Assignment no. 1, Geos.

722, Fall 2020-21

Name: Saud Ur Rehman

Class: MS Geospatial Sciences
Deadline: 05-Feb-2021
Marks: 10

Read 10 impact factor research papers of the applications of DEM/DTM/DSM in Geosciences and insert
relevant information in the following table:

S. References Satellite and Main analysis type Outcome/results

No other data used
.
1 Reference is SRTM DEM, Snow Runoff Model Snow Runoff Area, Runoff Output
given below MODIS, ECMWF (Assimilation Mode, Forecast mode).
2 Reference is ASTR DEM, Impact of Climate change on Snow The SRM used the degree-day factor and
given below MODIS distribution precipitation gradient optimized by the SM to
simulate river flows. Temperature and
precipitation data from eight kinds of general
circulation models (GCMs) were used for
bias correction. The SM and SRM were first
calibrated and validated using 2009–2015
data, and then bias-corrected future climate
data were input to the models to simulate
future SCA and river flows. Under both the
representative concentration pathways (RCP)
4.5 and 8.5, the annual average SCA and river
flow were projected to decrease in the mid
and late 21st century, although seasonal
increases were simulated in some instances.
Uncertainty ranges in projected SCA and
river flow under RCP 8.5 were small in the
mid 21st century and large in the late 21st
century. Therefore, climate change is
projected to alter high-altitude stream sources
in the Hindukush mountains and reduce the
amount of water reaching downstream areas.
3 Reference is SRTM DEM Evaluating the Performance of a In this work, the added value of using an RF-
given below Random Forest Kernel for Land based kernel in an SVM classifier (i.e., RFK)
Cover Classification by comparing its performance against that of
standard RF and SVM-RBF classifiers were
evaluated. This comparison is done using two
datasets: a time series of WV2 images
acquired over Sukumba (Mali), and a
 hyperspectral AVIRIS image over Salinas
(CA, USA). The obtained OAs and their SD
values indicate that three classifiers perform
at about the same level in most of the
experiments. Their findings show that there
are alternatives to the expensive tuning
process of SVM-RBF classifiers.
4 Reference is DEM, Flood Data Flood Hazard mapping Flood Impact, Flood extent
given below obtained from
environment
agency
5 Reference is SRTM DEM, Flood inundation Flood extent, hydrological modeling
given below Rainfall Data, Soil
Data
6 Reference is ASTR, SRTM and Effect of elevation on Landslide This study used three different landslide
given below ALOS PALASAR susceptibility. susceptibility assessment techniques:
DEM, Rainfall, modified frequency ratio (bivariate model),
geology,landslide logistic regression (multivariate model), and
inventories, random forest (machine-learning model).
NDVI, Landuse This study explored two scenarios of
data landslide susceptibility assessment: using
only DEM-derived causal factors and using
both DEM-derived factors as well as other
common factors. The success and prediction
rate curves indicate that the SRTM DEM
provides the highest accuracies for the
bivariate model in both scenarios. Results
also reveal that the ALOS PALSAR DEM
shows the best performance in landslide
susceptibility mapping using the logistics
regression and the random forest models. A
relatively finer resolution DEM, the SOB
DEM, shows the lowest accuracies compared
to other DEMs for all models and scenarios.
It can also be noted that the performance of
all DEMs except the SOB DEM is close
(72%–84%) considering the success and
prediction accuracies. Therefore, anyone of
the three global DEMs: ASTR, SRTM, and
ALOS PALSAR can be used for landslide
susceptibility mapping in the study area
7 Reference is Landsat TM, Glacier Monitoring Using historical terminus positions and
given below IKONOS, ASTR Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), IKONOS,
DEM and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission
and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) global
digital elevation model (GDEM) data for the
Gangotri Glacier in the Himalayas,
longitudinal profiles and 3D surfaces of the
glacier for 1900, 1935, and 1971 were
reconstructed, and the amount and rate of
 volumetric losses during 1900–1935, 1935–
1971, and 1971–2005 were derived. The
methods can be used for more detailed study
on estimating volume loss of the Himalayan
glaciers and other glaciers.
8 Reference is RADARSAT Generation of top of canopy in a A feasibility study is prepared for creating a
given below DEM, GPS tropical rain forest using DEM top-of-canopy Digital Elevation Model
Survey data (DEM) based on Radarsat data from the
tropical rain forest regions of Malaysia.
Through a case study, the accuracy of the
generated DEM is verified, showing
reasonable accuracy.
9 Reference is LIDAR DEM Volcano hazard mapping LiDAR data points, collected during a survey
given below in October 2005, were used to generate a
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and a
calibrated intensity map of the ground
surface. The DEM, derived maps and
topographic cross-sections were used to
complete a geomorphological analysis of
Stromboli, which led to the identification of
four main geomorphological domains linked
to major volcanic cycles.
10 Reference is DEM Extraction ridge and valley The extraction of ridge and valley
given below connectivity networks from Digital connectivity networks is essential for
Elevation Models studying spatio-temporal organizations.
Extraction of such connectivity networks
from multiscale DEMs has lately received
notable attention. A simple method is
proposed to extract these networks, from a
sample DEM as well as a simulated fractal
DEM, using non-linear morphological
transformations in a methodical way. Further,
the proposed method can be adapted to
extract these complex topological networks
from DEMs generated from either remotely
sensed or topographic data.

References:
1: Pangali Sharma TP, Zhang J, Khanal NR, Prodhan FA, Paudel B, Shi L, Nepal N. Assimilation of
Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) Using Satellite Remote Sensing Data in Budhi Gandaki River Basin,
Nepal. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12(12):1951.
2: Azizi AH, Asaoka Y. Assessment of the Impact of Climate Change on Snow Distribution and River
Flows in a Snow-Dominated Mountainous Watershed in the Western Hindukush–Himalaya,
Afghanistan. Hydrology. 2020; 7(4):74.
3: Zafari A, Zurita-Milla R, Izquierdo-Verdiguier E. Evaluating the Performance of a Random Forest
Kernel for Land Cover Classification. Remote Sensing. 2019.
4: Muthusamy M, Rivas Casado M, Salmoral G, Irvine T, Leinster P. A Remote Sensing Based Integrated
Approach to Quantify the Impact of Fluvial and Pluvial Flooding in an Urban Catchment. Remote
Sensing. 2019; 11(5):577. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11050577
5: Bhattacharya B, Mazzoleni M, Ugay R. Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-
Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11(5):501.
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11050501
6: Rabby YW, Ishtiaque A, Rahman MS. Evaluating the Effects of Digital Elevation Models in Landslide
Susceptibility Mapping in Rangamati District, Bangladesh. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12(17):2718.
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172718
7: Dong, P., Wang, C., & Ding, J. (2013). Estimating glacier volume loss using remotely sensed images,
digital elevation data, and GIS modelling. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 34(24), 8881–
8892. doi:10.1080/01431161.2013.853893 
8: Chen, Y., Shi, P., Deng, l., & Li, J. (2007). Generation of a top‐of‐canopy Digital Elevation Model
(DEM) in tropical rain forest regions using radargrammetry. International Journal of Remote Sensing,
28(19), 4345–4349. doi:10.1080/01431160500380653
9: Fornaciai, A., Bisson, M., Landi, P., Mazzarini, F., & Pareschi, M. T. (2010). A LiDAR survey of
Stromboli volcano (Italy): Digital elevation model-based geomorphology and intensity analysis.
International Journal of Remote Sensing, 31(12), 3177–3194. doi:10.1080/01431160903154416 
10: Sagar, B. S. D., Murthy, M. B. R., Rao, C. B., & Raj, B. (2003). Morphological approach to extract
ridge and valley connectivity networks from Digital Elevation Models. International Journal of Remote
Sensing, 24(3), 573–581. doi:10.1080/01431160304983