2.

1 Background
Energy is pivotal for running a country’s resources, and crisis in energy have dire consequences
on industrial as well as domestic sectors. Nonrenewable resources are gradually decreasing as
the population of the world increasing. It is estimated that 80 % of the world energy is produced
from fossil fuels, causes carbon dioxide emissions which results the increase in global warming.
Conventional HVAC&R uses CFC’s which have high ozone depletion factor and global
warming potential. . In addition, the conventional HVAC &R systems consumes 40% of the
energy generated. The use of renewable resources especially solar energy gets most importance
because the cost of fossil fuels gradually increasing due to scarcity. The use of environment
friendly solar technologies can assure the energy efficient and healthy heating and cooling in
domestic and commercial systems.
2.1.1 Introduction of the proposal topic and explanation of its academic and
industrial context.
Energy Demand:

Total energy consumption divided into four sectors industrial, transportation, commercial and
residential sectors. Industrial and residential sectors are the major consumers of energy. The
buildings sector, which consists of residential and commercial end users, accounts for 20% of the
total delivered energy. The energy demand for transportation in United Kingdom (UK)
accounted for the largest proportion of final consumption in 2015 at 40%, followed by the
domestic sector 29%, industry 17% and the service sector 14% as shown in Figure 1 [1][2].
Figure 1:

(a) World energy consumption by sectors 2016 [1] (b) UK energy consumption by sectors 2016 [2]

Transport Domestic sector Industrial

Residential Industrial Transport & other sevices Service sector

21% 20% 14%

40%
17%

59% 29%
According to the EIA 2013-14 energy survey of Pakistan, major portion of energy was consumed
in residential sector by 51% followed by industry and transport 23% and 18% respectively.
Commercial and public sector contribute 3%. [3]
Figure 2:

Energy consumption in Pakistan by sectors [3].

commercial
others
and public industry
industry
sector 5% 23% Transport
3% residentian
Transport commercial and
residentian public sector
51% 18%
others

In the residential sector of OECD countries, world delivered energy consumption grows by an
average of 1.4%/year from 2012 to 2040. In the non-OECD, residential energy use increases by
an average of 2.1%/year from 2012 to 2040, as a result of strong economic growth and rising
standards [1]. The industrial sector consumed 54 % of global delivered energy in 2012, and its
energy consumption grows by an average of 1.2%/year from 2012 to 2040.
The total demand for heating and cooling in 2012 amounted to 546 Mtoe and represented half
Of the total final energy consumption in the EU (1102 Mtoe). Heating and cooling are consumed
in three main sectors, namely residential, tertiary and industry, with the residential (mainly
households buildings) representing the highest share. The residential sector accounted for 45%
(248 Mtoe) of final energy heating and cooling consumption in 2012, followed by industry's
share of 37% (202 Mtoe) and services’ of 18% (96 Mtoe).

Current demand estimates for both space cooling and refrigeration in 2009-2012 vary from 16 to
24 Mtoe per year. The range of the potential demand goes from 100 to 174 Mtoe, demonstrating
the high expected increase but, at the same time, the uncertainty attributed to the future cooling
demand. Kemna (2014) estimates that the potential space cooling demand is 42.1 Mtoe, less than
half of which is fulfilled. In 2020 the mainly tertiary central air conditioners would cover a load
of 17.9 Mtoe (a growth of 27%) and residential room air conditioner load would almost double at
8.2 Mtoe, bringing the total cooling supply to 26.2 Mtoe (a growth of 38%). Reportedly, the
Tertiary sector demand would then more or less stagnate, whereas –albeit at a slower pace—
Residential space cooling demand would continue to increase. In 2030, the total EU space
cooling load would be 30.3 Mtoe (a growth of 15% versus 2020). Process heating represents the
second largest share (31%) and represent an essential inputs to several industrial processes. Hot
water (9%) is used both in the residential, service and industrial sectors.
The demand for HVAC in UK is also growing rapidly in response to more intensive building
use, increased demands for comfort by occupants, business and market pressures and the
expectation of a warmer climate. It is anticipated that about 40% of commercial floor-space will
be air-conditioned by 2020 compared with 10% at the end of 1994.Annual electricity
consumption by 2020 is expected to increase four times to nearly 64 TWh.[4]
The demand of renewable energy resources in UK is gradually accelerated every year from 2005
to 2013 as shown in Figure 3 [5].
Figure 3:
(a) UK share of renewable in cooling and heating[5] (b) Space heaters in United Kingdom EU25, 2012 [5]

3 Non-condensing
1%
1%
1% boilers
2.5
42% condensing
2 55% boilers
1.5 biomass boilers
heat pumps
1
others
0.5
0

2.1.2 Understanding of related past and current work in the UK and abroad.

Currently, solar cooling and heating is one of the most effective alternative technologies for
HVAC systems. Till 2007, there were 81 installed large-scale solar cooling systems with a
cooling power over 20kW around the world, 73 in Europe, 7 in Asia (China is particular) and 1
in the USA (Mexico) [6] [7]. Around 60% of the installations are dedicated to office buildings,
10% to factories, 15% to laboratories and education centers, 6% to hotels and others at buildings
with different final use (hospitals, canteen, sport center, etc.). Absorption chillers are used at 56
different installations, 10 chillers 25 are adsorption based and around 17 Desiccant Evaporative
Cooling (DEC) systems. Amongst all DEC installations only two systems use a liquid
regenerator. The overall cooling capacity of the solar thermally driven chillers amounts to 9 MW
out of which 31% is installed in Spain, 18% in Germany and 12% in Greece [7]. Solar cool
installed 6000 commercial installations in last three years [8].According to solar polar forecasted
that average Mediterranean home uses 4kw of solar poling cooling would save approx.
13000kwh per year, 7 tons of co2 and 3000 lb. per year [9].Uses solar radiations to cool or heat a
house and saves up to 60 percent of energy compared to standard classical air
conditioning[10].Solar cooling technology from a Peterborough startup could protect up
lifesaving vaccine and boost food production in developing countries or chiefly upgrade[11].

Feasibility study is conducted in different cities of UK including Heathrow finning ley turn
house. It was found that solar power desiccant cooling is a feasible technology in UK. In addition
it was determined that a 70 percent reduction in annual gas consumption can be achieved by
incorporating solar coils into the desiccant system. Another study was conducted to determine
the feasibility of solar desiccant cooling system for office space in Oslo, London,bodapest, Lyon,
Sofia, Lisbon, elethen ..the results shows 23 to 45 percent by using solar systems. A study was
conducted to find out solar cooling for the hot climate of Pakistan through TRANSYS
simulation. It was that a collector area of 12 square meters is sufficient to maintain the temp in
the room at or below 26 c during the cooling season. In a study, the socio-economic prospects of
solar technology utilization in Pakistan are determined suggesting that the solar technologies are
the best market competitive technologies available. In another study, a Solar assisted, pre-cooled
hybrid desiccant cooling system is analyzed for different climates of Pakistan showing the
feasibility of such systems in Pakistan. Similarly, a study presented current status and overview
of renewable energy potential in Pakistan for continuous energy sustainability including solar
energy.

References:
[1] Energy Information Administration (EIA), "International Energy Outlook 2016,"
[2] Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy
3 Whitehall Place, London SW1A 2AW
www.gov.uk/beis
[3] International Energy Agency (IEA),”energy survey 2013-14”Pakistan energy balance.
[4] ER Hitchin and CH Pout, "Local cooling: global warming? UK carbon emissions from
Air conditioning in the next two decades,” 2000.
[5] Commission staff working document, European commission Brussels 2016.
[6] Y. Hang, M. Qu, and S. Ukkusuri, "Optimizing the design of a solar cooling system
Using central composite design techniques," Energy and Buildings, vol. 43, no. 4, pp.
988-994, 2011.
[7] W. Sparber, A. Napolitano, and P. Melograno, "Overview on worldwide installed
Solar cooling systems,” 2007.
[8] solar cool energy.com
[9] solar-polar.co.uk
[10] (Solar cool Europe.com)
[11] Business weekly.co.uk\news\cleantech)