DRIVING BEHAVIOR

In the literature, driving behavior is defined as the different habits, manners and

actions of a driver while driving, which is classified into five styles: normal or
safe driving, aggressive driving, distracted driving, drowsy driving, and
drunk driving (Meiring & Myburgh, 2015)

Here are our top 10 dangerous driving habits:

 Brake checking. Brake checking occurs when a driver in front of a
tailgater hits (not taps) the brakes to startle the rear vehicle into backing off. ...
 Tailgating. ...
 Speeding. ...
 Swerving. ...
 Texting/driving distracted. ...
 Avoiding turn signals. ...
 Running a red light. ...
 Impairment.

Some examples of risky behaviors are not using headlights properly, driving too fast

for conditions, tailgating, unsafe passing, or lane changing, etc. Failure to wear a seat
belt is a high-risk behavior that often makes the consequences of a collision worse.

What is the most common driver error?

Smith System, a leader in professional driver training, analyzed 50 years
of driver training and found an inadequate following distance to be the most
common driving error.

What is the two second rule in driving?

The easiest way to judge a safe gap is to use the two-second rule. By keeping
a minimum of a two second time gap in front of your vehicle (double in poor
weather) you will create space in which to react to any emergency that happens
ahead. In wet weather or on poor road surfaces you should double this gap

What are good driving habits?

A good driving habit is to be aware of the posted speed limits and make sure
you do not exceed it. And remember, the speed limit is the maximum limit, not a
recommended speed. Adjust your speed based on the time of the day, the flow
of traffic, as well as weather and surface conditions.

ACTIVITY NUMBER ONE

Please write five ideas about Driving behavior
Modeling driver behavior and their
interactions with driver assistance systems

As vehicle automation becomes increasingly prevalent and capable, drivers have the
opportunity to delegate primary driving task control to automated systems. In recent years,
significant efforts have been placed on developing and deploying Advanced Driver
Assistance Systems (ADAS). These systems are designed to work with human drivers to
increase vehicle safety, control, and performance in both ordinary and emergent situations.
Current ADAS are mainly presented in rule-based or manually programmed design based
on the summary and modeling of pre-collected human performance data. However, the
pre-fixed system with limited personalization may not match human drivers' needs, which
may arise the driver's dissatisfaction and cause ineffective system improvement. Human-
centered machine learning (HCML) includes explicitly recognizing this human operator's
role, as well as re-constructing machine learning workflows based on human working
practices. The goal of this dissertation is to build a novel driver behavior modeling
framework to understand and predict interactions with the driver assistance system from a
human-centered perspective. It can lead not only to more usable machine learning tools but
to new ways of improving the driver assistance systems. A driving simulator study was
conducted to evaluate drivers' interactions with Forward Collision Warning (FCW) system.
Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) clusterization was used to identify different driving styles
based drivers' driving performance, secondary task engagement, eye glance behavior and
survey information. The impact of the FCW system on the different driving styles was also
evaluated and discussed from three perspectives: initial reaction, distraction types, and
safety benefits. A driver behavior model was also built using inverse reinforcement
learning. Lastly, the timing prediction of FCW using driving preference was compared to the
algorithm from a traditional FCW system. The findings of this study showed that ADAS
without human feedback may not always bring positive safety benefits. Learning driver's
preference through inverse reinforcement learning could better account for future scenarios
and better predict driver behavior (e.g., braking action). This algorithm can be incorporated
into real world in-vehicle warning systems such that the feedback and driving styles of the
human operator are appropriately considered.

ACTIVITY NUMBER TWO

Please make a Summary about the Reading Modeling
driver behavior and their interactions with driver assistance
systems

Top 20 Defensive Driving Tips to Keep You Safe

Save on Car Insurance

Getting behind the wheel of your car may seem like a commonplace event, but
it is likely to be the most dangerous thing you will do all day long. In the U.S.,
car accidents are the fifth leading cause of death. Your odds may be even higher
depending on where you live and what you drive, so make sure you're covered
with an affordable car insurance policy.

Although you can't control the actions of other motorists, you have a great deal
of control over how you operate your vehicle. That means you can increase your
chances for a safe trip by following a few simple precautions. Here are twenty
helpful tips to keep you driving happy.

1) Focus on the task at hand.

Don't let phones, radio, air conditioning, kids in the backseat, or a heated
discussion with your spouse distract you from your job as the driver. Always pay
attention to the road and your vehicle. The NHTSA states that drivers under 20
are the most prone to distractions while driving, with 11 percent involved in
fatal crashes while distracted.

2) Expect other drivers to make mistakes.

Don't trust anyone but yourself.

3) Slow down.
The 2009 U.S. Census reported 33,808 fatalities due to speeding. The faster you
travel, the longer it takes to stop, and the bigger the impact when you crash. But
do travel along with the flow of traffic, as long as it does not exceed
recommended limits.
4) Take advantage of safety devices.
Find a car with a high safety rating and large number of air bags. Invest in the
right child restraints and seat belt adjusters for your family, and don't forget to
use them. According to the CDC, "Placing children in age- and size-appropriate
car seats and booster seats reduces serious and fatal injuries by more than half."

5) Always, always, always buckle up.

Many car accident fatalities could be prevented each year, by simply wearing a
seat belt. The National Safety Council says that seat belts reduce your risk of
injury in a crash by 50 percent, and that 75,000 lives were saved by seat belts
between 2004 and 2008. Those least likely to buckle up are teens, rural drivers,
intoxicated drivers, and commercial truck drivers.

6) When in doubt, yield.

If you aren't certain who has the right of way, err on the side of caution. If you
know you have the right of way, but another motorist seems to disagree, give in.
Better to lose a bit of time than to get caught in a collision. According the
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, men have a harder time yielding the
right of way, with a ratio of 1.5 to 1 for 'failure to yield' violations.

7) Stop on red.
The leading cause of intersection collisions is running the red light. Sometimes
it's a lack of attention to the road. Sometimes it's glare from the setting sun.
Sometimes it's just plain hurry. The best practice is to slow down before each
intersection, and evaluate the situation. Never race the yellow light.

8) Use your blinkers.

Confusion is the enemy of safe driving. Make your lane changes and turns
predictable and smooth, and always signal in advance. "Nationwide, neglected
or improper turn signals cause 2 million car accidents a year," says Richard
Ponziani, who conducted a recent study for the Society of Automotive
Engineers. Failure to signal can invalidate your insurance claim after an accident,
which means you will be financially responsible for any damage caused.

9) Let it go.
Road rage is not just an urban myth. Since you don't know who might be
behind the wheel of that vehicle that just cut you off, it's safest to back away
and overlook the offense. Road rage has led to murder over trivial offenses in all
50 states. Getting even could get you killed, not to mention the innocent drivers
in your vicinity. If you suspect that another driver may be drunk, stay away, and
alert the authorities as soon as it is safe to do so.

10) Keep a buffer between yourself and other motorists.

Tailgating leads to rear-end collisions, and you will be the one to foot the bill for
the repairs. The NHTSA estimates that 1/3 of all traffic accidents are caused by
tailgating, and could be prevented with proper distance. Allow at least two

seconds of lead time in good weather, more in bad weather.

11) Monitor your blind spots, and stay out of others' blind spots.
This is especially true of large vehicles, such as tractor-trailers. The rule of thumb
is that if you can't see the driver in the truck mirror, he can't see you either.
Accidents involving semi- trucks often prove fatal for the driver of a car.

12) Don't drive drunk, buzzed, high, or low.

Even an over-the-counter cold medication can alter your response times, so
assess yourself honestly before deciding to drive. The average drinker can only
metabolize one drink per hour. One drink equates to 12 ounces of beer, or 5
ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of distilled spirits. If you are under the influence of
any mind-altering substance, stay away from the wheel. NHTSA estimates 28
people die daily in the U.S. from drunk driving accidents.

13) Adjust for rain.

When the roads are slick and wet, especially in a heavy downpour or the first
thirty minutes of a storm, your braking times increase. Turn off cruise control.
Add extra space between your vehicle and other vehicles. Slow down as much
as is feasible. Learn to detect and react properly to hydroplaning.

14) Prepare for snowy weather.

Slow down, and use snow chains if you see snow accumulating on the highway,
but do not use chains on ice. If you live in an area where snow and ice are
common, invest in winter snow tires. Always turn off your cruise control if you
suspect ice may be present.

15) Inflate your tires appropriately, and change them when they are worn.
Properly inflated tires make for safer handling, and blowouts can cause an
instant loss of control.

16) Use headlights wisely.

Anytime visibility is impaired on winding roads, during fog, rain, snow, or low
light, make sure you can be seen by turning on your headlights. Only use your
high beams in low-traffic areas, and turn them down for oncoming drivers.

17) Maintain your vehicle.

Regular oil changes and fluid checks can save you from surprise breakdowns on
the road. If your car becomes disabled on a busy highway or interstate, the
National Safety Council recommends that you try to pull over in the breakdown
lane, if possible. Remember to use your turn signals, and watch for fast-moving
cars. If you have parked a comfortable distance from traffic, lock the doors and
wait for help. 
If you are close to traffic, exit the vehicle, and find a safe place to stand, away
from the side and rear of the car. If you cannot reach the breakdown lane, and
your car is stopped in traffic, leave the vehicle as soon as it is safe to do so, and
wait for help in a secure location on the side of the road.

18) Respond safely to tailgaters.

If someone is following too closely, add twice as much space between your car
and the car in front of yours. This increases your ability to see and prepare for a
collision. Then carefully and gradually decrease your speed to slightly below the
speed of surrounding traffic, and try to move into a right hand lane, to let the
tailgater pass. Do not hit the brakes suddenly, unless you are forced to do so to
avoid a collision.

19) Keep a steady pace.

Sudden increases and decreases in speed, unexpected lane changes, and
unpredictable stops make it hard for other drivers to anticipate your actions. Be
predictable and avoid surprising anyone around you.

20) Look far ahead of your vehicle.

Keep your eyes far down the road, and anticipate problems before you come to
them. Look for erratic drivers, slow traffic, intersections, and highway debris.

Many defensive driving classes are available online and in your area. This can
make a great gift for a young family member, or you can use it as a preventive
exercise for yourself.

Above all else, make sure you're covered with an affordable car insurance policy.

ACTIVITY NUMBER THREE

Please choose 10 Top Defensive Driving Tips to Keep
You Safe and write why did you choose each one.