Republic of the Philippines Department of

Education Region III- Central Luzon

PURA ACADEMY, INC.

Pura, Tarlac

___________________

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND

GOVERNANCE
SECOND SEMESTER

1
2
 UNIT
I

BASIC CONCEPTS OF POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

At the end of this Unit students will:

1. define politics, governance, and other key concepts of political science
2. explain the connection between the phenomenon (politics) and the method of inquiry
( political science)
3. differentiate governance and politics
4. explain the value of politics

A. INTRODUCTION
The lessons in this unit are introduction on the basic concepts of political science, which are
essential in the study of politics and governance of the country in the succeeding units.

“Man by nature is a political animal.”

- ARISTOTLE

POLITICAL
SCIENCE deals with the study of power in the society, politics and
government. The dynamic character of human society and the
differences in contexts of different states have resulted in different views,
theories, and definitions on the concepts of politics and governance.
Having a basic knowledge in political science can be
empowering for every citizen, especially in a democratic country like the
Philippines. There are various theories in political science, but we only
have to study the concepts in Philippine context.
A GLIMPSE BACK……….

ACTIVITY 1:Write five words or phrases on the box that comes into your mind
whenever you hear the words politics and political science.

POLITICAL
SCIENCE

3
 POLITICS

TEST YOUR STOCK KNOWLEDGE……….

ACTIVITY 2: Write T if the statement is true and F if otherwise and underline the word or
phrase that makes the statement false.
_____ 1. Political science is the study of power and government system.
_____ 2. Only the government officials have the right to study politics.
_____ 3.
_____ 4.
_____ 5.

DISCUSSION
The Greeks formulated the word
politics during
4th a5th century. Politics was inseparable from life in the polis
or a place or state shared by a certain group of people. This concept
of politics maybe as old as the first organization created by man.
According to Aristotle and Plato, humans are not self-sufficing so
they find the need to come together as community. From this union
comes the need for politics and governance to maintain order within
the society .
SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORIES like Thomas Hobbes ,
Jean- Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke during the 17th and 18th
century Europe stressed the hypothetical state of nature that was
devoid of any kind of government . This state of nature is often
violent and chaotic; therefore people enter themselves into a social
contract or a written or unwritten binding agreement among the people that bids for the creation
of a government and consequent use of politics for the achievement of peace and order. (Baradat
1997).
Political Science is the academic discipline that deals with keys issues and concepts in
politics. NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI is widely accepted as the Father of Modern Political Science
because of his discussion on maintaining power in his books
The Prince and Discourses.
While politics deals with the power in Society in general, governance specifically deals
with power in government and how this institution exerts power for the benefit of the society.
POLITICAL THEORY deals with the different perspectives and ideas regarding politics
and governance of different political philosophers of the ancient times like Aristotle and Niccolo
Machiavelli, to the time of Industrial Revolution through Karl Marx , and contemporary political
philosophers like Hannah Arendt.
POLITICAL METHODOLOGY is more concerned upon the application of political
concepts into research and policy making almost similar to the applied nature of public
administration.( Roskin et. Al.2007)
 COMPARATIVE POLITICS is about comparing various political systems and different
constitutions among different countries through time. This type of study is not new for it was
made by Aristotle and Plato during the Golden Age of ancient Greece in their influential works,
Aristotle’s Politics and Plato’s The Republic, when they compare various forms of governments. (
Roskin et. Al.2007)
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS bear resemblance to comparative politics; but instead
of comparing, it concentrates on establishing and maintaining relations among countries through
time. And by relations, those who are studying this field attempt on maintaining peaceful and
diplomatic relations among countries. ( Roskin et. Al.2007)
LAW is another central concept in politics and governance. Law is basically any written
statement that limits or guides the behavior of a certain group. Politics as the art and science of
the government highlight s the role of law in organizing and stabilizing individual interests to
prevent the overlapping individual needs and promote collective gains in society. ( Roskin et.
Al.2007)
The knowledge in politics and governance therefore is a critical attribute of a citizen
belonging to a certain state. In ancient Greece, anyone who is ignorant of the laws and political
processes of the Polis was considered an idiot (Curtis 1981) primarily because of the democratic
structure of the polis where every male was expected to participate in decision making and
politics. Today, he knowledge of politics and governance not only helps in the participation of an
individual in the state but it also helps in safeguarding an individual against bad government
practices and abuse.

ACTIVITY 3:

SHORT RESPONSE: Answer the following questions briefly.

1. Why should we study the basic concepts of Political Science?

2. Which of the fields of interest in political science discussed on the given text above
( i.e., comparative politics) should leaders and aspiring politicians focus on? Defend
your answer.

3. Which aspect of political science are you most interested in? Why or why not.
ACTIVITY 2: ENUMERATION

Enumerate five reasons wherein you can call a person “kabarkada” or “ka-tropa”?
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Activity 3: TRUE OR FALSE

Write BEST if the statement is TRUE and FRIEND is it is FALSE.

____ __ __ _ 1. Frequent interaction leads people to share values and beliefs.
2. A family, a village, a political party a trade union are considered
social groups.
3. A social category refers to two or more people who interact
regularly and who have things in common.
4. Every day, we become parts of social aggregates.
 5. Secondary group is more intimate than primary group.

Activity 4: Me and My Reference Group

Identify one Reference Group of yours and explain how this group influence your
behavior and social attitude as an individual.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

At the end of this module the student can:

- Explain the function of the family
- Define kinship, marriage and household
- Enumerate and explain the different forms of kinship by blood, kinship by
marriage and kinship by rituals
- Discuss the different types of families
- Summarize recent changes in the family as an institution

INTRODUCTION

CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS:

KINSHIP
The bond of blood or marriage binds people together in a group. According to
the Dictionary of Anthropology, kinship system includes socially recognized
relationships based on supposed as well as actual genealogical ties. These
relationships are the result of social interaction and recognized by society
The most basic bonds are those based on marriage and reproduction. Kinship
refers to these bonds, and all other relationships resulting from them. Thus, the institution of
kinship refers to a set of relationships and relatives formed thereof, based on blood relationships
(consanguineal), or marriage (affinal).

DISCUSSION

KINSHIP BY BLOOD
 Consanguineal kinship or kinship based on
blood is considered as the most basic and general form of
relations. This relationshipis achieved bu birth or blood affinity.
 Descent Systems Kinship
is reckoned in a number of different ways around the world,
resulting in a variety of types of descent patterns and
kin groups. Anthropologists frequently use diagrams to
illustrate kinship relationships to make
them more understandable.
 Descent refers to a biological relationship. Societies recognize that children descend
from parents and that there exists a biological relationship between
parents and offspring.
 Lineage refers to the line where one’s descent is traced.
  Unilineal Descent
This traces descent only through a single line of ancestors, male or female. Both
males and females are of a unilineal family, but descent links are only recognized
through relatives of one gender.

The two basic forms of unilineal descent are referred to as

patrilineal and matrilineal.
 Patrilineal Descent Both males and females belong to their father's kin group but not
their mother's. However, only males pass on their family identity to
their children. A woman's children are members of her husband's patrilineal
line. The red people in the diagram below are related to each other
patrilineally.

 Matrilineal Descent
The form of unilineal descent that follows a female line. When using this pattern,
individuals are relatives if they can trace descent through females to the same female
ancestor. While both male and female children are members of their mother's matrilineal
descent group, only daughters can pass on the family line to their offspring. The green
people below are related to each other matrilineally.
  Bilineal Descent When both patrilineal and matrilineal descent principles are
combined

Kinship by Marriage
 Marriage is an institution that admits men and women to family life.

 Edward Westermarck defined marriage as the more or less durable

connection between male and female lasting beyond the mere act of
propagation till after the birth of offspring.

 (6) Lowie defined it as a relatively permanent bond between permissible mates.

 Malinowski defined marriage as a contract for the production and

maintenance of children.

 According to Lundberg Marriage consists of the rules and regulations that define the
rights, duties, and privileges of husband and wife with respect to each other.

Monogamy and Polygamy

 Monogamy- refers to the marriage of sexual partnering practice where the individual
has only one male of female partner or mate.

 (7 )Polygamy- refers to the practice of having more than one partner or sexual mate.
It can be polygyny (a man has multiple partner) or polyandry (a woman has multiple
mate).

Endogamy and Exogamy

  (5) Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a specific ethnic group, class, or
social group, rejecting others on such a basis as being unsuitable for marriage or for
other close personal relationships.

 Exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a community, clan, or tribe

Polygamy is a Greek word meaning "The practice of multiple Marriage".

It is a marriage pattern in which an individual is married to more than one person at a time. Ex:
Tiwi (North Australia)

Two different types of Polygamy:

Polygyny is the practice of one man having more than one wife or sexual partner at a time. Ex:
Mormonism
Polyandry involves one woman having multiple husbands, within Polyandry, there
are many variations on the marriage style. fraternal polyandry (Ex: Tibet and Nepal)
secondary marriage (Ex: Northern Nigeria and Northern Cameroon)

Four major residence patterns:

( 8)Neolocal Residence is most common with North American couples. This is where the
couple finds their own house, independent of all family members.

Patrilocal Residence is most commonly used with herding and farming societies. It’s where
the married couple lives with the husband’s father’s family. By living with the husband’s
family, it lets all the men, (the father, brothers, and sons) continue to work together on the land.

Matrilocal Residence is most familiar among horticultural groups. It’s where the couple
moves to live where the wife grew up; usually found with matrilineal kinship systems.

Avunculocal Residence is also related in matrilineal societies however in this case the couple
moves to live with the husband’s mother’s brother. They live with the most significant man, his
uncle because it’s who they will later inherit everything from.
.

Ritual Kinship Compadrazgo

 Ritual kinship in the form of godparenthood

Parents selected godparents for a child at his or her baptism, confirmation, and marriage. The
godparents were then tied to the parents as co-parents. Ideally, co- parents should be a married
couple; they were preferred because their unions were typically more stable and they were more
likely to be able to provide a home for the child should the need arise.

Family and The Household

 Nuclear Family
A family consisting of a married man & woman and their biological children. The
main issue for children is to help them under- stand that their two-parent, heterosexual family
is a fine family, and is one kind among many other kinds of families

 Extended Family A family where Grandparents or Aunts and Uncles play major roles in
the children’s upbringing. This may or may not include those relatives living with the
children. These family members may be in addition to the child’s parents or instead of
the child’s parents.

 Conditionally Separated Families A family member is separated from the rest of the
family. This may be due to employment far away; military service; incarceration;
hospitalization.

Politics of Kinship
(4)Kinship politics is commonly found in tribal societies across the world where kin
genealogy is applied to determine the system of communal leadership. It is the traditional pattern
of bequeathing political power family members.
Kinship politics is built based on the classic political principle: blood is
thicker than water. It asserts that power should be distributed among family members.

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1. Identification

Identify the term being described or referred to in each statement.

1. A family member is separated from the rest of the
family.
2. It is where the couple moves to live where the wife grew up.
3. involves one woman having multiple husbands,
4. It is where the married couple lives with the husband’s
father’s family.
5. It is commonly found in tribal societies across the world
where kin genealogy is applied to determine the system of
communal leadership.

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Activity 2. VENN DIAGRAM

Compare and Contrast Consanguineal and Affinal kinship using a

VENN DIAGRAM.

Activity 3. KINSHIP DIAGRAM

Illustrate Your own kinship Diagram using a Patrilineal Descent pattern.

Activity 4. SHORT RESPONSE

1. Which type of marriage is culturally significant or accepted in our society?

Why Do You Think So?

2. In your observations, which type of residency is usually practiced? Which is a practical

choice for you?

End of Week 1

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SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS
TOPICS:
1. Social and Political Organizations (Types of political organizations)
2. Types of Authority and Legitimacy
3. The State and its four elements
4. Government and its forms
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:
Through discussion and the module, the
learners are able to:
1. Analyze social and political structures
2. Differentiate the types of political organizations and authority and legitimacy.
3. Distinguish between a state and a nation.
4. Define state and Identify the 4 elements of states including its forms,
manifestations and qualifications.
5. Define government and identify its forms.

A. INTRO DU CTION
Can you imagine life without leaders or governments? You may wonder in that scenario
is even possible. In this module, you will learn how other societies organize their political lives
that may be distinct from what you are aware of.
This module is divided into four (4) main parts:
 The first part discusses the types of political organizations created by humans.
 The second part discusses the types of authority and legitimacy present in human
societies that allow for the rise of leaders.
 The third part discus ses the State and it’s four (4) elements (people, territory,
government and sovereignty) which technically pertains on how a state is defined
and differentiated from other related concepts, how is it created or originated and how
it manifests its duties and responsibilities to the citizen.
 The last part discusses the government and its forms which pertains on the meaning,
functions and duties of the government to the political community. Ultimately, an
activity will follow at the very last part of this module.

DISCUSSION:

SO CIAL AND PO L ITICAL

O RGANIZ ATIO NS
( Ty p e s of Pol i ti cal
O rganizations)
• Political organization – is any entity that is
participating in a political process. Elman Service (1962), a
political anthropologist, identified four (4) types of
sociopolitical organizations which are identified based on
their economic orientation.
Types of Political Organizations:
1. Bands – is the least complex form of political
organization, as it has neither a rigid form of governance nor a
structured form of leadership. A band typically consists of 20-50 individuals
who are usually related to one another by virtue of kinship..
2. Tribes – is a political organization that consist of segment lineages. This type
of kinship relation is marked by loyalty per family cluster or segment..
3. Chiefdoms – the ancient Mayans were known for complex and elaborate
political system that incorporated religion, kinship, and politics. The Mayan political
organization is an example of a chiefdom, as it embodied its characteristics that
include a political leader with an advisory council, a

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 leader who exercises power that is based on legitimacy, and the existence of social
stratification.

4. States and Nations - State level political systems first appeared in societies
with large-scale intensive agriculture. They began as chiefdoms and then evolved
into more centralized, authoritarian kingdoms when their populations grew into tens of
thousands of people.

Pyramid of Power in Ancient States

C. TYPES O F AU THO RITY AND LEG ITIM ACY

• The extent of a leader’s power relies on how much his or her followers accord
him or her with it. This leads to a discussion on the reasons that leads rise and how
they maintain power over individuals.
• According to Max Weber, a 20th century sociologist, every leader
has some form of justifications as to why he or she should be accorded
with such power. He organized these
reasons into three categories of legitimacy of authority: legal, traditional and
charismatic.
1. Rational-legal Authority – is achieved by a leader through the
pr ocess of following established codes and pr ocedures governing the allocation
and distribution of power and resources within society. They are either elected
or appointed and they follow what is written in the constitution (e.g. Duterte
→ follows and implements the 1987
Constitution).

2. Traditional Authority – is a form of leadership legitimacy that highlights the

r ight of a leader to rule based on the inheritance of the title. People under
the leadership
of a ruler with
traditional authority accept the
latter’s exercise of power as it has
been the status quo in the society
since their forefathers. E.g. Rule of
Monarchs.

13
 3. Charismatic Authority – creates a type of leadership that is based on per sonal
attachment of the subor dinates to the r uler whose char acter istics,
exper ience s, or ev en skills ar e believ ed to be extr aor dinar y, or maybe
ev en super natur al . Due to this, most of the ruler’s followers are devoted to
him or her without
regard as to whether the authority of the ruler is accepted within the legal framework
of the society. E.g. Nelson Mandela (During the Apartheid in South Africa 1948-
1990’s).

D. The S t a t e a nd i t ’s fo ur ( 4) e l e me nt s
1. DISTINCTION BETWEEN A STATE AND A NATION
State (Synonymous to COUNTRY)
- It is a community of per sons (1.
people) more or less numerous,
permanently occupying a definite portion
of (2) ter ritory, independent of
external control, and possessing an
organized (3) gov er nment to which the
great body of inhabitants r ender habitual
obedience (4. sov er eignty).
Note: It simply means that the absence of
any of these elements will not make a state
- A political conc ept; membership in a
state is called citize nshi p.
Cannot be controlled by other countries
(external) since it has legitimate authority to external control (foreign countries). In our
control himself. E.g. Bullying of China in
the West Philippine sea depicts a violation
and endangers the sovereignty of the
Philippines as a sovereign state and to
decide on what to do on its own resources
May consists of different races
Natio
- is a population having a common language
and literature, a common tradition and
history, common customs, and a common
consciousness of rights and wrongs,
inhabiting a territory of a geographic
unity. A society of men is said to constitute a
nation when they feel conscious of their
common racial or cultural or sentimental
solidarity among themselves. In sum, a nation
exists where its component atoms believe it to
be a nation.
- An ethnic/c ultur al concept; membership in
a nation is called Nationality
- Note: You may change your citizenship
but not your Nationality (See Article 4 of the
Philippine Constitution).
May or may not be controlled by
Philippine history especially during the
Spanish and
American occupation, the Philippines is still
considered as a “Nation” vying the facts that it
has only composed of people and territory but
without legitimate government and
One race or origin
• “A single state may consist of one or more nations or people
e.g. 1 State = Philippines; Nations = Ilocano, Bisaya, Muslim, Igorot, etc.
• and conversely, a single nation may be made up of several states.”
E.g. 1 Nation = Arab nations; States = Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, etc.
• What is a nation-state? "It is one where the great majority are conscious of a common
identity and share the same culture". The nation state is an ideal in which cultural
boundaries match up with political ones. (e.g. South Korea, Iceland, Japan, and Portugal)

2. ORIGIN OF THE STATE

a. Divine Right Theory – holds that the state is of divine creation and the ruler is ordained by
God to govern the people
b. Necessity or force theory – maintains that states must have been created through
force
c. Paternalistic theory – attributes the origin of states to the enlargement of the family
d. Social Contract theory – asserts that the early states must have been formed by deliberate
and voluntary compact among people to form a government of their own.
▪ Social Contract Theory proponents
1. Thomas Hobbes 2. John Locke 3. Jean-Jacques
Rousseau
Thought People must People are born with natural The only good gov’t
create gov’t in rights, but give up some freedom to is one formed out of free
exchange for law and protect these rights will by people, to protect
order the people
Government Absolute Self-gov’t Indirect Democracy Self-gov’t Direct
Favored Monarchy Democracy
Quotes “In a state of “All mankind… being all equal “Man is born free,
nature, life is solitary and independent, no one and everyw here he is in
poor, nasty ought to harm another in his life, chains.”
brutish and short” health, liberty or possessions.”

▪ DO CTRINE O F PARENS PATRIAE - means father of the country. This doctrine has been defined
as the inher ent power and author ity of the state to provide pr otection to the per sons and pr oper ty of the
per sons non-sui jur is. Non-sui juris persons are those who lack the legal capacity to act on his own behalf
like the child or the insane persons.

3. THE INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE

• A state is a very powerful entity. Even from the earliest history, the state commands supreme
authority to enforce its will upon the people. These powers are inherent in nature and the
foundation of its existence. No state can exist without these powers, because it through these
powers that state derive its authority.
a) Eminent Domain – the power of the state or of those to whom the power is delegated to take
or expropriate private property for public use upon payment of just compensation.
*Condit ions for or li mi tati ons of t he exe rcis e o f emi ne nt domain:
i. Existence of public use
ii. Payment of just compensation
iii. Observance of due process of law in the taking
b) Police Power – the power of the state to enact laws or regulations in relation to
persons and property
*Bas i s of poli ce po wer :
i. The welfare of the people is the supreme law (salus populi est suprema lex)
ii. So, use your own so as not to injure another’s property (sic utere tuo ut alienum non
laedas)
iii. Illustrations of police power (Public health, Public morals, Public safety, and
General welfare and conv enience)
c) Power of taxation –the power of the state to impose charge or burden upon persons or
property or property rights for the use and support of the gov ernment.
4. THE FOUR ELEMENTS OF STATE
a) People - ar e the inhabitants of the state . It is the entire body of those citizens of the state
who are vested with political power for political purposes. There is no specific number of people
required in order that a state be considered as one.
• However, it is important that the number must be numer ous e nough to be self -sufficient and to
defend themselv es and small enough to be administer ed. To date, the smallest state in
terms of population is Vatican City with 826 citizens, who are mostly clerics and some
Swiss
guards. On the other hand, China is the largest state with 1.3 billion population.
Philippine population as of 2016: 102,250,133 (12th in the world)
b) Territory - is a fixed area or surface of the earth where the inhabitants of a state live and
where they maintain a government of their own.
• There are three components of territory: a) the land mass otherwise known as the terrestrial
domain, b) the internal and external waters, which make up the maritime and fluvial domain;
and c) the air space above the land and waters, which is called the aerial domain.
• For the sake of practicality, a territory must neither be too big as to be difficult to
administer and defend nor too small as to be unable to provide for the needs of the population.
The smallest state is Vatican City. It spreads across 0.17 square miles or
.43 square kilometer. It would actually fit in Rizal Par k in Manila. The biggest state is
Russia with its total land area of
6,592.735 square miles.
• A state may increase or decrease its territory by the acquisition of further territory
through either (a) discov ery and occupation; or (b) conquest; or (c) accr etion; or (d)
pr escr iption; or (e) cession thr ough gift, exchange, or pur chase . It may decrease through
its loss. The increase or decrease does not affect the personality of the state.
What is important is there still exists a portion of its territory as an abode for its people. For your
information. The scope of the Philippine territory is found in Art ic l e I of t he 1987
Phili ppine Consti tuti on.
c) Government - It refers to the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed
and carried out.
Question: Can a state exist without government? “A s t at e c annot e xi s t without a
gove rnment (since you cannot call it as a state if one element is missing), but i t i s poss ibl e
t o have a go vernme nt wit hout a s t at e (situate the separatist movements or the rebels who wants to
create their own government separate from the established Philippine gov ernment).”
d) Sovereignty – is referred to as the supreme, absolute and uncontrollable power by which any state is
governed. It has two manifestations:
1. INTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY - The power of the state to command, and enforce
obedience to its
will from the people, within its territorial
jurisdiction;
2. EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY - The power of the state to carry out its activity without
interference from other states. External sovereignty is often referred to as independence

E. G O VERNMENT AND ITS FORMS

1. Difference between Government and Governance

GOVERNME
It is a group of people who rule or run the administration of a
country. In other words, it may be said that a
government is the body of representatives that governs and
controls the state at a given time. Government is the medium
through which the power of the state is employed.
• Comes from the Greek word “kybernan” which
GOVERNANCE
It is the exercise of power/ authority
by political leader for the well-being at
their country’s citizens or subject.
- Refers to the manner of steering/
governing and or directing and
controlling a group of people/ the state.
 2. Functions of Government
• Constituent functions - are those which constitute the very bonds of society and are
compulsoryin nature.
Examples are keeping of order and pr ov iding for the pr otection of per sons and pr oper ty;
the fixing of the legal r elations betw een man and wife , etc.

• Ministrant functions - are those that are undertaken only by way of advancing the general
interests of society and are merely optional. Examples are public wor ks, public education, public
char ity, health and safety r egulations and r egulations of tr ade and industr y.

3. The Constitution - is the fundamental organic law of a State which contains the principles on which the
government is founded and regulates the division and exercise of sovereign powers.
▪ A body of rules and maxims in accordance with which the powers of sovereignty are habitually
exercised.
▪ “that written instrument by which the powers of government are established, limited,
defined and distributed.”
▪
Constitution: Its Nature and Functions
- Serves as the supreme or fundamental law (Constitution of Sovereignty)
- Establishment of the basic framework of government (Constitution of Government)
- Protection of the people from government abuses (Constitution of Liberty)
▪ Constitution distinguished from statute
a) A c onst i tuti on is a law give \n directly by the people while a s t atut e is enacted by the people’s
representative (E.g. Phil. Congress)

b) A c ons t ituti on is the fundamental law of the state on which all other laws or statute are
based

c) A c ons ti tuti on cannot be modified or taken away by the law-making body while a
st at ut e may abolish by the same body

▪ Amendment or Revision of the Philippine Constitution

- The process to change the constitution begins with a proposal from a legislative body like our
Philippine Congress or directly by the people to amend or revise it. Thus, there are three (3)
methods with which a proposal can be made for change, contained in the
1987 Philippine Constitution:

(1) By a Constitutional Convention (ConCon) called for the purpose;

(2) By Congress, as a Constituent Assembly (ConAss), upon a vote of three-fourths of all its
members, voting separately;
BASIC PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING OUR CONSTITUTION
a. Recognition of the Almighty God f. Government through suffrage
b. Sovereignty of the people g. Separation of power s

c. Supremacy of civilian authority over the h. Independence of the judiciary

military
d. Separation of Church and State i. Rule of the majority

e. Guarantee of human rights j. Government of laws and not of men

(3) By the people directly, through initiative upon petition of the required number of voters.
 History of the Philippine Constitution:
O Malolos Constitution (1899)
O Commonwealth and the Third Republic (1935)
O Japanese Sponsored Republic (1943)
O Martial Law Constitution (1973)
O Freedom Constitution (1986): The 1987 constitution of the Philippines
Constitutional Convention
President Corazon Aquino
Proclamation No. 3 of
Article
O Issued on March 25, 1986
O Promulgated Freedom Constitution for the Philippines

The Preamble of the 1987 Constitution

O Framers of the Philippine Constitution
O Purposes for the establishment of the Philippine Government
O From the latin word p reambu la re or “to walk before”

We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and
humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the
common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the
blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom,
love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.

4. Three Branches of Government (Phil. government)

▪ The Philippines is a r epublic with a pr esidential for m of gov er nment wherein power is equally
divided among its three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.
▪ Embracing the concept of separ ation of power s, the constitution provides for a president, who is
simultaneously head of government and chief of state, a separately elected vice president,a
bicameral legislature, and an independent judiciary.

▪ THE PRINCIPLE OF SEPARATION OF POWERS - Under the principle of co-equal and

coordinate powers among the three (3) branches, the officers entrusted with each of these powers are
not per mitted to encr oach upon the pow ers confided to the other s . If one department goes
beyond the limits set by the Constitution, its acts ar e null and void. The adoption of this principle
was motivated by the belief that arbitrary rule would result if the same person or body were to exercise
all the powers of the gov ernment.
▪ PRINCIPLE OF CHECKS AND BALANCES - Each department is given
certain powers with which to check the others.

5. Forms of Government
A. ARISTOTLE'S FORMS OF GOVERNMENT (According to # of rulers)
• Aristotle, a Greek philosopher and student of Plato, classified
government into three. They are:

Number of Rulers IDEAL SELF (-) ITEREST

i. ONE 1. M ONARCHY 2. TYRANNY
ii. FEW 3. ARISTOCRACY 4. OLIGARCHY
iii. MANY 5. DEMOCRACY 6. M OBOCRACY

Government based on rule by one

1. Monarchy - is a form of government in which only a single ruler governs.
The monarch rules for the benefit of the people

a. Absolute Monarchy – In this type of monarchial government, the monarch

exercises absolute powers. He wields executive. Legislative, J, powers. With
absolute and tremendous power, he rules an iron hand. He holds the throne by
hereditary right., and most especially, according to King James I of
England, 1603 – 1625 divine right “that kings are not only lieutenants on
earth, but they are looked at by God as divine
b. Limited Monarchy – distribution of power, Ruler rules in accordance with a
constitution
- In limited monarchy, the monarch is willing to part with some of his powers
and delegates them to some government agencies. For example, the
legislative power is exercised by the legislative body, the judicial power by
the court, and the executive the power by the king himself. He rules in
accordance with law, especially the constitution. E.g. Japan
2. Tyranny - He rules for his own benefits and ego, accumulates wealth and satisfies
his lust for power. Such a ruler is not legitimate and the people has the right and
the duty to remov e him
in power.
▪ Dictatorship is a form of government ruled by a person who comes from
military or civilian class. During the period of stress or emergency in the
past, the people were sometimes vested tremendous emergency powers in a
military commander, to be withdrawn after the
emergency vanished. But the ambitious dictator with many
pretensions would insist that the emergency still existed.
ii. Government based on rul e by fe w
3. Aristocracy – It Is defined from the Greek etymology, aristo which
means best and kr atia or kr atus, rule. In essence, therefore, aristocracy is a
government by the “best” members of the community.
▪ This implies that the aristocrats are presumably men of the highest
intelligence and integrity.
They belong to the elite classes. Their social status, wealth and political
power are inherited. These qualities correspond to that of Plato’s
philosophy – viewed the ideal state as governed wise and devoted rulers.
4. Oligarchy - The wealthy few in the government or the oligarchs, believe that the
most important requisites to the claim of power are wealth, good social position
and education. They use the
government to economic empires for themselves and for their families.

iii. Government based on rul e by many.

5. Democracy – “power of the people”, political power is exercised by a majority
of the people,
“A government of the people, by the people and for the people”
Democracy is derived from the Greek word demos, which means people ’
and kratia or kratos,which means r ule.

2 TYPES:
a. Direct Democracy – One in which the will of the state is formulated or
expressed directly and immediately through the people in a mass
meeting or primary assembly. (e.g. A ncient Athens.
b. Indirect Democracy – one in which the will of the State is
formulated and expressed through the agency of a relatively small and
select body of persons chosen by the people to act as their
representatives. (e.g. Philippines today)

6. Mobocracy – “In transition Gov ernment”

• Mob – disorganized kind of crowd that causes instability. Over the years,
the Aristotle's polity became synonymous with representative government
or democracy and his perverse form of polity was renamed as mob rule
or anarchy.

B. AS TO CENTRALIZATION OF POWERS
i. Unitary Government – the control of national and local affairs is
exercised by the central or national government (e.g. Philippines)
ii. Federal Government – the powers of government are divided between
two sets of organs, one for national affairs and the other for local affairs (e.g. USA)
ACTIVITIES
Activity 1. Arrange the Jumbled Letters.

1. DERALEF

2. RAGCHILYO

3. YCRACSIRAT

4. BESRIT

5. TTIIOONNCSU

Activity 2.ENUMERATION

1. 3 Branches of the government

2. 2 types of democracy

3. 4 elements of Stat

Activity 3. Research Work

Getting to know Your Government Officials

EXECUTIVE BRANCH
President:
Governor:
Vice- President:
Vice- Governor:
Cabinet Secretaries:
Mayor:
Vice-Mayor:
Barangay Captain:
SK Chairman:
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
Senate President:
Other Senators:
Other Senators: 1.
1. 2.
2. 3.
3. 4.
4. 5.
5. 6.
6. 7.
7. 8.
8. 9.
9. 10.
10. 11.
11. 12.
12.

House Speaker:
1st District of Tarlac
Congressman:

JUDICIAL BRANCH

Chief Justice:
14 Associate Justices:

End of Week 2
INTRODUCTION:

FUNCTIONS AND IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION IN THE SOCIETY

Education is the most crucial aspect of society which should be given considerable
attention in order for it to become a powerful tool in making every individual a catalyst
of change. Changes is very important in socially progressive and functional
community.
In this lesson, you will:
1. List the major functions of education; and
2. Appreciate the value and importance of education in our community.
DISCUSSION
The Functions of Education
Functional theory stresses that education serves in fulfilling a
society’s various needs and feasibly the most important function of
education is socialization. The French sociologist Émile Durkheim
(1858–1917), established the academic discipline of sociology,
characterized schools as “socialization agencies that teach children
how to get along with others and prepare them for adult economic
roles”.
A second function of education is social integration. For a
society to work, functionalists say, people must
subscribe to a common set of beliefs and values. As this
development was a goal of the system of free, compulsory education that developed in the
nineteenth century.
A third function of education is social placement. Beginning in grade school, students
are identified by teachers and other school officials either as bright and
motivated or as less bright and even educationally challenged. Depending on how they are
identified, children are taught at the level that is thought to suit them best. In this way, they
are presumably prepared for their later stations in life. Whether this process works as well as
it should, is an important issue, and we explore it further when we discuss school tracking
later in this chapter.

Social and cultural innovation is a fourth function of education. Our scientists cannot
make important scientific discoveries, artists and thinkers cannot come up with great works
of art unless they have been educated in the many subjects they need to know for their chosen
path.

Importance of Education

Educational institutions are important in reproducing the existing belief system

and practices of a particular society. It accomplishes this goal by allotting to the
individual learners the roles they need to fulfill as adult members of society.
Horace Mann, an American educational reformer, proposed that education could
cure ills. He believed that education is the great equalizer by giving the people the
knowledge and technical skills to participate in national development. Education is
one of the most pervasive institutions that
 determines one’s future status. Hence, many people believe in education- based
meritocracy or the belief that education is the great equalizer and the key to succeed.
Filipinos, for example, believe in value of education that they are willing to sacrifice
everything just to finish college (Lanuza and Raymundo
2016, p.81).

Activity 1. Directions:

Complete the bubble map by writing words associated with the middle phrase –
function of education in society and explain

Activity 2. Direction:

Fill-up the given column below about the function of education in society and answer in
a separate paper or notebook.

Word or Phrases Definition Real-Life Example

Education is socialization
Education is social integration
Education is social placement
Social and cultural innovation
Activity 3. Short Response
Direction: Make your answer brief but meaningful.

1. Explain the belief that education is the great equalizer and the key to succeed
in life.
2. As an individual why we need to have an education?

Assessment

Directions: TRUE OR FALSE. Write T if the statement is correct and F if it is wrong.

1. A second function of education is social integration.
2. Functionalists view education as one of the more important social
institutions in a society.
3. This socialization also involves learning the rules and norms of
the society as a whole. In the early days of compulsory education, students learned
the dominant culture.
4. A third function of education is social placement. Beginning in grade school,
students are identified by teachers and other school officials either as bright and motivated
or as less bright and even educationally challenged.
5. Education promotes social inequality through the use of tracking and
standardized testing and the impact of its “hidden curriculum.” Schools differ widely in
their funding and learning conditions, and this type of inequality leads to learning
disparities that reinforce social inequality.
6. Horace Mann, an American educational reformer, proposed that
education could cure ills
7. Functionalists view education as an important social institution that
contributes both manifest and latent functions.
8. This socialization also involves learning the rules and norms of the
society as a whole. In the early days of compulsory education, students learned the
dominant culture.
9. Functionalists believe that education equips people to perform different
functional roles in society.
10. Education is one of the most pervasive institutions that determines one’s
future status.

End of week 3
Social and Political Stratification
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Define Social and Political Stratification;
2. Examine social stratification from the functionalist and conflict perspectives; and
3. Examine the concept, characteristics and forms of stratification systems
using sociological perspectives.

INTRODUCTION

https:// www.slideshare.net/happynezzabolongaita/ucsp -social-and-political-stratificationv

Sociologists use the term social stratification to describe the system of social
standing. Karl Maxx looked at it in terms wealth produced in relation to the ownership
of means of production. For example, if you are the owner of the company you get
most of the profits gained by your company’s operation compared to that of your
employees. Wealth may refer to money, properties, a and similar tangible resources.
Sociologists use the term social stratification to describe the system of social standing.
Karl Maxx looked at it in terms wealth produced in relation to the ownership of
means of production. For example, if you are the owner of the company you get most
of the profits gained by your company’s operation compared to that of your employees.
Wealth may refer to money, properties, and similar tangible resources.
Max Weber, on the other hand, differentiates them into three: wealth, power ,and prestige.
Individual’s social standing can be measured, all at once, based on their relative access to
these three.
Class system

As discussed earlier, under the class system, individuals are positioned

according to their access to the means of production and contribution to
productive labor. People with higher income tend to have children who also
have higher income.
. Parents who can afford to send their children to better schools are
promoting the future advantage of their children. To talk about the class
system is to talk about the ways in which individuals from a definite family
background can advance to a relatively better economic position than their
parents. In most class system, education has become the accepted means to
advance one’s social mobility.
 Among Filipino families, education is considered as the “ticket to success.” This is
supported by the theory of education-based meritocracy proposed chiefly by American
sociologists Daniel Bell in the 1960s. In this theory, education is supposed to be the great
status equalizer. Education provides much needed capital to climb the economic ladder.
Hence, many Filipino families will sacrifice anything for their children to finish a college
degree. This practice is based on the belief that our society is an “open” society that allows
the movement of individuals from a lower class to a relatively higher class.
When people are allowed and are capable of moving from one stratum or class to
another class, it is called social mobility. According to Bruce and Yearley (2006), social
mobility “signifies the movement of people between positions in a system of social
stratification a middle-class occupation) or be
According to Peter Saunders (1990), the term “stratification” has been borrowed by
sociologists from the science of geology. Stratification, in geology refers to the accumulated
strata of rock that form the earth’s surface. In sociology, while strata do not constitute
communities, according to Max Weber, status groups normally are communities. Status refers
to life chances that are determined by social honor or prestige.
People who belong to status groups usually form exclusive communities
with clear boundaries. They distinguish themselves from the “outsiders” by the use of the
derogatory terms of “us” versus “them.”

Bases of Class According to Karl Marx and Max Weber

Karl Marx Max weber

Economic Structure Power Wealth Prestige

Material prosperity, Political or social Material Widespread respect

ownership of the authority or control, prosperity and admiration felt
means of productions especially that for someone due
which is exercised to his/her
by a government achievements or
quality
ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 1 Short Response

Directions: Answer the following questions briefly:

1. What is Social Stratification?
2. Explain the different systems of stratification.
3. Define social mobility
ACTIVITY 2: FORM A WORD

Directions: Arrange the letters to form a word. After forming a word, please write the
meaning of the word you have formed. All of this words are taken from this module. Be
careful in arranging.

1. ACETS
2. PICILTAOL
3. ONTSARITIFACTI
4. MSUFCNITNOLIA
5. CTCOILNF
6. ALOICS
7. ICYSBMLO
8. YTOERH
9. UORPGS
10. ESCEVERSPIF
ASSESSMENT

Directions: Answer the following questions. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
Write your answer on your activity notebook.
1. It describes the socioeconomic level of society as “layers” with the wealthiest
and most powerful citizen being at the top.
a. functionalism theory c. social stratification
b. conflict theory d. political stratification
2.It is the system of stratification that impose the rigid boundaries between social groups.
a. caste system b. closed system c. open system d. class system
3. People who are born into this system of society are socialized to accept their
standing for the rest of their lives.
a. class system b. closed system c. caste system d. open system
4. People are free to move from one social class to another and achieve higher status in
life. What system of stratification do they belong?
a. class system b. open system c. closed system d. caste system
5. This system of social stratification mainly based on achievement allowing more flexibility
in social roles, and better interaction.
a. closed system b. open system c. class system d. caste system
6. Social stratification is influence by economic forces and relationships in society are
defined by factors of production.
a. Conflict theory c. Symbolic Interactionism b.
Functionalism theory d. Theory of Evolution
7. Social role that has greater functional purpose will result in greater reward. a. Conflict
theory c. Symbolic Interactionism
b. Functionalism theory d. Theory of Evolution
8. Inequality causes workers to experience alienation, isolation and great misery due to
powerless status.
a. Conflict theory c. Symbolic Interactionism
 b. Functionalism theory d. Theory of Evolution
9. This perspective explains how people’s social standing affects their everyday
interactions.
a. Conflict theory c. Symbolic Interactionism
b. Functionalism theory d. Theory of Evolution
10. People appearance reflect on their perceived social standing.
a. Conflict theory c. Symbolic Interactionism
b. Functionalism theory d. Theory of Evolution

End of Week 4
Government Programs and Initiative on Local, National and Global in
Addressing Social Inequalities
.
After going through this module, learners are expected to:
1.understand Social Inequality and global inequality;
2.define laws of Person with Disability; and
3.learn about different programs initiated by the government to address
social inequality.

INTRODUCTION:
In the previous chapter, you learned about the social and political stratification; the concept
and forms; its theoretical perspective and the mobility to transfer from one class to another.
This lesson’s focus is Social inequality .What is social inequality? It is the
existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social status or positions
within a group or society social. A similar situation is faced by the lesbian, gay, bisexual,
transgender and queer community (LGBTQ), who are often discriminated and ridiculed by
society which considered them aberrations or forms of deviancy.

DISCUSSION

Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings. No

matter what our nationality is, what color our skin is, what status
we have in the society, etc., we are all equal. These rights are all
interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.
Ethnic minorities are also discriminated. They are often
discriminated by the people who do not understand their cultures
and traditions.
There are policies crafted by the legislators to address this
social inequality. Some of which are: Indigenous
People’s Rights Act that protects the rights of cultural communities; the law that
protect the rights of the person with disabilities (PWD). RA 10754 – An Act Expanding the
Benefits and Privileges of Persons with Disability (PWD); and the like. Why discrimination
still exist?

GLOBAL INEQUALITY

Inequality does not exist only in localities and states but also among states. There are
states that are influential, wealthy and powerful. This leads to a situation of global inequality;
where poor has less power and rich is powerful.
Global inequality (also sometimes referred to as international inequality) can be defined as
the unequal distribution of material resources and income across countries. Apart from
economic figures, global inequality may also refer to the access to medical care and also to
education. According to the global wealth report of Global Suisse, half of the worldwide
wealth is owned by the richest 1% of
people. This also implies huge international inequality which has many adverse
consequences.

The following are the important global inequality facts:

1. In 2018, the richest 26 people owned as much wealth as the 3.8 billion poorest
people, Half of humanity lives of less than 5.50 USD per day in 2018.
2. Global wealth worldwide amounts to 361 trillion USD in 2019
3. There are 47 million millionaires worldwide in 2019
4. The average wealth per capital amounts to 70,849 USD in 2019
5. It is estimated that total global wealth increases to 459 trillion USD until 2024
6. 56% of the worldwide population owns wealth less than 10,000 USD in 2019
7. Less than 11% of the global population owns more than 100,000 USD in wealth
in 2019.
8. The 10% richest people own 84% of overall global wealth in 2019
9. The richest 1% of people owned around 45% of overall global wealth in 2019

The following are the causes for global Inequality

Political goals Consumption behavior and Natural

Exploitation of poor countries disasters.

Tax avoidance Lack

of education Lack of

innovation Gender

inequality

Insecurity regarding property rights Low

investment incentives for firms Low

living quality

Regional factors

Conflicts, Famine
The effects of global inequality are:
Health effects 6. Poverty
Social tensions 7. Starvation
Increased probability for conflicts 8. Lack of access to education
Frustration 9. Bad working conditions Drug
use 10. Radical movements
11. Migration
Solutions for Global Inequality:
1. Better access to education 7. Improve worker’s rights
2. Financial subsidies 8. Establish minimum wages
3. Create incentives for firms to locate
to poor areas 9. Convince others
4. Increase incentives for innovation 10. Increase national stability levels
5. Worldwide support 11. Improve trade policies
6. Global wealth tax 12. Change consumption behavior
Global inequality is a big problem that has many severe adverse effects for poor countries
and the people living in those regions. Global inequality can be either caused by human actions or also by
natural circumstances.
In order to fight international inequality, it is crucial that countries all over the world work together
and share their newest research findings with each other.

ACTIVITIES
Activity 1: Analyze and answer the following questions
Base on the pictures below, what is your insight about your rights that you enjoyed? Do you have
an experience like those kids on the pictures? Describe each picture and tell if they are enjoying their
rights
or not.
A.

B.
C.

D.

E.
Activity 2: Think and Post:
The Happy Moments with my Family and Friends!

This activity encourages social media sharing to express social rights as a responsible citizen. People
nowadays find it more interesting to post their happy moments with their family and friends through
Facebook or any social media platform. This is an example of expressing their right as an individual. Post on
your Facebook account one happy event with your family; a birthday, baptism, or any happy gatherings that
you shared and enjoyed with your family. I will go over your Facebook to check it.

Activity 3: Check your understanding.

1. Why do people need to have human rights?

2. Define Human Rights.

ASSESSMENT

Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. It is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social status or positions within a
group or society.
a. socialization b. environment c. social inequality d. politics
2. It is an act on expanding the benefits and privileges on person with disability (PWD).
a. RA 10458 b. RA 16114 c. RA 10754 d. RA 61425
3. It is an act of providing for the Rehabilitation, Self-Development and Self Reliance of Disabled person.
a. RA 7277 b. RA 7728 c. RA2777 d. RA 6778
4. This situation exists where poor is powerless and rich is powerful.
a. global inequality b. social inequality c. uncertainty d. poverty
5. Which of the following are the effects of global inequality:
a. Health effects, social tensions, and increased probability for conflicts b. United
nation cooperation on the law of safety
c. Education, church and convention d.
Hospital, malls and airports
6. These financial institutions are also positioned to have enormous influence in the policy directions of the
countries that are indebted to them since they can dictate economic policies to comply with their conditions for
loans.
a. The Philippine National bank
b. The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and Asian
Development Bank (ADB)
c. The Philippine Stock Exchange d.
The Rural Banking Corporation
7. Which of the following are solutions for Global Inequality:
a. better access to education, Financial subsidies and Create incentives for firms to locate to
poor areas
b. Socialization plays no part in personality formation in individuals c.
Education, church and convention
d. Laws, government, bilateral and transnational
8. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Socialization plays no part in personality formation in individuals.
b. Large-scale complex societies that are not culturally homogenous usually
have unanimous agreement about what should be the shared norms. c.
Successful socialization can result in uniformity within a society.
d. b and c
9. This is also referred to as the declaration of rights or a charter of rights. It is a list of the most
important rights of the citizens of a country.
a. bill of rights b. bill of internet
b. bill of divorce d. bill on electricity
10. Global inequality can be either caused by
a. human actions or also by natural circumstances c. society with no wealth.
b. poor races. d. poor government.

End of week 5

Culture and Society in the

Globalizing World
At the end of the lesson, learner is expected to:
1. Explain the changes brought about by modernization while being critical of the Western
dominated definition of modernization;
2. Identify the changes that culture undergoes during the period of globalization;
3. Critically examine the Westernizing influence of globalization on local non-Western cultures; and
4. Discuss the positive ways in which globalization is able to widen the cultural horizons of
people around the world.

INTRODUCTION:

There are factors that influence Filipinos' decision to

buy;Filipinos love freebies;Filipinos shop around, loyal to
brands;TV remains main source of product info and
Advertising influence brand

DISCUSSION
Culture and Social Change Modernization and cultural change
John Calvin an influential French theologian
and pastor during the Protestant Reformation

Sociologist argues that….

i. society evolves and develops

primarily due to social and
CULTURE ii. the significant role played by cultural
forces like religion.
economic factors

Max Weber provided an interesting analysis that showed how

capitalism in the West could have not developed were it not for the
push given by Calvinist ethics.

Calvinism shaped the work ethics of entrepreneurs and capitalists

during the early part of capitalist industrialization. Calvinism created
anxiety among the believers that could only be relieved through
hard– work, total devotion to work, avoidance of idleness, and
renunciation of worldly pleasures. Furthermore, Calvinist doctrine of
predestination (i.e., the doctrine that teaches that God already
preordained some people to be saved), led its members to equate
prosperity in this world with salvation. Hence, the cultural ethos
generated by the teachings of Calvinism supplied the work ethic
necessary for capital accumulation during the incipient growth of
capitalism.
Weber’s culturalist theory of the emergence of capitalism in the West
became
one of the pillars for the development of modernization
theory.
In the 1960s… many social scientists, governments, and policy makers
believed in the theory of modernization. According to this view, based
on evolutionary theory of culture, all societies undergo a process of change in
the direction of greater complexity and progress.Walt Rostow (1916–2003)
proposed earliest formulation of modernization theory. Walt Rostow
(1916–
2003), an American economist and political theorist, proposed five stages of
development.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/e/e9/Walt_Rostow_19
68.jpg/1280px-Walt_Rostow_1968.jpg

5 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Rostow’s 5 Stages of
Dependent on Global Economy or Stage 5: High Mass
Market Managing Economies Consumption
Consumer oriented durable goods,
Dependent on Growth and Stage 4: Drive to Maturity
Developed Economies Diversification, innovation, less
reliance on imports investments

Stage 3. Take Off

Industrialization, growing Dependent on Sub-urban
investments, Economy
regional growth, political change

Stage 2. Transitional Stage Dependent on Social Appreciation of

Specialization, surpluses, Education and Skill Development
infrastructure
Dependent on Rural
Stage 1. Transitional Society Economy
https://i2.wp.com/revisesociology.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/rostows-five-stages-growth.jpg?resize=640%2C480&ssl=1
Subsistence, barter, agriculture

Demographic research requirement using Rostow’s model prior to Product

Launch Dr. Krishnan

Activity 1.

List down the things you use daily, from food, shampoo, school supplies, music, and TV
programs. Identify each item whether it is imported or not. (Write down your answer on your activity
notebook) Process Questions:
1. How did you get to know about these products?

2. Do you believe that Filipinos have neo-colonial consciousness, that is, they prefer
imported products rather than local ones? Prove your point.
_
Activity 2.
Base on your own understanding, answer the following questions in your activity notebook. Read
Annex A for further reading on the five stages of development by Rostow.

1. Are Rostow’s 5 Stages of growth still ideal for today’s economies?

_
_

2. Must an economy follow these 5 stages to achieve sustainable economic growth?

_
_

3. Can technology transfer or technology acquisition enable an economy skip early

stages stipulated by Rostow and still achieve sustainable growth?
_
_

Globalization and Culture

Cultural homogenization is the process whereby spaces between nations become porous because
of the accelerated phase of diffusion of information, people, capital, and goods. Immersed in
computer- mediated technologies, people’s relationships and forms of interaction around the world
increasingly have become unconstrained by geography and are no longer necessarily local or
national in nature.
Roland Robertson (1992) defines globalization as ‘the compression of the world
and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole. Globalization
process intensifies the consciousness of the people that cultures are intricately
linked on the global scale. This is globality—as opposed to globalism— that
equates globalization with simple spread of Western-style liberal democracy
and unhampered market forces of capitalism. With globalization has come the
idea of a world culture, that is, the universality of particular cultural traits, whose
spread is a consequence of globalization.
https://www.dur.ac.uk/images/I
Cultural universalism refers to cultural elements, such as the Internet, fast food
fro/Fellows1011/ProfRRobertson.j
AS
m M c D o n a l d ’s, and Nike sneakers. Technological objects such as “iPhone” and
/2018 _rev isi ons/ Fel low s1 8 19

“Android” are known all over the world although many people do not possess them. Scientific
ideas have the same status.

World polity theory was developed as an analytical frame for interpreting global relations,
structures, and practices. Invoking an image of the world as a system of interrelated
interdependent units, it is a theory of transnational interaction and global social change

Fear of consumerism leads many sociologists to invent new words to characterize this
corporate process of homogenization of the world like:
“Coca-Colonization” “McDonaldization” by “Disneydization” by
by Kuisel, (1993) Ritzer (2008) Bryman (2004)

“Starbuckization”- prompted by the phenomenal spread of Starbucks

worldwide
(Ritzer 2010, p. 36).

Cultural Homogenization-Ours is a consumers’ society, in which culture, in common with the rest of
the world experienced by consumers, manifests itself as a repository of goods intended for
consumption, all competing for the unbearably fleeting and distracted attention of potential clients,
all trying to hold that attention for more than just the blink of an eye.

“Globalization” a kind of cultural homogenization is called which is defined “as the

imperialistic
ambitions of nations, corporations, organizations. (Ritzer 2011, p.

172). Ritzer popularized the word McDonaldization.

The best example given by Ritzer on globalization of nothingness are the malls. The structure of the
malls can easily be adapted and transported to other localities yet allowing for local choice of goods,
services, and commodities to be served and displayed. Malls have created a culture of “malling.”

Cultural heterogenization as hybridization

As globalization intensifies cultures become hybridized. Hybridization denotes a wide register

of multiple identity, cross-over, pick-’n’-mix, boundary- crossing experiences and styles, matching a
world of growing migration and transnational families, intensive intercultural communication, everyday
multiculturalism and erosion of boundaries. In optimistic takes on hybridity, ‘hybrids were conceived
as lubricants in the clashes of culture; they were the negotiators who would secure a future free of
xenophobia’ (Papastergiadis 1997, p. 261).
A Filipino-American, for example, may find himself or herself in Seoul, South Korea watching
American soap opera dubbed in Korean language while eating Mediterranean
food.

Hybridity has always been with us. But the pace of mixing accelerates and its scope widens in
the wake of major structural changes, such as new technologies that enable new phases of
intercultural contact. Scholars who support cultural heterogenization does not deny that there is some
truth in claims as to global cultural homogenization, – that is, the whole world becoming culturally
similar in some ways. But this is not the whole story, for forms of cultural heterogenization—things
becoming more culturally complex—are also part of, and are produced by, globalization processes
(Back, et al. 2012, p.122).
People do frame their thinking—especially thinking about themselves and who they are—
within global frames of reference. They are compelled to see themselves as just one part of a much
greater global whole. In this view, cultural globalization is ambivalent: it can either encourage a
cosmopolitan
consciousness and open attitude towards the wider world and all the different cultures and groups
within it, or it can involve the creation of negative feelings towards people from other cultures,
involving racist and ethnocentric attitudes.
Eric Hobsbawm (1982) puts this analysis in good light: …somewhere on the road between the
globally uniform coke-can and the roadside refreshment stand in Ukraine or Bangladesh, the
supermarket in Athens or in Djkarta, globalization stops being uniform and adjusts to local
differences,
such as language, local culture or... local politics (p. 2, as quoted in Back 2012, p.
122).

Activity 3. Easy Interview and essay.

Conduct an interview to your parents and answer the questions
below.

1. Cultural differences are often expressed in the “generation gap.” List 10 things that you and your parents
share and believe together (religion, education, and family values) as well as those that you disagree with
(music, clothing, and love relationships,).
 Good traditional Filipino Values Filipino values that should be
discarded
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Things that I Believe Things that my Parents Things that we both
but my parents don’t believed but I don’t believe in
believe in believe in
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Process questions:
1. How will you explain these differences based on the lesson?

2. List the things you think are good about traditional Filipino values (example: resiliency, “kasipagan,”
and family ties). List also those traditional values that you think should be discarded (example: ningas
kugon, family ties, and mamaya na habit).

3. Explain your answer why you like or want to discard the Filipino values you listed above.

Activity 2

Directions: Supply the missing word or phrase on the 5 stages of development by Rostow.
ASSESSMENT

Directions. Multiple Choice. Select the correct answer from the choices given. Write your answer on
your activity notebook.

1. is the process whereby spaces between nations become porous because of the
accelerated phase of diffusion of information, people, capital, and goods.
A. Globalization C. Cultural homogenization
B. Economy D. Diversity

2. proposed earliest formulation of modernization theory

Weber’s culturalist theory of the emergence of capitalism in the West became one of the
pillars for the development of modernization theory.
A. Walt Rostow C. Weber
B. John Calvin D. Max Payne
3. was developed as an analytical frame for interpreting global relations,
structures, and practices. Invoking an image of the world as a system of interrelated
interdependent units.
A. World Economy C. World Politics
B. World Polity D. World Bank

4. shaped the work ethics of entrepreneurs and capitalists during the early part of
capitalist industrialization.
A. Weberism C. Rowtowism
B. Calvinism D. Capitalism

5. Cultural universalism refers to cultural elements, such as the Internet, fast food from
McDonald’s, and Nike sneakers.
A. Culturalization C. Socialization
B. Globalization D. Cultural universalism

End of week 6
 Economy, Society ,Cultural and Political Change

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. analyze economic organization and its impact on the lives of people in the society;
2. examine stratification from the functionalist and conflict perspectives;
3. identify characteristics of the systems of stratification;

THE ECONOMY AS FOUNDATION OF SOCIAL LIFE

INTRODUCTION

The importance of economic structure Karl Marx, the father of scientific socialism,
famously stated in his a preface to a critique of political economy the most
controversial assertion in sociology:
“in the social production of their life, men enter into definite relations that are
indispensable and independent of their will; these relations of production correspond
to a definite stage of development of their material forces of production. The sum
total of these relations of production
gstati
constitutes the economic structure of society—the real foundation, on which
ANd9
H6rz rises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite
uyZ
forms of social consciousness.
DISCUSSION
SYSTEM OF STRATIFICATION AS SOURCE OF INEQUALITIES

Some sociologists, however, extend the definition of class to include not

only access to the means of production like land, capital, and technologies
but also to the prestige attached to one’s social position. Hence, some
sociologists, writing along the Weberian tradition, use the term
stratification.

When regularly recognized social differences (of wealth, color,

religion, ethnicity or gender, for example) become ranked in some
hierarchical manner, sociologists talk about strata (Bruce and Yearly 2006,
p. 290).

Max Weber defined class as a category of individuals who:

1. Have in common a specific causal component of their life chances in so far

as
2. This component is represented exclusively by economic interests
in the possession of goods and opportunities for income, and
3. It is represented under the conditions of the commodity or labor
market.

“I believe that ownership of property is crucial to the definition of class. Where class referred to social
differences based on economic divisions and inequalities, status designated the differentiation of groups in
the “communal” Sphere in terms of their social honor and social standing”. ---Max Weber

Caste System as a system of social stratification differs from class in its

rigidity and in the basis of legitimacy. It is also called a closed system in
contrast with the class system that is relatively open. Membership of castes is
ascribed rather than achieved, and social contact between castes is heavily
constrained and ritualized. Unlike in the class system, in the caste system the
positions of people are already determined at the moment they were born.
 Among Filipino families, education is considered as the “ticket to success.” This
is supported by the theory of education-based meritocracy proposed chiefly by
American sociologists Daniel Bell in the 1960s.
In this theory, education is supposed to be the great status equalizer. Education
provides much needed capital to climb the economic ladder. Hence, many
Filipino families will sacrifice anything for their children to finish a college
degree. This practice is based on the belief that our society is an “open” society
that allows the movement of individuals
sOjy
AAC from a lower class to a relatively higher class. When people are allowed
niel%
and are capable of moving from one stratum or class to another class, it
is called social mobility

The Class system

As discussed earlier, under the class system, individuals are positioned
according to their access to the means of production and contribution to
productive labor. People with higher income tend to have children who also
have higher income. Parents who can afford to send their children to better
schools are promoting the future advantage of their children. To talk about
the class system is to talk about the ways in which individuals from a
definite
.
family background can advance to a relatively better economic position than
their parents. In most class system, education has become the
accepted
means to advance one’s social mobility.

Social mobility“ signifies the movement of people between positions in a

system of social stratification. In modern societies this means the
movement of people between social classes is defined by occupational
scales. It may occur between generations (as when a girl born into a
working-class family achieves a middle-class occupation) or be the ups-and
downs of an individual career” (p. 283).- Bruce and Yearley (2006)

Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002), a French sociologist, who dealt extensively

with class inequalities by arguing that capital, in its classic Marxist usage, does
not refer only to economic assets but also includes cultural, symbolic, and
social capital. Cultural capital refers to the forms of knowledge, educational
credentials, and artistic taste that a person acquires from family background,
which give them higher status in society.
Social capital refers to resources based on group membership,
relationships, and networks of influence and support. Bourdieu (1984)
described social capital as “the aggregate of the actual or potential resources
which are linked to possession of a durable network of more or less
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institutionalized relatcioompnressehd.pihopto.sgoodoreafds.com/bookts/u148a01l6644cquaintance
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recognition.” In traditional societies, for instance, indi i lv dua s are recruited in a bur
eaucracy on the basis of
blood relations. In his book distinction (1984), Bourdieu refers to symbolic capital as “the acquisition of a
reputation for competence and an image of respectability and honourability…” (p.
291)

ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1
Directions:
Create a comic strip of how you perceive the difference between a wealthy family (owner of a
mall), middle class family (both parents are professionals), and poor family (both parents are high school
graduates)
 Middle Class Family

Poor Family

ACTIVITY 2 Differentiate me.

Direction:
At this point, give keywords that you can associate and/ or differentiate from class and statu

CLASS STATUS

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

Politics

What does politics mean? Why does politics bear a negative connotation especially when used by well-known
politicians, celebrities, and media practitioners? What is the relationship between power and politics? Where
does power lie? Who wields power? Who seizes power? What does it mean to be political? What does it take to
be politicized? What are the possible ways in which politics and empowerment can mean something
meaningful and fruitful for the majority?
 POLITICS AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

All known societies are organized in ways that facilitate and maintain the everyday life and culture of different
social groups. This means that the morality made up of norms, mores, and folkways that people live by are part
of an organized system of “ways of doing and mixing” Are ways of living in a world where each individual
needs to mix with other people. In other words, there are rules, unwritten or written, that guide people’s ways of
socializing. This way of inhabiting the world is conceptualized as social relations. Power is a nominal term or
another word we use to refer to social 7
relations. This means that the rules for re lating socially are observed depending on one’s position
in society. This is why all social relations are power relations. This why politics is not even choice that those
who can get into. Politics is part and parcel of social life. It shapes the way people live and die.

6
ORIGINS OF THE PHILIPPINE MODERN STATE

Modern principalia: “a continuity of leadership recruitment from a

tiny minority of elite families and, in spite of “democratic”
Elections, members of these families get elected again and again.” –
dante simbulan

The ruling elite or the plutocracy refers to any given society’s economic and political elite. In this context, the
melding of economic and political power is decisive in the formation of the Philippine state and the different
regimes or governments that have historically made it up. In an ideal world, governance only requires political
acumen or the ability to wield political capital effectively. But the history of colonialism and neo-colonialism
has shaped the confluence of economic and political power in shaping the life of a nation.

Each province in the Philippines is almost always ruled by political dynasties that rule not only
the political life, they also shape and control ordinary people’s economic and social life.

Throwback in history
The Principalia is a product of Spanish colonialism that morphed into the modern principalia all
throughout American colonialism and neo-colonialism, up to the institution of the modern Philippine state.
Caciquism is a system of rule introduced by the Spanish colonizers who ruled the
Philippines from 1571-1898. While leaders of Barangays and Datus already existed in the social
organization of the various regions in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao before Spanish colonial rule,
these sophisticated system of organization was used by the Spanish colonizers against the
colonized.
The Spanish colonizers introduced Caciquism or the rule of the cacique or chief
through local leaders like the datos and cabezas de barangay. In other words, local chiefs were
recruited to the Spanish colonial government as local collaborators. They were compensated through the
encomienda system, or land grants to local caciques.
In the Bonifacio-led 1896 katipunan revolution, the Principalia played a counter-intuitive
role. The 1896 revolution was inspired by the reform movement initiated by the Ilustrados, they are intellectual
segment of the Principalia who are alienated from the practices and interests of this elite group. They are the
young intellectuals who studied in Europe a midst the Philippines’ colonization of Spain. Their exposure to the
literature on the enlightenment and the different revolutions in the west, foremost of which is the French
revolution, these alienated young intellectuals would come home to the country to become propagandists of the
reform movement against Spanish colonialism. From this movement, the revolutionary katipunan was born and
eventually won the revolution against Spanish colonialism.
During the United States colonization of the Philippines, the campaign to pacify
revolutionary anti-colonial forces ensued. The principalia during this period was comprised of pro-
American upper class Filipinos, who in December 12, 1900, came together, all 125 of them, to organize the
Federalista party.
As part of the pacification campaign, local Filipino elites were also appointed by Americans in different
positions in the bureaucracy culminating in the commonwealth period. This period marked the
institutionalization of the modern Principalia as pillars in the establishment of state institutions in the so-called
post-colonial period. This segment of the Principalia has its roots from the land-owning Principalia that
collaborated with Spanish colonizers.
This is how the modern Principalia became the local ruling elite that occupy seats in
local government units, congress, senate, and the Malacanang palace. Contemporary Philippine politician’s
preference for foreign investors, partnerships with big business, and us military forces is a disposition that has
its historical roots in the making of the modern Principalia which now comprise the modern Philippine state.
The phenomenon of making profits out of one’s seat in government or what is known as
bureaucrat capitalism is a logical trajectory of governance that was instituted during colonial rule, and whose
substance and bases (economic power based on land, and later on, entanglement with foreign interests) have yet
to be eliminated to make Philippine politics a practice of genuine democracy.

ACTIVITY 3

Directions: Write your answer in your activity notebook.

As i observed. List down below names of politicians in your municipality/province/city and opposite
their names is their positions.

Ex. Manuel Hipolito – mayor

Name elected position in politics

1. -
2. -
3. -
4. -
5. -

Process questions:

1. Are there multiple positions occupied by the same clan/ relatives or families? Yes or no

2. How are political dynasties formed and maintained?

3. Why do they get elected? Does winning elections any indicator of the people’s will?

4. In such conditions, can there be genuine democracy?

ACTIVITY 4

Direction: Answer the processed questions cited in the basic block list.

1. What is good governance for you?

.
 .

2. Essay: Should we abolish the pork barrel system? (300 words only)

ASSESSMENT
Directions: Identify what is asked in the following items. Write your answers in your activity
notebook.

…the majority and minority parties represent almost exclusively the intelligentsia
and what we would call the Philippine plutocracy, and that the needy classes have
no representation in these parties and for these reasons they have neither voice nor
vote, even only as minorities, in the formulation of governmental policies…”
1.

symbolic capital as “the acquisition of a reputation for competence and an image of

respectability and honorability…” (p. 291)
2.
 Among Filipino families, education is considered as the “ticket to success.”
3.

“I believe that ownership of property is crucial to the definition of class. Where class
referred to social differences based on economic divisions and inequalities, status
designated the differentiation of groups in the “communal” sphere in terms of their
social honor and social standing”.
4.

“In the social production of their life, men enter into definite relations that
are indispensable and independent of their will; these relations of production
correspond to a definite stage of development of their material forces of production.
5.

1 2 3 4 5

End of week 7

Congratulations!
You have completed your journey in this module. You did a great job!
REFERENCES

A. BOOK
Maria Ella Atienza, Et. Al.Date.Understanding Culture, Society And Politics: Edition, C & E
Publishing Inc.

Durkheim, Emile. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life: A Study in Religious Sociology London: G.Allen
& Unwin.1915.
Renard, John. The Handy Religion Answer Book Detroit: Visible Ink Press 2002.
Antonio P. Contreras Ph.D, Arleigh Ross D. Dela Cruz PhD, Dennis S. Erasga, PhD ,Cecile C. Fabrigon, PhD Cand,
Project
Director: Ronald B. Mactal, PhD. Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics: Phoenix Publishing House 2016.

B. INTERNET SOURCES.
(https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/pontifical-and-royal-university-of-santo-tomas-the- catholic-
university-of-the-philippines/the-contemporary-world/lecture-notes/final-ucsp-module- very-
good/5432381/view, n.d.)

(https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/SHS-Core_Understanding-Culture- Society-and-
Politics-CG.pdf, n.d.)

(https://marxists.catbull.com/archive/marx/works/1853/07/22.htm, n.d.)

(https://kupdf.net/download/module-ucsp_59b64d97dc0d60ef328ceb25_pdf, n.d.) DepED

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