CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter present the related literature and studies after the thorough and in-

depth search done by researchers. This will also present the theoretical, conceptual

framework and synthesis of the art to fully understand the research to be done.

Foreign literature

Impact of social media on society

As we all are well aware of social media to facilitate a massive impact on our

society. Some social media destinations have changed the way where individuals

convey and mingle on the web. Person to person communication destinations render

the open door for individuals to reconnect with their old companions, partners and

mates. Person to person communication destinations render the opportunities for

individuals to reconnect with their old companions, partners and mates (S.Shabnoor,

S.Tajinder, Social Media its impact with positive and Negative Aspect IJCATR, Volume

5 – issue 2, 71-75, 2016) It additionally causes individuals to influence new companions,

to share content, pictures, sounds, recordings among them. Web-based social

networking moreover changes the lifestyle of society.1

Social media affect the health

1
https://sysomos.com/2016/10/2007/can-social-media-affect-health/
 At first glance, it may seem like a surprising notion that social media can affect

your health. When we consider how much time people spend engaging on sites such as

Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and others, however, it really makes sense. Anything that

takes up large amounts of your time, including work, watching TV, exercising or

driving, has some impact in your health. The question is whether social media is good

or bad for us. The simple answer it can be both. Fortunately, there are ways to help

reduce its harmful effects while maximizing the benefits (Alex DeRenzo, 2016)3

Ways that social media impacts your health

Addiction to social media. People who are addicted to social media may experience

negative side effects such as eye string, social withdrawal or lack of sleep.

Stress. If you spend your time researching problems or arguing with people, you may

experience stress, which can have a negative impact on your health.

Emotional connections. Social media can help you connect with more people and stay in

touch with those with whom you’re already close. Connecting with people has proven

health benefits3.

Local Literature

In this Digital Age, everyone seems to make his or her presence felt in the virtual

world to validate his or her existence. Getting connected through social networks and

blog sites seems to be the norm, not just among individuals, but also among companies
and businesses. With this, the Honor Award Program (HAP) of the Civil Service

Commission (CSC) has ventured into social media to strengthen its promotional

strategies of the Program.

Commission on Information and Communications Technology (CICT) Chairman

Ivan John E. Uy said that social networking sites can be a useful tool in public service

delivery. “The use of Facebook and Twitter in government offices provides better access

to the public,” he said in an interview aired over DZRB. There are 24 million Internet

users in the Philippines, 51% of which use social networking sites. Social media is an

effective platform for information dissemination and engagement. “It’s about time to

engage with our stakeholders. There are 1.4 million government workers all over the

country. Filipinos should hear of the inspiring stories of our outstanding public

servants. Being on Facebook is one way to reach out to the public that we serve,” said

CSC Chairman Francisco T. Duque III. The Pangasinan provincial government is

vigorously pushing people empowerment, including generating greater public

awareness on various government programs through the use of social networking sites.

Pursuing this thrust, the provincial government led by Gov. Amado Espino Jr.

conducted a multi-sector bloggers’ orientation seminar last June 1 at the Pangasinan

Development and Training Center here. The participants included provincial

department heads, chiefs of hospitals, administrative officers and staff, and IT

personnel of different departments of the provincial government. Vangie Padilla, a

social media specialist and resource speaker, said Espino wanted to raise the level of

quality of public service given to the 2.6 million College of Arts and Science Bachelor of
Science in Foreign Service. Since there are now some 300,000 Pangasinenses who are on

Facebook, Padilla said Espino thought of coping with the times by “switching from the

traditional to cyberspace.” “Since Pangasinan is now dubbed as No. 1 province in many

aspects, Gov.Espino opts to explore greater heights of bringing government service

closer to the people, having seen the intense impact of social media like Facebook,

Twitter and YouTube among Pangasinenses,” Padilla said. Coinciding with the half-day

orientation was the launching of Espino’s social networking sites

–www.twitter.com/governorespino, www.youtube.com/governorespino

andwww.facebook.com/governor espino The public is invited to get in touch with the

governor, learn more about the province and the various programs and projects of the

provincial government using these social networking sites in just few clicks. Provincial

employees lauded the project, expressing their full support to the cause by putting their

own group page so they can post their regular activities and enable the public to keep

track of the efforts of the provincial government. A series of orientation seminars is

underway for all provincial employees, high school and college students, Sangguniang

Kabataan officials, and various sectors in the province. Tutorial for government

employees on social networking is also set to fully realize the project.

The Philippines has been on the World Wide Web since the early 90s. MozCom

was the first commercially available Internet provider in the Philippines, starting in

1994. In early 2000, via the Electronic Commerce Act or Republic Act 8792, the

Philippine government mandated that every department should have a presence on the

web. This was to allow the public access to information as well as a means to
communicate with their duly elected politicians. There are different levels of web

presence required of the government. The hierarchy, from the most basic to the highest,

is: Emerging Web Presence level could be just a simple static website with details of the

respective agency and contact information.

Enhanced Web Presence includes regularly updated data, a portal to other

departments or government agencies, and a section where users can download

documents. Interactive Web Presence means more dynamic websites. Information must

be updated on a daily or weekly basis. Documents and forms can be downloaded

before submitting them to the agency. Search features should also be available.

Transactional Web Presence means the user can perform secure transactions completely

on the site, without the need for filling out paper forms and documents. The fifth and

most important level is Fully Integrated Web Presence. Here the government agency

should be able to provide all requirements through two-way communication such email

or instant messaging. There should be social networking information, and documents

and forms should be available from a single website. This gives the public a direct

means of sending feedback, and increases opportunities for almost instantaneous

responses from the agency in question. At this point, many departments just barely

qualify for the third level, while a few are already exploring the fourth level. Very few

governments around the world have the equivalent of the fifth level of web presence.

All government websites operate under guidelines set by the Office of the President to

standardize the quality of government web presence. This is implemented and

monitored by the Department of Trade and Industry (http://dti.gov.ph). These are

followed according to the different types of service provided by the department, which

include the agency working with the public, another government agency or a business.

Some departments already allow applications online, filing or permits and payment. E-

commerce services are also in place for the convenience of businesses and corporations.

The standardization allows the agencies to scale their deployment on the web in phases,

which ensures that they are able to bring the best service without unnecessary expense

or inconvenience to the public. In recent months, certain government agencies have

proven to be valuable in providing information to the public. Such services are useful

particularly in times of crisis, both natural and man-made, such as war in countries

where there are many Filipinos, or random natural calamities. Part of the government’s

job Is to makes information available to the public. In the past, this was done through

TV, radio or printed newspapers. However, this means that the information is at least a

few hours old. The Internet makes all information available almost in real time, making

it the ideal tool in reporting news as it happens, not as it happened hours ago. Any

Filipino citizen should know where to look for information regarding our government.

You need look no further than The Official Website of the Republic of the Philippines

(http://www.gov.ph). This site is a portal to other government websites and is

managed at the Office of the President of the Philippines. It includes news reports,

official press releases and a directory of other government websites. The government

website directory includes the Office of the President (http://president.gov.ph) and the

Office of the Vice President (http://ovp.gov.ph). But due to the recent earthquake in

Japan, many citizens are questioning the capability of our government to react to a
natural calamity of that magnitude. The official website of the Philippine Institute of

Volcanology and Seismology or PHIVOLCS (http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph)

provides information on disasters arising from volcanic eruptions, earthquake and

tsunami. PHIVOLCS, meanwhile, operates under the Department of Science and

Technology (DOST)(http://dost.gov.ph). Since the civil war in Libya started in

February, thousands of Overseas Filipino Workers have been clamoring to return to the

Philippines. The unstable political climate in the Middle East highlights the need for a

single source of information for OFWs and their families. There are a number of

government agencies working together to help these displaced workers evacuate

quickly and safely. The first is the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA)

(http://dfa.gov.ph), which has been in negotiations with the governments on nations in

turmoil and the neighboring countries where our countrymen can seek refuge.

Another invaluable resource is the Overseas Workers Welfare Administration

(OWWA)(http://www.owwa.gov.ph). As we move into the 21st century, more and

more government agencies are working to improve their web presence to include social

networking, which is now more than just a new buzzword thrown around in meetings.

The information that was disseminated across various demographics at Edsa II shows

that it’s not just the youth you can reach with technology. Older generations will not be

left behind. The sites are becoming increasingly easy to use and the convenience is

starting to outweigh the alternatives. Waiting in line at the Land Transportation Office

(LTO) (http://www.lto.gov.ph) for your driver’s license will soon be part of the past.
The Internet is information, it is convenience, it is here. You had best embrace it, or

you’ll be the only one who’ll be waiting in line2.

Foreign Studies

Social media is becoming part of our society, changing social norms and culture

(Al-Sharq Hashim & Kutbi, 2015). Information andcontent sharing is now a social desire

(Wolf et al., 2015). It has changed how many people including students specially female

student interact, communicate and socialize in the learning institutions. The new media

mostly called provides robust connectivity, communication and content sharing among

student and rest of the society. Students can now participate in social discussions,

posting comments, pictures, images, share ideas and many more. At this point, one can

say that SM influences youth daily life path and particularly the students (Rajeev, 2015)

Female students and social media

Social media creates channels for connectivity, communication, discussion and

interaction among people. The channels provide news and information across genders.

Shabir et al. (2014), believed that SM influences the youth and females included. World

events of today are impacted by social media as researches prove that 50% of people on

daily basis gets instant news through this channel (Lowisz, 2014)3.

Social media impact on social lifestyle

2
http://www.academia.edu/4812990/Baby_thesis
3
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
323014365_The_impact_of_social_media_on_social_lifestyle_A_case_study_of_university_female_students
 The information age brought by internet change has formed social or new media

world. Social media has created alterative new world of information, communication,

inter connectivity order which cannot be activated using face-to-face method among the

students (Al-Sharq et al., 2015; Chukwuere & Onyebukwa, 2017). The new world order

has reshaped and refined student’s social wellbeing. With SM, pressing issues in the

societies are discussed and given attention (Shabir et al., 2014). However, few years ago,

high education institution students have engaged on excessive usage of social media

which has coined a debate on whether the usage of social media has impacted on their

social lifestyle, wellbeing and behaviour (Al-Sharq et al., 2015). According to Al-Sharq

et al. (2015), the level of changes brought by social media has motivated tutors,

students, education institutions and other stakeholders to improve their interactions

and teaching and learning delivery technique. The adoption of SM into education and

in life at large is attributed to it user-oriented features, cheap and easy to use and others

(Chukwuere & Onyebukwa, 2017).

Students uses social media across different departments including nursing,

information systems and many others. Also, for various reasons like communicating

with friends, access to learning contents and sharing, group discussion forum, chat

room, wiki, fun and many more (Al-Sharq et al., 2015). At this point, the usage of social

media among university students can bring positive and negative impacts. Al-Sharq et

al. (2015) further stated that SM create a new innovative mindset on students as well as

improving inter-social interaction and relationship between students and educators.

This new media can be addictive, time consuming, distractive, social gathering

isolation, monophobia and others.

Also, Mingle and Adams (2015) suggested that the usage of SM negatively cause

bad handwriting and spelling, lateness to class and assignment submission, addiction,

few study time and others. These negative effects can be visualized on social lifestyle or

cultural belief system changes. Mingle and Adams (2015) further asserted that SM

changes educational settings and learners behavior. The platform exposes students to

post unethical contents and views (Edge, 2017). The extent of changes from SM is one of

the most innovation of the 21st century. But SM can cause harm/s to the user (Moate,

Chukwuere & Mavhungu, 2017)5.

Local literature

Social Networking is one of the trendiest topics being talked about by the

students in Arellano University. Examples of social networking sites are Friendster,

Facebook, Twitter and MySpace. Social Networking Sites help us to communicate with

our friends, classmates, and relatives but they also allow us to communicate with other

people who contribute to common interests with us. For instance a person added

another person as a friend on Facebook since both of them is addicted on playing

Restaurant City. Through these social networking sites, we develop virtual

interpersonal relationships. An interpersonal relationship is a relatively long-term

relationship between two or more people.

This connection may be based on emotions like love and liking, regular business

interactions, or some other type of social commitments. Interpersonal relationships take

place in a great variety of contexts, such as family, friends, marriage, acquaintances,

work, clubs, neighborhoods, and churches. They may be regulated by law, custom, or

mutual agreement, and are the basis of social groups and society as a whole.

Social networking sites manipulate the interpersonal relationship of students in

many ways. Through social networking sites, users come to meet other people

worldwide. These people can affect the user’s interpersonal relationship with other

people close to him/her. This influence can either be good or bad for the user. The

researchers chose the topic about the influence of social networking sites to be studied

because it is shown evidently that most of the students in arellano university use Social

Networking Sites as part of their activities done in the internet.

Possible advantages:

 Facilitates open communication, leading to enhanced information discovery and

delivery.

 Allows employees to discuss ideas, post news, ask questions and share links.

 Provides an opportunity to widen business contacts.

 Targets a wide audience, making it a useful and effective recruitment tool.

 Improves business reputation and client base with minimal use of advertising.

 Expands market research, implements marketing campaigns, delivers

communications and directs interested people to specific web sites.

Possible disadvantages:

 Opens up the possibility for hackers to commit fraud and launch spam and virus

attacks.

 Increases the risk of people falling prey to online scams that seem genuine, resulting

in data or identity theft.

 Potentially results in negative comments from employees about the company or

potential legal consequences if employees use these sites to view objectionable, illicit

or offensive material.

 Potentially results in lost productivity, especially if employees are busy updating

profiles, etc.

Employers do have the right to simply ban all computer activity that is not work-

related, but this approach may not yield optimal results. If employees are to be allowed

access to social networking platforms, then a comprehensive and well-defined policy

should be established to prevent abuse.

A social networking use policy generally:

 Defines what social networking is particular to your organization, so employees

know exactly what is meant by the term.

 Establishes a clear and defined purpose for the policy.

 Communicates benefits of social networking and of having a policy.

 Provides a clear platform for educating employees.

 Takes into consideration any legal ramifications of not following laws.

 Refers to confidentiality of employer trade secrets and private or confidential

information. Talks about productivity in terms of social networking.

 Provides guidance regarding social networking outside of company time/property

that could be associated with the company, employees or customers. Some

employers may prohibit posting of company information on social networking sites

without explicit consent.

 Provides examples of policy violations.

 Outlines disciplinary measures to be taken for policy violations.

What may be the most concerning aspect of social networking platforms is that they

encourage people to share personal information? Even the most cautious and well-

meaning individuals can give away information they should not; the same applies to

what is posted on company-approved social networking platforms.

 Employees may not be aware of how their actions online may compromise

company security. Educate employees as to how a simple click on a received link

or a downloaded application can result in a virus infecting their computer and

the network. Advise them not to click on suspicious links and to pay careful

attention when providing personal information online. Remember that just

because employees may have an online profile, it doesn’t necessarily mean they

have a high level of security awareness4.