Question Number 1

Media it is the fourth and most important pillar of any independent state and the most Pivotal
one. As it keeps a very close eye on each sector of the state. That’s why the independence of
media is as important as the sovereignty of the state but unfortunately in Pakistan, every
government which came into power tried to regulate and censored it according to their desire.
There are most followed four sources currently working are (Print, Electronic, Internet, and
Radio). Based on survey MOM, based on audience share data from Gallup Pakistan 2018 for
these media, a high degree of concentration of audiences was found among the top 4 media
entities in each of the four sectors. In each category, the top 4 has more than half audience
concentration. The share of Top 4 newspapers is (Express 18%, Jang 27%, Nawai Waqt 14
%, and Khabrain 11%). The same analysis shared the audience percentage of the top 4 News
websites and the Jhang group is also on the top in this list.
68 % of the market stake is in the hands of eight media houses. In the recent government pf
Pakistan Muslim League (N) they spent almost spent on 15.74v billion Pakistani rupees on
advertisements and the Jhang Group (Geo, the News, and Daily Jhang) and Express group got
the highest share and the Ary group which was considered as anti PML(N) got the lowest
share among the advertisements. In the current tenure of PTI situation is totally reversed the
Ary Group is getting the largest advertisements to share as it was considered a Pro PTI party.
So, to get advertisement and government support, many channels always want to have good
relations with the ruling party. To make them many times they must do certain things which
are strongly against the ethics of journalism. As the media industry is among the most
profitable businesses of Pakistan and without the consent and wish of Strong institutions you
cannot generate huge revenue.
In short, there is a lot of media is in very few hands that’s why Government and other
institutions can easily manage and censored things quite easily. After the PTI came into
power the media censorship and imposing a ban on Television’s channels has become a
regular thing. Currently, 24 News HD is under BAN and all other channels are under a lot of
pressure. Jhang group is the leading stakeholder in all three top media sources Jhang Group
Owner and Editor Chief Mir Shakeel Ur Rehman is imprisoned for the last 4-5 months and
according to the sources they use Mir case as a tool to mount pressure and
censor accordingly.
In a recent interview with some colleague senior anchor, Hamid Meer revealed that after the
arrest of Jhang groups owner multiple times his program parts were censored, and they used
the Mir Shakeel case to censor them. Recently a senior Journalist Mati Ullah Jan was
Abducted from Islamabad as he was working on a social media network and they cannot
impose a ban through news channels owners or PEMRA. So, to try to generate an out-of-box
method to control him.
Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority which was established to regulate the media
and it is an autonomous body as it is not direct control of the government, but every
government used it against the television channels to control them as per their desires as the
money was involved so to prevent their channels coverage from the ban and other problems
the owners of the channel fulfill PEMRA demands.
As a smaller number of people are handling millions of people and many media houses have
become the monopoly of strong institutions and government. .Recent the government is
building pressure to control media groups and imposing bans thousands of people attached to
the media industry lost jobs and now the journalist are looking towards alternative sources to
earn money and to share their viewpoints with the people around. In this regard, YouTube
and Facebook have emerged as one of the most popular sources for them. In a recent GIDC
scandal, two senior journalist Rauf Klasra and Amir Mateen lost their jobs for reporting them
but they emerged with their YouTube channels and now it is one of the most viewed
YouTube channels of Pakistan.
In a recent story Ahmad Noorani, a senior journalist revealed the assets of Pakistan Former
Director-General Inter services public relation general Asim Saleem Bajwa. The story was
trending on social media, but the mainstream media don’t even give a piece of single news
about it. There were direct orders from higher commands to censor this story Later, after the
answers given by the former DG ISPR the mainstream catchup the story and interviewed the
former DG ISPR but none of the channels were ready to interview the Journalist who came
up with the story. Due to the pressure from PEMRA and their direct orders television
channels are not telecasting the speeches of many leaders.
In short, the huge media is in the hands of very few people and that’s why the powerful
stakeholder manages and censors everything as per their desires. but if the same situation
continues for a longer period the mainstream will become irrelevant and social media
will take over.

Question Number 2

The evolution of human beings was a time taking and lengthy process as the humans evolved,
he transformed the soundings and tried to provide to enhance the comfort level. For this
purpose, he utilized every natural resource available that’s why the earth now converted into
a global village. The evolution of science and technology is just the same as that of Human
life. It has gone through all six major stages Birth (Technical invention), Penetration, Growth,
maturity, Self Defense, and Adaptation.
Internet was introduced in Europe in the 1960s when package switching was introduced in
which data is divided into several packets and then transmitted and on receiving end data is
compiled at the other side. Looking for prospects IBM established its first shop in Pakistan in
1960. While in Pakistan the Internet was first introduced Pakistan way back in 1990 today
Pakistan is the 10th largest internet user country with about 77 million users. Internet facility
was the first time introduced by Imran services back in 1992-93. Full support was given by
UNDP after the launch of their project named as SDNPK – Sustainable Development
Networking Programme in Islamabad. It was the first dial-up email service available in the
country at that time.
The speed was quite low at that time later in 1995 Digicom launched an internet facility with
a decent speed of about 64 Kbps.
Engineer Nasir Khan Ghazi was the first engineer who commissioned this first-ever internet
link and becomes the first person who experienced internet browsing in Pakistan. Mobile
services in Pakistan were introduced by Pakistan local company named as Paktel with first-
generation technology followed by insta phone. Later, in 1993 the Mobilink internet the
market and introduced the 2 G Technology.
In 1993 the Internet was introduced in the form of international. The main aim to introduce
these services was to provide dial-up and e-mail service to the general public and support
projects related to education and other areas. By the end of 2001, there were as many as 50
internet Service Providers in the country.

The country has been pursuing an aggressive IT policy, aimed at boosting Pakistan’s drive
for economic modernization and creating an exportable software industry. In 2001 Micronet
Broadband introduced Pakistan’s first Digital subscriber service (DSL). The number of ISPs
grows to 128 in 2007. They were mainly located in Pakistan few cities Karachi, Lahore, and
Islamabad with concentrated customers.
The internet users were not much on the time as most of the population was unaware of the
benefits of it. The government took special interest during 2000-2008 to digitalize Pakistan
and as a result, licenses were given to the private TV channels which also played a vital and
key role in the development of internet facilities in Pakistan.
In 2006 Nayatel Launched the first FTTH (Fiber to the Home) service in Pakistan which was
a very big step forward in commercializing the internet facility and due to the large number
of
Internet user Pakistan has become an Ideal location for multiple multinational companies to
launch 3g and 4 G services.
In the period of 2010-20202, Pakistan's internet rose to the highest levels. On 23 April 2014
Pakistan conducted an auction for the 3 G and 4 G. Chinese telecom company named Zong
won the auction for which Zong paid $516 million for a 10 MHz spectrum in the 2.1 GHz
frequency range for 3G and a 10 MHz spectrum in the 1.8 GHz frequency range for 4G. A
total of five companies participated in the auction and brought the 3 G and 4 G licenses.
Mainly two frequency bands were auctioned at that time 1800 MHZ and 2100 MHZ by the
Pakistan Telecommunication Authority.
Later on, two more spectrums were auctioned of 20 MHZ in the 850 MHz band in 2016 and
2X10 MHz in the 1800 MHz in 2017. The auction was won by Telenor and Jazz respectively.
Both paid the amount of USD 690. The total revenue generated during this was about USD
1.8 Billion. The number of users increased rapidly during this period from 3.79 Million to
around 64 Million.
The number of internet users is increasing day by day as the network providing companies
are expanding their range from large cities to small towns and villages. The number of users.
According to a survey conducted by Gallup Pakistan, almost 40 million of the total
population uses the internet during their normal routine. Online cab services such as careers
and Uber are becoming part and parcel of our daily life. People now prefer to do shopping
online. People order their food online on the short internet has become a necessity for
everyone. Pakistanis are becoming one of the biggest users of social media websites and they
are investing millions to promote them in our country. In short, your future is associated with
it.

References

https://www.dawn.com/news/1429866
https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/11-Jul-2017/which-newspaper-got-the-biggest-share-of-
government-ads-from-2013-to-2016

http://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/concentration/

https://globalvoices.org/2019/07/29/lack-of-diverse-media-ownership-leads-to-censorship-in-
pakistan-says-new-report/

https://www.globalvillagespace.com/pakistani-media-prisoner-of-cross-media-ownership/

https://sanog.org/resources/sanog35/SANOG35-Conference-Evolution-of-Internet-
Maroof_Shahani.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249689494_The_natural_life_cycle_of_new_media
_evolution_Inter-media_struggle_for_survival_in_the_internet_age
https://www.dawn.com/news/517152/technology-evolution-of-the-internet-in-
pakistan#:~:text=Internet%2C%20in%20the%20form%20of,Service%20Providers%20in%20
the%20country.