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Quenching and tempering of 51CrV4 (SAE-AISI 6150) steel via medium and low
frequency induction
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Enver Atik
Manisa Celal Bayar University
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Izmir, Enver Atik, Manisa, and rectly related to tempering time and temperature. In many applications,
Erdal Celik, Izmir, Turkey conventionally quenched and tempered steel is widely used for acquir-
ing high strength and toughness. The present study was carried out
to investigate the variation in mechanical properties, observation of
diminished energy consumption and evaluation of the microstructural
properties in SAE-AISI 6150 steel components by induction heating,
compared with those of steel tempered by conventional method. Induc-
Article Information
tion quenched and tempered steel provides a shorter process time, less
For personal use only.
Electromagnetic induction is a heating and hardening have become increasingly the heating rate and pattern [1,3,6]. 51CrV4
method employed for electrically conduc- important thanks to advantages such as a steel is a Cr-V alloyed heat-treatable steel
tive materials such as metals. It is used in short process time, accurate temperature [11]. It can be used in many applications, for
process heating prior to metalworking, heat control and cost effectiveness in comparison example, commercially as spring steel [12].
treating, welding and melting [1]. The most with conventional heating methods [7, 8]. The aim of the current study is to inves-
important feature of induction heating is its Because of its superior properties, it also tigate quenching and tempering processes
speed because heating occurs directly on improves mechanical properties by provid- at medium and low frequency induction of
the metal. In general, induction is used for ing for less decarburization [9, 10]. 51CrV4 steel. Another object of the study is
surface heating. Morevover, heat transfer is Induction heating relies on two mecha- to investigate the possibility of minimizing
3,000 times better than that of other heat- nisms: Joule heating and magnetic hystere- heat treatment duration in these processes.
ing methods. In this way, the warming-up sis. These two mechanisms generate heat- Moreover, tempering temperatures and
process is completed more rapidly which ing. Non-uniform current distribution within their effects were investigated for both con-
accounts for a reduction of time spent on the conductor cross-section is called the skin ventional and induction heating.
this phase [2–5]. Induction heating is con- effect, since approximately 86 % of the power
sidered one of the most powerful heating will be concentrated in the surface layer of Experimental studies
methods for modern electromagnetic pro- the conductor. For this reason, induction is
cessing of materials because it provides generally used for surface heating. Moreo- In this study 50 × 10 × 6 mm3 51CrV4 (SAE-
energy-efficient heat in a minimal amount ver, coil design and selection of power-sup- AISI 6150) steel samples were used. The
of time [6]. Recently, induction tempering ply frequency and rating ensures control of chemical composition of the steel is given in
Table 1. The dimensions of the parts are are given in Table 3. All heat treatments constant. Following the heat treatments, a
shown in Figure 1. Samples were first nor- were performed in the air. Induction heating Rockwell-C test was performed on the sam-
malized and quenched and then tempered was carried out within a copper coil (see Fig- ples according to ASTM E18-12, and the
Materials Testing downloaded from www.hanser-elibrary.com by Hanser - Library on June 5, 2018
via induction and conventional mecha- ure 3). A schematic illustration of the heat Vickers hardness of the samples were
nisms, respectively. Normalizing was per- treatments is given in Figure 4. The heating measured by loading 100 g of force for
formed through conventional heating. Two rate was adjusted to 1 °C × s-1 and 10 seconds according to ASTM E384-11e1.
different frequency models were used in the 100 °C × s-1 for conventional and induction The Vickers hardness values of the sam-
induction mechanism (Figure 2). The induc- heating, respectively. During the induction ples were measured from the surface to the
tion mechanism used was a moderate fre- heating process, heating times were opti- bottom in order to maintain the skin effect
quency unit (45 kHz-12 kW) for quenching mized according to hardness values ob- (see Figure 5). Moreover, the heat treated
while a low frequency unit was used for tained and the optimal duration determined samples were cut and microstructure im-
tempering (2.5 kHz-5 kW). Conventional by the results of these values. Preliminarily, ages of the specimens were examined
heating was carried out in an electrical re- half the traditional heat treatment periods through an optical microscope and via SEM
For personal use only.
sistance furnace. The normalizing and aus- were targeted. The initial heating time was analysis. The images were taken on the
tenitizing temperature was set for 870 °C. reduced from 15 min to 1 min. polished surface of the cross-section.
Heating parameters are given in Table 2. During the quenching process, medium
Heat treatment parameters were chosen ac- frequency was applied to the samples ow- Results and discussion
cording to practical values currently applied ing to rapid heating, During the tempering
at a heat treatment company. process, low frequency was applied be- Rockwell-C hardness measurements. In
The quenching temperature of the oil was cause of more uniform heating. A laser py- this study, the conventional and induction
40 °C. The properties of the quenching oil rometer was used to keep the temperature hardening processes of 51CrV4 heat treata-
ble steel were investigated and the mechani-
cal and microstructural properties of the
two conditions compared. For this compari-
son, tempering temperatures were signifi-
Figure 4: Schematic
illustration of heat
treatments
C Si Mn P S Cr V
0.47-0.55 Max. 0.4 0.7-1.1 Max. 0.025 Max. 0.025 0.9-1.2 0.1-0.25
60 (2018) 6
616 MECHANICAL TESTING/MATERIALOGRAPHY
60 (2018) 6
MECHANICAL TESTING/MATERIALOGRAPHY 617
agreement with the literature [13–15]. medium and low frequency induction achieved when low frequency induction
These SEM results definitely prove that the units. Conventional heat treatment param- heating was used for tempering to attain
choice of hardening methods has a signifi- eters were obtained from a heat treatment uniform heating. Better hardness values
cant effect on mechanical properties. company. Induction heating was applied and smaller grains sizes were obtained via
for both quenching and tempering. Induc- induction heating. The skin effect was not
Conclusions tion heating reduced the heating duration observed. This study proves that induction
for quenching (from 25 min to 2 min) and can be used not only for quenching but also
In this study, quenching and two varied for tempering (from 120-180 min to 1 min). for tempering . This allows these processes
tempering processes were performed using Moreover better hardness values were to be performed more quickly and with
lower energy consumption. Moreover, low-
frequency induction could prevent the skin
effect.Nevertheless, it is important to note
that medium frequency is more suitable for
quenching than low frequency because
rapid heating cannot be achieved at low
frequency. Furthermore, a lower frequency
in the tempering process can yield better
Materials Testing downloaded from www.hanser-elibrary.com by Hanser - Library on June 5, 2018
References
60 (2018) 6
618 MECHANICAL TESTING/MATERIALOGRAPHY
strength ferrite–martensite dual-phase steel, einen geringeren Energieverbrauch bei der Herstellung und höhere me-
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, chanische Eigenschaften auf, da hierbei Kornwachstum verhindert wird.
and Materials 22 (2015), No. 9, pp. 933-941
DOI:10.1007/s12613-015-1152-5
In der Studie wurden Abschreck- und Anlassprozesse mittels Induktions-
14 D. N. Zou, Y. Han, W. Zhang, X. D. Fang: einrichtungen bei mittlerer und niedriger Frequenz Im Vergleich mit ei-
Influence of tempering process on mechanical
nem konventionellen Widerstandsofen durchgeführt. Es stellte sich her-
properties of 00Cr13Ni4Mo supermartensitic
stainless steel, Journal of Iron and Steel Re- aus, dass die Zementitpartikel in den induktions-wärmebehandelten Pro-
search, International 17 (2010), No. 8, pp. 50-54 ben beginnen, ihre Form von kugelig zu einer feinkörnigen Struktur zu
DOI:10.1016/S1006-706X(10)60128-8
15 W. S. Li, H. Y. Gao, Z. Y. Li, H. Nakashima, verändern. Die Probe, die mit einer niedrigen Induktionsfrequenz wärme-
For personal use only.
S. Hata, and W. H. Tian: Effect of lower behandelt wurde, zeigte überragende mechanische Eigenschaften und ei-
bainite/martensite/retained austenite triplex
microstructure on the mechanical properties
nen potentiellen Vorteil bezüglich signifikanter Kosteneinsparungen.
of a low-carbon steel with quenching and
partitioning process, International Journal of
Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials 23 (2016),
No. 3, pp. 303-313
DOI:10.1007/s12613-016-1239-7
Bibliography
assistant professor in Department of Mechanical with a degree in Mechanical Engineering. He com-
DOI 10.3139/120.111196 Engineering at Celal Bayar University in Manisa. pleted his Master of Science in Mechanical Engi-
Materials Testing Dr. Metin Yurddaskal, born in 1989, gradu- neering at the Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
60 (2018) 6, pages 614-618 ated from Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey in 1987. In 1994, he received his PhD also from
© Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG in 2011 with a first degree in Metallurgical and that university. He has been working as a profes-
ISSN 0025-5300 Materials Engineering. He completed his Master sor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at
of Science thesis and his PhD thesis at the De- the Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey.
The authors of this contribution partment of Metallurgical and Materials Engi- Prof. Dr. Erdal Celik, born in 1967, graduated
neering in 2014 and 2017, respectively. He has from Istanbul Technical University in 1993 with
Dr. Can Civi, born in in 1987, graduated from been working as an assistant professor in the De- a degree in Metallurgical and Materials Engineer-
Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey in 2009 partment of Metallurgical and Materials Enge- ing. He is now director of the Center for Fabrica-
with a degree in Mechanical Engineering. He com- neering at Dokuz Eylul University in Izmir. tion and Applications of Electronic Materials and
pleted his Master of Science thesis as well as his He works on composite materials, nanoparticles, works as a professor at Dokuz Eylul University,
PhD thesis at the Department of Mechanical Engi- thin films and materials characterization. Izmir, Turkey. He also works on nanotechnology,
neering of Celal Bayar University in 2011 and Prof. Dr. Enver Atik, born in 1963. He gradu- production techniques, electronic materials,
2016, respectively. He has been working as an ated from Istanbul Technical University in 1984 materials characterization and thin films.
60 (2018) 6