TFN 1F – 3F
- Nursing became the works of the least
REVIEW GUIDE
HISTORY OF NURSING
a. Medieval Period:
The Period of Intuitive Nursing
- Nursing was untaught and intuitive
- As there was no caregiving training, nursing
was based on experience and observation
- Nursing was a function that belonged to
women as women had a natural nurturing
side and were expected to take good care
of the children, the sick, and the aged
- Wet nursing refers to taking care of babies
of children of their masters
- Superstitious and believes in magic
- Sickness is due to active intervention of
o Human – witchcraft
o Non-human – ghosts
o Superhuman – deities
b. Middle Ages: The Period of Apprentice Nursing
- Care was done by crusaders, prisoners,
religious orders of the Christian Church
- Nursing care was performed without any
formal education and by people who were
directed by more experienced nurses
- Fabiola used wealth to provide houses of
care and healing for the poor, sick, and
homeless
- Knight hospitallers were knights who cared
for the soldiers
o Knights of Saint Lazarus – leprosy,
syphilis, and chronic skin conditions
- However, due to Protestantism, nursing
went down to the lowest level with
properties of hospitals and schools
connected with Roman Catholicism being
confiscated
- Nurses fled their lives; soon there was
shortage of people to care for the sick;
hundreds of hospitals closed; there was no
provision for the sick and no one to care for
the sick
desirable of women – prostitutes,
alcoholics, and prisoners
- Theodore Fliedner and Frederika
established the Kaiserswerth Institute for
the training of Deaconesses
o The first formal training school for
nurses in Germany
o Where Florence Nightingale studied
nursing
c. Nightingale Era 19th-20th Century:
The Period of Educated Nursing
- Nursing was strongly influenced by
o Trends resulting from wars
o Arousal of social consciousness
o Increased educational opportunities
offered to women
- Florence Nightingale was asked by Sir
Sidney Herbert of the British War
Department to recruit female nurses to
provide care for the sick and injured in the
Crimean War
- In 1860, the Nightingale Training School for
Nurses opened at St. Thomas Hospital in
London
o The school served as a model for
other training schools with its
graduates travelling to other
countries to manage hospitals and
institute nurse-training programs
o The 1st school of nursing that
provided both theory-based
knowledge and clinical skill building
- The Nightingale Training Systems was more
on developing the profession within
hospitals and that the curriculum should
include both theory and practice
- Formal nursing education and nursing
service begun
- Nursing evolved as an art and science
o Science
§ Degree Qualified
§ Skilled and Knowledgeable
§ Professional
§ Capable and Competent
o Art
§ Care
§ Compassion
 § Support
§ Reassurance
‘ FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
§ Spiritual Calling
d. 20th Century:
The Period of Contemporary Nursing
- Scientific and technological development as
well as social changes marks the period
- Licensure of nurses started
- Training of nurses in diploma program
- Development of baccalaureate and advance
degree programs
- Specialization in hospitals and diagnosis
- Health is perceived as a fundamental
human right
- Nursing involvement in community health
- Technological advances such as disposable
supplies and equipment
- Expanded roles of nurses
- WHO was established by the UN
- Aerospace nursing was developed
- Use of atomic energies for medical
diagnosis, treatment
- Computers were utilized for data collection,
teaching, diagnosis, inventory, payrolls,
record keeping, and billing
- Use of sophisticated equipment for
diagnosis and therapy
IMAGE OF NURSING
Wife/Mother
Incarcerated Criminals
Guardian Angel
Doctor's Handmaiden
Heroine
NURSING LEADERS
Born: May 12, 1800
Place of Birth: Florence, Italy
Lifestyle: Raised in an affluence in England
Education: Entered the Deaconesses School at
Kaiserswerth Institute at the age of 31
Work: Superintendent for Gentlewomen
Hospital
Titles:
- Mother of Modern Nursing
- Pioneer of Nursing Education
- Lady with the Lamp
Nursing has been identified as an emerging
profession for 150 years
The historical context of nursing image is traced
back to Florence Nightingale
International Nurse’s Day is celebrated each
year on her birthday, May 12
The Nightingale Pledge is still recited by new
nursing graduates around the world, often with
the accompaniment of flickering candles in
symbolic lamps
Self-appointed Goal: To change the profile of
nursing
1. Compiled notes of her visits to hospitals and
observations of sanitary facilities and social
problems
2. Noted the need for preventive medicine and
good nursing
3. Advocate for care of those afflicted with
diseases caused by lack of hygiene practices
4. Disapproved the restrictions on admission of
patients considered this unchristian and
incompatible with health care
5. Upgraded the practice of nursing and made
nursing an honorable profession for women
6. Led nurses that took care of the wounded
during the Crimean War
7. Placed down her ideas in Notes on Nursing:
What It Is and What It Is Not and Notes on
Hospitals
8. Revolutionized the public’s perception of
nursing and the method for educating nurses
 CLARA BARTON
A schoolteacher who volunteered as a nurse
during the American Civil War
Established the American Red Cross
Persuaded Congress to ratify the Treaty of
Geneva so that the Red Cross could perform
humanitarian efforts in time of peace
LINDA RICHARDS
America’s first trained nurse
Introduced nurse’s notes and doctors’ orders
Initiated the practice of nurses wearing uniform
Credited for pioneering in psychiatric and
industrial nursing
MARY MAHONEY
First African-American professional nurse
Constantly worked for the acceptance of African
Americans in nursing and for the promotion of
equal opportunities
Recognized by the ANA for her significant
contribution in interracial relationships
LILLIAN WALD
Founder of public health nursing
First to offer trained nursing services to the
poor in New York slums along with Mary
Brewster
LAVINIA DOCK
Campaigned for legislation that allow nurses
rather than physicians to control their
profession
Participated in protest movements for women’s
rights
Founded the American Society of
Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses
of the United Sates
MARGARET HIGGINS SANGER
Opened the first birth control information clinic
in America
Founder of Planned Parenthood
Public health nurse who has a lasting impact on
women’s health care
MARY BRECKINRIDGE
Established the Frontier Nursing Service
Started one of the first midwifery training
schools in the United States
MEN IN NURSING
STEVE MILLER
Formed the Men in Nursing organization which
was later renamed the American Assembly for
Men in Nursing
Primary focus of recruiting more men into
nursing
Provide framework for nurses, as a group, to
meet and discuss and influence factors that
affect men as nurses
LUTHER CHRISTMAN
First man to be a dean at a university school of
nursing
First man nominated for president of the ANA
First man elected to the American Academy of
Nursing
First man inducted into ANA’s Hall of Fame
FACTORS INFLUENCING MEN IN NURSING
1. Nursing image of femininity
2. Lack of male role models in nursing and caring
3. Suspicion surrounding intimate touch
 HEALTH CARE DURING THE SPANISH REGIME Nursing School Founder Purpose

- Nursing has manifested through simple Iloilo Mission Baptist First hospital in
nutrition, wound care, and taking care of an Hospital (1906) Missionaries the Philippines
ill member of the family to train Filipino
- Interventions from babaylan (priest nurses
physicians) and albularyo (herb doctor)
In this period, the
Pensionado Act
of 1903 allowed
Hospital Founder Purpose Filipino nursing
Hospital Real de Gov. Francisco Spanish king’s students to study
Manila San Juan de Sande soldiers and in the United
de Dios Hospital Spanish civilians States
San Lazaro Bro. Juan Patients with Saint Paul’s Jeremiah Harty, Provided general
Hospital Clemente leprosy Hospital School Archbishop of hospital services
(founder); of Nursing Manila (founder) and opened its
(1907) training for
Hospitallers of Sisters of Saint nurses in 1908
San Juan de Dios Paul de Chartres with Mother
(administrators) (administrators) Melanie as
superintendent
and Miss
NURSING DURING THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION Chambers as
principal
- Late 1890s, war between Philippines and Philippine Government A small
Spain emerged General Hospital dispensary for
- Many women assumed the role of nurses in School of Mary Coleman Civil officers and
order to assist the wounded soldiers Nursing (1907) Masters employees in the
- The emergence of Filipina nurses brought (educator) City of Manila
about the development of Philippines Red that later grew
Cross as a Civil Hospital

Admission was
based on
entrance
examination
•Wife of Jose •First Filipino to
ROSA SEVLLIA DE AROYO
JOSEPHINE BRACKEN

Rizal start a school

•Installed a field •Instrumental in
hospital in an allowing Filipinas
estate house in to exercise their REVIEW THROUGH THE YEARS
Tejeros right to vote
•Provided nursing •Converted their Date
care to the house into
wounded night quarters for 1911 - The Start of Board examiners for
and day Filipino soldiers 1921 Nursing Practice nursing was created

First nursing board

examination was given
in 1920
1921 - A Much- Filipino Nurses
1931 Established Association was
established
 Professional An act regulating the HISTORY OF CDU-CN
Organization practice of Nursing
Profession Date
necessitates all nurses 1971 Cebu Doctors’ College
to register yearly
1973 College of Nursing
FNA became a 1975 College of Arts and Sciences
member of the 1976 College of Medicine
International Council
of Nurses in 1929 1980 College of Dentistry
1931 – Public Health College of Optometry
1941 Nursing 1982 College of Allied Medical Sciences
Development 1984 PAASCU-accredited; first accredited
1941 – Degree of Bachelor College of Nursing was college of nursing in Cebu City
1951 of Science in created 1992 CD-CN was declared an excellent
Nursing nursing program in Region VII by
UST – CN (1946) DECS Manila, ranking 4th out of 151
MCU – CN (1947) nursing schools
UPM – CN (1948) 2005 University status by CHED
1951 – Proliferation of Republic Act 877 – “
1971 Nurses as a “Nursing Practice Law”
Workforce limits practice of
nursing to those 21 Dr. Filomena Flores
years and above
1971 – Nursing PRC was established • 1975 - 1985
2001 Professional
Development Republic Act 7164 – Dr. Ofelia Sisno
“Philippine Nursing • 1985 - 2016
Act of 1991” expanded
nursing practice to Dr. Rommel Merioles
management,
teaching, decision
• 2016 - present
making, and
leadership

Qualification of nurses
was updated to
Master’s Degree or its
equivalent
2001 – Further Changes in Republic Act 9173 –
present Nursing Law “Philippine Nursing
Act of 2002” changes
on requirements for
faculty and dean of CN
as well as the conduct
of NLEX
 CONCEPT OF HEALTH
Ø Nurses are in a unique position to assist clients
in achieving and maintaining optimal levels of
health.
Ø Nurses embrace the opportunity to use
wellness activities to promote health and
wellness and prevent illness.
Ø Nurses who understand how clients react to
illness can minimize the effects of illness and
assist clients and their families in maintaining or
returning to the highest level of functioning.
ILLNESS
Ø Inability of an individual’s adaptive responses to
maintain physical and emotional balance that
subsequently results in an impairment of
functional abilities
ILLNESS BEHAVIOR
Ø Ways individuals describe, monitor, and
interpret their symptoms, take remedial actions
and use healthcare systems
Ø How people react manage and perceives to be
ill

HEALTH
TYPES OF IMMUNITY
Ø A state of complete physical, mental, and social
well-being and note merely the absence of ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948). Active Passive
Ø A dynamic state of being in which the Ø Immunity Ø Immunity
developmental and behavioral potential of an developed after acquired from
individual is realized to the fullest extent being exposed to another source
possible (ANA) an infection or (human or
Ø Conditions of life rather than pathological states from getting a animals)
(Pender et.al, 2006) vaccine
Ø A global term that refers to every aspect of a NATURAL IMMUNITY
Active Natural Passive Natural
person’s life
Ø Antibodies are Ø Antibodies are
Ø Includes:
formed in the transferred
1. Physical status
presence of active naturally from an
2. Emotional well-being infection in the or immune mother
3. Social relationships body or after to her baby
4. Intellectual functioning exposure to an through the
5. Spiritual condition infection placenta (IgG) or
from the mother’s
breastmilk
HEALTH BEHAVIOR (colostrum IgA)
Ø An action a person takes to understand his or
her health state, maintain an optimal state of
health, prevent illness or injury, and reach their ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY
maximum physical and mental potentials Active Artificial Passive Artificial
Ø Can be positive or negative Ø Antibodies Ø Antibodies
Ø Positive health behaviors are activities that developed in developed from
maintain, attain, or regain good health and response to a an animal or
prevent illness vaccine another human is
Ø Negative health behaviors are activities injected (immune
potentially harmful to health serum)
Ø ATS, ADS
 PRIMARY PREVENTION BREAK THE CHAIN OF INFECTION
Ø Focuses on health promotion and protection • Hand hygiene
against diseases • Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or
Ø The purpose is to decrease the risk of exposure sneezing
to diseases • Prepare and cook food following proper
Ø Immunization, healthy diet sanitation
Ø Well Population • Stay at home when you are sick
• Use PPE the right way
SECONDARY PREVENTION
• Clean and disinfect the environment
Ø Early identification of health problems
• Practice proper personal hygiene
Ø Prompt intervention to alleviate health
problems
Ø Identify early stage of disease process and limit STAGES OF ILLNESS BEHAVIOR – Edward Schumann
future disability
ILLNESS
Ø Self-breast examination, annual check-up
the inability of an individual to maintain physical
Ø People at risk of a health problem
and emotional balance that results in impairment of
functional ability
TERTIARY PREVENTION
Ø Focuses on restoration and rehabilitation Acute Passive
Ø Return individual to optimum level of Ø Severe symptoms Ø Gradual that lasts
functioning of relatively short a long time,
Ø Recovery and rehabilitation programs, insulin period of time usually 6 months
self-injection or longer
Ø People with a health problem
Ø Fever Ø Cancer
Ø Cough Ø Diabetes
6 CHAIN OF INFECTION Ø Colds Ø Hypertension
Ø Diarrhea
1. Infectious Agent – the pathogen that causes
diseases
2. Reservoir – a place where pathogen can live and 5 STAGES OF ILLNESS BEHAVIOR
multiply such as in humans, animals, or in the
1. Symptom Experience
environment
- person is aware that something is
3. Portal of Exit – means which enables the
wrong
pathogen to leave the reservoir such as the
- recognizing one or more symptoms
respiratory system when coughing or sneezing
such as fever, rashes, paint, etc.
4. Mode of Transmission – ways that a pathogen
2. Assumption of the Sick Role
can be transmitted from its reservoir to a
- symptoms persist and become
susceptible through direct or indirect
severe
transmission
- sick people seek validation from
5. Portal of Entry – means by which the pathogen
family and social group
enters a susceptible host, for example, coughing
near or in front of a person
3. Medical Care Contact
6. Susceptible Host – any individual vulnerable to
- sick person seeks out healthcare
getting the infection
provider for diagnosis and
treatment
- may give up independence
 4. Dependent Client Role EXTERNAL VARIABLES
- client depends on healthcare
PHYSICAL STANDARD FAMILY SOCIAL
professionals for the relief of
ENVIRONMENT OF LIVING AND SUPPORT
symptoms
CULTURAL NETWORKS
- requires assistance in carrying out BELIEFS
activities of daily living Environment Standard of Family Family,
- needs emotional support affect health living such passes on friends, a
5. Recovery or Rehabilitation and levels of as patters of confidant
- client may return to health at a wellness occupation, daily living and job
higher level of functioning income and and lifestyle satisfaction
- resumes normal activities and education to children help people
responsibilities is related avoid
to health illness
morbidity
and
mortality
FACTORS OR VARIABLES INFLUENCING HEALTH Geographical Hygiene, Physical or Support
location food emotional people
INTERNAL VARIABLES habits, and abuse may provide
seeking of cause long stimulus
Ø Non-modifiable because they cannot be
health care term health for an ill
changed
and health problems person to
Ø Biologic, psychologic, cognitive regimen become
BIOLOGIC PSYCHOLOGIC COGNITIVE vary well again
Genetic makeup, Emotional Intellectual Environmental Culture and
sex, age, and factors: mind- factors: lifestyle hazards such as social
developmental body interactions choice, and radiation, acid interactions
level significantly and self-concept spiritual and rain, pesticides, influence
influence a religious beliefs and chemicals how a
person’s health person
perceives,
experiences,
and copes
Mind – body Lifestyle choices
interactions can may have
affect health positive or
HEALTH MODELS
status positively negative effects
and negatively on health Ø Developed in order to understand clients’
Self-concept Spiritual and attitudes and values about health and illness
affects how religious beliefs and to provide effective health care
people view and affect health Ø Allow nurses to understand and predict clients’
handle situations behavior health behavior including how they use health
services and adhere to recommended therapy

CLINICAL MODEL
Ø Health is absence of illness
Ø Individuals who are not sick are healthy
Ø The state of not being sick is health à becomes
an illness if a person has signs and symptoms of
a disease
 ADAPTIVE MODEL
Ø Ability to adapt positively to social, mental, and
physiological change is indicative of health
Ø Illness occurs when the person fails to adapt or
becomes maladaptive towards these changes
Ø Good Adaptation Behavior = Health
Ø Poor Adaptation Behavior = Illness

TRAVIS’ ILLNESS-WELLNESS CONTINUUM

Ø Composed of two arrows pointing in opposite
directions and joined at a neutral point
Ø Movement to the right equals an increasing
level of health and well-being
Ø Movement to the left equates progressively
decreasing state of health
Ø High level of wellness is:
ROLE PERFORMANCE MODEL 1. Giving good care to physical self
Ø Health is defined in terms of the individual’s 2. Using your mind constructively
ability to fulfill social roles, that is, to perform 3. Expressing emotions effectively
work. 4. Being creatively involved with those around
Ø People who can fulfill their roles are healthy you
even if they appear clinically ill. 5. Being concerned about your physical,
psychological, and spiritual environments

AGENT-HOST-ENVIRONMENT (ECOLOGICAL) MODEL

Ø Health depends on the interaction of host,
agent and environment
Ø Balance among these elements result in health
Ø Illness occurs when there is an imbalance in one
of the three elements

DUNN’S HIGH WELLNESS MODEL

Ø Compose of two axis that form four quadrants
Ø A health axis which range from peak well to
death/illness
Ø An environment axis which ranges from
favorable to very unfavorable
 HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
Ø Addresses the relationship between a person’s
beliefs and behaviors
Ø Provides a way of understanding and predicting
how clients will behave in relation to their
health and how they will comply with health
care therapies

BASIC HUMAN NEEDS MODEL

Ø Elements that are necessary for human survival
and health
Ø A model that nurses use to understand the HOLISTIC
HEALTH HEALTH MODEL
BELIEF MODEL
interrelationship of human needs
Ø Considers emotional and spiritual well-being as
Ø Certain human needs are more basic than
well as other dimensions of individual, as
others which means that some needs must be
important aspects of physical wellness
met before other needs
Ø Nurses using the nursing process consider
clients as the ultimate experts regarding their
own health and respect client’s subjective
experience as relevant in maintain health or
assisting in healing
Ø Nurses using the holistic nursing model
recognize the natural healing abilities of the
body and incorporate complementary and
alternative interventions such as:
1. Music therapy
2. Reminisce
3. Relaxation therapy
4. Therapeutic touch
5. Guided imagery, etc.
Ø Use reminiscence in the geriatric population to
help relieve anxiety for a client dealing with
memory loss
Ø Music therapy in the operating room creates a
soothing environment
Ø Breathing exercises commonly taught to help
clients deal with pain associated with labor
delivery
 CONCEPT OF NURSING • Definition – convey the general meaning of the
concepts in a manner that fits the theory;
• Theory – a system of ideas that is proposed to
measures the constructs, relationships, or
explain a given phenomenon; well-articulated
variables within a theory
idea about something important; describe,
• Assumptions – statements that describe
predict, and control phenomena
concepts or connect two concepts that are
• Nursing Theory – a conceptualization of some
factual; determine the nature of the concepts,
aspect of nursing communicated for the
definitions, purpose, relationships, and
purpose of describing, explaining, predicting,
structure of the theory
and/or prescribing care
• Phenomenon – aspect of reality that can be
• Principle – a fundamental truth or proposition
consciously sensed or experienced
that serves as the foundation for a system of
belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning
• Philosophy – a belief system and serves as basis
for theoretical formulations NURSING PARADIGM
- Explains the linkages of science, philosophy,
and theory accepted and applied by the
IMPORTANCE OF NURSING THEORY disciple
- Encompasses 4 key concepts:
- Guides knowledge development
o Person – recipient of care
- Directs nursing education, research, and
o Health – goal of care
clinical practice
o Environment – all possible
o Nursing Education – establish
conditions affecting the client
the profession’s place in the
and the setting in which health
university
care needs occur
o Nursing Research – identifies
o Nursing – diagnosis and
gaps in the way we approach
treatment of human responses
specific fields of study
to actual or potential health
o Clinical Practice – the reflection,
problems
questioning, and thinking about
what nurses do
TYPES OF NURSING THEORY
Levels of Abstraction
CHARACTERISTICS OF A THEORY Grand Theories Middle Range Theories
1. Clear – consistency, semantic, and structural - Broad in scope and - More limited scope, less
clarity complex, require further abstraction, address
2. Simple – sufficiently comprehensive and at a specification through specific phenomena or
level of abstraction provides guidance research before fully concept, and reflect
3. Empirical Precision – factual; grounded in tested practice
observable reality
- Provides structural
4. Derivable Consequences – the most important
framework for broad,
part of theory; reveals what knowledge nurses
abstract ideas about
must pursue nursing
Goals of the Theory
Descriptive Theories Prescriptive Theories
COMPONENTS OF A THEORY
- The first level of theory - Predict the consequences
• Concept – mental formulations of an object or development of a specific nursing
event that come from individual perceptual intervention
experience
 - Describe the phenomena, - Action oriented, tests the Concepts:
speculate on why the validity and predictability
phenomena occur, and of a nursing intervention The environmental theory contains three major
describe the consequences relationships: environment to patient, nurse to
of the phenomena - Guides nursing research environment, and nurse to patient. It states that there
to develop and test are five essential components of environmental health
- Helps to explain client specific nursing – pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness,
assessment but does not interventions and light.
direct specific nursing
activities
Theoretical Assertions:
- INTERDISCIPLINARY THEORIES Disease was a reparative process. Disease was nature’s
- Explain a systematic view of a phenomenon effort to remedy a process of poisoning or decay, or a
specific to the discipline of inquiry reaction against the conditions in which a person was
- The need for strong scientific knowledge placed.
based from nursing and other discipline
- Include systems theory, Maslow’s hierarchy
of needs, health-and-wellness models, PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE OF CARING
stress and adaptation models, growth and – JEAN WATSON
developmental theories, and psychosocial
theories Theorist:

Jean Watson is born in West Virginia, USA. She

NURSING PHILOSOPHIES
a. Environmental Theory by Florence Nightingale
b. Philosophy and Science of Caring by Jean
Watson
c. Theory of Bureaucratic Caring by Marilyn Ray
d. Novice to Expert Theory by Patricia Benner
e. Proposed Philosophy of Caring by Kari
Martinsen
f. Modeling and Role-Modeling Theory of Nursing
by Helen Lorriane Eriksson, Evelyn Tomlin and
Mary Anne Swain
ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY – FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Theorist:
proposed a caring environment which offers the
development of potential while allowing the person to
choose the best action for himself or herself at a given
point in time. She defined caring as healthogenic. A
science of caring is complementary to the science of
curing.
Concepts:
Caring can be effectively demonstrated and practiced
only interpersonally. Caring consists of carative factors
that result in the satisfaction of certain human needs.
Effective caring promotes health and individual or
family growth. Caring responses accept person not only
as he or she is now but as what he or she may become.
The practice of caring is central to nursing.

Florence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy. She is

regarded as the Founder of Modern Nursing and The
Lady of The Lamp. She established a teaching institution
for nurses at St. Thomas and King’s College Hospital in
London, England
CONCEPTUAL MODELS AND GRAND THEORIES
a. Behavioral System Model by Dorothy Johnson
b. Nursing as Caring: A Model for Transforming
Practice by Ann Boykin and Savina Schoenhofer
c. Life Perspective Rhythm Model by Joyce
Fitzpatrick
d. Care, Core, Cure Model of Nursing by Lydia Hall
 e. Health Promotion Model by Nora Pender
f. Conceptual Model: The Helping Art of Clinical
Nursing by Ernestine Weidenbach
ADAPTATION MODEL – SISTER CALLISTA ROY
Theorist:
Sister Callista Roy is born in California, USA. She is a
member of the Sisters of Saint Joseph of Carondelet.
She sees the individual as a set of interrelated systems
who strives to maintain a balance between various
stimuli.
Concepts:
Person: Human systems have thinking and feeling
capacities rooted in consciousness and meaning; adjust
effectively to changes in the environment and, in turn,
affect the environment.
Environment: Conditions, circumstances, and influences
surrounding and affecting the development and
behavior of persons or groups with consideration of the
mutuality of person and health resources.
Health: Health is the ability to cope with death,
diseases, unhappiness, and stress in a competent way.
Nursing: The goal of nursing is the promotion of
adaptation for individuals and groups in each of the four
adaptive modes, thus contributing to health, quality of
life, and dying with dignity
Adaptation: The process and outcome whereby thinking
and feeling persons as individuals or in groups use
conscious awareness and choice to create human and
environmental integration.
SYSTEMS MODEL – BETTY NEUMAN
Theorist:
Betty Neuman was born in Ohio, USA. She was a nurse,
educator, health counselor, therapist, author, speaker,
and researcher. She designed a nursing conceptual
model to expand students’ understanding of client
variables beyond the medical model.
Concepts:
The theory is based on the person’s relationship to the
stress, the response to it, and the reconstitution factors
that are progressive in nature. The Neuman Systems
Model presents a broad, holistic, and system-based
method to nursing that maintains a factor of flexibility.
It focuses on the response of the patient system to
actual or potential environmental stressors and the
maintenance of the client system’s stability through
primary, secondary, and tertiary nursing prevention
intervention to reduce stressors.
INTERACTING SYSTEMS FRAMEWORKS AND THEORY
OF GOAL ATTAINMENT – IMOGENE KING
Theorist:
Imogene King was born in Iowa, USA. She pioneered
Nursing Theory development. She identified multiple
concepts used by nurses to describe nursing.
Concepts:
The theory describes a dynamic, interpersonal
relationship in which a patient grows and develops to
attain certain life goals. The theory explains that factors
which can affect the attainment of goals are roles,
stress, space, and time.
The model has three interacting systems: personal,
interpersonal, and social. The concepts for personal
system are perception, self, growth and development,
body image, space, and time. The concepts for
interpersonal system are interaction, communication,
transaction, role and stress. The concepts for social
system are organization, authority, power, status, and
decision making.
 SELF-CARE DEFICIT THEORY OF NURSING Concepts:
– DOROTHEA OREM A model of nursing care that advocates fostering of
efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the
Theorist:
patient to prevent illness. The patient is identified as a
Dorothea Orem is born in Maryland, USA. She behavioral system composed of seven behavioral
suggested the development of applied nursing science subsystems:
and basic, non-nursing sciences as part of the empirical
1. Affiliative
evidence and knowledge base to be associated with
2. Dependency
nursing practice. She has a strong health promotion and
3. Ingestive
maintenance focus.
4. Eliminative
5. Sexual
6. Aggressive
Concepts: 7. Achievement
Nursing is the act of assisting others in the provision The three functional requirements for each subsystem
and management of self-care to maintain/improve include protection from noxious influences, provision
human functioning at home level of effectiveness. It for a nurturing environment, and stimulation for
focuses on activities that adult individuals perform on growth. An imbalance in any of the behavioral
their own behalf to maintain life, health, and well-being. subsystems result in disequilibrium. It is nursing’s role
to assist the client to return to a state of equilibrium.

Self-care: Activities an individual performs

independently throughout life to promote and maintain
personal well-being. CONCEPTUAL MODEL: THE HELPING ART OF CLINICAL
NURSING – ERNESTINE WIEDENBACH

Health: Results when individual’s ability is not adequate
to meet the known self-care needs.
Nursing System: Nursing interventions needed when
individual is unable to perform the necessary self-care
activities.
Theorist:
Ernestine Wiedenbach was born in Hamburg, Germany.
She concentrated on the art of nursing and focused on
the needs of the patient. People may differ in the
concept of nursing but few would disagree that nursing
is nurturing or caring for someone in a motherly
fashion.

Concepts:
BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM MODEL – DOROTHY JOHNSON
Theorist: Clinical nursing is directed towards meeting the
patient’s perceived need for help (based on individual
Dorothy Johnson was born in Georgia, USA. She held a perception). The nurse administers the help needed and
strong conviction that continuing improvement of care validates that the need for help was met. There four
was the ultimate goal of nursing. Nursing is an external main elements of clinical nursing:
regulatory force which acts to preserve the organization
and integration of the patient’s behaviors at an 1. Philosophy
optimum level under those conditions in which the 2. Purpose
behavior constitutes threat to the physical or social 3. Practice
health, or in which illness is found. 4. Art
 CARE, CORE, CURE MODEL – LYDIA HALL THE SCIENCE OF UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS
Theorist: - MARTHA ROGERS

Lydia Hall was born in New York, USA. She developed Theorist:
the care, core, cure model of nursing. She defined
Martha Rogers was born in Texas, USA. She posited that
nursing as participation in care, core, and cure aspect of
nursing is a learned profession, both a science and art.
patient care where care is the sole function of nurses,
Nursing exists for the care of people and life process of
whereas the core and cure are shared with other
humans.
members of the health team.

Concepts:
Concepts:
Rested on a set of basic assumptions that described the
Professional nursing care hastened recovery and that as
life process in human beings. Human beings are
less medical care was needed, more professional
dynamic energy fields integral with environmental
nursing care and teaching were necessary. Nursing
fields. The life process is characterized by:
functions differ using three interlocking circles to
represent aspects of the patient: CARE (body), CURE • Wholeness
(disease), and CORE (person). Nurses function in all • Openness
three circles but to different degrees. • Unidirectionality
• Pattern and Organization
• Sentience
CONSERVATION MODEL – MYRA ESTRIN LEVINE • Thought
Theorist:

Myra Estrin Levine was born in Chicago, USA. She There are four building blocks of the model:
developed the Conservation Model which stresses
nursing interactions and interventions as necessary to 1. Energy Field
promote adaptation and maintain wholeness. Nursing 2. Universe of Open Systems
care is based on scientific knowledge and nursing skills. 3. Pattern
4. Pandimensionality

Concepts:
NURSING AS CARING: A MODEL FOR TRANSFORMING
Wholeness: A sound, organic, progressive mutuality
PRACTICE – ANN BOYKIN & SAVINA SCHOENHOFFER
between diversified functions and parts within an
entirety, Theorist:

Ann Boykin and Savina Schoenhoffer stated that the

Adaptation: A process of change whereby the
individuals retains his integrity within the realities of his
internal and external environment.
Conservation: Describes the way complex systems are
able to continue to function even when severely
challenged – energy, structural integrity, personal
integrity, and social integrity
focus of nursing is nurturing persons living caring and
growing in caring. As an expression of nursing, caring is
the intentional and authentic presence of the nurse
with another person who is recognized as living caring
and growing in caring.
Concepts:
The most basic premise of the theory is that all humans
are caring persons, that to be human is to be called to
live one’s innate caring nature. Developing the full
potential of expressing caring is an ideal and for
practical purposes, is a lifelong process.
• Persons are caring by virtue of their humanness
• Persons live their caring moment to moment
• Persons are whole or complete in the moment
• Personhood is living life grounded in caring
• Personhood is enhanced through participating
in nurturing relationships with caring others
• Nursing is both a discipline and a profession
MIDDLE RANGE NURSING THEORIES
a. Maternal Role Attainment Theory by Ramona
Mercer
b. Theory of Uncertainty in Illness by Merle Mishel
c. Theory of Self-Transcendence by Pamela Reed
d. Theory of Illness Trajectory by Carolyn Wiener
and Marylin Dodd
e. Theory of Chronic Sorrow by Georgene Gaskil
Eakes, Mary Lermann Burke, and Margaret
Hainsworth
f. The Tidal Model of Nursing by Phil Barker
g. Theory of Comfort by Katharine Kolcaba
h. Theory of Postpartum Depression by Cheryl
Tatano-Beck
i. Theory of Caring by Kristen Swanson
j. Peaceful End of Life Theory by Cornelia Ruland
and Shirley Moore
k. Theory of Interpersonal Relations by Hildegard
Peplau
THEORY OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS
– HILDEGARD PEPLAU
Theorist:
Hildegard Peplau is born in Pennsylvania, USA. She is
regarded as the Mother of Psychiatric Nursing. She
promoted professional standards of nursing ang
regulation through credentialing. She introduced the
nurse-patient relationship. She also introduced the
concept of advanced nursing practice.
Concepts:
The theory of interpersonal relations focuses on the
individual, nurse, and the interactive process (nurse-
patient relationship). It was developed from the
psychological model.
Ø Client – individual with a felt need
Ø Nurse – a stranger, resource person, teacher,
leader, surrogate, and counselor
Ø Nursing – interpersonal and therapeutic process
with the goal to educate the client and family
and help the client reach mature personality
development
THEORIES
a. Nursing Process Theory by Ida Jean Orlando
b. Cultural Care Diversity and Universality Theory
by Madeliene Leininger
c. Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness
by Margaret Newman
d. Theory of Humanbecoming by Rosemarie Rizzo
Parse
e. Symphonology and Bioethical Theory by Gladys
Husted
f. 14 Basic Needs by Virginia Henderson
g. Typology of 21 Nursing Problems by Faye Glenn
Abdellah
h. Human-to-Human Relationship Theory by Joyce
Travelbee
i. The Humanistic Nursing Theory by Josephine
Paterson and Loretta Zderad
14 BASIC HUMAN NEEDS – VIRGINA HENDERSON
Theorist:
Virginia Henderson is born in Missouri, USA. She is
famous for her definition of nursing. She envisioned the
practice of nursing as independent from the practice of
physicians. She emphasized the art of nursing and
identified 14 basic human needs on which nursing care
is based.
Concepts:
Nursing: Assisting the individual, sick or well, in the
performance of those activities that will contribute to
health, recovery, or a peaceful death and that the
individual would perform unaided if he or she had the
necessary strength, will, or knowledge and to do this in
a such a way to help him gain independence as rapidly
as possible.
TYPOLOGY OF 21 NURSING PROBLEMS
– FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH
Theorist:
Faye Glenn Abdellah was born in New York, USA. She
formulated the 21 nursing problems that served as an
early guide for comprehensive nursing care. She views
nursing as both an art and a science that molds the
attitude, intellectual competencies, and technical skills
of the individual nurse to help people (well or ill) cope
with their health needs.
Concepts:
Based on the problem-solving method (vehicle for
delineating nursing problems as the patient moves
toward a healthy outcome). Progressed to a second-
generation of development of patient problems and
patient outcomes.
NURSING PROCESS THEORY
– IDA JEAN ORLAND-PELLETIER
Theorist:
Ida Jean Orlando was born in New Jersey, USA. She was
the first nurse to develop a theory from actual nurse-
patient situations. She is one of the first nursing leaders
to identify and emphasize the elements of the nursing
process and the critical importance of the patient’s
participation in the nursing process.
Concepts:
Nursing process is the action process by the nurse in a
nurse patient contact. It is characterized by:
• Observation of the other’s behavior
• Perception or the resulting though about the
observation
• Feeling originating from the person’s
perception or though
• Action chosen by each individual in response to
reaction
HUMAN-TO-HUMAN RELATIONSHIP THEORY
– JOYCE TRAVELBEE
Theorist:
Joyce Travelbee was born in Louisiana, USA. She was a
psychiatric nurse and educator. She proposed the
human-to-human relationship theory which dealt with
interpersonal aspects of nursing. It synthesized unique
ideas on the therapeutic human relationship between
patient and nurse.
Concepts:
Nursing was accomplished through human-to-human
relationship that begins with: original encounter,
emerging identities, developing feelings of empathy,
sympathy, and nurse and patient attained rapport. This
relationship can be accomplished through an
interaction process
HUMANISTIC NURSING THEORY
– JOSEPHINE PATERSON & LORETTA ZDERAD
Theorist:
Joseph Paterson and Loretta Zderad developed a theory
that revolves around everyone being their own unique
person and how the nurse should understand that. No
person or experience is the same. Nursing is an
experience lived between human beings.
Concepts:
The conceptual framework of the theory is
existentialism and it presents a phenomenological
method of inquiry that can be used by nurses to
examine and understand their everyday practice. There
are five phases related to the concepts:
1. Preparation of the Nurse Knower for Coming to
Know
 2. Nurse Knowing of the Other Intuitively
3. Nurse Knowing the Other Scientifically
4. Nurse Complementarily Synthesizing Known
Others
5. Succession Within the Nurse From the Many to
the Paradoxical One
CULTURE CARE THEORY OF DIVERSITY AND
UNIVERSALITY – MADELIENE LENNINGER
Theorist:
Madeliene Lenninger was born in Nebraska, USA. She
suggested that culturally based care is essential for well-
being, health, growth and survival, and to face
handicaps or death.
Concepts:
The theory involves knowing and understanding
different cultures with respect to nursing and health-
illness curing practices, beliefs, and values with the goal
to provide meaningful and efficacious nursing care
services to people according to their cultural values and
health-illness context
The goal of the theory is to improve and to provide
culturally congruent care to people that is beneficial,
will fit with, and will be useful to the client, family, or
culture group healthy lifeways.
THEORY OF HUMANBECOMING
– ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE
Theorist:
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse is born in Texas, USA. She
created the theory on humanbecoming to guide nurses
to focus on quality of life from each person’s own
perspective as the goal of nursing. The theory presents
an alternative to most of the other theories of nursing,
which take a bio-medical or bio-psycho-social-spiritual
approach
Concepts:
Meaning: Human becoming is freely choosing personal
meaning in situations in the intersubjective process of
living value priorities. Man’s reality is given meaning
through lived experiences Man and Environment
cocreate.
Rhythmicity: Human becoming is cocreating rhythmical
patterns of relating in mutual process with the universe.
Man and environment cocreate rhythmical patterns.
Transcendence: Human becoming is co-transcending
multidimensionally with emerging possible. Refers to
reaching out and beyond the limits that a person sets.
One constantly transforms.
LIFE PERSPECTIVE RHYTHM MODEL
- JOYCE FITZPATRICK
Theorist:
Joyce Fitzpatrick is born in Texas, USA. Her theory
developed from Martha Rogers’ Theory of Unitary
Human Beings. Life Perspective Rhythm Model is a
complex nursing model which contribute to nursing
knowledge by providing taxonomy for identifying and
labeling nursing concepts to allow for their universal
recognition and communication with others.
Concepts:
The process of human development is characterized by
rhythms that occur within the context of continuous
person-environment interaction. Nursing activity
focuses on enhancing the developmental process
toward health. A central concern of nursing science and
the nursing profession if the meaning attributed to life
as the basic understanding of human existence. The
identification and labeling of concepts allow for
recognition and communication with others, and the
rules for combining those concepts permits thoughts to
be shared through language.