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3D-3C visualization of velocity gradients and coherent structures in free shear

turbulent jets by TRSS-PIV and volumetric PIV

Conference Paper · August 2014

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17 International Symposium on Applications of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics
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3D-3C visualization of velocity gradients and coherent structures in free

shear turbulent jets by TRSS-PIV and volumetric PIV

A. Villegas1*, M. Tawfik1, Y. Cheng1, D.C. Bissell2, S. Pothos2, F.J. Diez1

1: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854 USA
2: TSI Incorporated, 500 Cardigan Road, Shoreview, MN 55125USA
* correspondent author: artuvv@yahoo.es

Abstract Instantaneous 3D-3C visualization of the velocity, velocity gradients, vorticity, strain rate and pressure are
obtained with near Kolmogorov scale resolution for a free shear turbulent jet. These 3D structures are calculated from
3D-3C velocity fields obtained with two volumetric measurement systems that are compared to each other. One is a
Time Resolved Scanning Stereoscopic PIV and the other is a volumetric PIV (V3V) system measurements. The
experiment was designed to resolve single velocity gradient structures with the highest accuracy possible which resulted
in control volumes just a few viscous lengths in size. The present study investigates these fine scale coherent structures
that contribute to the more complex turbulent behavior. The nine-components of the velocity gradient tensor reveal
basic structure shapes in the forms of sheets, tubes and spherical blobs. Similarly, the reconstructed vorticity and strain
rate structures also present shapes in the forms of tubes and sheets. More importantly, they appear to be within close
approximation, indicating that they may be interacting with each other. In the end, we also propose a method for
identifying vorticity structures at the smallest scales based on resolving the pressure field.

1. Introduction

Eddies found in turbulent flows vary greatly in size. The large scale motions are controlled by the geometry
of the flow, while the small scale motions generally depend on viscosity and the energy transported from
large scales. The small scales in turbulent flows have been widely studied for their nearly universal
structures (Kolmogorov and Andrey Nikolaevich 1941) yet they still remain a challenging problem.
To resolve turbulent structures experimentally, various flow imaging techniques have been developed over
the past two decades. Holographic PIV was applied to obtain 3D coherent turbulent structures (Meng and
Hussain 1991), (Zhang, Tao, and Katz 1997) and reconstructed 3D vorticity and strain rate structures has
enabled the observation of alignment of vortex tubes to local strain (Tao, Katz, and Meneveau 2000).
Sakakibara, Hishida, and Phillips (2001) applied a time resolved PIV technique to the measurement of an
impinging jet and 3D “wall rib” structures were visualized indicating the high production of vorticity at the
merge of cross ribs and wall ribs. Bharathram Ganapathisubramani et al. (2005) performed a dual-plane PIV
experiments which obtained the complete velocity gradient tensor and identified the hairpin vortex structures
at a turbulent boundary layer. The primary goal of the present study is to resolve the fine-scale turbulent
coherent structures with near Kolmogorov scale resolution. A time-resolved stereoscopic scanning PIV
(TRSS-PIV) measurement system was designed to visualize the 3D structures and results are compared with
those obtained from 3D volumetric PIV (V3V) system. Time resolved stereoscopic scanning PIV has been
used by a limited number of researchers due to its high complexity. Burgmann and Schröder (2008) applied
time resolving stereoscopic scanning PIV to investigate the structure and dynamics of vortices in a laminar
separation bubble. The method was also applied to extract the large vortical structures present in turbulent
jets (Hori and Sakakibara 2004), with measurements limited to vortex structures within scales far from the
inner length scales due to the large volume used (i.e.: 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm).

2. Experimental setup
2.1. Test apparatus

The experiment involved a water jet injected into a still water tank. The tank has a cross-section dimension
of 300 × 300 mm and the length is 750 mm. The tank is filled with filtered fresh water kept at a constant
temperature of 210C. The water tank and jet are seeded with hollow glass spheres 10 µm in diameters and

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density of 1.05-1.15 g/cm3.

The source flows are injected horizontally into the fresh water tank for measurements of steady round non-
buoyant turbulent jet in a still flow. The source flow passes through smooth round rigid acrylic tube having
an inside diameter of 3 mm. The injector passages had length/diameter ratio greater than 50 to insure fully
developed turbulent pipe flow at the source exit for sufficiently large injector Reynolds numbers. The jet is
discharged horizontally from right to left as shown in Fig. 1a. The source liquid is supplied to the tube using
a pulseless syringe pump (Harvard Apparatus, PHD2000, Model 702000 with two 140 cc syringes having
volumetric accuracies of ±1% mounted in parallel) that induces a flow rate of 210 cm3/min at the jet nozzle.
The pump is calibrated by collecting liquid for time intervals. The syringes are filled for each experiment
using fluid from the tank. The temperature and the tracer density on the jet and background fluids were
identical. At least 30 min elapsed between different data sets to allow the flow in the tank to come to rest
from a previous injection. After refilling the syringes, the flow is allowed to settle in the tank for 5 min
before the experiment is performed.

2.2. Instrumentation

Two measurement systems capable of obtaining the volumetric three-component 3D3C velocity field were
used and their results compared. These are a time-resolved scanning stereo PIV (TRSS-PIV) and volumetric
particle tracking velocimetry (3DPTV). The arrangement of the TRSS-PIV system consists of a laser, two
cameras, a synchronization unit, a series of optics and an oscillating mirror. The laser sheet is redirected by
the scanning mirror to generate a set of laser sheets, which are passed through a spherical lens becoming
parallel to each other and illuminating the observation volume. The observation volume is located at some
distance downstream of the turbulent jet. The system consists of two high speed cameras (Photron Ultima
APX) with 1024 pixels × 1024 pixels resolution at 2000 Hz, an Nd-YAG 532 nm pulsed laser (Pegasus) with
10 mJ at 1000 Hz, and a synchronization unit with 1ns resolution. The thickness of the laser sheet at the test
section is kept at 0.9 mm to ensure proper spatial resolution. The volume is reconstructed from 20 planes
generated as the planar laser sheet is traverse by the scanning system.
At each plane location a mapping polynomial transformation is obtained from the target calibration. This is
used to correlate the 2D2C planar velocity field from the left and right camera and produce a two-
dimensional three-component planar 2D3C velocity field. The position of the 20 2D3C planar velocity fields
is known so they can be combined and reconstructed into a 3D3C velocity field. TRSS-PIV system enables
an accurate representation of the 3D3C velocity information as well as its evolution in time.
The volumetric PIV (V3V) system described by Pereira et al. 2000 and commercialized and further enhanced
by TSI Inc. (Shoreview, MN, USA) was also used to determine the velocity field. The flow was illuminated
by a dual-pulsed dual-head Nd:YAG laser with 200 mJ/pulse. Two negative 25-mm cylindrical lenses are
mounted in front of the beam exit to produce an ellipsoidal cone of laser light. Beam blocks are used to limit
the horizontal thickness of the illumination volume to approximately 50000 mm3. Silver coated glass spheres
with a mean diameter of approximately 10 µm are used as the tracer particles. The volumetric camera body
consisted of three apertures arranged in an equilateral triangle each containing a CCD array with four million
pixels (2,048 pixels x 2,048 pixels) of size 7.4 microns and depth 12 bits. Three 60mm Nikon camera lenses
are used. The three cameras in the V3V assembly and the laser are triggered using a TSI 610035
synchronizer with 1 ns time resolution. Each of the three cameras captured pairs of images. Instantaneous
velocity fields are determined in four steps: identification of 2D particle locations from each of three
apertures (cameras), determination of 3D particle locations in space, tracking of individual particles in the
volume, and interpolation of the resulting randomly spaced vectors onto a Cartesian grid (Troolin and
Longmire 2010).

2.3. Test conditions

Test conditions for the present experiment in a round non-buoyant turbulent jet in still fluid are summarized
in Table 1. Measurements are carried out at 145-155 x/D from the jet exit in a volume. The measurement
volume is centered just below the flow centerline. Other overall test conditions were as follows: source
diameter of 3.2 mm, exit velocity of 0.435 m/s, Reynolds number of 1386, and observed volumes of
31×15×12 mm.

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Table 1. Main experimental parameters

Parameter description Value Units

Kinematic viscosity ν 1.0047×10-6 m2/s
Jet flow rate Q 210 cm3/s
Nozzle diameter D 0.0032 m
Jet exit velocity Uo 0.435 m/s
Jet Reynolds number Re 1386 -
Momentum flux Jo 1.5×10-3 N
Streamwise location x 0.480 m
Local jet centerline velocity measured Uc 0.019 m/s
Local outer length scale δ 0.17 m
Local outer time scale τδ 9.3 s
Local outer-scale Reynolds number Reδ 3200 -
Local viscous length scale λν 4.5 mm
Local viscous time scale τν 20.4 s
Local mean dissipation rate ε 2.9×10-6 m2/s3
Size of PIV interrogation window Δx 0.88 mm
Separation between measurement planes Δz 0.6 mm
Local Kolmogorov length scale λk 0.77 mm
Local Kolmogorov time scale τk 0.58 s

3. Statistical Analysis of Velocity Gradients

The present study resolves the dissipation scales in a turbulent jet by measuring 3D3C velocity field and
calculating the nine-component velocity gradient tensor. The three components of the velocity ui were
differentiated along the three directions xj to obtain the nine components of the velocity gradient tensor
∂ui ∂x j
. Especially in fine-scale turbulence, the statistics of the velocity gradients are often studied to
characterize the universality of the flow. For instance, the probability density functions (PDF) of the velocity
gradients have been widely investigated in both DNS and experimental studies (Benzi et al. 1991; Mullin
and Dahm 2006; B. Ganapathisubramani, Lakshminarasimhan, and Clemens 2008; Ishihara, Gotoh, and
Kaneda 2009). The present study calculates the PDF of the nine velocity gradients and compares it with
available published results. The nine components of velocity gradients are calculated using a central-
difference scheme in the volumetric velocity fields. Figures 2 illustrate the PDF’s of velocity gradients. The
results are shown in semi-logarithmic axes, with the velocity gradient components non-dimensionalized by
2
the viscous scale (ν λν ). The PDF shapes are similar between the different velocity components. The shape
of the PDF’s deviates significantly from Gaussian profiles which has been previously reported in both
numerical and experimental studies (Chen et al. 1989; Sreenivasan and Antonia 1997; B.
Ganapathisubramani, Lakshminarasimhan, and Clemens 2008). This is due to the intermittency of
turbulence, the presence of occasional high velocity gradient values causing the separation at the tails.
∂u ∂x , i = j
The tail of the pdfs for the three on-diagonal velocity gradient components ( i j ) in Fig. 2a, have
∂u ∂x , i ≠ j
steeper gradient than the tails of the pdfs for the off-diagonal components ( i j ) in Fig. 2b. This is
consistent with other experimental results for free shear turbulence (Mullin and Dahm 2006; B.
Ganapathisubramani, Lakshminarasimhan, and Clemens 2008) where the data satisfied the local
2 2

homogeneous isotropy relation

(∂u i ∂x j ) i≠ j
= 2(∂ui ∂x j ) i= j
.

4. Visualization of structures

The primary goal of this work is to investigate the fine scale coherent structures or “building blocks” that
contribute to the more complex turbulent behavior, as previously discovered by several numerical and

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experimental studies (Siggia 1981; Moisy and Jiménez 2004; B. Ganapathisubramani, Lakshminarasimhan,
and Clemens 2008). To visualize and study the dynamics of these structures, TRSS-PIV and V3V systems
are used to measure the flow field of turbulent jets.

4.1. Visualization of velocity

The 3D velocity magnitude contour plot is often used to represent the flow obtained with planar stereoscopic
PIV (Mullin and Dahm 2005). With TRSS-PIV and V3V, the planar velocity magnitude contour plot can be
extended to surface contour plot in a 3D volume, as shown in Fig. 3a. Furthermore, the velocity magnitude
structures inside the volume can be visualized by using iso-surface as shown in Fig. 3b. The velocity
magnitude is represented by both the color scale and the 3D surfaces to help identify flow structures.
As a result of the high temporal resolution of the TR-SSPIV system, the evolution of velocity structures in
time can be obtained. Figure 4 illustrates a time sequence of the velocity field with increments of 20 ms
between images. The flow pattern maintains the same structure during at least 100 ms and it is convected
along the x-direction with the streamwise velocity of the jet. This validates the temporal resolution of the
TRSS-PIV system and demonstrates an accurate volume reconstruction from the set of scanning planes since
the same structure can be tracked in time.
When evaluating velocity fields, both the TRSS-PIV and the V3V system produced qualitatively similar
results. For instance, Fig. 5 shows two instantaneous iso-surface groups of the velocity magnitude by using
the TRSS-PIV (Fig. 5a) and V3V (Fig. 5b) measurements. Velocity magnitude structures from both systems
have about the same size and values for all the analyzed sets. Commonly, just few strong velocity magnitude
structures are found within each volume. Figure 5 shows the similarities in the results from both
measurement systems.

4.2. Visualization of velocity gradients

Velocity gradients are responsible for the rotation and deformation of fluid material in turbulence. Their
presence closely affects material propagation, mixing, vortex stretching, dissipation, and many other
dynamic phenomena. For the present measurements, we represent the velocity gradients by using iso-
surfaces at chosen thresholds to reveal the core of flow structures. The choice of threshold for iso-surfaces
plays an important role in separating complex structures to visualize simple fundamental shapes. The
structures observed maintained their shape for periods of time of the order of the Kolmogorov time scale.
The iso-surfaces of the nine velocity gradients calculated with the V3V system are shown in Fig. 6. The nine
velocity gradients have structures varying in shape and strength. To compare the strength of each velocity
gradient component a threshold value of ±0.5s-1 was chosen for all gradients. This represents only the more
intense gradients with smaller gradients not captured with this threshold value. While previous studies
focused on the strain rate or vortex structures (Vincent and Meneguzzi 1991; B. Ganapathisubramani,
Lakshminarasimhan, and Clemens 2008; Elsinga and Marusic 2010), the current measurement results present
the structure of individual components of velocity gradients. This shows that the worm-like or sheet-like
shapes of vortex structures, as visualized by B. Ganapathisubramani, Lakshminarasimhan, and Clemens
2008 and Elsinga and Marusic 2010, are composed of different velocity gradients with simple shapes. In this
example, the nine-components of the velocity gradient tensor reveal basic structure shapes in the form of
sheets, tubes and spherical blobs.

4.3. Visualization of Vorticity, Strain Rate and Pressure

The presence of three-dimensional vortex structures is one of the most significant characteristics of turbulent
flows. Many vortex identification criteria have been established to isolate vortex structures from the low
turbulence background flow. However, there is still no universal definition to extract them (Jeong and
Hussain 1995; Chakraborty, Balachandar, and Adrian 2005). Enstrophy, the square of vorticity, is the most
common way to define strong vortex cores (Jeong & Hussain 1995). However, the high enstrophy criterion
does not always identify vortex cores successfully especially when strong shear is involved or high vorticity
sheets occur. Another method to identify vortex structures is the Q-criterion, proposed by Hunt, Wray, and
Moin 1988, and defined as the second invariant of the velocity tensor as

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1
Q=
2
(2
Ω − S
2
),
12 12

where ⎣ ( )
S = ⎡tr SS T ⎤
⎦ and ⎣ (
Ω = ⎡tr ΩΩT ⎤ )
⎦ . The Q criterion detects high vorticity regions using Q > 0 ,
while high strain rate regions correspond to Q<0. Figures 7a and 7b illustrate two different structures
identified using the Q-criterion. The vortical structure identified by the Q>0 criterion is a single tube-like
structure with a smooth surface. The strain rate structure identified by the Q<0 criterion has more of a plane-
like shape although it is not obvious from the angle shown and it is weaker than the vertical one.
The V3V measurements also allow us to resolve the 3D pressure field. This pressure field can also be used as
a vortex identification method. To our knowledge, only a few numerical simulations have used the local
pressure to characterize the vortex core (Douady, Couder, and Brachet 1991; Kalelkar 2006; Wang 2010),
and this is the first time it is evaluated experimentally. This is mainly due to the complexity of calculating
the pressure experimentally, which involves solving the Navier-Stokes equation after measuring the 3D3C
velocity field. The proposed pressure criterion detects the local low pressure region to represent the vortex
core structures. Starting from the unforced Navier-Stokes equation,
v
∂u v v ∇p v
+ (u ⋅ ∇ ) u = − + ν∇2u
∂t ρ ,
and taking its divergence, the Poisson equation is obtained (Bradshaw and Koh 1981),
⎛ 1 ⎞
∇2 p = ρ ⎜ Ω2 − S 2 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ .
The right hand side of the equation can be calculated from the experimental 3D3C velocity field. This
Poisson equation is then solved numerically to provide the pressure field in the observation volume. A low
pressure threshold is used to extract iso-surfaces from the pressure field as shown for an instantaneous
snapshot of the flow in Fig. 7c. For this simple flow, the shape of the low pressure region is similar to that of
the Q-method. However, the pressure iso-surface is off-set when compared to the Q-method.
Figure 7d combines the structures obtained from the Q-method and the low-pressure iso-surface. The figure
also shows the region in the measurement volume where the largest velocity magnitude is observed (in red).
The vorticity structure in Fig. 7d has a tube-like shape and it is very intense. It also seems to be nearly
aligned with the low pressure region. Two strain rate structures appear to be very close to that vorticity
region, as if they might be interacting with each other. This type of pairing of rate of strain and vorticity has
been reported in numerical studies as well as experimental studies (B. Ganapathisubramani,
Lakshminarasimhan, and Clemens 2008).

5. Conclusions

Two volumetric measurement systems are used to obtained 3D-3C velocity fields. Results from two systems,
Time Resolved Scanning Stereoscopic PIV (TRSS-PIV) and 3D volumetric PIV (V3V) system, are
presented and compared showing good agreement. The statistics of the velocity gradients are studied to
characterize the turbulent flow. The PDF of the gradients are calculated and compared with available
published results showing good agreement. The PDF shapes are similar between the different velocity
components. The shape of the PDF’s deviates significantly from Gaussian profiles due to the intermittency
of turbulence, with the presence of occasional high velocity gradient values causing the separation at the
tails.
Instantaneous 3D-3C visualization of the velocity, velocity gradients, vorticity, strain rate and pressure are
obtained. The experiment resolved single velocity gradient structures by using control volumes just a few
viscous lengths in size. The nine-components of the velocity gradients tensor reveal basic structure shapes in
the forms of sheets, tubes and spherical blobs. Similarly, the reconstructed vorticity and strain rate structures
also presented shapes in the forms of tubes and sheets. Moreover, the approximation of vorticity and strain
rate structures suggests the possible interactions between the two.
In order to identify vortex structures the Q-criterion is used, where high vorticity regions are identified by
Q>0 and high strain rate regions by Q<0. For the present measurements, the vortical structure identified is a
single tube-like structure with a smooth surface while the strain rate structure identified has a plane-like
shape.

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By resolving the pressure field, we are also able to identified vortex structures at these smallest turbulent
scales, showing good agreement with the Q-criterion. The results show the strength of this method for vortex
identification.

References

Benzi, R., L. Biferale, G. Paladin, A. Vulpiani, and M. Vergassola. 1991. “Multifractality in the Statistics of
the Velocity Gradients in Turbulence.” Physical Review Letters 67 (17): 2299.
Bradshaw, P., and Y. M. Koh. 1981. “A Note on Poisson’s Equation for Pressure in a Turbulent Flow.”
Physics of Fluids (1958-1988) 24 (4): 777–777.
Burgmann, S., and W. Schröder. 2008. “Investigation of the Vortex Induced Unsteadiness of a Separation
Bubble via Time-Resolved and Scanning PIV Measurements.” Experiments in Fluids 45 (4): 675–91.
Chakraborty, P., S. Balachandar, and R. J. Adrian. 2005. “On the Relationships between Local Vortex
Identification Schemes.” Journal of Fluid Mechanics 535 (2005): 189–214.
Chen, Hudong, Jackson R. Herring, Robert M. Kerr, and Robert H. Kraichnan. 1989. “Non-Gaussian
Statistics in Isotropic Turbulence.” Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics (1989-1993) 1 (11): 1844–54.
Douady, S., Y. Couder, and M. E. Brachet. 1991. “Direct Observation of the Intermittency of Intense
Vorticity Filaments in Turbulence.” Physical Review Letters 67 (8): 983.
Elsinga, G. E., and I. Marusic. 2010. “Universal Aspects of Small-Scale Motions in Turbulence.” Journal of
Fluid Mechanics 662 (1): 514–39.
Ganapathisubramani, B., K. Lakshminarasimhan, and N. T. Clemens. 2008. “Investigation of Three-
Dimensional Structure of Fine Scales in a Turbulent Jet by Using Cinematographic Stereoscopic Particle
Image Velocimetry.” Journal of Fluid Mechanics 598: 141–76.
Ganapathisubramani, Bharathram, Ellen K. Longmire, Ivan Marusic, and Stamatios Pothos. 2005. “Dual-
Plane PIV Technique to Determine the Complete Velocity Gradient Tensor in a Turbulent Boundary Layer.”
Experiments in Fluids 39 (2): 222–31.
Hori, Toshio, and Jun Sakakibara. 2004. “High-Speed Scanning Stereoscopic PIV for 3D Vorticity
Measurement in Liquids.” Measurement Science and Technology 15 (6): 1067.
Hunt, J. C., A. A. Wray, and P. Moin. 1988. “Eddies, Streams, and Convergence Zones in Turbulent Flows.”
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Turbulence by Direct Numerical Simulation.” Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 41: 165–80.
Jeong, J., and F. Hussain. 1995. “On the Identification of a Vortex.” Journal of Fluid Mechanics 285 (69):
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Kalelkar, Chirag. 2006. “Statistics of Pressure Fluctuations in Decaying Isotropic Turbulence.” Physical
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Kolmogorov, and Andrey Nikolaevich. 1941. “The Local Structure of Turbulence in Incompressible Viscous
Fluid for Very Large Reynolds Numbers.” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR. 30 (4).
Meng, Hui, and Fazle Hussain. 1991. “Holographic Particle Velocimetry: A 3D Measurement Technique for
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Moisy, Frédéric, and Javier Jiménez. 2004. “Geometry and Clustering of Intense Structures in Isotropic
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Mullin, John A., and Werner J. A. Dahm. 2006. “Dual-Plane Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry
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Mullin, John A., and Werner JA Dahm. 2005. “Dual-Plane Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry (DSPIV) for
Measuring Velocity Gradient Fields at Intermediate and Small Scales of Turbulent Flows.” Experiments in
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Pereira, F., M. Gharib, D. Dabiri, and D. Modarress. 2000. “Defocusing Digital Particle Image Velocimetry:
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Sakakibara, J., K. Hishida, and W. R. C. Phillips. 2001. “On the Vortical Structure in a Plane Impinging Jet.”
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Siggia, Eric D. 1981. “Numerical Study of Small-Scale Intermittency in Three-Dimensional Turbulence.”

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Journal of Fluid Mechanics 107: 375–406.

Sreenivasan, K. R, and R. A. Antonia. 1997. “The Phenomenology of Small-Scale Turbulence.” Annual
Review of Fluid Mechanics 29 (1): 435–72.
Tao, Bo, Joseph Katz, and Charles Meneveau. 2000. “Geometry and Scale Relationships in High Reynolds
Number Turbulence Determined from Three-Dimensional Holographic Velocimetry.” Physics of Fluids 12
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Troolin, Daniel R., and Ellen K. Longmire. 2010. “Volumetric Velocity Measurements of Vortex Rings from
Inclined Exits.” Experiments in Fluids 48 (3): 409–20.
Vincent, A., and Maurice Meneguzzi. 1991. “The Spatial Structure and Statistical Properties of
Homogeneous Turbulence.” Journal of Fluid Mechanics 225 (1): 1–20.
Wang, Lipo. 2010. “On Properties of Fluid Turbulence along Streamlines.” Journal of Fluid Mechanics 648:
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Zhang, J., B. Tao, and J. Katz. 1997. “Turbulent Flow Measurement in a Square Duct with Hybrid
Holographic PIV.” Experiments in Fluids 23 (5): 373–81.

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Fig. 1 Experimental set up showing laser/camera arrangements and jet observation volume

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(a) (b)
-1 -1
10 10
∂u/∂x ∂v/∂x
∂v/∂y ∂w/∂x
∂w/∂z ∂u/∂y
P((∂u /∂x )/(ν/λ2ν )) -2 -2
∂w/∂y

P(∂u /∂x )/(ν/λ2ν ))

10 10 ∂u/∂z
∂v/∂z
i

j
i

i
-3 -3
10 10

-4 -4
10 10
-100 -50 0 50 100 -100 -50 0 50 100
(∂u /∂x )/(ν/λ2ν ) (∂u /∂x )/(ν/λ2ν )
i i i j

Fig. 2 PDF of (a) three on-diagonal and (b) six off-diagonal velocity gradients
Figure  5.  PDF  of  (a)  three  on-­‐diagonal  and  (b)  six  off-­‐diagonal  velocity  gradients  for  Case  2  
(ReD=3000,  x/D=150,  centerline  side-­‐view).  
 

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Fig. 3 Instantaneous 3D velocity profile, a) 3D contour surface plot and b) group iso-surface plot showing the flow
structure in more detail

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Fig. 4 Evolution of the velocity structures in time. The structures maintain their shape and propagate downstream along
the jet centerline axis

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(a) (b)

Fig. 5 Instantaneous 3D velocity magnitude iso-surfaces by a) TR-SSPIV and b) V3V

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∂ui ∂x j
ν λν2 -10 10

∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂z
ν λν2 ν λν2 ν λν2
z (m)

∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v ∂z
2 2
ν λν ν λν ν λν2

∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z
2 2
ν λν ν λν ν λν2

Fig. 6 Nine instantaneous intense velocity gradient isosurfaces by V3V. All velocity gradients are shown for the same
instantaneous volume

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 th
17 International Symposium on Applications of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics
Lisbon, Portugal, 07-10 July, 2014

(a) (b)
Q Q
= 12 = −4
ν λν2 ν λν2
z (m)

(c) (d)
r
p − pref u
= −0.06 =1
p∞ Uc

Fig. 7 Instantaneous intense (a) positive and (b) negative Q-isosurfaces, (c) pressure isosusrface and (d) Q and pressure
isosurfaces with addition of the total intense velocity isosurface. These structures are extracted from the same volume
shown in Fig. 5

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