Grade 6 Science Revision Notes

Content Page
Matter …………………………………………….………………. 2
Reversible & Irreversible Change ……………………… 5
Body Organ Systems ………………………………………… 7
Plants ………………………………………………………………. 9
Habitat, Adaptations & Food Chains ………………… 14
Impact of Human Activities on Environment ……. 18
Electricity …………………………………………………………. 20
Sounds ……………………………………………………………… 22
Magnets ……………………………………………………………. 24
Forces …………………………………………………………….… 25
Lights & Shadow ……………………………………………….. 27
Earth & Beyond ……………………………………………….… 28
GRADE 6
SCIENCE
REVISION NOTES
Grade 6 Science Revision Notes
Matter
 Matter – Is anything that has mass and occupies space

 All living and non-living things are matter
 Eg. Cat, dog, wood, table, trees, plants, mineral water
 Mass – Is the amount of matter in an object
 Is measured in grams (g) or kilograms (kg)
 1 kg = 1000g
 Use electronic balance or lever balance to measure mass
 Volume – Is the amount of space occupied by matter
 Is measured in milliliters (ml) or litre (l)
 1 l = 1000ml = 1000cm 3
 Use measuring cylinder to measure volume of liquid
 Method to measure irregular volume:
 Measure the water level of liquid in the
measuring cylinder without the solid
 Measure the water level of liquid in the
measuring cylinder with the irregular
solid
 Find the difference of water level in
the measuring cylinder by minus the
water level with the solid and water
level without the solid
 Matter exist in 3 states: solid, liquid and gas
 There are 3 states of matter: Solid, Liquid & Gas
 There are 3 types of matter: Solids, Liquids & Gaseous
 SOLID
 Has a fixed or definite shape
 Cannot flow
 Has a fixed or definite volume
 Cannot be compressed
 LIQUID
 Has no definite shape – it can flow (takes the shape of the container)
 Has a definite volume – it cannot be compressed.
1
 GAS
 Has no definite shape – it can flow
 Has no definite volume – it can be compressed – can also spread out
 Matter can change state if the substance gains heat or loses heat (increase/decrease
in temperature)
 Temperature is measured using thermometer, unit is degree Celsius, °C
 Heat flows from an object/place with a higher temperature to one with a lower
temperature
 When a solid change to liquid, the process is called melting
2
 The temperature at which a solid melt is

called melting point
 When the temperature continue to
drop/fall and becomes colder, a liquid
will change to solid
 When a liquid change into a solid, the
process is called freezing (reverse of melting)
 The temperature at which a liquid freeze is called freezing point
 Pure water freeze at 0°C, pure water ice melt at 0°C
 When liquid water gains heat until bubbles form
throughout the water, it is said to be boiling
 The bubbles are water in gaseous state
 Steam is water in gaseous state
 The temperature at which liquid boils is called its
boiling point
 When a gas loses heat, it can change into liquid. The change of gas to liquid is
known as condensation
 Boiling point of pure water is 100°C
 The change of liquid to gas at any temperature, without boiling is evaporation
 Water vapour is water in gaseous state
3
Reversible & Irreversible change
 Some changes are reversible, and some are irreversible

 An irreversible change cannot be undo, and new substances are formed
 Eg. Cooking carrot – carrot cannot become uncooked/raw; burning paper –
paper becomes ashes (the new substance)
 A reversible matter can be reverse or undo, no new substance are formed
 Changes in state is reversible change
 Eg. Dissolving salt in water, condensing steam to form liquid, melting of
candle
 Solid – solid can be separated by:
 Sieve (sieving) – to separate solids and solids
of different sizes
 Magnetism – using magnet to separate metal
and non metals
 For example, a mixture of salt and iron filings can be separated with
the help of a magnet.
 Some solid can dissolve in water to form solution
 Solution is a mixture because they contain many different types of matter
 Solution is made up of one or ore solutes dissolved in a solvent
 Solid – liquid can be separated by:
 Filtering (Filtration) – to separate solid from a liquid or separate insoluble
solid and liquid
 The substance left in the filter paper is the RESIDUE and the liquid that
passes the filter is the FILTRATE
4
 Factors affecting how quickly a solid can dissolve:

 Presence of stirring
 The temperature – higher temperature, faster to dissolve
 Surface area of the solid – solid with a large total surface
are dissolve faster because more of its surface area is
expose to the water
 Soluble solid – liquid can be separated by:
 Evaporation - Evaporation is the process of converting liquid into gas or
vapour by increasing the temperature
 Crystallisation - During evaporation, the water evaporates away leaving solid
crystals behind
5
Body Organ System
6
 Respiration is a process in which oxygen in the air is combined with glucose from
digested food to produce energy
 Breathing rate increases during exercise as our lungs work harder to take in oxygen
as well as remove carbon dioxide produced during respiration
 Heart beat/ pulse rate increases during exercise because our heart pumps harder to
supply more food and oxygen to the cells
 A broken bone is called a fracture
 Animals without a backbone/spine is called
invertebrate
 Animals with backbone/spines is called vertebrates
 Muscular system are made up of tough and elastic
fibres
 Muscles work in pairs, when 1 muscle contract, the
other muscle will relax
 skeletal muscle are joined to the bones
 When muscle contract, they pull on the bones joined
to them, which causes movement
o eg. Biceps VS triceps; quads VS hamstrings
7
8
Plants
 Plants are categorized as flowering plants and non-flowering plants
 Flowering plants reproduce by seeds
 The process in which seeds grow into young plants is germination
 Stages of germination:
9
 Germinating seed will need energy for growth
o Energy is obtained from the food stored in the seed

o When leaves develop, plants will be able to make its own food through
photosynthesis
 Seeds need water, warmth (not sunlight) and air to grow
 Seeds need to be dispersed far from the parent plant in order to reduce competition
for water, air, nutrients, sunlight and space, to ensure its survival
 Seeds/fruits can be dispersed by wind, water, animals or explosive action (splitting)
 Reproduction of flowering plants involves:
 Parts of a flowers ->

 Male part is the stamen, consist of
anther and filament
o Anther: contains pollen grains,
the male reproductive cells for
plants
 Female part is the pistil, consist of stigma, style and ovary
o Ovary has one or more ovules
 Ovule: contains an ovum or an egg, the female reproductive cells for
plants
10
 Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same
flower or another flower
 Flowers can be pollinated by wind or animals eg.bees, butterfly
 Flowers have colourful petals, nice scent and sugary liquid called nectar, which can
attract insects for pollination purposes
 Wind pollinated flowers have: small, dull-coloured petals or no petals, unscented (no
scent)
o Produce many pollens which are light and can be easily carried by the wind
 Types of seeds characteristics:
11
 Fertilization is the fusion of the male reproductive cell with the female reproductive
cell or egg to form a fertilized egg
 Process of fertilization:
 Seed production occurs after fertilization

 Fruit protects the seed which holds the egg cell
 Different stages of growth and development from a seed to an adult plant:
12
Habitat, Adaptations & Food Chain
 Habitat – The place where a living thing live

o It provide food, water, shelter, a place to reproduce and protection
o Eg. Garden, seashore, mangrove swamp, desert, ocean, rotting log, a tree
 Environment – is made up of living things in the habitat as well as physical
conditions such as air, water, temperature, light and soil
 Living things get energy from food
 Plants are the only organism that is able to produce its own food through the process
of photosynthesis – also known as producers
o for photosynthesis to happen, the plants need the sun energy, water and
oxygen to produce food and oxygen
 Consumers are living organisms that feed on other living things
 Predator animals that hunt and eat other animals
 Prey animals thar are eaten
 Herbivore animals that only feeds on plants – plant eater
 Carnivore animals that eat only on other animals – animal eater
 Omnivore animals that eat both plants and animals
 Food chain shows the feeding relationship between living things
o Also shows the transfer of energy from one organism to another
 Adaptations – are characteristics that help an animal to survive in its habitat
 Streamlined body – reduces resistance when moving in the air/water through water
thus using less energy
 Eyespots can be found on an animal’s wings or its rear so that it can survive or escape
from a predator because the eyespot distract the predators
 Desert adaptation – adapted to lose as little water as possible
13
 Arctic (cold) adaptation – adapted to keep their bodies as warm as possible
 Water adaptation – adapted to move in water and breathe underwater
 Mangrove swamps adaptation – adapted to live both in and out of water
14
15
16
Impact of Human Activities on Environment
 Positive impact:
o Farming
 Wild life is conserve, thus not becoming endangered or extinct
 Can grow crop and rear animals for food
o Building houses
 Better shelter and protection
o Using science and technology
 To monitor and improve the environment
 Negative impact:
o Deforestation
 Clearing of forest
 Habitat of plants and animals is loss
 Land is cleared for farming, building cities, houses and road
 Can lead or cause soil erosion
o Pollutions
 Is the act of making the environment dirty, unsafe or unsuitable to live
in
 Types of pollution:
 Land
o Waste is burnt in incineration plants – air may be
polluted with smoke particles and harmful gases
o Waste is dispose in a landfill – more land is needed,
poisonous matter and germs from the landfill can seep
into soil and end up in the rivers and seas
 Water
o Waste water – contains poisonous matter and germs that
can cause disease.
o Litter in the river or oceans
o Fertilisers – will provide nutrients for algae to grow
thus, preventing sunlight from entering the water and
water plants from making food
o Oil spill
17
 Air
o Can cause breathing problems and damage respiratory
systems in humans and animals
o Acid rain – cause damage in buildings and plants
 Green house gases
o Is the warming of Earth’s surface and atmosphere by greenhouse gases
 Eg. Carbon dioxide gas
 Global warming can cause a rise in sea level and will lead to climate change
Caring for Environment
 3Rs – reuse, reduce and recycle

 Use less energy
 Use environmentally friendly products
 Pick up litter/do not litter
 Treat wastewater
 Carry out reforestation
 Protect wildlife and their habitat
 Encourage others to care for the environment
18
Electricity
 An electric circuit is the path through which electric current flows

 Electrical current is measured using multimeter or ammeter, unit: ampere (amps), A
 Electrical conductor allows electricity to pass through
 Electrical insulator does not allow electricity to pass through
 Bulbs will not light up when:
o There is a gap in the circuit/ the circuit is open
o The batteries are placed in the wrong direction
o The batteries are dead
o The bulb has fused
 Series circuit
o Has components which are connected such that there is
only one path for electric current to flow through
 Advantage:
 Bulbs are brighter but doesn’t last long
 can add more batteries to increase the
brightness of the bulb
 Disadvantages:
 If one bulb fuses others will not work
 Parallel series
o Has components which are connected to form two or more paths for electric
current to flow through
 Advantages
 When one bulb fuses others will still remain
lit
 Bulbs last longer
 Has the same brightness
 Disadvantages
 Bulbs are dimmer
 Bulbs will not be brighter even if more batteries are added
 A cell/ battery has positive (+) and negative (-) ends
 A switch is used to open or close an electric circuit
19
 When a bulb fuses/blows, the filament in the

bulb breaks, causing a gap in the circuit that
disrupts the flow of electricity – thus, becomes
an open circuit
 Factors affecting electric circuits:
o more battery = brighter bulbs
o more bulbs/components = dimmer
o shorter wire = larger electric flow
o thicker wire = larger electric flow
o types of material used as wire
 Electric diagram:
o Note that the positive and negative end of the battery (+) (-)
20
Sounds
 Sounds are made when things

vibrate – back and forth
movement
 Sound level is measured in
decibel (dB), using a sound-
level meter
 Unwanted sounds are called
noise
 Wear ear plugs/earmuffs/ear defenders to protect ears
o Keep noise out of the room
 Plucking, hitting, blowing and shaking are some ways to produce
sounds
 Vocal cords in the voice box will vibrate and make sound
 Sound can travel through solid, liquid and gas/air
 Sound can not be heard in vacuum/space because there are no
particles vibrating to cause sound
 Volume:
o Loud or soft sound
o Loud because: eg. hitting the drum
hard = loud sound
 Vibration of the drum skin
are larger
o Can be affected by
 How hard you hit the
instrument - louder
 How hard you blow on the instrument – louder
21
 Pitch:
o High pitch – is made when a thing or material vibrates quickly
o Low pitch – is made when a thing or material vibrates slowly
o
o Tuning fork – longest prongs makes the lowest pitch, shortest prongs
makes the highest pitch
o Strings instruments:
 Loosen strings – slower vibration, lower pitch
 Tighten strings – faster vibration, higher pitch
 Thickest strings – lower pitch
 Thinnest strings – higher pitch
 Shorter strings – higher pitch
 Longer strings – lower pitch
o Wind instruments:
 Make sounds when the column of air in the instrument vibrates
 Longer pipe – longer air column = lower pitch
 Shorter pipe – shorter air column = higher pitch
o Percussion instruments: eg. Drum or symbals
 Smallest drum – higher pitch
 Largest drum – lower pitch
 Tight skin drum – faster vibration = higher pitch
 Loose skin drum – slower vibration = lower pitch
22
Magnets
 Magnets has 2 poles, North on one end, and South on the other
 As the object is attracted by a magnet,
it must be made of magnetic material
like steel, nickel, iron or cobalt
 Metals such as aluminum, copper,
gold, silver are non-magnetic
 More pins/paper clip are attracted to the
poles of the magnets because the magnetic force is strongest at the poles
 When a magnet is allowed to turn freely, it will come to a rest in North-South
direction.
o This is a property of compasses which enable it
to tell directions
 When two magnet object move away from each other,
they are likely to be magnets with unlike poles facing
each other
o Unlike poles magnets attracts
 When two magnet object move towards from each
other, they are likely to be magnets with like poles facing
each other
o Like poles magnets repel
 Repeated heating/dropping will cause a magnet to lose its magnetic force
 Magnets are used in:
o Scrapyards – to separate iron and steel parts of a car
o Doorstopper
o Bag clips
o Washing machines
o Electric fans
23
Forces
 Forces can:
o Push and pull
o Can start to move an object
o Change the direction of a moving object
o Change the shape of an object
o Stop a moving object
o Slow down a moving object
 Force is measured in Newton (N)
o 1 N = 0.10 Kg
o 1 kg = 10 N
 Types of force:
o Gravitational force
o Friction – the force which act in the
opposite direction of a moving object
 It slows down a moving object
o Air resistance/ water resistance
 Is the frictional force that acts on an object as it
moves through air/ water
 Balance force – when two or more forces acting on an object
are equal in all direction
o No movement = no work done
 Unbalance force – when two or more unequal forces act on
an object
o Moves in the direction with more force
o Net force is the differences between these forces
 When a force moves an object, there is a transfer of energy and work is done
 Force diagram:
o Size and direction of a force is represented by arrow
o Length of the arrow shows the size of the force
o Arrowhead shows the direction
 Gravitational force
o The force of attraction between two objects/ an object and the ground
24
o Depends on the mass of the object and the distance between them
o Gravitational force between the Earth and an object near its surface is large
because the Earth’s gravitational force
o Measured using forcemeter
o Objects fall to the ground towards the centre of the Earth because of the pull
of the Earth’s gravitational force
 Exerts force downwards
o All object has mass – the amount of matter in them
 Unit is grams or kilograms
 Measured using an electronic balance
 Will never change
o The larger the mass of an object and the closer it is to the ground, the larger
the gravitational force between them
o Weight is a force – it is the amount of force that pulls objects towards the
Earth
 Unit is Newton, N
 Will change depending on the gravitational force acting on it
25
Light & shadow

 Light is a form of energy
 Light intensity refers to how bright or dim it is
 Use light meter or light sensor to measure light intensity
o Unit is lux
 Light travels from light sources and into our eyes
 Light ray is the path in which light travels
 Object that does not give off light will reflect light – light will bounce
off from the object
 When light is reflected, its direction changes
 Objects with smooth surfaces reflect light well
o They appear shiny and bright when light falls on them
 Sun is a source of light but moon is not
o We can see the moon because it reflects the light from the sun
 Light travels in straight line
 When the path of light (light ray) is blocked, a shadow, or an area of darkness, is
formed
 The nearer an object is to a light source, the larger but less sharp the shadow will be
 The further an object is from a light source, the smaller but sharper its shadow will
be
 The position of a shadow is opposite to the location of the light source
 The position of an object affects the size of its shadow
 Types of materials that blocks/allow light to pass through:
26
Earth & Beyond
 Sun rises from the east and sets on the west

 Earth is spinning or rotating
o Spins on its own axis
o Causes day and night
o Takes 24 hour or 1 day for a complete spin
 The Earth spins/ orbit around the Sun in an oval shape
1
o Takes 3654 days or 1 year to
orbit the Sun once

 As Earth orbits around the sun, it is also
spinning on its axis at the same time
 Solar system refers to the Sun and the
objects in space that move around the
Sun
 Star is a huge ball of hot gases that
gives off a lor of heat and light
o Eg. Sun
o Moon is not a star because it does not produce its own light and it reflects
light from the Sun
 Satellite is an object that orbits another bigger object in space
 Asteroids are irregular-shaped rocks that are smaller than the planets
 Comets are objects made up of ice, dust and rocks
 Meteors are small objects from space that burn brightly as they enter the Earth’s
atmosphere – also known as shooting starts
27
 Galaxy is a collection of star systems, gas and dust

 Solar system is a star system – it belongs to a galaxy called milky
way
 To study and observe the space, special equipment and machines are used
o Binoculars
o Telescope
o Artificial satellites
o Space probe, rovers and spacecraft
28

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Grade 6 Science Revision Notes

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Content Page

Reversible & Irreversible Change ……………………… 5

Body Organ Systems ………………………………………… 7

Habitat, Adaptations & Food Chains ………………… 14

Impact of Human Activities on Environment ……. 18

Lights & Shadow ……………………………………………….. 27

Earth & Beyond ……………………………………………….… 28

 Matter – Is anything that has mass and occupies space

 The temperature at which a solid melt is

Reversible & Irreversible change

 Some changes are reversible, and some are irreversible

 Factors affecting how quickly a solid can dissolve:

Body Organ System

 Plants are categorized as flowering plants and non-flowering plants

 Flowering plants reproduce by seeds

 The process in which seeds grow into young plants is germination

 Germinating seed will need energy for growth

o Energy is obtained from the food stored in the seed

 Parts of a flowers ->

 Seed production occurs after fertilization

Habitat, Adaptations & Food Chain

 Habitat – The place where a living thing live

 Arctic (cold) adaptation – adapted to keep their bodies as warm as possible

 Water adaptation – adapted to move in water and breathe underwater

 Mangrove swamps adaptation – adapted to live both in and out of water

Impact of Human Activities on Environment

Caring for Environment

 3Rs – reuse, reduce and recycle

 An electric circuit is the path through which electric current flows

 When a bulb fuses/blows, the filament in the

 Sounds are made when things

Light & shadow

Earth & Beyond

 Sun rises from the east and sets on the west

orbit the Sun once

 Galaxy is a collection of star systems, gas and dust

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