TRNSYS Simulation of Solar Thermal Cooling System

Submitted by:

Waqas Ahmed 17-ME-05

Submitted to:
Sir Muzaffar Ali
Associate Professor at Mechanical Engineering Department
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL &AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
TAXILA
4th MARCH 2021

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 ABSTRACT

For sustainable future and to implement green environment policy, clean and inexhaustible energy

sources are required for which Solar energy is the best option as Pakistan is one of those countries

in which sun warms the surface throughout the year with average insolation of 5-6 𝑘𝑊ℎ⁄𝑚2 ⁄𝑑𝑎𝑦.

Therefore, Pakistan has a strong potential for harnessing solar energy and to fulfill its rising energy

needs. This report presents a solar energy-based Air conditioning system for a single-story building

based in Karachi, Pakistan. TRNSYS software is used to model an absorption chiller operated by

hot water from an evacuated tube collector with a hot water storage tank to maintain the

temperature in cooling place at or below 26°C. This system was simulated on TRNSYS software

to check its possibility.

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 Table of Contents

ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................... 2

Table of Contents............................................................................................................................... 3

Table of Figures: ............................................................................................................................. 5

List of Tables: ................................................................................................................................. 6

Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 7

Introduction: .................................................................................................................................... 7

1.1 Solar Thermal cooling system:......................................................................................... 8

1.1.1 Solar Absorption cooling System: ............................................................................ 8

Chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 13

Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 13

2.1 Methodology: ................................................................................................................. 13

2.1.1 Hot Water Flow Loop: ............................................................................................ 13

2.1.2 Chilled Water Flow Loop: ...................................................................................... 14

2.1.3 Air Flow Loop: ....................................................................................................... 15

2.1.4 Full Circuit: ............................................................................................................. 15

2.2 Components Used: ......................................................................................................... 16

2.2.1 Type71: Evacuated tube solar collector : ................................................................ 16

2.2.2 Type 3: Variable Speed Pump or Fan without Humidity Effects : ......................... 16

2.2.3 Type 4 Stratified Fluid Storage Tank : .................................................................. 16

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 2.2.4 Type 107: Single Effect Hot Water Fired Absorption Chiller : .............................. 16

2.2.5 Type 697: Performance Map Cooling Coil :........................................................... 16

2.2.6 Type 112: Single Speed Fan/Blower with Humidity Effects : ............................... 17

2.2.7 Type 88: Lumped Capacitance Building Type : ..................................................... 17

2.2.8 Type 65: Online Plotter:.......................................................................................... 17

Chapter 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 18

Environmental Sustainability and CO2 Emissions Analysis ........................................................ 18

3.1 Environmental Sustainability: ........................................................................................ 19

3.2 Carbon Emission: ........................................................................................................... 22

Chapter 4 ....................................................................................................................................... 25

Results and Discussion ................................................................................................................. 25

4.1 Results: ........................................................................................................................... 25

4.2 Discussion: ..................................................................................................................... 26

CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 27

References: .................................................................................................................................... 28

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Table of Figures:

Figure Page

Figure 1:Thermodynamics of Absorption Cooling Cycle. ............................................................. 9

Figure 2: Schematics of Solar Absorption Cooling System. .......................................................... 9

Figure 3:Evacuated Glass tube Collector. ..................................................................................... 10

Figure 4::Absorption Chiller Mechanism. .................................................................................... 11

Figure 5:Heat Exchanger. ............................................................................................................. 12

Figure 6:Hot Water Loop. ............................................................................................................. 14

Figure 7:Chillled Water Flow Loop. ............................................................................................ 14

Figure 8: Air Flow Loop. .............................................................................................................. 15

Figure 9: TRNSYS Model for Solar Thermal Cooling ................................................................. 15

Figure 10:Typical electricity consumption by end-use in Singapore and in the building sector. . 19

Figure 11. Forecast of carbon dioxide concentration in atmosphere. ........................................... 22

Figure 12. Reduction of carbon emission due to replacement of fossil fuel with solar systems . 24

Figure 13: Temperatures for 24 hr. Simulation Time ................................................................... 25

Figure 14: Temperatures for 6 months Simulation Time.............................................................. 25

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List of Tables:

Table Page

Table 1: Carbon dioxide emission from different energy sources ................................................ 23

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 1 Chapter 1

Introduction:

The city under study Karachi has a great potential to harness the solar energy for cooling system

in summer. At present, the buildings in the Karachi account for more than one third of the total

primary energy consumption. Increases in building energy demands and energy costs have caused

people to seek alternate cheaper, renewable energy sources for the operation of buildings. As one

of renewable energy sources, solar energy as heat can be used as the energy source for building

cooling, heating, and ventilation to conserve energy, as well as to protect the environment by

avoiding pollutant and CO2 emissions associated with the generation of electric power and the

burning of natural gas.

For cooling systems, solar thermal energy can be used in an absorption cycle, a desiccant cycle, or

a mechanical process. Compared with solar desiccant cycles and mechanical processes, a solar

absorption cycle is more reliable, feasible, and quiet. However, these systems failed to establish a

significant global market for solar thermal absorption cooling due to their high initial cost and lack

of commercial hot water driven absorption chillers.

There are couple of successful studies demonstrating the technical feasibility of solar thermal

absorption cooling, specifically those that are based on high temperature solar receivers and a

double effect absorption chiller. However, the economics of this system were unattractive because

of the high capital and operating costs of solar collectors with absorption chillers, compared to

those with electrically driven vapor compression chillers.

Recently solar thermal absorption cooling has again aroused researchers’ interest in the

development of high temperature solar receivers, double effect chillers, and advanced control.

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1.1 Solar Thermal cooling system:

The solar thermal cooling system is classified as:

1. Solar Absorption Cooling System.

2. Vapor Compression based Cooling.

3. Sorption-based Cooling (including absorption and adsorption chilling).

[Link] cooling and solar ejector cooling.

1.1.1 Solar Absorption cooling System:

The solar absorption cooling system is operated with solar thermal collectors is via absorption heat

pumps. The thermodynamic principle is simple: heat at high temperature T3 (from the collector) is

used to ‘pump’ heat from a low temperature T1 to an intermediate temperature level T2. The low

temperature is where the cooling takes place (taking heat away is the thermodynamic principle of

‘cooling’).

This is done by evaporating a refrigerant (at T1) at low partial pressure, which is absorbed by a

second working fluid (at T2). External heat (at T3) is used to regenerate the diluted solution. This

means the refrigerant is boiled out of the solution (desorbed). Then it is condensed again (at T2) so

it can be provided to the evaporator as a liquid. Absorption and condensation are not necessarily

at the identical temperature T2, but it can be advantageous to design the cycle accordingly.

The most commonly used working pairs are water/lithium bromide and ammonia/water, where in

the one case water is the refrigerant and in the other case ammonia is the refrigerant.

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 Figure 1:Thermodynamics of Absorption Cooling Cycle.

The typical layout of a solar absorption cooling system consists of,

✓ Solar section (solar collectors and a hot storage tank).

✓ Thermal chiller

✓ Cooling tower

✓ A back-up system

✓ Cold Distribution System.

Figure 2: Schematics of Solar Absorption Cooling System.

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[Link] Solar thermal Collector:

Solar collectors transform solar radiation into heat and transfer that heat to a medium. The solar

heat can then be used for hot water, heating or cooling systems, or for heating swimming pools.

Solar cooling technologies demand high temperatures (90-150 oC); collectors that can achieve such

temperatures are evacuated tube and selective coated flat-plate solar collectors. A solar collector

array supplies hot water as a source of energy to the absorption chiller through a hot water storage

tank.

Figure 3:Evacuated Glass tube Collector.

[Link] Absorption Chiller:

Chillers are the core of solar cooling plants. If solar panels provide the necessary energy input to

the plant, chillers are those machines that are able to produce cooling by utilizing the hot water

coming from the solar panels. An absorption chiller normally has a condenser, a generator, an

evaporator, an absorber, and a heat exchanger. First, the refrigerant, or the water mixed with
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lithium bromide, is stored in the absorber. It will be pumped through the heat exchanger and go to

the generator tank at the top of the chiller. The heat generated from the outside or waste steam

collected from other systems in the building will go into the chiller’s generator. Lithium bromide

and water will then be separated under the heat. Water gradually becomes vapor and rises to the

top, where the condenser located, and lithium bromide sinks to the bottom.

The lithium bromide will go through a pipe and flow back to the absorber, where it started

originally. Then, the vapor in the condenser on the top will go through a cooling tower. The cooling

tower pipe has a lower air pressure than the condenser. Thus, the vapor becomes water again as

the air pressure decreases. The cold water then goes into the evaporator and waits to be mixed with

the lithium bromide in the absorber again.

Figure 4::Absorption Chiller Mechanism.

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[Link] Circulation Pump:

The circulation pump make the hot fluid to be moved from the thermal collector to the heat

exchanger where the heat is extracted and is added to the absorption chiller system.

[Link] Heat Exchanger:

A heat exchanger is a system used to transfer heat between two or more fluids. The hot water from

the solar thermal collector is moving in the heat exchanger where the heat is extracted due to

conduction and convection to fluid being used in the absorption chiller section.

Figure 5:Heat Exchanger.

[Link] Cooling tower:

A cooling tower is a heat rejection device that rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the

cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of

water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature.

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 2 Chapter 2

Methodology

2.1 Methodology:

Solar thermal heating system is used for cooling to develop a comfort zone in summer seasons.

The main components of the solar thermal heating systems are;

• Evacuated Tube Heat Collector

• Storage Tank

• Absorption Chiller

• Cooling Coils

These components develop the loop of liquid flow. These loops are described below;

2.1.1 Hot Water Flow Loop:

Evacuated tube heat collector absorbs the available solar irradiance and works on a closed loop

system to heat the working fluid in the copper manifold. The hot working fluid absorbs the heat

and flows into the absorption chiller via storage tank. And the warm water from the chiller is

pumped back to the solar thermal collector, passing through the stratified tank for further heating.

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 Figure 6:Hot Water Loop.

2.1.2 Chilled Water Flow Loop:

The absorption chiller works on absorption cycle and utilizes the heat of the hot fluid from the

solar thermal collector and provide the chilled water that is pumped to the cooling coils. The cold

refrigerant absorbs the heat of the room air and the cooling coils rejects this fluid back to the

absorption chiller.

Figure 7:Chillled Water Flow Loop.

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2.1.3 Air Flow Loop:

The cooling coils holds the chilled refrigerant that the compressor moves into it. Air of the

conditioned zone is passed over the coil by a blower fan, the cold refrigerant removes the heat

from the space.

Figure 8: Air Flow Loop.

Figure 9: TRNSYS Model for Solar Thermal Cooling

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2.2 Components Used:

2.2.1 Type71: Evacuated tube solar collector :

Type 71 models an evacuated tube solar collector using a quadratic efficiency curve and a biaxial

Incidence Angle Modifiers (IAM). The thermal model is identical to the one used in Type 1.

2.2.2 Type 3: Variable Speed Pump or Fan without Humidity Effects :

This pump or fan model computes a mass flow rate using a variable control function, which must

be between 0 and 1, and a fixed (user specified) maximum flow capacity. Pump or fan power

consumption may also be calculated, either as a linear function of mass flow rate or by a user

defined relationship between mass flow rate and power consumption.

2.2.3 Type 4 Stratified Fluid Storage Tank :

The thermal performance of a fluid-filled sensible energy storage tank, subject to thermal

stratification, can be modeled by assuming that the tank consists of N (N ≤ 15) fully-mixed equal

volume segments. Options of fixed or variable inlets, unequal size nodes, temperature deadband

on heater thermostats, incremental loss coefficients, and losses to gas flue of auxiliary heater are

all available.

2.2.4 Type 107: Single Effect Hot Water Fired Absorption Chiller :

Type107 uses a normalized catalog data lookup approach to model a single-effect hot-water fired

absorption chiller. “Hot Water-Fired” indicates that the energy supplied to the machine’s generator

comes from a hot water stream. Because the data files are normalized, the user may model any size

chiller using a given set of data files.

2.2.5 Type 697: Performance Map Cooling Coil :

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Type697 models a simple air cooling device that removes energy from an air stream according to

performance data found in a combination of three external data files and based upon the flow rates

and inlet conditions of the air stream and a liquid stream. Normally a water stream is used but if

the external data is available for other liquids, that data can be used equally well.

2.2.6 Type 112: Single Speed Fan/Blower with Humidity Effects :

Type112 models a fan that is able to spin at a single speed and thereby maintain a constant mass

flow rate of air. As with most pumps and fans in TRNSYS, Type112 takes mass flow rate as an

Input but ignores the value except in order to perform mass balance checks. Type112 sets the

downstream flow rate based on its rated flow rate parameter and the current value of its control

signal Input.

2.2.7 Type 88: Lumped Capacitance Building Type :

This component models a simple lumped capacitance single zone structure subject to internal

gains. It differs from the Type12 simple building model in that it makes no assumption about the

control scheme. Furthermore, it neglects solar gains and assumes an overall U value for the entire

structure. Its usefulness comes from the speed with which a building heating and/or cooling load

can be added to a system simulation.

2.2.8 Type 65: Online Plotter:

The online graphics component is used to display selected system variables at specified intervals

of time while the simulation is progressing. This component is highly recommended and widely

used since it provides valuable variable information and allows users to immediately see if the

system is not performing as desired. The selected variables will be displayed in a separate plot

window on the screen.

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 3 Chapter 3
Environmental Sustainability and CO2 Emissions Analysis

The primary goal of installing a solar water-cooling system is to provide cooling using renewable

energy sources, such as solar energy. Solar energy is neither harmful to the environment nor

harmful to people's health. As a result, many people today prefer to use solar appliances in their

homes. Solar thermal cooling systems are advantageous in a variety of ways, including

environmental, financial, and socioeconomic. Unlike other fossil fuels, which emit a large amount

of carbon dioxide that harms the environment's breathing layer, the solar thermal cooling system

does not emit any harmful gas. As a result, they have the potential to reduce carbon footprint

emissions.

Benefits of solar thermal cooling include the following,

➢ Sustainability and reduction in greenhouse emissions due to using the sun’s free energy.

➢ Adaptability for retrofits and new installs – These systems can be used on new or existing

HVAC systems that have variable flow capability and compressors able to slow or stage

down.

➢ Forward compatibility – When replacing an existing HVAC/R system, the solar thermal

components can just be re-piped into the new system with minor adjustments.

➢ Internal rates of return (IRR) of 15-65% on investments prior to any tax, utility, and/or

other incentives.

➢ Scalability – No system is too large or too small.

➢ No moving parts and small footprint

➢ Reduction in overall HVAC/R energy consumption of 30-65%, even when including

evenings and winter seasons.

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 ➢ Peak demand reduction –The highest efficiencies are achieved during peak hours, when

demand savings may be available.

3.1 Environmental Sustainability:

Air conditioning is essential for maintaining thermal comfort in indoor environments, particularly

for hot and humid climates. Today, air conditioning, comprising cooling and dehumidification, has

become a necessity in commercial and residential buildings and industrial processes. It accounts

for a major share of the energy consumption of a building or facility. In tropical climates, the

energy consumed by heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) can exceed 50% of the total

energy consumption of a building [1]. Therefore, there is tremendous potential to improve the

overall efficiency of the air-conditioning systems in buildings.

The world energy use is rapidly growing at an alarming rate. This has already raised concerns over

potential supply difficulties, depletion of energy resources and expediting environmental impacts

(ozone layer depletion, global warming, climate change, etc.). The global raising pattern in

buildings energy consumption, both residential and commercial, has climbed steadily; reaching

figures between 20% and 40% in developed countries.

Figure 10:Typical electricity consumption by end-use in Singapore and in the

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Summer air conditioning represents a growing market in buildings worldwide, with a particularly

significant growth rate observed in European commercial and residential buildings. Heat-driven

cooling technologies are available, which can be used in combination with solar thermal collectors

to alleviate the burden caused by air conditioning on the electric utilities and the environment.

Solar air conditioning has progressed considerably over the past years because of efforts toward

environmental protection and new developments in components and systems.

Conventional cooling systems are responsible for large amounts of carbon dioxide release to the

environment, as well as for the use of harmful refrigerants regarding the greenhouse effect and the

ozone depletion potential. Solar radiation is a clean form of energy, which is required for almost

all natural processes on earth. In Asia, the majority of produced electricity is generated from fossil

fuels and the potential of renewable energy sources is vast, solar radiation in particular is in

abundance. The upper limit for Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) can be as high as 2300

kWh/m/a, whereas the Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) value attains a maximum of 2900

kWh/m²/a, which is significantly higher. The global air conditioning systems market has been

estimated to reach 78.8 million units by 2015 due to increasing living standards, comfort

expectations and global warming. Pakistan is not the best performer regarding renewable energy

use among Asian countries and there is a long way to go to achieve a sustainable environment.

Nearly 1 billion people do not have access to the electricity needed to run a refrigerator; poor and

remote regions are least likely to have access). Limited or no access to refrigeration directly effects

human health.

While conventional refrigeration has dramatically improved human well-being, it poses a

significant environmental threat. Refrigeration currently uses approximately 9% of the world's

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electricity, generating nearly 1 billion tons/year of CO2-equivalent greenhouse gas emissions.

Moreover, as global warming progresses, the demand for refrigeration and air conditioning will

increase dramatically. The World Bank predicts that, by 2050, energy consumption by cooling

devices will increase 300%, and the demand for cooling in India, Brazil, and other tropical and

sub-tropical countries will increase 500% .The fluids used in conventional refrigerators also pose

environmental challenges. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

attack the ozone and hydrofluorocarbons have high global warming potentials (GWP); HFCs can

have GWPs 12,000 times greater carbon dioxide.

Adsorptive refrigeration is a promising way to provide refrigeration in locations where electricity

is unreliable, unavailable, or too expensive, and may also provide a green alternative to

conventional refrigeration technologies.

There is a burgeoning concern about global energy use and its implications for the well-being of

the environment. Reports from the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

committee have promoted public awareness on the use of energy and the corresponding

environmental implications .In the year 2002, it was estimated that global buildings accounted for

about 33% of the total greenhouse gas emissions [2].

Most buildings can be considered to have long life-span. Some of them can last for 50 years or

more. It is, therefore, important to be able to understand how buildings will response to climate

change in the future, and assess the likely changes in energy use, particularly energy used in air-

conditioning. The impact of climate change in terms of higher outdoor temperatures affects cooling

energy in terms of higher indoor temperature and more stringent thermal comfort requirements.

Issacs and Vuuren (2009) modeled the global residential sector energy demand for heating and air

conditioning in the context of climate change [3]. Their findings asserted that energy demand for

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air conditioning is projected to increase rapidly over the whole 2000–2100 period. Energy demand

for air conditioning will increase rapidly in the 21st century. The calculated and predicted increase

is from close to 300 TW h in 2000, to about 4000 TW h in 2050 and more than 10,000 TW h in

2100 .

3.2 Carbon Emission:

Greenhouse gas emissions particular carbon dioxide have a major effect on the advent of climate

change. Increasing water temperatures and sea levels, changes in global precipitation trends, and

melting glaciers are all results of intensified warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon

is responsible for 80% of all greenhouse gas emissions that lead to global warming, which in turn

responsible for more than half of all climate. According to the data, 25 percent increase in carbon

dioxide concentration over what occurred before humans started messing with the Earth's natural

heat balance is because of the combustion of fossil fuels. If carbon fuels are burned at their present

pace, carbon dioxide would build up in the atmosphere, trapping rising levels of ultraviolet

radiation released by the Earth and leading to global warming. [4]

Figure 11. Forecast of carbon dioxide concentration in atmosphere.

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One way to minimize carbon emissions is to reduce the usage of fossil fuel and substitute it with

renewable energy sources. Solar energy is among the cleanest energy sources available because it

does not emit greenhouse emissions into the atmosphere. Using solar energy instead of fossil fuels,

reduced the amount of carbon dioxide emission. Solar based systems can satisfy energy needs

while emitting about 80% less carbon dioxide. In hot and sunny climates, cooling is necessary for

houses. Electricity is used as primary means of cooling. The cooling load increases in hot climates,

resulting in a rise in energy use. This ultimately increase carbon emission in atmosphere. In our

project, we use a solar system with evacuated tube collectors to cool the building, which reduces

carbon emissions significantly and thereby qualifies this system as environmentally sustainable.

[5]

Table 1: Carbon dioxide emission from different energy sources

Energy Source 𝑪𝑶𝟐 Emission

(g/kWh generated)

Coal 870

Natural Gas 464

Crude Oil 260

LPG 230

Fuel oil 280

Solar 99

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The majority of carbon dioxide is generated during the construction of solar system. If a solar

thermal or photovoltaic power plant is installed instead of a coal-plant, carbon dioxide generation

will be less than 5% of the baseline coal plant's over the first 30 years of operation. By installing

solar system, demand for fossil fuels will be reduced, which in turn reduce greenhouse gas

emissions, and the carbon footprint. Transitioning from fossil energy to solar power reduces

pollution by the same amount as planting 150 trees a year. [6]

Solar system emits only 43 to 73 grams of CO2 equivalent per kilowatt hour (gCO2eq/kWh). Coal

produces 16 times the amount of CO2 emissions as solar energy, while natural gas produces over

7 times the amount of CO2 emissions as solar energy. Solar energy is the obvious advantageous,

and the benefits are undeniable as opposed to the use of fossil fuels. [7]

Figure 12. Reduction of carbon emission due to replacement of fossil fuel with solar systems

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 4 Chapter 4
Results and Discussion

4.1 Results:

Figure 13: Temperatures for 24 hr. Simulation Time

Figure 14: Temperatures for 6 months Simulation Time

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The two graphs shown above were generated from the TRNSYS model of Solar thermal cooling

system. Zone temperature is the temperature of the building, which is being cooled, Dry

temperature is the temperature of the surroundings, Chilled temperature is the temperature of the

cooled liquid being supplied to the cooling coil while the outlet temperature is the temperature of

the hot water from the storage tank. First graph shows these temperature variations for a 24-hour

time while the second graph shows these temperatures for a period of 6 months.

4.2 Discussion:

It can be seen from the graphs that the surrounding temperature ranges from 20 to 40 oC from

January to June. The cooled air from the cooling coil try to cool the inside of the building and

lowers the inside zone temperature from the surroundings temperature.

• 24-Hours Simulation Time:

First graph shows these temperature variations for a 24-hour time. It shows that the zone

temperature varies at night time whereas it is nearly constant 20 oC (set temperature). Zone

temperature is 20 oC from 4PM to 12AM, and starts decreasing afterwards, and gives a minimum

value at 8AM. As the day time starts at 7AM in our region, the zone temperature starts increasing.

• 6-Month Simulation Time:

The second graph shows these temperature variations for a period of 6 months. It can be seen from

the graphs that the surrounding temperature ranges from 20 to 40 oC from January to June. And

the zone temperature varies from 5 oC to 22 oC from January to June. As our interest comprises of

solar thermal cooling during summertime, therefore, the above system fulfils our demand in

summer by setting a zone temperature of 22 oC. However, for winter, solar thermal 28 cooling is

not required, thus, simulation result during this period, that is about 5 oC of zone temperature, is

not of our concern.

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 5 CONCLUSION

A solar energy-based Air conditioning system is designed for a single-story building based in

Karachi, Pakistan. TRNSYS software was used to model an absorption chiller operated by hot

water from an evacuated tube collector with a hot water storage tank to maintain the temperature

in cooling place at or below 26°C. This system was then simulated to check its possibility. It is

concluded that the system successfully performed its task by keeping temperature at 26℃ even

when ambient temperature was about 40℃. Also evacuated tube collector and stratified tank

worked perfectly with minimum losses. Thus, it is feasible for Pakistani localities to install solar

energy-based systems to cope with continuously rising energy needs and to attain sustainability.

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6 References:

[1] S. C. W. Y. J. Y. K.J. Chua, "Achieving better energy-efficient air conditioning – A review

[2] G. Levermore, "A review of the IPCC assessment report four, Part 1: the IPCC process and
greenhouse gas emission trends from buildings worldwide," Build Serv Eng Res Technol,
vol. 29, pp. 349-361, 2008.

[3] P. D. I. Morna, "Modeling global residential sector energy demand for heating and air
conditioning in the context of climate change.," Energy Policy, pp. 507-521, 2009.

[4] "Residential Solar Panels and Their Impact on the Reduction of Carbon Emissions,"
[Online]. Available:
[Link]

[5] Y.-J. K. J.-H. K. a. H. H. Chang-Hyun Park, "Greenhouse Gas Reduction Effect of Solar
Energy Systems Applicable to High-Rise Apartment Housing Structures in South Kore,"
Energies, 2020.

[6] P. N. A. D. B. FRANK KREITH, "A COMPARISON OF CO, EMISSIONS FROM FOSSIL

[7] "Environmental Benefits of Solar Panels," [Online]. Available:

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