]0if

umepf} 0dkifwpfykvif;/
olydkYvdkufonfrSm 25 usyfwefaq;/
om"k &vdkufonfum; wefzdk; rjzwfEdkifaom vlrIa&;/

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
422
om"k vl0g;0w,f
tkwfcJ jyKwfaomuf&rvdk
om"k aygif'gvkyfa&mif;pOfu tvkyform;wynfh usm;r

20 cefY&SdNyD; yHkESdyfpufvkyfief;odkY ajymif;aomtcg tvkyf
wynfh 6 a,mufcefY/ aemuf ½kyf&Sifvkyfief;buf ul;
aomtcg ½kyf&Sifjy puform;a&m? tvkyform;aygif;pHk
pkpkaygif; 30 cefY &SdcJhonf/
xdkvl 30 cefYudk q,fhav;ig;rsKd;xm;í qufqH&
onf/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfa,muf rwl/ þae&mwGif þESpf
a,muf tjyKtrlcsif;wlaomfvnf; xdkae&mwGif uGJjym;Mu
onf/ pdwfoabmxm; trsKd;rsKd;? p½dkuf trsKd;rsKd;/
olwdkYudk cdkif;&mü tvGef owdxm;ícdkif;rS om"kvdkcsif
aom yHkpHukd&onf/ Oyrm- om"kESifh nDtpfudkwpfrQ
tvGefcspfcifaom rdwfaqGwpfa,mufxHrS rarQmfvifhaom
pmwpfapmif a&mufvmonf/ olYwGif ½kwfw&uf jyóem
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
423
om"k vl0g;0w,f
aygif;pHk BuHKvdkuf&ojzifh toHk;jywfoGm;um ,aeYaps;zdk;
yif r&Sdí aiGtenf;i,f axmufyHhyg&ef ponfjzifh/
om"k csufcsif;xNyD; aiG 100 pmtdwfwGifxnfh vdyfpm
wyfNyD; wynfhwpfa,muftm; ydkYcdkif;vdkuf\/
2 em&DcefY Mumaomtcg xdkwynfh jyefa&mufonf/
olYtdwfxJrS pmtdwfwpftdwf vSrf;ay;&if;
]tJ'Dvl r&Sdbl;q&m? &efukefNrdKUxJ xGufoGm;w,fwJh}
jyefay;aom pmtdwfonf om"kxnfhay;vdkufaom pm
jzpfacs\/ om"k pdwfarmoGm;onf/ olwdkYcrsm aiG ta&;
wBuD;vdkaeaomaMumifh
]rif; b,foleJY awGUcJhvJ? a,musfm;vm;? rdef;rvm;}
]rdef;rq&m? oluawmh ajymygw,f? q&mom"kqDu
pmqdk&if ay;cJhyg? rru vdyfpm&Sif&JU ZeD;yg? olvm&if
ay;vdkufyghr,fwJh}
]tJ'Drdef;ryHkpHu wdkY½kyf&SifxJ ygygaewJh ½Ir0rdwifat;
½kyfrsKd;? enf;enf;awmh 0w,f? 'Dvdkr[kwfvm;}
][kwfw,fq&m? oluawmif enf;enf; ydkacsmao;
w,f}
]awmuf ay;cJha&mayghuGm? tJ'g olYrdef;ruG [l;}
]odbl;avq&m? vdyfpm&Sifr[kwfbJ ay;cJh&if q&mu
qlOD;rSm}
om"k owdvpfoGm;\/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
424
om"k vl0g;0w,f
tcsdefrSm 11 em&DcGJaeavNyD/ oGm;ydkY&onfrSm &efukef
tpGeftzsm; ajrmufOuúvm\ ajrmufbuf tpGef bwfpf
um;yifvQif wpfem&Dausmfausmf pD;&onf/
þtrSm;rsKd; aemufwpfBudrf rrSm;ap&ef om"k rSwf
om;xm;vdkuf\/
om"k rEÅav;a&mufvQif eHeufpm xrif;rpm;? aps;csKd

&Syfqdkifwef;rS udkpdefNrD;&Snfom aeYpOfpm;\/ nbuf r&
awmhojzifh xrif;pm;onf/ NrD;&Snf om"k tvGefBudKufo
jzifh aeYpOf eHeufwdkif; (wpfcgwpf&H) udkpdefyif qdkifrzGifh
ao;/ om"k a&mufaeNyD/ tenf;qHk; ESpfyGJpm;onf/ eHeuf
ydkif;u vufzuf&nfESifh wpfckck pm;rxm;vQif NrD;&Snf
csnf; oHk;av;cGufpm;onf/
ukdpdefESifhqdkonfrSm Mumaomf oli,fcsif;vdk jzpfoGm;
onf/
rEÅav;wGif ]uBuD;a&; u} oGm;jypOfu ESpfvavmuf
ae&onfwGif aepOfeD;yg; pm;vGef;tm;BuD;ojzifh udkpdefyif
tHhMo,l&um
]q&m rvGefvGef;bl;vm;} [k ar;vmonf/
]trav;udkpdef? cifAsm; nygxGuf&if nwdkif; vmpm;
OD;rSm}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
425
om"k vl0g;0w,f
udkpdefonf ol\ vufrteD;rS (vufyGm;uav; wkef
aeatmif) vuf0g;udk yvkwfwkwfwkwf vIyfouJhokdY cgjy
&if; &,faeacsawmhonf/
xdkrQ NrD;&Snfudkom"k BudKufonf/
&efukefwGif a&Tvrif;uzD; OD;atmifBuD;qdkif yJyvmwm
prlqmokwf? NrD;&Snf[lí a&mif;vmaomtcg om"k 0rf;
omrqHk;? tb,faMumifh/ txufygtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh/
(NrD;&Snf)/
udkpdef\ NrD;&Snfudk rSD&ef tenf;i,f vdkaeonf/
a&Tvrif; NrD;&Snfu Muufom;jyKwfESifh okyfonf/ udkpdef
u El;NyD; jrnfhaeatmifjyKwfxm;aom oHk;xyfom; 0ufESifh
okyfonf/ t&omcsif; wpfrsKd;pD/
wpfaeY/ nbuf ½kyf&Sif½dkuf&mwGif eHeuf av;em&D
avmufrS NyD;onf/ om"k rtdyfao;bJ NrD;&Snft0pm;rnf
[k oHk;cGuf0,fcdkif;onf/
wpfem&DeD;yg; MumNyD/ NrD;&Snf a&mufrvmao;ojzifh
ar;Munfh&m xoGm; vmoGm; pufbD; bD;aygufaeojzifh
vrf;avQmufoGm;&onf[k od&\/ toGm;tjyefqdkvQif
om"kaexdkif&m 0if'grD,mESifh ajreDukef; tenf;qkH;
toGm;tjyef wpfem&DcGJcefY Mumrnf/ ta&;xJ rdk;u &Gm
vdkufao;onf/ xD;rS ygoGm;\avm rod/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
426
om"k vl0g;0w,f
xHk;pHtwdkif; txpfxpf taighaighjzpfvQif ydkí qm
wwfonf/ MumrnfrSef; odívnf; Adkufu ydkí [moGm;
onf/
tjyifrS toHrsm; roJruGJ Mum;ojzifh xxGufoGm;&m
xifonfhtwdkif; csKdifhESpfqifhESifh wynfhausmf jyefvmNyD/
]uJ vkyfvkyf? [if;csKdaET;wJhvlu aET;prf;}
][m? r&cJhbl; q&m? NrD;&Snfu 'DaeY tapmBuD; ukef
oGm;w,fwJh}
om"k ezl;xkrdacsawmh\/ tcsdefrsm; taMumif;rJhukef
oGm;onf/ vlvnf; yifyef;onf/ om"k tdyfcsifaevsuf
rtdyf&? qmvSonfrSmvnf; tlvdrfaeonfESifh eD;&mqdkifrS
rkefY[if;cg; 0,fpm;vdkuf&onf/
xdkaeYrSpí om"k owd&SdvdkufonfrSm aemifaomtcg
þvdkudprö sKd;BuHKu
yxr zkef;qufar;? aocsmrS t0,fcdkif;&ef/
xdkaeYrSmyif qufwdkufqdkouJhodkY jyóemqdk;wpfckESifh &if

qdkifwkd;vdkuf&ao;onf/
rkefY[if;cg; pm;vdkufaomtcsdefESifh vIyf&Sm;jcif; ayghyg;
zswfvwfrIwdkYaMumifh rsufpdus,foGm;onfESifhtrQ tdyfcsif
pdwfvnf; tenf;i,f avsmhoGm;ojzifh/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
427
om"k vl0g;0w,f
armifouf
10 em&Davmuf tdrfuxGuf? um;,loGm;
armifjryg ac:oGm;? bPfrSm aiGoGm;xkwf? e*¾wpf
zvifudpö oGm;? ay 5200 0,f?
NyD;vQif ZrÁLat; pmul;pufudkoGm;? Zmwfvrf;
pOf a&G;cJhyg/ usoavmuf ar;? ay;cJh/ ydkpwm
½dkufzkdY twfayyg 4 xkyf0,f? [dkwpfywfu ydkuf
qHa<u;yg qyfvdkuf/
pD;u&uf 2 umwGef;0,f? "mwfqD 4 *gvH
xyfjznfhcJh? tm;vHk; udpöNyD;&if ydkwJhydkufqH auGum
tkwf0,fcJh/
q&m
xdkpmESifhtwl csufvufrSwfyga&;NyD; oufaemifvmu

ay;vdkuf&ef tdrf&Sifrtm; rSmxm;NyD; om"k ESpfNcdKufpGm
tdyfawmh\/ rdepfydkif;twGif; tdyfaysmfoGm;aom [lo
wnf;/
nae 4 em&DavmufwGif wpfa&;Edk;onf/ rxcsif/
tvGef tdyfaumif;aeonf/ odkYaomf tvkyfudpöwpfcku
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
428
om"k vl0g;0w,f
tvGefta&;BuD;aeojzifh ZGwfx? a&0ifcsKd;? t0wftpm;
vJ tjyifoGm;&ef xGufvmaomtcg tdrfa&SU yef;NcHab;
wGif wdkufaqmufaomtkwfrsm; avm&DwpfpD;pmcefY yHkxm;
onfudk awGU&ojzifh ar;Munfh&m
]uRefr rodbl;avq&m? tpfudkoufaemif 0,fvmwm
yJ? q&mcdkif;wm r[kwfbl;vm;}
om"k acgif;oGufoGuf &rf;cgvdkuf&if; reufu ay;
vdkufaom pmESifhtwl vmcJh&ef armifoufudk tac:cdkif;
vdkuf&\/
]a[;? armifouf 'DtkwfawGu bmvkyfwmvJ}
][if? q&myJ 0,fcdkif;wmyJ}
]awmufwD; awmufwJhuGm? uJ? q&mhpm jyefzwfprf;yg
OD;}
olpm&Gufudk jzefYí
]a[m'DrSm q&ma&;xm;w,f/ ydkwJhydkufqHawG tkwf
0,fcJhwJh? 'DrSm}
om"k yufvufvefrQ [m;wdkufrd\/
]aoygawmhuGm? rif; pmvnf; aoaocsmcsmrzwfbl;/
ydkwJhydkufqH auGumtkwf0,fcJhvdkY q&ma&;wmuG}
oljyL;ysmysmESifh pmudk wpfvHk;csif; jyefzwfaeacsonf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
429
om"k vl0g;0w,f
na&;nwmqmvQif ¤if;EdkifiHjcm; (rka,mqefrkefY
qef;) ac:rnfavm rod/ auGumtkwfudk EdkYqDESifh BudKí
qefjyKwfvdk aomufwwfonfudk odygvsuf pmtzwf&Sef;
NyD; tkwfrsm; 0,fvmjcif;jzpfav&m tm;vHk; idktm;xuf
&,ftm;oefukefMuavawmhonf/
tdrf;? aemifaomtcgwGifaomf pma&;&mü t"dyÜm,f
uGJjym;ap&efESifh þvdktjzpfrsKd; xyfrrSm;ap&ef txl;
*½kpdkuf&acs\/

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
430
om"k vl0g;0w,f
pdwfaygufaygufESifh
om"k i,fb0u 7 ESpfom;txd ausmif;raeEdkifao;

atmif qif;&Jonf/ ywf0ef;usif olwpfxl;u rkefYzdk;yJzdk;
ay;rS Adkuftwefi,f0onf/
vlrpGrf; ewfr [laompum;udk rnfolu rnfodkY
t"dyÜm,f zGifhapumrl om"ktaejzifh
]vlrpGrf; eyfrS} [k cH,lcsifonf/ vludk,füu rpGrf;
vQif yg;&rnf eyf&rnf/ þvdk t"dyÜm,faumufcsifonf/
om"k qif;&Jonf/ olrsm;o'´grS ay;rS auR;rS pm;&
rnf/ odkYaMumifh om"k tuif;yg;&onf/ eyf&onf/
t&dyftuJ odwwf&rnf/ t&yfxJrS ukefonfrsm;? yGJpm;
rsm; qdkif&Sifrsm; xdkxdkþþ Munfhí vIyf&Sm;aevQif wpf
ckck tultnDvdkNyDudk om"k odvdkufonf/
tpfudkwef tpfudk? ta':wef ta':? rrwef rr/
]bmvJ OD;av;? b,folY ac:ay;&rvJ? bm 0,fay;&r
vJ} ponfjzifh om"k tajy;oGm;ar;onf/ ulnDaqmif&Guf
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
431
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ay;onf/ wpfcgwpf&H wdkifpD ac:ay;&onf/ &Hzef&Hcg
olwdkY cdkif;xm;aomvl MumaevQif vdkuf&Smay;&onf/
rMumrMumvnf; olwdkYac:&modkY tazmftjzpf vdkuf&
vsuf &efukefwGif udpöNyD;onfvnf; &Sd\/ bdkuav;?
usKdufvwf? aysmfbG,f? tdrfrJ ponfwdkYodkY vdkufwef
vdkuf&ao;\/ tazmf/
qdkif&Sif uEém;&Sifrsm;? tpdk;& t&m&Sd uawmfrsm;?
ausmif;q&mrESifh q&m0efrsm;? yGJpm; ponfwdkYonf aps;
oGm;vQif txnf0,f oGm;MuvQif om"kudk tazmfac:
onf/ aps;jcif;awmif; udkif&onf/ txkyftydk; xrf;&
onf/
olwdkY &Smvywf&nf? ausmufausm wpfjym;wef
aomufaomtcg om"kudkyg wkdufwwfaomfvnf; MumZH
[if;cg;? a&SmufoD;okwf? tkef;EdkYacgufqGJ pm;vQifrl wpf
rwfwefjzpfí om"kudk rac: ajymifMunfhpm;Muonf/
tcsKdUwdkYu a&cJrkefYqdkifxJ0ifNyD; wpfrwf 2 jym;wef 3 rl;
wefrsm; pm;&ef &Sdaomtcg
]rif; tjyifrSm cPapmifhae}
[k ajymNyD; olwdkYbmom 0ifpm;Muonf? om"krSm
txkyftydk;rsm; ab;csNyD; xdkifapmifhae&onf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
432
om"k vl0g;0w,f
þvdk tqifhtwef; cGJjcm;onfudk om"k oabmrus/
olwdkYtm; ulnD&ef vdkufvm&oljzpfí olwdkYu wpfrwf
wef ul;&fzD;pm;vQif om"kudk wpfyJwef a&cJrkefY? tenf;
qHk; wpfjym;wef a&cJacsmif;avmufum; auR;oifhonf
,lq\/ pdwfxJwGif rauseyf/
odkYaomf ¤if;wdkYudpöNyD;vQif o,fcydk;c? tazmfvdkufc
tjzpf rkefYzdk; 2 jym;avmuf tenf;qHk; ay;wwfMuonf
jzpfí a&cJrkefYyg auR;&OD;rnfqdkvQif vGefvGef;aeNyDvm;
[k awG;rdjyefaomtcg pm;&onf rpm;&onfudk acgif;xJ
xnfhí rpOf;pm;awmhacs/
ppfNyD;acwf\ aemufydkif; om"k yHkESdyfwdkufaxmifNyD; tvkyf

orm;wynfh av;ig;a,mufjzifh tajctaeuav; awmifh
vmaomtcg yHkESdyfypönf;ESifh puúLo,f&efyif um;uav;
wpfpD; 0,fEdkifaeNyD jzpf\/
xdkpOf om"koGm;av&modkY tultnDygvmaom wynfh
rsm;udk om"k wef;wl&nfwl oabmxm;onf? om"k
vufzuf&nfqdkif0ifvQif olwdkYyg tukefac:NyD; twl
aomufMuonf/ om"k rkefYpm;onfjzpfap rpm;onfjzpf
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
433
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ap olwdkYudk pm;ckdif;onf/ twif;auR;onf/ om"k 'ef
aygufpm;vQif tm;vHk;'efayguf? olwdkYudk um;ay:xdkifcdkif;
xm;NyD; om"kwpfa,mufwnf; a&cJrkefY0ifpm;&rnfudk
pdwfrvHk tqifhtwef; cGJ&ma&mufonf[k ,lqonf/
þyHkpHtwdkif; usifhoHk;vmcJhonfrSm ½kyf&SifukrÜPD ydkif
&Sifjzpfvmonftxd rlrajymif;? odkYaomf avmuü
taumif;csnfvnf;r&Sd? tqdk;csnf;vnf; rwnfjrJ? tqdk;
ESifhtaumif; ]'GefwGJ} aeonfcsnf; jzpfaMumif; bk&m;a[m
a'oemt&/
txufwGif qdkcJhonfh oabmw&m;twdkif; twef;
tpm; cGJjcif;onf raumif;? wpfzef tcGifhta&; ay;vGef;
jyefuvnf; raumif;onfudk awGU&jyefonf/
om"konf wynfhrsm;udk tcGifhta&; ay;&mü tawmf
uav; ydkydkomom jzpfoGm;cJh\/ um;ESifhoGm;ae&if; pD;u
&ufaomuf&müyif ,mOfarmif;oltm; wdkufvQif rD;ygn§d
ay;avh&Sdonf? wpfckckcdkif;vdkufí um;qD ,mOfarmif;ol
jyefvmvQif wHcg;zGifhay;onf/
Mumaomf
wpfcgu rEÅav;wGif ½kyf&SifoGm;jycdkuf om;orD; tdrf
oltdrfom;rsm;twGuf ydk;vHkcsnf 0,f&mwGif ygvmaom
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
434
om"k vl0g;0w,f
tvkyform; ESpfa,mufomru &efukefwGif usefcJhaom
tvkyform; wynfhrsm;? vuform;? napmifhygrusef
ig;a,muftwGuf om"k 0,foGm;\/
&Srf;jynfe,fü om"k ½kyf&SifoGm;½dkufaomtcgvnf; NcHK
&ef *Grf;uyfwpfxnfpD om"kwdkY tif;av;bk&m;zl;oGm;&m
wGifvnf; yJhcsdwf pif;vHk;iSm;NyD; tm;vHk; ac:oGm;onf/
þvdk wef;wl&nfwl ta&;ay;onfudk tcsKdUu wefzdk;
xm;aomfvnf; tcsKdUu b0if<uonf/ tcGifhta&;udk
wdk;í wdk;í ,lvmMuonf/
wpfaeY aetvGefjyif;aom wefcl;v aeYwpfaeY/ aps;
0,ftjyef "mwfqDxnfhcJh&ef ,mOfarmif;tm; aiGwpfq,f
wefwpf&Guf ay;vdkuf\/ jyefvmaomtcg ydkaiG wpfusyf
jyefay;onfudk
]rif;,l? vufzuf&nf0,faomuf} [k ajymvdkufojzifh
ol tvGefoabmusoGm;onf/
armfawmfum;rSm aps;0,f? ausmif;BudKydkYESifh tjcm;udpö
rsm; tNrJ&Sdaeí aeYpOf trjzpfol aps;0,foGm;pOf "mwfqD
av;*gvH odkYr[kwf uav;rsm;ydkY&if; odkYr[kwf om"k
tjyifxGufpOf yHkrSefxnfhavh&SdNyD; wpfcgwpf&HESifh ausmif;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
435
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ydwf&ufwdkYwGif ,mOfarmif;udk ydkufqH ay;vdkuf\/ rru
ay;\/ ZeD;jzpfolu ay;\/ ydkaiG jyefodrf;\/
wpfaeYaomf "mwfqDxnfhonfhaeYwGif om"k apmapm
Edk;ojzifh aiGwpfq,fwef ay;vdkufaomfvnf; ,mOfarmif;
u jyefray;ao;ojzifh om"kuar;&m ]aMomf? arhaevdkY
q&m} [k ajz&if; jyefay;onf/
]om"kwGif nmOfwpfck&Sd\? ,ckvdkudpörsKd;ü ydkaiGqdk
vQif 10 jym;yifjzpfap jyefay;rSBudKuf\? av;ig;usyf ydk
aiGjyefay;aomtcgürl apwemESifh *½kPm"mwf 0ifvmu
om"k ajymrnf/
]rif;,lawmh} [k/
om"kü þvdk apwemrsKd;vnf; tNrJ ay:wwfygacs
onf/ tvkyfyifyef;Muwdkif; xdkvdko'¨gw&m; yGm;wwf\/
odkYaomf txufyguJhodkY tarhcH jyefray;jcif;rsKd;udk rESpf
ouf/ vdkcsifrsufpd &Sdjcif;rsKd;udk rkef;\/
xkd,mOfarmif;yifvQif wpfBudrfu om"kudk pdwfprf;
onf/ armfawmfum;ypönf; 0,fcdkif;NyD; pm&if;t& ydkaiG
ig;rwf jyefray;/ ar;Munfhaomtcg
]uRefawmf qmwmeJY rkefYeJY vufzuf&nf 0,faomuf
vdkufw,f q&m}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
436
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]at;? tJovdk qmwwf&if tdrfu ydkufqH,lcJh? udk,fh
ydkufqHeJYudk,f 0,fpm;? NyD;awmh aemufaemif ydkufqHydk&if
ig;jym;ydkydk jyefay;? q&mu oHk;awmhqdkrS oHk;} [k tjywf
ajymxm;vdkuf&awmhonf/
tcsKdU&Sdao;onf/ xkd,mOfarmif; tygt0if om"kESihf
twl oGm;MuvmMupOf wpfckckpm;Muonf qdkygpdkY/ Oyrm
vufzuf&nfqdkif xkdifMuonf/
]q&m vufzuf&nfaomufr,f? rif;wdkY vufzuf&nf
aumfzD BudKuf&mrSmMu}
ig;a,mufwGif oHk;a,mufu vufzuf&nf aumfzD
BudKuf&mrSmMuNyD; ESpfa,mufurl a[mvpf? tdkAmwif;
ponfjzifh rSmonf/ om"ku qdwfom;rkefYwpfck pm;onf/
olwdkYxJrS tcsKdUu tenf;qHk; ESpfckpm;onf/ oHk;ckpm;ol
vnf; &Sdonf/
tcsKdU &Sdao;onf/ EGm;EdkYESifh rkefYESpfckpm;NyD;rS tkef;EdkY
acgufqGJ &SdonfqdkvQif xyfrSmonf/ þonfrSm trSef
wpfu,f qmí pm;jcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ pm;&cdkuf usKH;tkyf
vdkufrnf[laompdwfjzifh pm;olu rsm;onf/
aemifaomtcg þvdk todw&m; acgif;yg;NyD; taMum
BuD;ESifh pm;wwfolrsm;udk pm;aomufqdkifxJodkY om"k ac:
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
437
om"k vl0g;0w,f
roGm;awmhacs/ odkYaomf om"k wpfckck0ifpm;vQif olwkdYudk
rkefYzdk;tjzpf ay;cJhonf/
qdkMuygpddkY/ vufzuf&nfwpfcGuf 50 jym;acwfu
om"k qdkif0ifaomufvQif olwdkYudk jym; 50 pD ay;cJhonf/
]rif;wdkY vufzuf&nf aomufcsifaomuf? rkefY0,f pm;
csifpm;}
pdwfcs&onf/ olwdkY bmrQrpm;/ xdkydkufqHudk tdrfu
olYuav;twGuf rkefYzdk;tjzpf odrf;xm;onf/
þonfyif tjypfu rvGwfwwfao;/
]q&mwdkYuawmh azmjcif;aomjcif; 0,fpm;NyD; wdkYawmh
ig;rl;pDwJh}
tqifhtwef;[lonf cGJjcm;jyefvnf; wpfjypf/ rcGJbJ

qufqHjyefvnf; a&mifhwuf/ tawmfcufonf/
om"kESifh tNrJygavh&SdolrSm ,mOfarmif;jzpfvsuf wpf
cgwpf&H ½kyf&Sifaumfydka&;&Sif; t&m&Sdtdrf? ½kyf&Sif½Hk refae
*sm? qifqmvlBuD;? ukefoG,fa&;t&m&Sd polwdkY\ tdrfodkY
udpöjzifh oGm;aomtcg om"k wufoGm;onfESifh ,mOf
armif;onf aemufrSygvmNyD;{nfhcef;wGif 0ifxdkifavawmh
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
438
om"k vl0g;0w,f
onf/ rMumcPqdkovdk om"kawGUvdkaom t&m&SdESifh ESpf
a,mufom; um;ay:rStqif; awGUMuojzifh acwå&yf
pum;ajymNyD; tdrfxJodkY 0ifvmMuaomtcg om"k\ ,mOf
armif;onf xdktdrf{nfhcef;wGif ajcwpfzufcsdwf owif;pm
zwfaeacsNyD/
rwwfEdkif/ aemifaomtcg tdrfwpftdrftdrf wufrnf
BuHwdkif;
]a[h rif;vdkufrvmeJY? um;ay:rSmyJ xkdifae/}
þonfüvnf; om"kudk twef;tpm;cGJonf[k ½Iwfcs
jyefonf/
tcsKdUaom wynfhrsm;vnf; xkdenf;vnf;aumif;? tdrf
tay:xyfodkY pGwfí wufvmwwfonf/ tdrfcef;xJ0ifNyD;
armfawmfum; bD;zm&ef ydkufqHawmif;wwfonf/
om"ktdrf {nfhcef;0ifí qufwDay: ajcwifxdkifol
vnf; &Sdjyefonf/ ajymaomtcg tqifhtwef;udk ,kd;r,f
zGJUjyefonf/
wpfckaom aqmif;Owk wpfcsdefu csrf;at;rI vGefuJ
ojzifh om;orD;rsm;twGuf *Grf;apmif0,f&ef pdefb&m;
om;odkY a&mufcJh&m AE¨KvwHqdyf *Grf;apmifoHk;xnf?
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
439
om"k vl0g;0w,f
a,mu©rrsm;twGuf ESpfxnf0,fonf/ 22 usyf 50 jym;
pDavm rrSwfrd/
um;qDodkY vufckyfwD;vdkuf&m ygvmol wynfh ESpf
a,mufvHk; qif;vmMuonf/ 0,fNyD;aomapmifrsm; olwdkY
udkay;vdkuf&m
][m odyfaEG;rSmyJ} [ka&&Gwfojzifh *½kPmoufoGm;NyD;
¤if;wdkYtwGuf 12 usyfwef *Grf;apmifESpfxnf 0,fvdkuf
onf/ wpfzef NcHxJusefcJhaom vuform;? rmvD? tjcm;
,mOfarmif;rsm;yg owd&ojzifh tdrfazmfrav;twGufyg
&Spfxnf 0,fvdkuf\/
xdkYaemuf om"ku rsufESmcsif;qdkif&Sd armfawmfum;
ypönf;wdkufodkY xGufoGm;NyD; tcsKdU0,fonf/ vdktyfonf
rsm;udk rSmxm;cJhNyD; um;qDodkY jyefvm&mwGif um;aemuf
ydkif;ü wynfhrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYtwGuf 0,faomapmifESifh
om"kuav;rsm;twGufapmifudk ,SOfí MunfhaeMu\/
yg;pyfuvnf; yGpdyGpd ajymaeonf/ [dktom; udkif
Munfhvdkuf þtom;udkifMunfhvkduf? rsufESmxm;vnf;
trsKd;rsKd;ajymif;í rJhvdkuf&GJUvdkuf vkyfaeMuonf/ olwkdYudk
aps;enf;aom apmif0,fay;onfudk auseyfyHkr&/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
440
om"k vl0g;0w,f
NcHodkYjyefMuonf/ olwdkYtrlt,maMumifh vufzuf&nf
aomufcsifpdwfyif b,fa&mufukefonfrod/ wpfvrf;vHk;
om"k pOf;pm;oGm;onf/ olwdkY\NidKjiifrIudk om"k apwem
ruGuf? odkYaomf pdwfraumif;/
,ckuJhodkY tydkoufouf 0,fay;jcif;udk tusifhrvkyfcJh
vQif bmrQ jyóem ay:rnfr[kwf/ olwdkYtaejzifh tcrJh
tydk (qkaMu;) oabm&onfudk oabmrayguf/ &Sif;
vif;atmif ajym&efvnf; om"k pum;&Smr&/ 0,fay;NrJ?
auR;NrJyif aecJhonf/
xdkaeYurl om"k tvGefpdwfraumif; jzpf&onf/ NcHxJ
jyefa&mufNyD; rMumrDyif armifoufaemifu um;½dkuf&ef
vlpHkaeNyD/ toifhjzpfNyD[k vmajymojzifh xvdkufoGm;
onf/
pwl'D,dkxJwGif armif0PÖu toHzrf;&ef prf;oyfae
onf/ toHzrf;cGuf jyifxm;aom um;½dkufrnfhtwGif;cef;
ukvm;xdkifrsm;wGif wynfhig;a,muf apmifudk,fpDudkifí
Munfh&if;u om"kudk tjypfwifpum; ajymaeMuonf/
wdk;wkd;wdwfwdwf twif;ajymouJhodkY ajymaeMujcif; jzpf
aomfvnf; toHcsJU &Daumf'g prf;aeojzifh rdkufu½dkzkef;rS
wqifh cyfus,fus,f Mum;ae&onf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
441
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]olYom;orD;eJY a,mu©rtwGuf pyg,f&S,fyJ? AE¨Kv
apmif? wdkYzdkYawmh zGwfcsD; taygpm;}
]'gawmh ajymraeeJY? ckqdk&if q&mu olYrdef;reJY oD;pHk
EGm;EdkY0ifaomufw,f? wkdYawmh BuH&nfaomufwJh}
]ajymraeeJYawmh? wef;wlnDrQ tcGifhta&;qdkwm q&mh
rSm r&Sdawmhbl;}
xdkpum;rsm;aMumifh armif0PÖwdkYvnf; pdwfraumif;
Mu? &Daumf'gteD;wGif &Sdaeaom OD;Mu,feD? aumvdyf*sif
ae0if;wkdYvnf; ]b,fvdkvJ} [laom trlt&mjzifh om"kudk
MunfhaeMuonf/
rqef;ygbl;uGm? 0ifaiGuav; ajzmifhvmav? t&if;
&Sifpdwf aygufvmavaygh? NyD;awmh}
om"k pum;qHk;atmif rapmifhawmhbJ twGif;buf
tcef; xdktvkyform;rsm;&Sd&modkY tajy;0ifoGm;NyD;
]at;? q&m t&if;&Sifpdwf 0ifaeNyD? pdwfcs? aemufudk
bmrS tydk0,fray;awmhbl;? auR;vnf; rauR;awmhbl;?
rif;wdkYtdrfu rkefYzdk;,lcJhMu}
tm;vHk; Nidrfaeonf/
]rMumrMum rif;wdkYajymwmawG? ig owif;&NyD;NyD?
rif;wdkYudk rdk;wGif;qdkxD;? aEGqdk pGyfus,f? aqmif;wGif;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
442
om"k vl0g;0w,f
taEG;xnf 'gawG 0,f0,fay;wmudkyJ rif;wdkYu ajym
w,f? cdkif;aumif;atmif ay;wm auR;wmyguGmwJh? b,f
avmufapmfum;wJh pum;vJ}
iHkYaeMuonf/
]ck ighem;eJY qwfqwfMum;w,f? om;orD; a,mu©r
awmh taumif;pm; 0,fay;w,f? rif;wdkYawmh taygpm;
wJh? aeprf;ygOD;? igu apwemeJY tydk0,fay;wm? igh om;
r,m; aqGrsKd;awGeJY wef;wl rif;wdkYu vdkcsifw,fqdkawmh
bmvJ}
olwdkYtm;vHk; ½kwfw&uf armhtMunfh
]ig tjyifoGm; tvkyfvkyfNyD; jyefvmwJhtcg tarmajy
ighrdef;rudk igerf;w,f? tJ'g rif;wdkYudkaum wef;wl erf;
cGifhay;&OD;rSmvm;}
om"k OD;aESmufajcmuf\/ rnfonfhaxmifhu xGufvm
onfhpum;[lí rod/ pdwfaygufaygufESifh ajymNyD; xGuf
vmcJhonf/ tqHk;ü
xdkaeYu um;½dkufysufoGm;acsownf;/

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
443
om"k vl0g;0w,f
pkwfjywfaeaom oli,fcsif;
emrnfBuD;NyD; vlpnfum;aeaom jrefrm½kyf&Sif Zmwfum;

wpfum;udk Munfh&ef om"k ½HkxJ 0ifoGm;onfh tcsdefü
tcsdef udkufxm;onfhtvm; om"k xdkifrdonfESifh rD;rsm;
rSdwfoGm;\/
pjyavNyD/
c&D;onfwif armfawmfwpfpD;ay:wGif ygvmaom
touf 60 eD;yg;t&G,f bBuD;onf olYab;wGif 0ifxdkif
aeonfh vli,fvlacsmwpfOD;udk c&D;onfcsif;tjzpf pum;
pajym\/ tb,fodkY oGm;rnf? tb,frSm aeonfwdkYudk
ar;\/
vli,furajz aMumifawGawG vkyfaeonf/ Munfh&
onfrSm pdwfrESHYovdkvdk toGifrsKd; &Sdojzifh xdkbBuD;u
oem;oGm;um olYtdrf ac:oGm;\/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
444
om"k vl0g;0w,f
bBuD;wGif ajr;tysKdrav; cyfacsmacsmwpfa,muf &Sd
onf/ pdwfrESHYaom vli,fonf vSyaom aumifrav;udk
rl txl;py,f&S,f pdkufíMunfhonf/
aemufwpfaeY bBuD; tjyifoGm;rnfjyKpOf vli,ftm;
rSmMum;aeaom pum;t"durSm
]rif;nDrav;udk apmifha&SmufvdkufyguGmaemf}
oddkYajymNyD; xGufoGm;onfESifh om"kvnf; ½kyf&Sif½HkxJrS
xxGufcJhavawmh\/ at;at;aq;aq; xGufvmjcif;
um; r[kwf/ tjyifa&mufonftxd 3 csufrQ ]awmuf}
acgufrdao;onf/
Zmwftpuwnf;u t"dyÜm,fr&Sdaom um;udk quf
MunfhaevQif ydkíuJíom a'gojzpfaecsdrfhrnf/ þpm½Iol
tdrfwGif orD;ysKd wlrysKd acsmacsmuav; wpfa,muf &Sd
onf qkdygpdkY/ wpfzef c&D;oGm;&if; pdwfrESHYaom (0g)
b,fu bmaumifrSef; rodaom olcdk;"m;jyom;avm?
okb&mZmom;avm? bmqdk bmrQ rod&ao;aom vl? vl
acsmwpfa,mufudk csufcsif;awGU csufcsif; oem;NyD; csuf
csif; tdrfac:oGm;rnfavm/
apmapmu ½kyf&SifxJrS bBuD;onf olYtdrfwGif olESifh
ajr;rav;rSvGJí tazmftavSmfr&Sd/ odkYygvsufvnf; ol
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
445
om"k vl0g;0w,f
tjyifoGm;&mwGif ajr;acsmuav;udk t½l;ESifh ESpfa,muf
wnf; xm;cJhonf/ yg;pyfuvnf; tvGefpdwfcspGmjzifh
ajymvdkufao;onf/
]nDrav;udk apmifha&SmufvkdufyguGm} [k/
½kyf&Sif? pmay ponfwdkYrSm trsm;jynfolwdkY\ tjrif
wGif oifcef;pm,lp&m? A[kokw &zG,f&mrsm; jzpfoifh
onf/
,ck om"k MunfhcJh&onfh um;rsKd;udk twk erlem,lí
tysKd&Sifrsm; t½l;udkoem;NyD; tdrfay:ac:wifvmcJhaomf
]jrwfpGmbk&m;}
½HkxJrSmxGufvm&mwGif wpfvrf;vHk; pdwfnpfvmonf/
om"k tpDtpOfrSm ½kyf&SifMunfhaepOf armfawmfum;udk
taMumif;rJh &yfrxm;bJ tdrfrSvlrsm; oGm;vdk&moGm;&ef
jyefvTwfvdkufí aemufxyf ESpfem&DrQ apmifh&OD;rnf/
xdktcsdefudk tv[órjzK;ef? rdwfaqG 0wfvHkawmf&
OD;MunfpdefESifh pum;oGm;ajymvQif tusKd;&Sdrnf[k om"k
Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;axmifh atmifawZ ½kyf&Sifwdkufbuf
odkY avQmufvmpOf
]a[h azoef;}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
446
om"k vl0g;0w,f
rsufESmcsif;qdkifrS vlwpfa,muf om"ka&SUwGif apGUceJ
vm&yfNyD;
]bmvJuG rif;u rjrifcsifa,mif aqmifoGm;rvdkYvm;}
om"k ta0;MunfhrsufrSefjzKwfí MunfhvdkufrS
][m? rif; aeOD;? [dk cifarmifnGefY r[kwfvm;}
]at;av}
]aqm&D;yJuGm? rif;om rac:&if ig qufavQmufoGm;rd
rSm rsufpduvnf; cGJNyD;wm rMumao;bl;uG}
]'Dvdkqdk NyD;ygavhuGm? [J[J igu ightajctae pkwf
jywfaevdkY EIwfrqufwmvm;vdkY}
]'DrSm cifarmifnGefY? ighudk 'Dvdkxif&if rif; acG;eJYnm;
wmxuf rSm;oGm;vdrfhr,f? tJ'g NrJNrJrSwfxm;}
][m; [m;}
]ck rif; b,frSmvJ? trsKd;orD;wpfa,mufeJY nm;ae
w,fqdk? uavmrSmyJvm;}
]aeprf;ygOD;? 'gawG rif;b,fvdkvkyf odvJ}
]ig usKufxD;½dk;oGm;awmh aomif;wifeJY rarQmfvifhbJ
awGUMuw,f? tJ'g olYqDrSmyJ wnf;cdkpm;aomuf&if;
ausmif;om;b0taMumif; ajym&mu rifhtaMumif; ryg&if
rjynfhpHkbl; jzpfrSmaygh}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
447
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ol awGoGm;onf/
]vmuGm? wpfckckpm;&atmif} [k om"ku teD;&Sd vuf
zuf&nfqdkifxJac:oGm;NyD; pm;MuaomufMu&if; om"k olY
udk tuJcwfonf/
oHk;rdepfcefYtwGif; qdwfom;yzf ESpfckukefNyD; vufxJ
wGif wpfcku xuf0uf udkufpm;NyD;aeNyD/ Munfh&onfrSm
ol tawmfuav; qmaeyHk&onf/
om"krSmrl tdrfu xrif;pm;vmoljzpfí rqm/ vuf
zuf&nf aumfzDvnf; jzwfxm;apumrl oltazmf&atmif
vufzuf&nf ESpfa,mufwGuf rSmonf/ 'Daumif pm;&J
aomuf&J&Sdatmif om"k olpm;wdkif; vdkufpm;onf/
qdwfom;yzf 4 ck? ylwif;udwf wpfckESifh vufzuf&nf
wpfcGuf/ om"krSmvnf; Adkuftawmifhom;ESifh atmifhovdk
vdkjzpfvmonf/
oli,fcsif;onf vrf;ay:wGif qHkrdpESifhrwl/ ,ck ydkí
Munfvifvmonf/
olonfvnf; 0rf;awmifhwif; tae&r&Sif;ouJhodkY
tysif;vdrfovdk tanmif;qefYoa,mif yHktrsKd;rsKd; vIyf
&Sm;&if; aq;vdyfzGmaeonf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
448
om"k vl0g;0w,f
om"k olESifh tpdk;& [dkufpul;ausmif;wGif yOörwef;rS
pí awGUMuonf/ olYemrnf cifarmifnGefY/ 6 w ef;
a&mufaomtcg ol trnfajymif;onf/ atmifpdk;[k/
odkYaomf EIwfusKd;aecJhNyDjzpfonfhtwdkif; cifarmifnGefY[kyif
ac:cJhonfrSm ,aeYwdkif/
xdkumv xdkor,u cifarmifnGefY? aomif;wif? az
oef;? uifqef;? *Grf[dk wdkYonf tcspfqHk; oli,fcsif;rsm;/
xkdtxJwGif cifarmifnGefYonf tcsrf;omqHk;? tqif;&JqHk;
rSm om"k/
cifarmifnGefYonf rkefYpm;vTwfonfESifh om"kwdkY av;
a,mufudk twif;qGJNyD; rkefYpm;wef;xJ ajy;0if&m0,f
av;Budrfpm;MuvQif ESpfBudrfudk cifarmifnGefYu auR;NyD;
useftBudrfrsm;twGuf tjcm;oli,fcsif;rsm;u ay;onf/
auR;onf? om'ku ay;&onfr&Sd/ ZGwfay;vQifvnf;
vufrcHMu/ ydkufqHudk pmtdwftwGif; twif; jyefxnfh
ay;um
]bmvJuG? rif;u olaX;om;vm;} [k cifatmifnGefYu
u½kPma'gojzifh ajymwwf\/
om"ku ygorQ ydkufqHom xkwfay;vdkuf&onf/ pif
ppf ravmufiS/ oli,fcsif; ig;a,muf rkefY[if;cg;qdkif
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
449
om"k vl0g;0w,f
xdkifvdkufvQif tenf;qHk; ig;rl;cefY usonf/ om"kwGif
ygonfrSm trsm;qHk; oHk;yJ/ þonfrSm om"k\ ausmif;
rkefYzdk;/ xrif;ESifh vrf;p&dwf tygt0ifESifh ukef;aMumif;
avQmufvmaomaeY/
cifarmifnGefYonf aiGt&TifqHk;/ wpfcgwpf&H av;ig;
usyftxd ygvmonf/ rdbu y&du©&mukefonf/ nDtpf
udk armifESrrsm;u t&m&Sd? t&mcHrsm;? q&m0efrsm;/
ol om"kudk tvGefcspfonf/ qif;&JaomaMumifhvnf;
oem;onf[k qdkonf/ ynmBudK;pm;ojzifhvnf; ol
om"kudk av;pm;onf/ cifarmifnGefYonf t0wftpm;
tqef;tjym; ay:vmvQif ol\ cg;ay:a&mufaeNyDjzpf\/
om"k BudKufwwfaomta&mif rD;cdk;a&mif ½kd;½dk;,Of,Of
tpif;tuGufqdkvQif om"k oabmuspGm ai;pdkufMunfhrd
wwfonf/
]a[haumif? bmMunfhwmvJuG? ightuÐs vSvdkYvm;}
]r[kwfbl;? ,OfvdkY}
ol oabmusNyD; &,fonf/ aemufaeYqdkvQif xdk
tqiftwdkif; &Syfwpf0wfpm ygvmNyD; om"kudk twif;ay;
awmh\/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
450
om"k vl0g;0w,f
wpfBudrfu t0wftpm;ESifh ywfoufí pum;pyfrdMu
&mrS om"konf tom;rnf;oljzpfí rD;cdk;? acsmhuvuf
a&mif? tpif;tuGufESifh tjzLoufoufom BudKufaMumif;
ajymrd&m ol0wf&ef xdktqifrsKd;0,fwdkif; owdw& om"k
twGuf 0,fvmavh&Sdojzifh om"k tvGeftm;emjcif; jzpf&
\/ jiif;jyefvQifvnf; ol pdwfraumif; jzpfjyefacsonf/
]'DrSm azoef;? ig &Sif;&Sif;ajymr,f? rif; ckvdk qif;&J
wmudkyJ ig 0rf;om&rvdk jzpfaeNyD}
om"k em;xJodkY olYpum;vHk;rsm; tpOfvdkufr[kwfyJ
uefYvefYBuD; 0ifoGm;ouJhodkYaom a0'emwpfrsKd;udk cHpm;
vdkuf&\/
]rif; 0rf;enf;csif 0rf;enf;r,f? pdwfqdk;csif qdk;r,f}
trSefvnf; olYpum;udk om"k rauseyf/
]at;? oabmu 'DvdkuG? rifhudk ig cspfw,f? nD&if;
tpfudkvdkyJ cspfw,f? ay;csif auR;csifw,f? wu,fvdkY
rif;om ighvdkyJ oHk;Edkif jzKef;Edkifqdk&if ighqE´ jynfhyghrvm;?
tJh'gyguG}
ajymonfhtwdkif;yifvQif cifarmifnGefYonf om"kudk
*½kpdkufonf/ om"k rsufESmñdI;aevQif bmjzpfovJ qdk
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
451
om"k vl0g;0w,f
onfudk tl,m;zm;,m; ar;wwfonf/ ta&;w,l &SdvS
onf/
,ck om"ku auR;&onfhtvSnfh BuHKvmonf/ ol
tm;yg;w& pm;onf/ olajymonfxuf ravsmhaom 0rf;
omjcif;rsKd;jzifh 0rf;om&onf/
,if;odkYvQif cyfokwfokwfawG;&if;u olYudk om"k
tuJcwfonf/ apmapmu vrf;ay:awGUpOfuxuf ydkí
tajctae qdk;vSaMumif; owdjyKrd\/
0wfxm;aom &SyftuÐsrSm ta&miftqif; aysmufaeNyD/
om"k BudKwfwwfaom rD;cdk;a&mifrsKd;avm odkYr[kwf eudk
tjzLudk xyfwvJvJ0wfNyD; xyfwvJvJ zGyf&aomaMumifh
aMu;a&miforf;aejcif;avm wGufír&/
tjyifwGif awGUpu trSwfwrJh &SdcJhaomvnf; ,ck *½k
pdkufrdaomtcg olYtuÐsaumfvmonf axmifhav;rsm; zGm
aeNyDjzpf\/ abmvfyifwpfacsmif; csdwfxm;onf/ &Syf
tuÐstdwf EIwfcrf;rSmvnf; tqifuGJtom;jzifh ydk;csKyf
xm;onf/ olYtajctaerSm wpfNrdKUwpfe,frS vmygvsuf
tay:tuÐsuav;rS rygvmonfrSm ydkí &ifemzG,f jzpf&
\/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
452
om"k vl0g;0w,f
om"k odkY awG;aepOf tvdkuftwefY cifarmifnGefYonf
Adkufwif; í tdyfcsifaeyHk&\/ tdyfysufcJhaomaMumifhvnf;
jzpfEdkifonf/ rsufvHk;rsm;onf cyfarS;arS; taetxm;jzifh
eH&HwGifcsdwfxm;aom ½kyf&Sifrif;orD; cifoef;Ek jyu©'defyHk
udk Munfhai;aeonf/
om"k {nfhcHjcif;ü wpfck vdkaeonfudk owd&ojzifh
'l;,m;wpfAl;rSmNyD; csufcsif;azmufí olYudkvSrf;ay;&if;
(om"k aq;vdyfjzwfxm;aomfvnf; taMumif;tm;avsmf
pGm) wpfvdyf,lrD;n§d&ef xvdkufpOf olu aMu;rD;jcpf
xkwfay;\/ vSrf;,lí tzHk;zGifhvdkufpOf vufacsmfNyD; tzHk;
u Murf;jyifay: vGwfusoGm;\/
om"k atmufiHkYí ukef;aumufvdkufonfwGif &ifxJü
eifheifhBuD; jzpfoGm;&jyef\/ ol0wfxm;aom vHkcsnfrSm
tuGuf tqif vHk;0aysmufaeonf/ ecrf;rsm;rSmvnf;
acG;oGm;pdwfvdk tjywfjywfESifh/ zdeyfudk Munfhrdjyefvnf;
*syef ajcn§yfzdeyf/ ajcrae&mcsKdifhNyD; zaemifhwpfjcrf; jywf
aeonf/
om"k jyefxdkifNyD; aq;vdyf rD;n§donf/ olYudkyg rD;
qufay;&m ol pD;u&ufudk n§dNyD; tm;&yg;&zGmNyD; acgif;
armhí rIwfxkwfvdkuf\/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
453
om"k vl0g;0w,f
wpfcsdefaom aqmif;wGif;umv cifarmifnGefYonf
tvGefvSyaom orif&ifha&mifwGif teufusJusJ azmuf
xm;aom qG,fwmvufjywfuav; 0wfvmonf/ tqif
rSm rSefuluGuf? &uf&ufpufpuf vSojzifh om"k udkif
rMunfhbJ raeEdkifjzpfoGm;onfESifh cifarmifnGefYonf
qG,fwmudk csufcsif;cRwfí om"kudk 0wfcdkif;\/ om"ku
acgif;cgaomtcg rsuf&nfrsm;yif vnfvmNyD;
]rif; wu,fr,lbl;vm;? at;? rif;r,l&if igvnf;
r0wfbl;? vufzuf&nfqdkifu eHjym;zdkxJudk ypfvnfhvdkuf
r,f}
'Daumifu ajymvQif ajymovdk vkyfwwfonfudkodí
olYtBudKuf vdkufvdkuf&awmh\/
]oli,fcsif; udk,foGm;r,fuGm}
ajymajymxx xNyD; tjyifxGufoGm;ojzifh om"ku
vufzuf&nfzdk;rsm; &Sif;um ygonfhaiGrsm; ppfMunfh\/
vufzuf&nfzdk;&Sif;NyD; vufusef oHk;&mESifh&Spfusyf&Sdonf/
tjyifa&mufaomf cifarmifnGefYu vufqefYwef;í
EIwfquf[efjyK&if;
]uJ BuHKwJhtcg awGUMuao;wmaygh? igoGm;r,f}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
454
om"k vl0g;0w,f
om"kuyg vufvSrf;qGJí EIwfqufNyD; vufudk jyef½kyf
vdkufonfESifh cifarmifnGefYonf olYvufudk tay:odkY
rwifum cg;avmufqDta&mufü jzefYMunfh\/ aiGpuúL
10 usyfweft&Guf 30 txyfvdkuf awGU&onfESifh om"k
udk awGMunfhonf/
aemuf qwfceJ om"kvG,ftdwfudk qGJum aiGpuúLrsm;
xdk;xnfhNyD; vSnfhceJ xGufoGm;avawmhojzifh om"krSm
raocsm ra&&maom a0'emwpfrsKd;udk teifhom; cHpm;
vdkuf&\/
xdkaeYonf aA'ifpum;ESifh qdk&aomf jyó'g;rvGwf?
½kyf&Sif½Hk 0ifuwnf;u pdwftaESmuft,Sufjzpf&NyD; wpf
zef cifarmifnGefYESifh jyóemBuHK&onf/ qdkcJhonfhtwdkif;
tpkwfpkwf tjywfjywf qif;&Jaom tajctaea&mufaeol
cifarmifnGefYonf tb,fodkYaom taMumif;aMumifh bm
pum;uav;rQ r[bJ &mcdkifEIef;jynfh cyfpdrf;pdrf; r[kwf
onfhwdkif 25 &m cdkifEIef;cefYaom tjyKtrljzifh aiG 300
usyfudk vG,ftdwfxJ ZGufceJ jyefxnfhNyD; okwfajcwif
xGufoGm;ygoenf;/
cifarmifnGefYonf wpfcsdefu ay;urf; pGefYBuJoltjzpf
csrf;omcJhNyD; ,ckjyefvnfí tvSnfhBuHKum (toem;cH)
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
455
om"k vl0g;0w,f
jzpf&í t&SufBuD;&Sufum om"kudkyif rsufoGm;oavm/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh om"kudk pdwfrck/ olYb0udkol emMunf;
pdwfxdcdkufoGm;jcif;avavm/ rnfodkYjzpfap ,ck tjzpf
tysufudk ol wpfouf arhEdkifawmhrnf r[kwf/
om"kbufrS pOf;pm;vQif aus;Zl;&Sif wpfa,muftae
jzifh ulnDonfudk rcg;wcg; jiif;y,foGm;ojzifh vQyfppf
udk udkifrdovdk wpfudk,fvHk; usif&Suf &SufoGm;onf/
om"kaomfvnf; þtwGuf wpfouf arhEdkifzG,f&mr&Sd/
xdktxJrSyif &vdkufaom oifcef;pmonfum; xdkaeYrSpí
vlvlcsif; ay;urf;pGefYBuJorI jyK&mü tvkt,uf
arQmfac:pOf;pm; í vl0g;0&ef jzpfacs\/

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
456
om"k vl0g;0w,f
Oya' pdk;rdk;a&;
]&yf&Gm at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;a&;onf

rlvrxr}
t&yfom; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; yl;aygif;í zGJUpnf;xm;
onfh (z q y v) wyfaygif;csKyfwGif ]wnfNrJ}? ]oefY&Sif;}
[lí ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;aomaMumifh EdkifiHa&; rwnfrNidrf jzpf
vmonf/ wpfbufESifh wpfbuf vufa&mufusL;vGefrI
rsm; &Sdvmonf/ wpfzGJUudk wpfzGJUu ,HkMunfrI uif;rJhvm
onf/
EdkifiHa&; wyfaygif;pktwGif; ESpfjcrf;uGJonfuJhodkYyif
tpdk;&tzGJUwGifvnf; ESpfydkif;uGJNyD; vTwfawmf trwfrsm;
wGifygolYvlighvl jzpfvmonfESifh tkyfcsKyfrI,EÅ&m;yg
racsmrarGU jzpfvmonf/ odkYESifh a&G;aumufyGJtopfwpf
&yf jyKvkyf&ef taMumif;ay:vmonf/ a&G;aumufyJG qdk
onfESifh ESpfjcrf;uGJtpdk;&udk ESpfbufpvHk;u r,HkMunf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
457
om"k vl0g;0w,f
odkYESifh aemufqHk;ü AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;tm; tdrfapmifhtpdk;&
tjzpf zGJUapum a&G;aumufyGJusifhy&ef wm0efay;vdkuf\/
xdk tdrfapmifhtpdk;& tkyfcsKyfaom tcsdefumvtwGif;
txufygaqmifyk'f (0g) a<u;aMumfoHonf jrefrmwpf
jynfvHk; vQHoGm;onf/
om"k tvGefBudKufoGm;cJhonf/
]&yf&Gmat;csrf;a&;ESifh w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;a&;onf rlv
yxr}
xdkaqmifyk'ftwkdif;yif wdwdusus usifhoHk;cJhonf/
zqyv [lí wyfaygif;pk wpfckwnf;tjzpf wefcdk;xGm;
aepOfu twdkuftcH tzGJUom;rsm;udk NcHKcdkwkdufcdkuf owf
jzwfcJholrsm;udk zqyv u rodusKd;uRef jyKcJhonfrsm;udk
tdrfapmifhtpdk;&u pHkprf;axmufvSrf; zrf;qD; ½Hk;wiftjypf
ay;vdkufonfrsm; &SdcJhzl;onf/
]Oya' pdk;rdk;a&;}
xdkpOfu tdrfapmifhtpdk;&onf [dkygwD onfygwD olY
vl ighbufom; rcGJjcm;yJ w&m;rQwpGm ta&;,lcJhonf/
a&G;aumufyGJudkvnf; w&m;rQwpGm usifhyay;cJhonf/
w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;a&;onf rlvyxr/
om"k BudKufonf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
458
om"k vl0g;0w,f
om"konf w&m;Oya'udk tvGef½dkaoonf/ pnf;
urf;udk tvGefav;pm;onf/ om"kyg0ifaom tzGJUtpnf;
wpfckckwGif pnf;urf;Oya'u wm;jrpfxm;onfudk usL;
vGefvmvQif xowfaomfrS owfap& om"k umuG,f
onf/ tjyif;txef uefYuGuf wdkufcdkufavh&Sd\/
om"kESifh qdkifonfjzpfap? rqdkifonfjzpfap tjrifr
awmf tMum;ravsmfvQif om"k yg0ifpNrJ/ apm'u wufp
NrJ/ þpmtkyfwpfae&m&mwGif urÇmh xdyfxdyfBuJ acgif;
aqmifBuD;rsm;udkyg om"kvSrf;í a0zefxm;onfrsm; awGU
&csdrfhrnf/
owdw& azmfjy today;csifygao;\/
wpfcsdefu om"kESifh aomfwmaqG? pdefcifarmif&DwdkY
rtlyifNrdKUodkY pmaya[majymyGJ xGufvmcJhMuvsuf nbuf
om"ka[mítNyD; yGJodrf;acgufqGJ pm;aeMupOf ausmif;
om;ausmif;oltcsKdU a&mufvmMuum
]apmapmuav q&mBuD;&JUom; udk0PÖ½dkufwJh ]uwÅDyg
zdeyfpD; a&TxD;aqmif;} Zmwfum; wDAGDuvmw,fwJh? tJh'g
uRefawmfwdkY 'Dw&m;yGJa&mufaevdkY rMunfhvdkuf&bl;}
Mum;&aom owif;onf 0rf;omp&m/ wenf;tm;jzifh
½kyfjrifoHMum;rS ul;í jyaomaMumifh *kPf,lp&m jzpfaomf
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
459
om"k vl0g;0w,f
vnf; xdktawG;rsm; ay:rvm om"k 'dkif;ceJ a'goxGuf
vmonf/
½kyf&Sifonf tEkynm0ifypönf;/ tEkynm0ifjzpfaom
aw;uAsm? yef;csD? yef;yk? *Dw? ½kyf&Sif? pmay ponfwkdYudk
rnfolrQ rnfonfhyHkpHESifhrQ qGJ,ltoHk;rjyK&/ Oya'u
wm;jrpfxm;onf/
yef;csDum;wpfcsyf? oDcsif;wpfyk'f? pmwpftkyf a&;om;
xkwfa0NyD;onfESifh ,if;wkdYudk ]rlydkifcGifhOya'} u tvkd
tavsmuf tumtuG,f ay;xm;onf/ rlv zefwD;ol
ydkif&SifrSvGJí (0g) ydkif&SifcGifhjyKcsuf r&vQif rnfol,loHk;
onfjzpfap w&m;pGJEdkifonf/
odkYtavQmuf om"k &efukefjyefa&mufonfESifh jrefrmh
½kyfjrifoHMum;XmeodkY uefYuGufpmwpfapmifa&;vdkufonf/
qdkcJhonfhtwdkif; om"k uefYuGufpma&;vdkufNyD; aemuf
ESpfvoHk;vMumonftxd xdkudpö *,ufxoGm;onf/
tpnf;ta0; xdkifMuonf/ tajctwif aqG;aEG;Muonf/
aemufqHk;ü ½kyf&SifZmwfum; wpfum;vQif ul;,ljyoc
tjzpf usyfaiG 500 (ig;&m) pDay;&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/
uwÅDyg zdeyfpD;twGuf 500 usyf&onf/ xdktvsifu
jycJhaom ½kyf&Sifum;tm;vHk;udkvnf; 500 usyfpDay;onf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
460
om"k vl0g;0w,f
uwÅDyg zdeyfpD; aemufydkif;wGif jyorQaom Zmwfum;
wdkif;vnf; 500 usyfpD &Muonf/ þudpöü om"konf
trdkufcHí (r[kwfrcH) a&;vdkuf uefYuGufvdkufonfü
trkef;cH&p&m&Sdaomf om"kwpfa,mufwnf; cH&rnf/ pHp
&m&Sdvmaomtcg trsm;pk cHpm;&onf/
tqHk;wGif om"kvnf; trkef;rcH&yg/ tpdk;&tzGJUu
vdr®myg;eyfpGm udkifwG,fajz&Sif;vdkufaomaMumifh ]Oya'
pdk;rdk;a&;} \ t&om ay:vGifoGm;acsonf wrHkY/

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
461
om"k vl0g;0w,f
at;csKd
om"kwGif tvGefxlaom? t aom? tvdkufrodwwfaom

wynfhwpfa,muf&Sdonf/ ,ckxdvnf; ol&Sdaeao;onf/
]olYemrnf at;csKd}
]waZmufuef;} 0w¦Kzwfzl;olrsm; ]Adkvfjr'if} Zmwfum;
Munfhzl;olrsm; rSwfrdMuygvdrfhrnf/ vl&Tifawmf jrifhazudk
]at;csKd} tjzpf o½kyfaqmiftrnf ay;cJhzl;onf/
xdkrQtxd om"konf at;csKdtm; oHa,mZOf BuD;aecJh&
onf/ tb,frQ qlylBudrfarmif;apumrl at;csKd\ rsuf
ESmrSm cyfat;at; cyfcsKdcsKdyif &Sdaewwfonf/ wpfaeYwm
twGif; 4-5 Budrf tqlcH&vQifrl ol pdwfaumufwwf
onf/ odkYaomf rsufESmum; csKdNrJ? at;NrJ/
at;csKd om"kxH a&mufaeonfrSm *syefacwfuwnf;
u/ aygif'gxkwf tvkyform;tjzpf/ aemuf yHkESdyfwdkuf
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
462
om"k vl0g;0w,f
tvkyf? pmtkyfcsKyf? tenf;qHk; tESpfav;q,feD;yg;cefY &Sd
cJhacsNyD/ ,ckxdvnf; xlqJ? t qJ? tvdkuf rodqJ/
wpfcgu om"k xrif;pm;raumif;í rtlukef;wGif

eHjym;ESifh yJqdwfom;[if; 0,fcdkif;&ef at;csKdudkac:í
]rif; rtlukef;eJY trJaps;vrf;axmifhu ukvm;xrif;
qkdif odw,fr[kwfvm;}
][kwfuJh? bbBuD;}
]at;? tJh'Dqdkif oGm;prf;}
odkY ajym&if;u om"k tdrfxJ0if ydkufqHESifh csKdifh,lí
jyefxGufvmaomtcg at;csKd r&Sdawmhojzifh eD;&mvludk
ar;&m ckyJ xGufoGm;w,f qdkojzifh uref;uwef; vdkuf
tac:cdkif;&\/
at;csKd jyefa&mufvmNyD;/
]rif; b,fxGufoGm;wmvJ}
]rtlukef; ukvm;xrif;qdkifqdk}
om"k armoGm;onf/
]rif; bmoGm;vkyfrvdkYvJ}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
463
om"k vl0g;0w,f
ol tajzray;? jyL;aMumifaMumif vkyfaeacs\/ om"k
vnf; ol a,mifee vkyfwwfonfhtaMumudk odaeonfh
twdkif; xyfajymvnf; arm½Hkom &Sdrnfjzpfí
]a&mh ydkufqHeJY csKdifh? yJ qdwfom;[if; ESpfcGuf? eHjym;
ESpfcsyf oGm;0,f? qdwfom;r&vnf; Muufom;}
][kwfuJh? [kwfuJh} ESifh at;csKd xGufoGm;avNyD/ qdwf
a&m Muufa&m r&&ifa&m[k b,faomtcgrS xyfar;avh
r&Sdaom at;csKd/
]at;csKd vmOD;a[h}
ol tajy;tvTm; a&mufvmwwf\/ pmyHkESdyfpuf ½dkuf
vsufwef;vef; yHkESdyfrifteD ukefoGm;ojzifh olYtm; rifeD
ESpfbl; oGm;0,f&ef wHqdyfa&m ta&mifeHywfyg a&;ay;
vdkuf\/
vsifjrefaom t[kefjzifh xGufoGm;NyD; ydkí t[kefjyif;
pGm jyefa&mufvm\? odkYaomf vufxJwGif bmrQygrvm/
]a[h b,fvdkvJ}
]bb a&;ay;vdkufwJh rifeDu ESpfbl;r&Sdbl;? wpfbl;
wnf;&Sdw,fwJh}
om"k tvGefpdwfqdk;oGm;um
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
464
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]&Sdoavmuf 0,fcJhygvm;uG? 'DrSm puf&yfxm;&wm
rif;vnf;odom;eJY? rif; cufw,fuGm? enf;enf;rS toHk;
rusbl;}
ponfjzifh om"ku zdqlaomfvnf; olYrsufESm at;csKd
aeonf/ ydkí a'gojzpfrvmrD aemufwpfacguf atmf
aigufí &oavmufyif 0,fcdkif;vdkuf&jyef\/
tjrefqHk; jyefa&mufvmonf/ puf½dkufaeoltm; rifeD
bl; vSrf;ay;&if; at;csKd wD;wdk;ajymaeonf/
olajymonfh pum;rsm;udk om"k rMum;&bJESifh &dyfrdae
us jzpf\/
]bbBuD;uAsm? b,fawmhrS aoaocsmcsm rcdkif;bl;?
qlzdkYyJwwfw,f? [if;? wpfaeYaeYawmh ajymcsvdkufr,f?
uRefawmf wpfcGef;wnf; ajymcsvdkuf&if udpötjywfyJ}
þpum;onf at;csKd\ vufoHk;jzpf\/ tjcm;aom
wynfhrsm;u om"ktm; þvdk at;csKd BuHK;0g;xm;aMumif;
rMumcP &,fp&moabm ajymjywwf\/
]b,fvdk ajymrSmwJhvJuG}
]rodbl;tpfudk? ar;vdkYvnf; r&bl;? bbBuD;udk
wpfcGef;wnf; ajymcsvdkuf&if udpötjywfyJ qdkwmavmuf
yJ olajymw,f}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
465
om"k vl0g;0w,f
at;csKdum; xdkoGm; þoGm; wdkwdkxGmxGm t0,fudpö
rsm;wGifom xlínHhNyD; tuif;ryg;olr[kwf/ tvkyfvkyf
&mwGifvnf; pdwfarm&avmufatmif zsif;vS\/
tvkyfcsif; twlwl tjcm;olESifh ,SOfí oifvdkufvQif
at;csKd usefcJhonfcsnf;jzpf\/ wpfcgwpf&H tvkyfyifyef;
í tanmif;ajyap&ef wynfhrsm;tm; tajy;NydKifcdkif;\/
yxrqk wpfqkwnf;xm;í ig;usyfay;\/
ESpfa,mufNydKifvQif at;csKd 'kwd,? av;a,mufajy;u
yOör? (taMumif;aomfum; uav;wpfa,mufa,mufu
a&ma,mif 0ifajy;ojzifh uav;u pwkw¦ csdwfoGm;aom
aMumifh/)
wpfnaomf ½Ir0OD;ausmfu (&D;*sifh ½kyf&Sif½Hk) wGif jy

aeaom tar&duefum; wpfum;udk Munfhjzpfatmif
Munfh&ef wdkufwGef;vdkuf\/
tdrfwGifvnf; tvkyfwpfcku ta&;BuD;aeonf? w
ynfhtcsKdUvnf; yifyef;vGef;vSí tem;ay;xm;um xdkaeY
ntzdkY om"kyif udk,fwdkif yHkESdyfpuf½dkufrnf[k &nfrSef;
xm;\/ odkYaomf OD;ausmf ajymvdkufaom Zmwfum;u
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
466
om"k vl0g;0w,f
vnf; vlBudKufenf;aeí 3 &ufom jyrnf/ ,aeY aemuf
qHk;aeY qdkojzifh tvGefMunfhcsifonf/
]uJ at;csKd? 'Dn rif;u NyD;oifhoavmuf ½dkufxm;ESifh?
bbBuD;jyefvmawmh quf½dkufr,f}
þtvkyfrSm tvG,fqHk;aom aq;vdyfwHqdyf wpf
a&mifwnf; ½dkuf&rnfjzpfaomaMumifh at;csKd½dkufvQif ol
rsm; 1000 NyD;u ol 500avmufum; NyD;Edkif\/
tm;vHk; jyifqifay;cJhNyD; om"k ½kyf&SifoGm;Munfhonf/
10 em&DcGJomomwGif om"k jyefvmNyD; tdrfxJ0ifvdkuf
onfESifh pufcef;wGif;rS bmoHrQ rMum;&/ csufcsif; tuÐs
vJí 0ifMunfhaomtcg at;csKd wacgacgESifh tdyfaysmfae
onf/
oltdyfonfrSmvnf; ususeer[kwf/ yHkESdyf½dkufNyD;puúL
rsm; tajcmufvSrf;onfh piftay:qHk;xyfwGif uwfoD;
uwfoyf 0iftdyfaeonf/ jAufwpfawmifomomrQom &Sd
aomaMumifh rvl;om rvSdrfhom vdrfhusvdkufvQifvnf;
oufomrnfr[kwf? tjrifhu ig;aycGJcefY vlwpf&yfeD;yg;/
om"k tvGefa'gojzpfoGm;\/ tvkyfrNyD;onfrSm
taMumif;r[kwf/ udk,fhab;tEÅ&m,frS rodomqdk;0g;vS
onfh xdktrItwGuf qGJ½dkuf ypfvdkufcsifaomfvnf;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
467
om"k vl0g;0w,f
taMumif; xl;rnfum; r[kwf/ þvdk todÓPf acgif;
yg;rIESifh ½dkufrdcJhaygif;vnf; rsm;acsNyD/ olum; jyKjyifonf
r&SdcJh/
ol tb,frQ ½dkufNyD;cJhonfudk pifay:vSrf;Munfhvdkuf
aomtcgwGifvnf; 200 eD;yg;rQom ½dkufNyD;ao;onf/
][if;} oufjyif;csum udk,fhpdwfom udk,fajzNyD; at;csKdudk
vnf; ab;rJhay;vdkuf&awmh\/
om"kbmomyif 0if½dkufí &Gufa& 100 yif rNyD;wwf
ao;rD
]Akwf}
pm½Iol &dyfrdNyD; jzpfonfhtwdkif;yif at;csKd vdrfhusav
NyD/ uref;uwef; ajy;xl&rnfh wm0ef&Sdaomfvnf; om"k
pdwfqdk;&Sdefrajyao;onfwGif xifonfhtwdkif; vdrfhusvm
NyDjzpfí pdwfaygufaygufESifh puf&yfNyD; t&dyftuJ Munfh
aerdonf/
at;csKdum; vl;vJxrvm/ rsufvTmudk tomarS;zGifh
MunfhNyD;rS jyefrSdwfvsuf pifay:wGif anmif;cJhorQ tysif;
vdrf tanmif;qefYum tif; ceJ wpfbufodkYvSdrfhí jyef
tdyfoGm;onfomwnf;/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
468
om"k vl0g;0w,f
om"kwGif zkwfcsuf? zkwfcsufESifh puúLo,faom um;
uav;wpfpD;&Sd\/ 0if½dk;abmrsm; uGJukefojzifh topfvJ
&ef at;csKdESifh om"kwdkY tcsdefvkNyD; jzKwfMuum om"ku
uGJoGm;aom abmrsm; oGm;0,frnf[k erlemta[mif;udk
puúLESifhxkyfNyD;
]uJ bbBuD;oGm;r,f? rif;u tJh'D0if½dk;awG aq;aMum
NyD; okwfxm;? b,fnmvnf; rrSm;apeJY? puúLeJYuyf ao
aocsmcsm rSwfaemf} ypönf;rsm;0,fNyD; jyefvmonf/ um;
r&Sdu c&D;rwGifaomaMumifh tjrefqHk;NyD;csifonfESifh um;
em;xdkifum tvkyfpudkif&mwGif 0if½dk;ESpfckpvHk; puúLESifh
ywfí trSwftom;ESpfrsKd;pvHk; a&;xm;onfudk awGU&\/
]vuf0J? vuf,m}
þvdk jrefrmpmESifhr[kwf/ wpfacsmif;wGif ]tm}? tjcm;
wpfacsmif;wGifrl ]bD} [k t*FvdyfpmvHk;rsm;jzifh rSwfom;
xm;onfudk awGU&aomaMumifh om"k OD;aESmufvnfoGm;
\/
at;csKdonf jrefrmpm 4 weff;avmufom wwfNyD; t*F
vdyfpmqdkí oli,fwef;avmufyif oifzl;cJhjcif;r&SdaMumif;
om"k od\/ odkYwdkifatmifvnf; at bD pD 'D ponfwdkY
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
469
om"k vl0g;0w,f
um; trSwfonmtm;jzifholodae\/ t*Fvdyfpum; q,fh
av;ig;vHk;avmufvnf; ajymwwf &Gwfwwfaeonf/
yHkESdyfrif ta&mifrsm;ESifh ywfowfí tjcm;olrsm; ac:
aeusudk olyg tvdkvdk tvGwf&ae\/ ]yD;aumhbvl;} ]zdk
wdkba&mif;} ]atm&ifhcsf} ponfh rifta&mif trnfrsm;/
vdkif;bavmuf? [yfzwHk;? udGKifuGyf? udkaw;&Sif; p
onfwkdYtjyif csufyvuf? a'gh*spf? AGDtdwf ponfvnf;
ol rSwfrdae\/ wpfcgwpf&H Armpum;xJwGif tify&uf
&Sif raumif;bl;? ydkap&Sif vGJaew,f [lívnf; NzD;wwf?
jzef;wwfao;onf/
]a[h 'D0if½dk;awG ]b,f} ]nm} rSwfygqdkwm bmawG
a&;xm;wmvJ}
]bbBuD;uvJ uRefawmf aoaocsmcsm rSwfxm;wmyJ?
[dk [dk ]tm} qdkwm ]½dkuf} ]nmbuf0if½dk;}
]EdkY 'D ]bD} u bmvJ? 'gjzifh}
][m bDqdkwm b,fbufaygh}
om"k zifxdkifvJonftxd [uf[ufyufyuf &,frd
onfrSm rsuf&nfusrwwf/
eHeufapmapm wpfcgwpf&H om"ku qlaomtcgwGif
vnf; at;csKd rsufESm tcsKdrysuf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
470
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]oGm;} [k atmfxkwfvdkufonfwGifvnf; wpfbufodkY
vSnfhí wD;wdk; a&&GwfoGm;onf/ olYvufoHk;pum;twdkif;
]ig wpfcGef;wnf; ajymvdkuf&&if udpötjywfyJ} [líyif
jzpfrnfxif\/
olu tb,fodkY wpfcGef;wnf; ajymcsrnfudk om"k od
csifcJhonfrSm MumNyD/ olwdkY vkyfazmfudkifzufcsif;yif ar;í
r&aom pum;udk om"ku wD;acgufMunfhívnf; &rnf
r[kwf/
wpfBudrfwGif om"ku at;csKdudkac:í a'gowBuD;
Budrf;armif;qHk;r&onfh taMumif;wpfckrSm
om"kwpfa,muf w½kwfacgufqGJ ponfwdkY pm;vQif
MuufoGefcsOf? i½kwfpdrf;av;ygrS? ukvm;tpmjzpfaom
yvmwm? Muufom;uif? 'efaygufxrif; pm;u Muuf
oGefeD? o&ufoD;oeyf pojzifh ygrS t&omcHwwf\/
xkdxdk pm;aomufp&mrsm; 0,fcdkif;vkdufaom tcgrsm;wGif
qdkcJhonfh i½kyfpdrf;csOf? o&ufoD;? r&rf;oD;? oHy&moD;
oeyf wpfckckygrvmvQif tvGefa'gojzpf\/
pm;csifonfh tmomuvnf; jyifaecdkuf wpfpHkwpfck
aMumifh pdwfwdkaecdkuf ,if;uJhodkY tcsOfpyfpyfuav; ygr
vmcJhaomf txkyfvdkuf zkwfceJ vTifhypfrdonftxd om"k
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
471
om"k vl0g;0w,f
pdwfqkd;wwf\/ þonfudk om;r,m; wynfhwyef;tm;
vHk; odMuonf/
(,cif om"k½kyf&Sif rEÅav;wdkufcGJrefae*sm? ,ck yef;
Eka&mif r&ifhw&ifh Zmwfum;xkwfvkyfol armifpef;jrifh
onf olYZmwfum;wpfum; ½kdufaeqJ zvifukefí jyef,l
NyD; csufcsif; jyefaygufvmapumrl NcH0a&mufrS *spfum;udk
jyefauGUxGufoGm;ojzifh um; ½dkuf&ef apmifhaeMuolrsm;
Za0Z0g jzpfukefMu\/
35 rdepftwGif; oljyefa&mufvmojzifh (jyefxGufoGm;
onfhtaMumif;) udk ar;&m om"ktwGuf vrf;BuHKojzifh
'efaygufxrif; wpfxkyf0if0,fygonf/ zvifuvnf;
ta&*;BuD;ojzifh cyfokwfokwf jyefvmNyD; NcHem;a&mufrS
tcsOfxkyfajzMunfh&ef owd&um o&ufoD;oeyf ygrvm
í oGm;jyefawmif;aMumif; ajymjyonf/ armifpef;jrifhum;
þrQtxd om"kudk av;pm;ojzifh om"k ac:rdonf/)
at;csKd rMumcP acgufqGJ? 'efayguf t0,foGm;&
onf/ 5 BudrfwGif tenf;qHk; wpfBudrfavmufum; tNrJ
tBudrf;cH&onf/
,aeYvnf;
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
472
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]rif;udk aoaocsmcsm rSmvdkuf&JUom;eJY i½kyfcsOf
ygrvmbl;? b,fvdkvJ}
]r[kwfbl; bbBuD;? uRefawmf aoaocsmcsm xnfh
cdkif;w,f}
]rif;Munfhraebl;vm;}
]Munfhaeygw,f? uRefawmfha&SUwif i½kwfcsOf ESpfZGef;
xnfhwmyJ}
'gjzifh bmvdkY ygrvmovJ}
][m? 'Dw½kwf olrsm;txkyfxJ rSm;xnfhvdkufovm;
rodbl;}
om"k qufajymu arm½Hk&Sdrnfjzpfaomfvnf; ar;cGef;
wpfcku usefaeao;onfESifh
]uJ ig b,fESpfcg ajym&rvJ? olwkdYudk pdwfrcseJY?
tcsOfxkyfudk tNrJajzMunfh? i½kwfoD;pdrf;csOf ryg&if udk,fh
[mudk,f xyfxnfhqdkwm}
][kwfuJh? uRefawmf ajzMunfhrvdkYyJ? vlawG ½Iyfaewm
eJY? aemufNyD; . . .}
]awmfawmh? rif;acgif;xJrSm rSwfÓPfr&Sdbl;? *½kvnf;
rpdkufbl;? tJ'Dawmh at;csKd ig bmvkyf&rvJ}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
473
om"k vl0g;0w,f
olNidrfaeonf/ qlvufpESifh ,cifu trSm;rsm;yg
xyfí ajymrd&if; qufqlrd&if;jzifh om"kyg vHk;vnfvdkuf
arm[dkufvmum
]oGm; oGm;} [k atmf&if; MumZHaMumfxkyfudk vTifhypf
vdkufonfESifh toifhapmifhaeaom acG;u udkufcsDqGJajy;
onfwGif at;csKdu cJESifh vdkufxk\/
twefMumí om"k pdwfajyoavmuf t&SdwGif om;jzpf
olarmifÓPfay: (,ckrif;vl) tem; a&mufvmNyD;
]azazvTifhypfvdkufwJh MumqHaMumfxkyfudk udkat;csKdBuD;
pm;aeNyD? acG;qDu jyefvkNyD;}
om"k r&,fbJ raeEdkif/
]NyD;awmhvnf; Aspfawmuf AspfawmufeJY azazhudk ajym
aew,f azaz? rif; tazawmhuGm igwpfcGef;wnf; ajym
csvkduf&if udpötjywfyJwJh}
om"k odcsifvmjyefonf/ om"kxHwGif raeawmhbJ
jyefawmhrnf[k tjywfajym&efrSmvnf; olYwGif rdbr&Sd
aqGrsKd;rsm;uvnf; wpfntdyfyif aumif;aumif;vufrcH
csifMuaMumif; om"k aumif;aumif;odonf/ oludk,füu
vnf; om"kudk oHa,mZOfjzpfaeonf/ qlqlqJqJ wpfcg
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
474
om"k vl0g;0w,f
wpf&H em;&if;tkyfrdonftxdqHk;rapumrl ol pdwfaumuf
NyD; tJ ½kyf&SifoGm;MunfhonfrQavmufom/
at;csKdtm; cdkif;&onfxuf pdwfarm&onfrSm rumrd/

vufzuf&nf 0,fcdkif;onfwGif csKdifhta[mif;ESifh rSm;vm
wwfonf/ rdk;&GmxJ xD;ESifh cdkif;vdkufNyD; tjyefwGif rdk;&Gm
aeygvsuf xD;arhvmojzifh jyef,lcdkif;aomtcg xD;r&Sd
awmhonfrSm ESpfBudrfrQ/ wpfcguvnf; ol arhwwfvGef;
í ypönf;av;rsKd; 0,fcdkif;&mwGif aocsmap&ef pma&;ay;
vdkufonf/
jyefvmaomtcg oHk;rsKd;om ygonf/
]rif;arhwwfwm odvdkY ig pma&;ay;vdkufom;eJY}
][kwfuJhbBuD;? tJ'Dpm &SyftuÐstdwfxJ arhusefcJhvdkYyg}
ol0wfoGm;onfrSm pGyfus,f/
½kyf&Sif½dkuf ay; 400 bl; zvifav;bl; aq;pdrf&ef
tyfxm;&mrS ta&G;cdkif;vdkuf&m oHk;bD;um;ay: wpfbl;
ususefcJhonfudkolrod/ tdrfa&mufrS rsufvHk;jyL;aeonf/
½dk;½dk;zvif usaysmufonfu jyef0,f&onfrSm 0efrav;/
½dkufNyD;om; jzpfaeíjyef½dkuf&rnfrSm aiGukefvlyef; jzpf½Hk
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
475
om"k vl0g;0w,f
omru rlv½dkufvufpESifh tqifajy&efrSm tpp wm0ef
BuD;vSonf/
þwGif om"kvnf; at;csKdtm; cyfememav; xdk;Budwf
rdNyD; wpfcgwnf; ESifcsvdkufonf/ aemufwpfaeY eHeuf
om"k tjyifxGuf&m qdkufum;wpfpD;ay: xkdifaeaom
at;csKdudk vrf;xdyfqdkufum;*dwfwGif awGU&NyD; um;[Gef;
oHMum;onfESifh (olrSwfrdaeí) rsufESm vJToGm;onf/
om"k oem;oGm;&jyef\/
xdkn 8 em &DavmufwGif csKdat;aom rsufESmESifh ol
a&mufvmojzifh
]bmvJ} [k om"ku rsufarSmufMuKwfMunfh&if; ar;
vdkuf&m
]uRefawmf xrif;rpm;&ao;vdkY}
]oGm;pm;? aemufaz;rSm? pm;NyD;&ifjyef}
ol aemufaz;0ifoGm;NyD; aemuf wpfatmifhrQ tMum
tdrf&Sifr a&mufvmonf/
]uJ? udkazoef;a&? 'Daumifawmh rjzpfygbl;}
]bmvJ? pum;u tquftpyfr&SdeJY}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
476
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]at;csKdaygh? qdkufum;eif;r,fqdkNyD; iSm;wm? aeYv,f
u acgif;udkufvdkYqdkNyD; qkdufum;ay: tdyfaysmfoGm;vdkYwJh?
tJh'g qkdufum;&Sifudk iSm;c aiGESpfusyf ay;p&m r&SdvdkYwJh}
om"k olYudk jyefac:xm;vdkuf&jyefacsNyD jzpf\/
xdkrQxdkrQ udk,fh0rf;yif 0atmif &Smrpm;Edkifao;ygyJ
vsuf ol rdef;rvdkcsifaejyefonf/ &nf;pm;xm;NyD; jzpfae
onf/ tjcm;tvkyform;rsm;udkyif olu &ifaumhí <um;
aevdkufao;\/
]a[h armifcspfatmif? ighaumifrav;eJY igeJYqdk igu
omw,fuG? &nf;pm;pmudk igu igudk,fwdkif a&;ay;w,f
oluawmh olrsm; a&;cdkif;&w,f? olYxuf igu ynmydk
wwfwmaygh}
þ tajctxd a&mufaeaMumif; om"k odonfESifh
at;csKdudk ac:&awmhonf/ ynmay; qHk;r&ef/
]rif; ck &nf;pm;awG bmawG xm;vdkYqdk? rif;rSm bm
t&nftcsif; &SdovJ? qdkufum;av; wpf&uf eif;r,f
rBuHao;bl; tdyfaysmfaew,f? rdef;r,l&if ESpfa,mufpvHk;
iwfr,f? tJ'g rif; rpOf;pm;rdbl;vm;}
,cifuESifh vHk;0rwlawmhaom at;csKd\ rsufESmxm;
udk þwpfcgom om"k BuHKzl;\/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
477
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]udk,fhtm;udk,fudk; tvkyfvkyfzdkYz,fxm;? tao;trTm;
0,fcdkif;wmavmufawmif rif; ajzmifhajzmifh tqifrajywJh
taumif? 'geJYrsm; rdef;rvdkcsifao;ovm; [if? at;csKd}
olYrsufESmwGif at;aomcsKdaom t&dyfta,mifrsm;
vHk;0 aysmufaeonf/
]nqdk&if tapmBuD; tdyfcsifNyD? reufvnf; olrsm;
aemufrS xcsifw,f? vHkYvvnf; r&Sd? 0D&d,vnf; r&Sd?
tBuHÓPfqdkwmawmh rif; tdrfa&SUeJY aemufaz; a&o,f
wmawmif wpftdrfvHk; acsmif;aygufatmif &TJwJhtaumif}
rBuHKpzl; ol rsufarSmifMuKwfaeonf/ EIwfcrf;awG
vnf; vIyfvmonf/
]'gyJ? rif;ightdrfrSmaeNyD; rdef;r,lr,fawmh pdwfrul;eJY}
at;csKd ydkí ezl;aMumwif;vmonf/ tcspfpdwf xdyfa>r
cJ qdkouJhodkY tcspfqdyf wufaeNyDavm[k om"k oHo,
0ifrd\/
]ig rif;udk vufcHxm;wm oem;vdkY? em;vnfvm;?
wjcm;rSmqdk rif; cufNyD? ig tifrwef onf;cHwJhvlawmif
MumavMumav ighpdwfeJY rawGUavbJ? ckudpöu ydkqdk;
w,f? 'gyJuGm? rifh[mrif; rdef;r,lcsif,l? ightdrfawmh
ac:rvmeJY}
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
478
om"k vl0g;0w,f
]bbBuD;}
at;csKdtoHrSmuGJtufaeonf/ wkefcgaeonf/ aemuf
rsuf&nfvnf; 0Jaeonf/
]uRefawmf xlw,f? tw,f? ÓPfr&Sdbl;? 0D&d,vnf;
r&Sdbl;? tvdkufvnf; rodwwfbl;? cdkif;rS vkyfwwfw,f?
vmbfvnf; rjrifbl;? tm;vHk; rSefygw,f}
rygpzl; 0rf;enf;pum;oHrsm; ygaeonf/ vQHaeonf/
xdkpum; &yftoGm;cdkufwGif rsuf&nfNydKufNydKuf ,dkqif;
vmonf/
]uRef uRefawmf wwfEdkifoavmuf vkyfygw,f? tql
tBudrf; txdk;tBudwf rcH&atmifvnf; uRefawmf tNrJ
BudK;pm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh b,fvdku b,fvdk uRefawmf
nHhzsif;aew,fqdkwm uRefawmfvnf; rodawmhbl;}
xdkpum;twGuf om"k tvkt,uf awG;uGufqifaerd
\/
]bbBuD;u cPcP ajymw,f? pdwfwdkif;rusbl;vdkY}
þwGif oltenf;i,f ½dIufvmonf/ ESmacgif;tv,f
avmufqDrS jzwfí rsuf&nfudk qwfceJ okwfNyD;rS
]wu,fvdkY uRefawmfom bbBuD; pdwfwkdif;usatmif
ÓPf&Sdr,f? tuif;yg;r,f? vl&nfvnfr,fqdk&if uRef
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
479
om"k vl0g;0w,f
awmfvnf; wynfhawG trsm;BuD;eJY bbBuD;vdkyJ q&mjzpf
aerSmyJ? ckawmh uRef uRef uRefawmf}
ol tBudrfBudrf BuHK;0g;cJhonfh ]ig wpfcGef;wnf; ajym
vdkuf&if udpötjywfyJ} [lonfrSm þpum;rsm;yif jzpf
[efwlonf/
]uJuJ at;csKdoGm;awmh? reufjzefusrS bbBuD; tqHk;
tjzwfay;r,f? cke bbBuD;ajymwmawGvnf; arhypfvdkuf
OD;? oGm;tdyfawmh}
txufyg aemufqHk;pum;wpfcGef; (wpfydk'f) wnf;ESifh
at;csKd vl0g;0ofnudk om"k Nrdefa&&Sufa& cHpm;vdkuf&NyD;
onfh þrSmbufwGif
at;csKdum; om"kESifh ,cktxd at;twlyltrQ/
olYwGifvnf; uav; ig;a,muf&/
vl[lorQ b0tusKd;ay;jcif; rwlMu/
(at;csKdonf at;csKd? om"kum; om"k/)

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
480
om"k vl0g;0w,f
pma&;ol\
pmayESifh b0jzpfpOfrSwfwrf;
1918
yJcl;NrdKUü tz OD;jrarmif? trd a':zGm;rQifwdkYrS zGm;jrif
onf/ arG;csif; armifESr ESpfa,mufjzpfí q&m om"krSm
ti,fjzpfonf/ Mumoyaw;om; jzpfNyD; trnf&if;rSm
azoef; jzpfonf/
1929
&efukefNrdKU? vrf;rawmfNrdKUe,f? usKH;BuD;vrf;&Sd Ak'¨bmom
rdef;uav;ausmif;wGif ausmif;pwifaecJhonf/ pwkw¦
wef; atmifaomtcg &efukeftpdk;& [dkufpul;ausmif;wGif
e0rwef;txd ajymif;a&TU ynmoifMum;cJhonf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
481
om"k vl0g;0w,f
1936
ausmif;rSxGufí &efukef tv,fydkif; (ukefaps;wef;) wdkY
Armtpnf;t½Hk; vIyf&Sm;rIudk xlaxmifNyD; twGif;a&;rSL;
tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/
1938
1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHkwGif yg0ifvIyf&Sm;&if; a&eHajr
oydwfwyfBuD; &efukefodkY csDwuf&mwGif taocH wyfAdkvf
tjzpf wm0ef,l aqmif&GufcJhonf/
1939
&efukefNrdKU a'gufwmjr aq;wdkufwGif pma&;tjzpf vkyf
udkifonf/ e,fvSnfh ukd,fpmvS,fvnf; vkyfonf/
1944
*syefacwfwGif ]ylwlwl;} aygif'gvkyfief; vkyfudkifonf/
ausmif;q&mr a':cifndK (aemifwGifrlvwef;ausmif;tkyf)
ESifh tdrfaxmifjyKonf/
1944-45
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
482
om"k vl0g;0w,f
bwfpfum;? jrif;vSnf; wnfaxmif toufarG;jcif; vkyf
ief;udk vkyfudkifonf/
1945-46
ylwlwl; yHkESdyfwdkuf wnfaxmifonf/
1946
'gawGjyif trnf&Sd 0w¦Kpmtkyfudk ylwlwl; yHkESdyfwdkufrS
xkwfa0onf/
1947
0efBuD;wpfrwf 0w¦Ka&;&if; pmayavmuodkY a&muf&SdcJh
onf/
1948
ya'om r*¾Zif;wGif wm0efcH t,f'Dwmtjzpf vkyfudkif
onf/
1949-50
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
483
om"k vl0g;0w,f
pmobif pmtkyfwdkuf wnfaxmifonf/ opöm r*¾Zif;udk
OD;pD;xkwfa0onf/
1949
cspfpHerl pmtkyfukd pmobifpmtkyfwkdufrS yxrtBudrf
tjzpf xkwfa0onf/
1950
jrefrmEdkifiH pma&;q&mtoif; trIaqmiftjzpf wm0ef
xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ ya'om r*¾Zif;udk om"k wpfOD;wnf;
ydkiftjzpf xkwfa0onf/
cspfpHerl wwd,tBudrf xkwfa0onf/
t&om pmtkyf xkwfa0onf/
t&om trSwf 2 pmtkyf xkwfa0onf/
tm,k pmtkyf xkwfa0onf/
tarGcH pmtkyf xkwfa0onf/
1951
wyfxJu jrwfudkudk xkwfa0onf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
484
om"k vl0g;0w,f
(pmayAdrmef umvay:0w¦K qktjzpf qkaiG wpfaxmif
&&SdcJhonf/)
wyfxJu jrwfudkudk 'kwd,tBudrf xkwfa0onf/
vifr,m;b0 'kwd,tBudrf xkwfa0onf/
touf pmtkyf xkwfa0onf/
1952
cspfpHerl pwkw¦tBudrf xkwfa0onf/
cspfwuúodkvf (cspfpHerltquf) xkwfa0onf/
wyfxJu jrwfudkudk wwd,tBudrf xkwfa0onf/
tESpf xkwfa0onf/
tESpf\ tESpf xkwfa0onf/
1953
cspfwuúodkvf 'kwd,tBudrf xkwfa0onf/
wyfxJu jrwfudkudk pwkw¦tBudrf xkwfa0onf/
wyfxJu jrwfudkudk yOörtBudrf xkwfa0onf/
aemufvif pmtkyfudk xkwfa0onf/
1954
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
485
om"k vl0g;0w,f
wyfxJu jrwfudkudk q|rtBudrf xkwfa0onf/
wyfxJu jrwfudkudk owårtBudrf xkwfa0onf/
wyfxJu jrwfudkudk t|rtBudrf xkwfa0onf/
aemufr,m; xkwfa0onf/
1955
wyfxJu jrwfudkudk 0w¦Ktm; [dkufpul;ESifh wuúodkvf0if
pmar;yGJrsm;twGuf ausmif;oHk;tjzpf jy|mef;onf/
cspfpHerl yOörtBudrf xkwfa0onf/
cspfZeD; cspfvif xkwfa0onf/
Zmwfvrf;yrm xkwfa0onf/ (t*Fvdyf ½kyf&Sifum; A Peace
in the Sun udk rSD;a&;onf/)
waZmufuef; wwd,tBudrf xkwfa0onf/ (Adkvfjr'if

trnfjzifh ½kyf&Sif½dkufonf/)
twm xkwfa0onf/
ppfom; tdyfaqmif 'kwd,tBudrf xkwfa0onf/
1956
cspfpHerl q|rtBudrf xkwfa0onf/
cspfwuúodkvf xkwfa0onf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
486
om"k vl0g;0w,f
twm xkwfa0onf/
vdifESifh ararvwf xkwfa0onf/
om"ka&;enf; 0w¦Kwdkrsm; xkwfa0onf/
tm,kESifh tarGcH xkwfa0onf/
1957
cspfwuúodkvf pwkw¦tBudrf xkwfa0onf/
1958
cspfwuúodkvf yOörtBudrf xkwfa0onf/
1959
½kyf&Sife,fodkYul;ajymif;NyD; uBuD;a&;u trnf&Sd yxrqHk;
½kyf&Sifum;udk ½dkuful;onf/
'g½dkufwm tu,f'rDqk &&Sdonf/
cspfZeD; cspfvif 'kwd,tBudrf xkwfa0onf/
touf 'kwd,tBudrf xkwfa0onf/
1960
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
487
om"k vl0g;0w,f
tidkvG,fonf trnf&Sd ½kyf&SifZmwfum;jzifh 'kwd,tBudrf
tu,f'rD 'g½dkufwmqk &&Sdonf/
a':wifwiftkef; (½kyf&Sifrif;orD; jrwfrGef) ESifh 'kwd,
tdrfaxmif jyKonf/
1961
aMomf cspfwm cspfwmESifh tjcm;0w¦Kwdkrsm;pmtkyf xkwfa0
onf/
1966
cspfwuúokdvf q|rtBudrf xkwfa0onf/
1968
wm0ef trnf&Sd ½kyf&SifZmwfum; ½dkuful;onf/
'kwd,tdrfaxmifESihf uGm&Sif;onf/
aemufr,m; 'kwd,tBudrf xkwfa0onf/
1969
touf wwd,tBudrf xkwfa0onf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
488
om"k vl0g;0w,f
1970
vdif pmtkyf xkwfa0onf/
twm yxrwGJ 'kwd,tBudrf xkwfa0onf/
twm 'kwd,wGJ xkwfa0onf/
1971
om"k a&;enf; 0w¦Kwdkrsm; 'kwd,tBudrf xkwfa0onf/
tm,kESifh ararvwf xkwfa0onf/
1974
tESpf wwd,tBudrf xkwfa0onf/
1976
om"k vl0g;0w,f xkwfa0onf/
1978
om"k tif qef;(pf) xkwfa0onf/
1979-80
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
489
om"k vl0g;0w,f
tMuifwdkY vifr,m; trnf&Sd ½kyf&SifZmwfum;udk ½dkuf
onf/
1980
EkdifiHh*kPf&nfbGJU ('kwd,tqifh) csD;jr§ifhcH&onf/
qD;a&m*gjzifh aq;½Hkwufí em;a&m*g cGJpdwfukocJhonf/
idkrvdk &Drvdk a,mifumrJh ravSmifygeJY wdrif;0Vm (tjcm;
pma&;olrsm;ESifh wGJí xkwfa0onf/)
1985
aq;½Hkwufí rsufpdcGJpdwf ukocJhonf/
'DrsufESmav;udk cspfwm xkwfa0onf/
1990
rsusrf;rmí aq;½Hk wufa&mufcJhonf/
1991
½kyf&Sif tpnf;t½Hk;wGif em,utjzpf aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sd
NyD; trSwf 97 oHvGifvrf;? &efukefNrdKUwGif pmayESifh½kyf&Sif
vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfudkifvsuf&Sd&mrS tpmtdrf aoG;,dkonfh
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
490
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a&m*gaMumifh aq;½Hkwufí ukorI cH,lcJhonf/ aq;½HkrS
qif;vmaomtcg NcHtrSwf 3? av;a'gifhuefvrf; (om"k
NcHH)? oCFef;uRef;wGif tem;,lí aq;ukorIcHvsuf &Sd&mrS
1991 ckESpf? {NyDv 7 &ufaeYwGif tqkwfuifqm a&m*g
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uG,fvGefcsdefwGif om;orD; ckepfOD; usef&pfonf/
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csif;aqmif;yg;pmtkyfukd a&;om;qJwGif uG,fvGefcJhjcif;
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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

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