Supply chain 2A

a) The nature and purpose of transport planning in relation to passenger and freight
transport in South Africa.

The purpose of transport planning in relation to passenger and freight transport is that it
usually addresses specific problems or broad transport concerns at a local level and
has been traditionally a preoccupation of lower-tier of the South African government.
Because of this fact, transport planning is most developed in the urban sphere, and it is
there where most experience has been gathered. The planning process, however, has
several similarities with the policy process. Identifying a problem, seeking options and
implementing the chosen strategy are essential steps in planning too. Because it tends
to deal with localized problems, the solutions adopted in transport planning tend to be
much more exact and specific than policy directives.

The vast preponderance of transport planning, particularly at the urban level, has been
devoted to passengers. The automobile and public transit issues have preoccupied
planners since individual mobility can be a highly political issue (drivers are also voters).
Yet, the mobility of freight represents a significant part of many problems that planning
seeks to address. Planning for freight movements, such as city logistics, is still in its
infancy. As a large private sector activity, it is difficult to control, and many of the
decisions that affect trucking are made by the industry itself. The emergence of large
distribution centers on the outer fringes of metropolitan areas is taking place without
much public control or oversight. In Europe, some attempts to manage such
development by establishing publicly promoted freight villages had only limited success.

The models and data inputs used in transportation planning are of little relevance when
applied to the mobility of freight. For example, demographic data, such as household
size, the backbone of passenger analysis, are irrelevant for freight flows within the
manufacturing sector. However, it matters for home deliveries. The bi-polar daily peak
of traffic movements applies only to passengers, freight movements being distributed in
a different profile over a 24-hour period. A more comprehensive freight planning
process is therefore emerging. In many cities, there is limited data on freight traffic, so
that planning takes place on an ad hoc basis. A much greater focus on freight planning
is required since freight distribution is an important component of urban mobility and
activities in South Africa.

Key points considered on passenger transport planning are as follows

 Can the users move conveniently?

 Does the transport network serve the places the users actually want to go?
 Is the transport service reliable?
 Is the route congested?
 Is the transport service available at the times the users want?
 How long will the journey take?
 How long will the users have to wait for the transport service?
 Does the transport service appear safe?
 Are the facilities such as bus shelters, stations and public transport interchanges
clean and safe?
 Do the users have necessary and useful information?
 Is it accessible at convenient locations?
 Is it responsive to the users’ needs such as persons with disabilities?

Key points considered on freight transport planning are as follows

 Do the users have to wait at the beginning and end of their journeys?
 How short is the route?
 How long will the journey take?
 Is the route congested?
 Are the route and its facilities well maintained?
 Are the users permitted to take their preferred routes or are there restrictions?
 When users arrive at their destinations, are necessary facilities available?
 Do the users have necessary and useful information?

Conclusion
Passenger and freight transport planning is of paramount importance when it comes
sustainable and in the process of effective transport system. The allocation, design,
and construction of transport infrastructure and services must be subject to careful
planning, both by public and private agencies. A distinction must be drawn between
policy and planning since the former usually relates the strategies and goals while the
latter refers to concrete actions. Because they both must reflect the fundamental
changes in society and contemporary issues and problems, policies and planning are
constantly changing.

b) The role of passenger transport in South Africa and how it may influence the
environment.

System of public passenger transport is important, because the current traffic system
in South Africa faces well known problems like congestion, environmental impact and
use of public space. Non-integrated public transport systems tend to neglect the
needs of customers, which ultimately results in a decrease of ridership. In particular,
the absence of an integrated public passenger transport system causes the problems
and inconveniences for customers and authorities for example travel time.

Public transportation provides people with mobility and access to employment,

community resources, medical care, and recreational opportunities in communities
across South Africa. It benefits those who choose to ride, as well as those who have no
other choice. Over 90 percent of public assistance recipients do not own a car and must
rely on public transportation. Public transit provides a basic mobility service to these
persons and to all others without access to a car. The incorporation of public
transportation options and considerations into broader economic and land use planning
can also help a community expand business opportunities, reduce sprawl, and create a
sense of community through transit-oriented development.

By creating a locus for public activities, such development contributes to a sense of

community and can enhance neighborhood safety and security. For these reasons,
areas with good public transit systems are economically thriving communities and offer
location advantages to businesses and individuals choosing to work or live in them. And
in times of emergency, public transportation is critical to safe and efficient evacuation,
providing the resiliency South African needs in its emergency transportation network.
Public transportation also helps to reduce road congestion and travel times, air
pollution, and energy and oil consumption, all of which benefit both riders and non-riders
alike.

Consumption of non-renewable resources

The renewability indicator (Zhou et al, 2007) is a measure of the consumption of non-
renewable natural resources. It relates to the way in which humans exploit their energy
resources by taking into account the scarcity of different fossil fuels and the amount of
fossil fuels consumed. Resources that are exploited at a higher rate than they are
generated are considered to be non-renewable.
Freight transport’s impacts on earth
Gilbert and Perl (2008) relate the notion of sustainability to the prevalent use of non-
renewable fossil fuels (such as coal, natural gas and oil) in transportation systems
globally.
The impact of passenger transport on environment are:

 Passenger transport impacts on earth. The argument is that the excessive use of
nonrenewable energy sources such as oil may deplete them.
 Soil pollution is another negative environmental consequence of passenger
transport. This can be caused by leaks from underground fuel storage facilities.
 Passenger transport impacts on air. Air pollution is, generally, considered to be
the most important environmental threat posed by transportation.
 Passenger transport impact on the earth’s climate. Increase in the greenhouse
gasses can lead to global warming.

Conclusion

Public transportation provides people with mobility and access to employment,

community resources, medical care, and recreational opportunities in communities
across South Africa. Public transportation also helps to reduce road congestion and
travel times, air pollution, and energy and oil consumption, all of which benefit both
riders and non-riders alike. However, beside the importance of passenger transport it is
important to take into consideration it negative impacts on the environment.

c) The role of freight transport in an organization and its influence on organizational

trade, economy and society at large.

Commercial or business enterprises often look for the best transport services. These
services can be imperative for receiving consignments of raw materials and products. In
addition, they can be equally effective for transporting finished goods throughout the
country. Not many business owners can afford to set up manufacturing plants and
facilities in different corners of South Africa. This applies especially to owners of small
and midsize businesses. Thus, if these individuals want to distribute their goods in all
corners of the country, they will need to have reliable and experienced freight
forwarding or transporting companies at their side.

Freight transportation services can be quite important for a country’s economy. With
increasing levels of commercialization, the demand for goods and services has
witnessed a steady increase. Naturally, meeting this demand remains a priority for
business owners. Business owners unable to cater to the demand for their products or
services would find themselves losing business rapidly. In many cases, the demand for
products and services will not remain limited to areas in the vicinity of the manufacturing
hub of the business. So, if business owners want to ensure a steady supply of products
throughout the country, they will need to rely on the services provided by freight
transportation companies. This smooth movement of goods may result in economic
growth.

Freight transportation companies invariably use a myriad of modes of transport. These

typically include over-land transport modes such as trucks and railways. In situations of
urgency or if the destination remains extremely remote, they might use air freight as
well. These companies will use different modes of transport for managing the timely and
safe transportation of freight. So, they will move goods via truck or rail to an airport or
seaport. Here, they will load the goods onto a ship, barge or plane. At the receiving port,
they will load the goods into another truck container or rail car for onward passage.
Once the consignment arrives at the destination, they might also handle the unloading
work. Some freight transport companies provide all these services. Others might have
working agreements with other freight transport service providers.

Freight transportation also allows for the faster movement of freight. It remains an
important link in the entire supply chain of goods. It links manufacturers to the
consumers. Hence, it comes as no surprise that commercial enterprises inevitably
select their freight transportation partners with due diligence and care. Freight transport
can lead satisfaction of societal needs and want in a particular area.

Conclusion

Naturally, freight transportation remains an important aspect of any country’s economy.

Hence, freight transport service providers need to carry out their duties responsibly,
meticulously and safely. Quality freight service providers will focus on minimising the
instances of cargo handling. This will not only keep the freight secure. It will minimise
the risk of loss or damage via fire or theft.

d) How an organization’s freight operations are structured in terms of each of major

modes and their respective system components.

In freight transport demand models, mode choice is a critical component, as it

determines the model’s sensitivity to supply or demand changes. Current mode choice
modeling practices are still based on rather crude approaches inspired by passenger
modeling practices, and lack a solid theoretical underpinning from the logistics
perspective.

Freight mode choice is usually represented as a microeconomic discrete choice process

for instance for a given origin-destination pair, a discrete set of transport alternatives are
available. These alternatives are characterized by utility functions which represent the
value of each of these options from the perspective of shippers. The shippers
themselves are not considered individually thus, a segmentation by commodity type or
some other macroscopic criterion is generally assumed to be sufficient. The
specification and estimation of the utility functions is a crucial stage in the design of a
freight mode choice model. However, due to theoretical and practical limitations, freight
utility functions are generally simple, most often linear combinations of characteristics of
the transport alternatives, such as price and travel time and, depending on the model,
other variables such as travel time reliability (Blauwens et al., 2002; de Jong et al.,
2004).

Indeed, freight transport does not have the same body of microeconomic theory as
passenger transport. For example, there is no freight equivalent to the theory of the
allocation of time of Becker (1965), which explains why passengers have a willingness
to pay for travel time savings. A number of recent works, mainly inspired by inventory
theory, are progressively bridging this gap, such as Combes (2010) which analyses a
classic model describing a just-in-time supply chain (Arrow et al., 1958) from a
microeconomic perspective, in order to identify the logistics drivers of shippers’ value of
time.

Conclusion

Freight transport networks are complex, and continuously adapt to offer shippers
adequate transport operations at adequate prices. Shippers have varied needs, which
explain why many transport modes and organizations co-exist, without one clearly
dominating the others. Classic freight transport models, which base their representation
of shippers’ preferences on travel time, cost and commodity type, only grasp a part of
the logic underlying mode choice.

Question 2.

a) The characteristics of each mode of transport utilized in the transportation of freight

and how these transport mode enables logistics in an organization.

There are different characteristics of freight transport modes. These freight transport
modes are less than truckload (LTL), full truckload freight, intermodal rail freight, air
freight, ocean freight and expedited freight. Moreover, these transport modes can be
used in organization transport logistics for cost analysis and efficiency.

Less than truckload (LTL)

Less than truckload (LTL) shipping is characterized by multiple shippers to share space
on the same truck. It is the more cost efficient option, with multiple companies paying for
their portion of trailer space. The less than truckload (LTL) shipping route is also ideal
for businesses who have freight shipments less than 15,000 pounds. To protect items
while in transit, it is essential to consolidate goods into large, crated or palletized
packages. It is important to prepare the shipment to endure handling during transfer to
multiple trailers before it arrives at the consignee or destination so that freight does not
become damaged. This mode help the organization in logistics planning since they
should find other organizations to share the shipment cost.

Full truckload freight

Characteristics:

 There are enough items to fill an entire truck.

 The customer prefers a whole truck dedicated to their goods.
 The freight is time sensitive.
 The weight makes it more cost effective than less than truckload.

With full truckload freight, shipments typically travel on only one truck with one
destination, so delivery time estimates are often accurate and fast in comparison to LTL
shipping. The chance of possible damage to items during transit also decreases since
there is less handling of the freight at multiple stops. Truckload also makes more sense
when the freight weighs more than 15,000 pounds, or the company has more than 10
pallets worth of goods to transport. This transport mode will help the organization in
decision on the time needed for goods delivery and it makes it more cost effective than
less than truckload.

Intermodal freight

Intermodal freight transport is the concept of combining two or more modes, to form an
integrated transport chain aimed at achieving operationally efficient and cost-effective
delivery of goods in an environmentally sustainable manner from their point of origin to
their final destination. It implies that intermodal transportation is not limited to freight,
people often use varying modes of transport to travel between destinations. This can be
seen in South Africa’s latest project, the Gautrain. It varies from road transport to the
station, and then rail transport to the next location, and once again road transport to the
final destination. The organization can use this mode of transport depending on the
nature of the goods thus, therefor it helps in transport logistics of the organization in
minimizing cost.

Air freight

Characteristics

 Unbroken Journey. Air transport provides unbroken journey over land and sea. It
is the fastest and quickest means of transport.
 Rapidity. Air transport had the highest speed among all the modes of transport.
 Expensive. Air transport is the most expensive means of transport. There is huge
investment in purchasing aero planes and constructing of aerodromes.

Although it is expensive air transport will help the organization in provision of a regular,
comfortable, efficient and quick service. The logistics department will see the available
options mode of transport in decision making depending with the nature of the goods if
the goods are perishables freight mode will be the best.

Ocean freight

The most cost-effective solution for shipping freight around the globe is to use ocean
freight. Freight that is shipped by boat offers a selection of transit time options, as well
as options to ship by full container load (FCL) or less than container load (LCL).

Expedited freight

Expedited freight, also known as hotshot services, allow for different types of freight to
be moved at a high speed. While it is not the same as guaranteed delivery, hotshot
services allow for freight to be delivered on the same day. All expedited freight is
handled exclusively by one carrier and is under contract to meet specific delivery
deadline.

Conclusion

Each and every freight mode type is of paramount importance when it comes to
decision making of an organization. The characteristics of each mode will enable the
logistics department to choose the mode of freight transport use depending with the
nature of the goods to be shipped.

b) The modes of transport compared to each other and the best suitable mode of
transport to a coal company.

The transport method is an important consideration in planning the shipping process of

industrial machinery. In determining the mode of transport, in addition to the cost, it is
necessary to evaluate the urgency of the shipment, the value of the machine itself, and
its size and weight.

Air freight transportation

As global GDP grows over the next fifteen years, there will be a demand for higher
value products. According to the air cargo forecast of the world of Boeing from 2016 to
2017, the value per ton of total commodity traded all over the world will increase
proportionally. In order to meet growing demand, we expect worldwide air cargo
transport volume to grow by an annual average of 4.2%. Air freight transportation is an
important transportation means. There will be respond to markets and supply chains
that demand speed. 

Another advantage of air transport is that cargo handling is generally small as compared
to sea, road and rail transport. As a result, there is less chance of damage or theft
occurring when using air. However, there are also unique drawbacks of air freight
transport, such as speed requirements and fuel used, which makes it the most
expensive one. It also has its size and weight restrictions which have to be considered
even more when transporting industrial machinery. The regulatory body limits what can
be transported by air and what cannot be transported so that strange or very large
forms of elements may be more suitable for other means of transportation.

Sea freight transportation

Maritime trade accounts for about 90% of world trade, according to UNCTAD, 1,687
million tons (estimated in 2015) was transported in approximately 177.6 million tons
container covering 99.7 billion tons/mile estimated in 2016. Due to its size or volume,
there are several types of cargoes that cannot be moved or are economically impossible
by non-sea vehicles. Sea freight transportation is a cheaper shipping method, but the
disadvantage is that transportation time is long. Another advantage of transportation is
that the size and weight of industrial machinery can be a problem for air. It is not for
shipping. Marine transport is widely used for transporting for shipping light and heavy
industrial equipment. In addition, elements of large and irregular shapes such as motors
and propellers can be moved in this mode depending on how sensitive the delivery time
is. 

In addition, companies focus more on the environmental impact of shipping. Air freight
transportation service emits more pollutant gas with less space capacity compared to
sea freight transportation service which is considered a much more environmentally
friendly transportation mode with higher loading capacity.

Road freight transportation

Road freight transport is one of the most common of all transport modes. It is widely
used in continents like Europe, Africa and North America. With the processing of a
single customs document, it is possible to move the goods in multiple states and
countries altogether. Road freight transportation save packaging costs compared to
other modes, it enables regional, cross-border, long and short delivery including rural
areas and it also enables full of door to door service. It is one of the most economical
means of transportation and very welcome when relocation industrial machinery.
However, trucking is somewhat limited by what can be transported by limiting the size
and size of the vehicle used and the weight. Another limitation is that it is affected by
weather, road conditions, and traffic.

Railway freight transportation

Another way of transport thought to be "environmentally friendly" option is railway. The

train has less fuel consumption per ton mile than a train that can travel on roads and up
to 100 wagons, and only one driver is required. However, there are some additional
costs for moving the train. At each end of the railway freight transportation, delivery of
the road becomes necessary, and a height expense occurs for moving the container
between the train and the road vehicle. On average, long trips tend to be cheap on
trains and short trips are cheaper on roads. The place where the cost neutrality reaches
depends on many factors specific to the route and the product, but in general, the cost
neutrality can be expected to be in the range of 130 to 150 miles. In 2015, the first
freight train carrying ISO cargo containers from China arrived at Rotterdam Port in 18
days compared to the normal 44-day sea.

Conclusion

Railway transport mode is the best for a coal company. This is that because it is reliable
traffic scheduler, there is no road congestion and it reduces reduce emissions, rapid
and profitable delivery over long distances which is usually 500 miles or more. A railway
is the most efficient form of land transport and it can transport things equivalent to over
400 trucks thus, making it best for a coal company.

c) Factors that influence the choice of mode of transport and its influence to the
operation of the organization.

Accessibility

This primarily deals with the ease of getting or boarding a vehicle. If a mode is not easily
accessible then it loses its usefulness because of its unavailability in a certain condition.
An organization cannot rely on such mode of transport which is not accessible
according to their need of operations.

Cost/fare of ticket or cost of service

Considering large number of trips taking place for different purposes and a modern
capitalist economy, cost becomes one of the single most important determining factor. It
can also be linked to affordability of the user. This factor is one of the most dynamic as
the willingness to pay changes on the basis or urgency and need to travel/transport.
However, this factor hinders organizational operations in the sense that if the mode of
transport is too expensive the organization will tend to choose other mode of transport
though it will be not effective.

Speed
This factor is another most important and deterministic factor depending upon the
situation. Fastest mode may seem to be best option but cost associated with it makes it
less lucrative, a cheap mode might result in delay and the purpose of whole trip may be
defeated. In cases of emergency speed gains much more significance as compared to
day to day trips. If an organization supply for instance fresh produce to say Asia it will
choose air transport despite its cost to the organization.

Capacity/ Carrying Capacity

This is another important factor especially for logistic companies, it becomes important
in case of travelling in a group. While going on a trip with your complete class you
cannot expect to take multiple vehicles because of safety and security concerns, a
vehicle with more carrying capacity will be preferred. In case of transporting goods the
concept of scale of economies is best exploited for economic profit while dealing with
bulk orders.

Reliability of the vehicle/mode

The chosen mode must be reliable. All factors will turn out to be useless if the vehicle
develops some fault or is prone to develop fault. If the mode is not reliable than it will
result in loss of both time and money. Reliability again becomes important on the basis
of situation. This factor affect many of organizational operations since some of mode of
transport used cannot be reliable and can result in huge stock or sale losses.

e) Intermodal freight transport and its benefits to the organization.

Intermodal freight transportation is a combination of two or more different shipping

modes like a truck, rail, ship or aircraft to move freight to the final destination. Also, in
intermodal logistics and transportation, each carrier is responsible for a particular mode.
Therefore, there are several freight bills from different carriers. Shippers who move
loads more than 750 miles, can add value to the overall supply chain. The top 3 reasons
for shippers to use intermodal transportation are lower costs, consistent capacity, and
quality service. The diagram below shows intermodal freight transport.
Lower Costs

Companies can reduce transportation spend by moving freight in intermodal

containers.  Using truck and rail provides major savings on fuel.  Trains use much less
diesel than trucks, in fact, a train can move one ton of freight nearly 450 miles on one
gallon of fuel.  Fuel can become a huge expense for long-haul trucking, but trains help
ease the impact.  Not to mention, companies taking the initiative to reduce their carbon
footprint.

Consistent Capacity

Intermodal transportation, especially truck and rail, provides reliable capacity.  There is
less competition to secure freight for intermodal transport, which further lowers cost, but
more importantly, offers capacity when and where it’s needed. With the driver shortage
and increased shipping activity, intermodal transport is increasingly appealing to
shippers.  Rather than paying high rates to guarantee capacity, or bending over
backward to accommodate carriers, companies can ship via intermodal any time, at a
reasonable price.  This is a good way to overcome current problems in the trucking
industry, where carriers are cranking up prices and slowing down service.

Quality Service

Possibly the biggest benefit of using intermodal transportation is the quality of service. 
Intermodal is more resourceful than other modes.  Shippers have discovered that
intermodal transportation is faster than OTR, as intermodal providers are increasing
train speed and reduce the time for cars in the yard.

Safety

Intermodal transportation can also be safer and more secure for cargo.  Obviously,
trains are on a fixed track and are less likely to be in an accident while carrying
hazardous or highly combustible freight.  This means fewer restrictions on loading,
unloading, and carrying dangerous materials, which speeds up the shipping process. 
On a train, when containers drop down into the well, the doors cannot open, and when
they are double-stacked, the top container is 15 feet off the ground, making it difficult to
reach.  And, cars are spending less time in the yard, which keeps freight moving.

Convenience

Intermodal transportation is convenient, too.  Not only is capacity available when it is

needed, and shippers find a 10 to 30 percent over trucking, but technological advances
in the industry have made shipping intermodal just as efficient and reliable as shipping
OTR.  Containers now have track and trace capabilities.  Shippers no longer have a 3-
day span for delivery time and kept in the dark hoping their shipment made it.  Visibility
into shipment status is the same as shipping OTR, making intermodal service selection
easier and mode comparison more accurate.

Question 3.

a) The significance of land use in transport planning and its suability to transport
planning.

A key issue for sustainable development is the relationship between transportation and
land use, some of the most egregious land use issues, both in South Africa and in the
world at large, stem from the misguided investment in transportation systems that
prioritize high speed mobility. What inevitably follows is spread out development
dependent on the automobile for access to critical needs. This places all other modes of
travel at a disadvantage. The highly mobile transportation system or supply has affected
land use patterns, particularly how people choose to locate their homes and
businesses. Conversely, spread out land use patterns further increase the demand for
transportation because of greater travel distances, and this has become the eternal
cycle that now find ourselves in, one that is unsustainable in the long-run.

The transportation investment policies and programs of the 21st Century must be based
on a more balanced approach. They must steer away from mobility for mobility’s sake
and be founded on the principle that the ultimate role of transportation is to connect
people with the goods, activities and people that they need to make exchanges with.
This means that transportation investment policies and programs must be coupled with
land use policies and programs if it to be successful. In core urban areas, streets need
to be viewed as places of exchange, both social and economic and traffic speeds need
to be tuned to facilitate that exchange, not high speed mobility. Non-motorized
transportation is the lifeblood of our urban cores, and the erosion of those cores by the
focus on high speed mobility must be reversed.

When considering integrated land use and transport planning, place making promotes a
simple principle thus, if one plan cities for cars and traffic, you get cars and traffic. If you
plan for people and places, you get people and places. The power of this simple idea is
that it reflects basic truths that are rarely acknowledged. One such truth is that more
traffic and road capacity are not the inevitable results of growth. They are in fact the
products of very deliberate choices that have been made to shape our communities
around the private automobile. There is the ability to make different choices starting with
the decision to design streets as comfortable places for people. Streets can become
destinations worth visiting, not just thruways to and from the workplace. Transit stops
and stations can make commuting by rail or bus a pleasure.

Green transport and its difference with traditional transport operations.

 Green Transportation or Sustainable Transportation comprises of those modes

of transportation that do not depend on diminishing natural resources like fossil fuels.
These transportation modes rely on renewable energy sources. Transportation is one
aspect we cannot do without in this day and age. However, the current transportation
systems come along with a wide range of problems including global
warming, environmental degradation, health implications (physical, emotional, mental,
spiritual), and emission of greenhouse gases. In fact, the transport sector attributes to
23% of the globe’s greenhouse gas emission resulting from burning of fossil fuels. Out
of the total greenhouse gas emissions, road transport takes up a lion share, 75% and
this trend is projected to increase in the future if it continues unabated. All this puts lot of
pressure on the national governments to devise policies to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions as well as oil demands.

Statistics learn that over 90% of all road transportation relies on oil. This figure almost
goes hand-in-hand with the total global oil consumption, which stands at 60%. All these
scenarios have caught the eyes of most governments and policies are being formulated
to reverse this worrying trend of air pollution. In this campaign, transportation is the
sector being targeted since it is the major contributor to greenhouse gas emission. The
immediate and obvious solution to this wanton environmental pollution is greening of the
transport sector, which suggests any sort of transportation vehicle or transportation
habit that is environmentally friendly and does not emit toxic gasses that could impact
the environment and human health. This leads to Green Transportation, which means
any kind of transportation practice or vehicle that is eco-friendly and does not have any
negative impact on the immediate environment.

Green transportation revolves around efficient and effective use of resources,

modification of the transport structure and making healthier travel choices. For this to
bear any fruit, it requires dedicated public awareness and participation, management of
privately owned vehicles and innovation and production of vehicles that
utilize renewable sources of energy such as wind, solar, biofuels and hydroelectricity.

It is learned that the existing modes of transportation require enormous amounts of

energy, for example, fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal, oil to power vehicles on the
roads. Many recognize that these very automobiles cause a lot of pollution, which
impacts the environmental and lead to health complications. Promising innovative
technologies could be the ultimate solution, but before such innovations come to
fruition, the world can play a significant role by utilizing eco-friendly modes of
transportation obtainable.

c) The different impact of transport on environment

For long-term sustainable development to be achieved, the various activities within
society must be adapted to what can be tolerated by humans and by the natural
environment. Transport is an activity which affects humans and the natural environment
to a very great extent. It is nevertheless vital for both the development of society as a
whole as well as for the mobility of the individual. Transport impact environment in form
of air pollution, ground pollution and noise pollution

Air pollution

The ways in which we travel have changed a lot over the last few centuries. Transport
has become faster, easier and sometimes cheaper. But the developments in technology
have not always been good for the environment. Steam trains were indeed faster than
wagons, and steam ships faster and stronger than sailing ships. But the smoke they
sent into the air polluted the air. Then diesel and electric trains came, and they were
somewhat cleaner. However, to make the electricity that trains use; large amounts of
coal have to be burned. The smoke also causes air pollution.

Cars are also bad for the environment. The exhaust fumes that come from cars contain
poisonous gases and pollute the air. The most dangerous gas that comes from cars and
planes is carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a greenhouse gas. All of the pollution,
particularly the greenhouse gases, that is being released into the air is resulting in
global warming. For example, the carbon monoxide and other toxic gasses produced by
mining machinery, the trucks and cars used by Kimberly Diamond Company causes air
pollution and can lead to global warming.

Ground pollution

Metal used to make cars, trains and planes and the left over petrol products from cars
can contaminate the land and storm water. Contaminated storm water can make water
unsafe to swim in or drink. A tanker is a very big ship that transports liquid, usually oil.
When a tanker breaks on the sea, the oil can spill into the water. This creates huge
problems for the sea animals and birds, because the oil makes it difficult for them to
swim, fly and breathe. The oil then washes out on beaches, creating more pollution on
land. Also to build roads and parking lots we need space, so sometimes forests and
farm lands get destroyed in the process. For example, metal scrape from the mining
operations Kimberly Diamond Company and residues can pollute the ground
environment.

Noise pollution

Another way in which modern forms of transport are bad for the environment is through
noise pollution. Cars, trucks, trains and especially planes can create a lot of noise that
disturbs humans and animals. This will not necessarily affect nature itself, but it can
make the environment we live in very unpleasant. For example, the heavy mining
machinery used by Kimberly Diamond Company make noise pollution in during the
mining operations.

d) How green transport solutions are implemented in supply chain.

Though it is much more comfortable and convenient to drive one’s own private vehicle
to office or market every other day but being a responsible citizen one should opt for
green transportation that are easily accessible to everyone. The green transport can be
added and implemented in supply chain in Kimberly Diamond Company. Some of green
transport are bicycle,

Bicycle

This is a no brainer. Using bicycle to commute is another great mode of green

transportation. Riding a bicycle instead of driving a car enormously contributes to
ridding the atmosphere of greenhouse gasses. Although walking is a great green
transportation mode, a bicycle has far reaching benefits because it’s faster, plus it’s in
itself a form of workout. One can buy a bicycle at really reasonable prices these days.
Buying and maintenance cost is only fraction of that required for car. For example, most
Kimberly Diamond Company security worker uses bicycles thus implementing green
transport solutions.

Electric vehicles

Some notable kinds of electric vehicles include cars, motorcycles, Lorries, trains, boats,
and scooters. Electric vehicles powered entirely by electricity do not emit any dangerous
gasses, even though the toxic emissions might be produced by plants generating the
electricity. Still, the power can be tapped from renewable technologies like geothermal,
hydroelectric, solar power and wind turbines. For example most of the general workers
at Kimberly Diamond Company uses bullet train which is an electric train and hence the
implementation of green transport solutions in the supply chain.

Electric motorcycles

Like other electric vehicles, electric motorcycles do not give off emissions. They are
typically battery powered. Nonetheless, pollution may occur as a result of generation of
grid electricity utilized to charge electric bike batteries. Electric motorcycles, however,
come with a huge price tag. 

Pedestrians

One should prefer to walk to the school, to work and to grocery shopping to mention but
a few. Walking involves zero emission of any greenhouse gas, it’s free and an additional
plus is it’s a good form of exercise for the body. For example, at Kimberly Diamond
Company there are some nearby workers who go to work on foot thus implementing the
green transport.
References

Swedish Environmental Protection Agency: Survey of the data base for electricity and fuels
Camilla Wolf-Watz, Stefan Uppenberg and Jessica Granath: Swedish Environmental Protection
Agency Report 5063, Stockholm, (2000) Swedish Environmental Protection Agency: Land use
for transport. Impact on natural resources, on natural and cultural values / Ekologigruppen AB
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Report 5044,

Stockholm, 1999 Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Environmental factors in the

transport sector Report from the Comparative Project Swedish Environmental Protection
Agency Report 5045,

Stockholm, 1997 Swedish Environmental Protection Agency: Clean air and green forests.
Proposals for national environmental objectives 1997 Swedish Environmental Protection
Agency Report 4765, Stockholm, 1997 Nordic Manual for Life Cycle Anal.

https://www.naturvardsverket.se/Documents/publikationer/620-5183-0.pdf?pid=2861

https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/environmental-impact-different-types-transport

https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/modes-and-benefits-of-green-transportation.php

https://blog.greencarrier.com/smart-and-sustainable-alternatives-to-traditional-transport-
solutions/

https://www.pps.org/article/integrating-land-use-and-transportation-planning-through-
placemaking

https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128151679/transportation-land-use-and-
environmental-planning

https://www.intechopen.com/books/sustainable-urbanization/relation-between-land-use-and-
transportation-planning-in-the-scope-of-smart-growth-strategies-case-s