The Global River Cities Alliance (GRCA),ग्लोबल रिवर सिटीज़ एलायंस

Leadership Group for Industry Transition (LeadIT) Summit 2023 उद्योग परिवर्तन के लिये नेतृत्व समूह
Green Development Pact: हरित विकास समझौते का द्वितीय चरण

Quad Climate Working Group (QCWG) क्वाड जलवायु कार्य समूह (क्यूसीडब्ल्यूजी)
Green Credit Initiative: हरित ऋण पहल Coalition for High Ambition Multilevel
Initiatives India opposes for climate action: Partnership (CHAMP) for Climate Action:
Global Cooling Pledge वैश्विक शीतलन प्रतिज्ञा
जलवायु कार्रवाई के लिए उच्च महत्वाकांक्षा बहुस्तरीय
Loss and Damage Fund हानि एवं क्षति कोष
भागीदारी गठबंधन
Global Stocktake वैश्विक स्टॉकटे क

Tripling renewable energy

Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA)अनुकू लन पर वैश्विक लक्ष्य
Triple Nuclear Energy
Powering Past Coal Alliance(PPCA): पावरिंग पास्ट कोल अलायंस (पीपीसीए)
Climate Club :- Africa Green Industrialisation Initiative (AGII):
Coal Transition Accelerator:
 COP28
About
The 28thUnited Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28) is currently
underway in Dubai, UAE,
COPs serve as the principal international forums where nations convene to
collectively combat the climate crisis.

Main agendas :- issues such as:

1. restricting the global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius,
2. supporting vulnerable communities impacted by climate change, and
3. achieving net-zero emissions by 2050.

Presidency
The UAE holds the presidency and serves as the host government for COP28.
Dr Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber, UAE's Minister of Special Envoy for Climate
Change, has been appointed as the President of COP28.
Significance
The conference primarily focuses on implementing the Paris Climate
Change Agreement and enhancing global efforts to combat climate
change.
Recent scientific findings indicate the urgent need to slash greenhouse
gas emissions by 43 percent by 2030 compared to 2019 levels to limit
temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius by the end of this century.

Discussions at COP28 aim to advance several key agendas, including:

framing details for a finance facility to assist vulnerable communities
affected by climate change impacts,
The global stocktake will conclude at COP 28 for the first time.
COP28 incorporates annual meetings of decision-making bodies related
to the Convention, the Paris Agreement, and the Kyoto Protocol.
COP 27?
Egypt’s coastal city of Sharm el-Sheikh is hosting the 27th session of
the Conference of Parties (COP27) of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC.

COP 26 ?
The 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) was held in
Glasgow.
 Supreme decision making body.
Meet every year (unless the parties decide otherwise)
First COP- held in Berlin, Germany (1995)
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also
known as the Rio Conference or the Earth Summit was a major United Nations
conference held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992.
The Global River Cities Alliance (GRCA),ग्लोबल रिवर सिटीज़ एलायंस
led by the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) under the Ministry
of Jal Shakti, Government of India, was launched at COP28, the United
Nations Climate Change Conference in Dubai, United Arab Emirates with
countries namely :-
1. India,
2. Egypt,
3. Netherlands,
4. Denmark,
5. Ghana,
6. Australia,
7. Bhutan,
8. Cambodia,
9. Japan
10. River-cities of The Hague (Den Haag) from the Netherlands,
11. Adelaide from Australia,
12. Szolnok of Hungary
International funding agencies the World Bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB),
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
widely expanding the reach of the existing River Cities Alliance (RCA), formed
by NMCG in association with National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA)

GRCA is a unique alliance covering 275+ global river-cities in 11 countries,

international funding agencies and knowledge management partners and
is first of its kind in the world.
The launch of GRCA, signifies a momentous step in global efforts toward
river conservation and sustainable water management.
Following this, partner countries are poised to coordinate post-COP
activities, shaping the architecture of GRCA for effective implementation.
 GRCA will help to expand the reach of the existing River Cities Alliance
(RCA).
RCA was formed by NMCG in association with the National Institute of
Urban Affairs (NIUA) in 2021 to foster the sustainable development of
river cities.

The collaboration between Namami Gange and the Mississippi River

Cities and Towns Initiative (MRCTI), was marked by the signing of a
Memorandum of Collaboration (MoCP).

Other initiatives related to the water and sanitation sector:

There is the world’s largest sanitation intervention of Swatch Bharat
Mission in which 100 million toilets in rural areas and 6 million in urban
areas were built in the 2014-2019 period.
What is the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)?
About:
On 12th August 2011, the NMCG was listed as a society under the
Societies Registration Act, 1860.
It acted as the implementation arm of the National Ganga River Basin
Authority (NGRBA) which was constituted under the provisions of the
Environment (Protection) Act (EPA),1986.
NGRBA was dissolved in 2016 and replaced by the National Council for
Rejuvenation, Protection, and Management of River Ganga.
Recently, at the Leadership Group for Industry Transition (LeadIT)
Summit 2023 hosted by India and Sweden at the Conference of
LeadIT 2.0:

Parties (COP 28) in the United Arab Emirates, the Ministry of

Environment, Forest and Climate Change announced the three
pillars of the second phase of LeadIT (2.0).

उद्योग परिवर्तन के लिये नेतृत्व समूह का द्वितीय चरण

What is the Leadership Group for Industry Transition (LeadIT)?
About:
LeadIT is a global initiative that aims to accelerate the transition of
challenging sectors such as steel, cement, chemicals, aviation, and
shipping to low-carbon pathways.
The LeadIT gathers countries and companies that are committed to action
to achieve the Paris Agreement.
It was launched by the governments of Sweden and India at the United
Nations Climate Action Summit in 2019 and is supported by the World
Economic Forum.
The LeadIT Secretariat is responsible for managing the work of the
Leadership Group.
Members:
LeadIT, boasting 38 members, encompasses countries and companies.
Notably, India is an active participant.

What are the Key Highlights of the Second Phase of LeadIT?

Facilitate the creation of policies and regulations backing an inclusive
industry transition through public-private partnerships. Mobilise resources,
support knowledge-sharing, and accelerate pathways to achieve net-zero
industry emissions by 2050.
LeadIT Pillars:
1. Global Forum for a Just and Equitable Industry Transition:
2. Ensuring continuous dialogue and engagement between governments and
industry. यह समावेशी एवं न्यायसंगत उद्योग परिवर्तन, सह-विकास एवं निम्न-कार्बन
प्रौद्योगिकी के हस्तांतरण और उद्योग परिवर्तन के लिये उभरती अर्थव्यवस्थाओं को
वित्तीय सहायता पर ध्यान कें द्रित करेगा।
 3.This pillar is dedicated to sustaining LeadIT's engagement with
multilateral groups (e.g., UN Climate Action, United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) COP presidencies), facilitating
knowledge sharing among members, and vigilantly monitoring the trasition's
pace.
4.Technology Transfer and Co-development:

Industry Transition Partnerships:

The LeadIT Secretariat aids members in creating industry transition
partnerships, supporting emerging markets and developing economies in
their pursuit of green industrial transitions.
The ultimate goal is to establish enabling conditions for a pipeline of
bankable low-carbon industrial projects
 Green Development Pact:

Green Development Pact: it provides pathways for nations in their journey

towards achieving energy, climate, environment and disaster resilience-
related objectives.
Green Development Pact includes key ambitions such as tripling of global
renewable capacity by 2030.

नीति आयोग सतत भविष्य के लिए हरित विकास समझौते पर कार्यशाला

अनुकू लन और आपदा प्रतिरोधी बुनियादी ढांचा -
पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र को बहाल करना, संरक्षित करना और उसका सतत उपयोग करना -

स्वच्छ, टिकाऊ, न्यायसंगत, किफायती और समावेशी ऊर्जा परिवर्तन को लागू करना

 Quad Climate Working Group (QCWG)

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of

India organised a side event under the Climate Ambition Pillar of Quad
Climate Working Group (QCWG) on “Localising Climate Action” at the India
Pavilion on the sidelines of UNFCCC COP 28 at Dubai.
The event focused on recognizing and amplifying the role of local
communities, local and regional Governments in supporting sustainable
lifestyles.

During the event, two sessions were organised focusing on the role of
individuals, local communities, local and regional governments in
combating climate change and also efforts by the National Governments
to encourage localized climate action.
 Green Credit Initiative: The Initiative aims to create a global trade
forum facilitating the exchange of innovative environmental
programmes and instruments.
The Green Credit Initiative, launched at COP28, aligns with
Mission LiFE which aims to minimise per capita carbon footprint
by promoting mindful utilisation instead of wasteful consumption.
हरित ऋण पहल (Green Credit Initiative):
हरित ऋण पहल को स्वैच्छिक ग्रह-समर्थक कार्रवाइयों को प्रोत्साहित करने हेतु एक तंत्र के रूप में संकल्पित किया गया है जो
जलवायु परिवर्तन की चुनौती के लिये एक प्रभावी प्रतिक्रिया होगी।
यह प्राकृ तिक पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र को पुनर्जीवित करने और उनका पुनरुद्धार करने के लिये बंजर/अपघटित भूमि और नदी
जलग्रहण क्षेत्रों में वृक्षारोपण के लिये हरित ऋण जारी करने की परिकल्पना करता है।
 Initiatives India opposes for climate action:

Coal phase-out: India stands firm on not phasing out coal-generated

electricity in the near term.
Global Methane Pledge: the potential effects on agriculture and the
supply of electricity, the nation has continuously opposed
international initiatives of the Global Methane Pledge.
Global Renewables and Energy Efficiency Pledge: India did not join the
“Global Renewables and Energy Efficiency Pledge” at COP28,
emphasizing its own climate equity concept that addresses unequal
burdens on nations.
Loss and Damage Fund: Citing historical responsibility and objecting
to the World Bank’s temporary management of the fund, China and
India both refuse to contribute to the Loss and Damage Fund.
 क्वाड जलवायु कार्य समूह (क्यूसीडब्ल्यूजी)
भारत सरकार के पर्यावरण, वन और जलवायु परिवर्तन मंत्रालय ने दुबई में जलवायु
परिवर्तन पर संयुक्त राष्ट्र का रूपरेखा सम्मेलन (यूएनएफसीसीसी) के सीओपी 28
सम्मेलन के अवसर पर भारत मंडप में "स्थानीयकरण जलवायु कार्रवाई" पर क्वाड
जलवायु कार्य समूह (क्यूसीडब्ल्यूजी) के जलवायु महत्वाकांक्षा स्तंभ के अंतर्गत एक
अन्य कार्यक्रम का आयोजन किया।
यह आयोजन स्थायी जीवन शैली के समर्थन में स्थानीय समुदायों, स्थानीय और क्षेत्रीय
सरकारों की भूमिका को पहचानने और बढ़ाने पर कें द्रित था।
कार्यक्रम के दौरान जलवायु परिवर्तन से निपटने में व्यक्तियों, स्थानीय समुदायों,
स्थानीय और क्षेत्रीय सरकारों की भूमिका और स्थानीय जलवायु कार्रवाई को
प्रोत्साहित करने के लिए राष्ट्रीय सरकारों के प्रयासों पर ध्यान कें द्रित करते हुए दो
सत्र आयोजित किए गए।
What is the Loss and Damage Fund?
About: हानि एवं क्षति कोष
The 'Loss and Damage' (L&D) fund is a financial mechanism designed to
address the irreversible consequences of climate change that cannot be
avoided or mitigated through adaptation efforts.
Adaptation is the proactive response to climate change, the art of survival
using which communities and countries make deliberate choices to prepare
for and cope with climate-related challenges.
This fund recognizes and aims to compensate for the real losses incurred by
communities, countries, and ecosystems due to the impacts of climate
change.
These losses extend beyond monetary value and cut to the core of human
rights, well-being, and environmental sustainability.
सदस्य देश जलवायु परिवर्तन के प्रभावों से जूझ रहे देशों को मुआवजा देने के उद्देश्य से
हानि एवं क्षति (Loss and Damage- L&D) कोष को संचालित करने के लिये एक
समझौते पर पहुँचे हैं।
अल्पविकसित देशों (LDCs) और छोटे द्वीपीय विकासशील राज्यों (SIDS) के लिये एक
विशिष्ट प्रतिशत निर्धारित किया गया है।
आरंभिक रूप से हानि एवं क्षति कोष की निगरानी विश्व बैंक करेगा।
Genesis and Evolution of the L&D Fund:
1. Historical Accountability and Inception:
Over 30 years, there has been a persistent call for affluent nations to
acknowledge their role in historic pollution, which has elevated the world’s
average surface temperature by more than 1 degree Celsius.
This historic pollution is currently causing significant damage worldwide,
especially in the poorest nations.
COP 19 (2013):
1.The formal agreement at the 19th Conference of the Parties (COP 19) to
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in
Warsaw, Poland, in 2013, led to the establishment of the L&D fund.
2.This fund was specifically created to provide financial and technical
assistance to economically developing nations that were incurring Loss and
Damage due to climate change.
 COP 25:
1.Following COP 19, the Santiago Network for L&D was established
at COP 25. However, at this point, countries did not commit any
funds to support the initiative.

COP 26:
1.2021 COP26 climate summit in Glasgow, aimed to continue
discussions over the next three years regarding the operationalization
of the fund.

COP 27 (November 2022):

1.After intense negotiations at COP 27, representatives of the
UNFCCC’s member states agreed to set up the L&D fund.
2.Additionally, a Transitional Committee (TC) was established to
figure out how the new funding mechanisms under the fund.
 Stalemate at TC4 and TC5:
1. TC4 Meeting:
The fourth meeting of the TC4 concluded with no clear consensus on
operationalizing the L&D fund.
The key points of contention included the hosting of the fund at the World
Bank, the foundational principle of common but differentiated
responsibilities (CBDR), issues related to climate reparations, and the
eligibility of all developing nations for the funds.

2.TC5 Meeting:
Recommendations from TC5 have been drafted and forwarded to COP 28.
 Global Stocktake
eight steps to keep the global temperature rise within the ambit of 1.5 degrees
Celsius.
It calls for tripling renewable energy capacity globally and doubling the global
average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements by 2030.
वैश्विक स्टॉकटेक टेक्स्ट में वैश्विक तापमान वृद्धि को 1.5 डिग्री सेल्सियस के दायरे में रखने के लिये आठ कदम प्रस्तावित हैं।
इसमें वर्ष 2030 तक वैश्विक स्तर पर नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा क्षमता को तीन गुना करने और ऊर्जा दक्षता सुधार की वैश्विक औसत
वार्षिक दर को दोगुना करने का आह्वान किया गया है।
Increase renewable energy capacity threefold by 2030 (to at least 11,000 GW by 2030) and collectively enhance global
energy efficiency improvements from approximately 2% to over 4% annually until 2030.

Gradual reduction of unabated coal power.

Accelerate global efforts towards achieving net-zero emissions around mid-century.

Speed up the development and deployment of zero and low-emission technologies such as Nuclear, CCUS (Carbon
Capture, Utilization, and Storage), and Hydrogen.

Phasing out away from fossil fuels in energy systems in a fair, organized, and equitable manner, aiming for net-zero
emissions by 2050.

Decrease non-CO2 emissions, including global methane emissions, by 2030.

Reduce emissions from road transport.

Phasing out eliminate inefficient fossil fuel subsidies.

 Recently, the synthesis report of the first Global Stocktake released
by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) ahead of the 18thG-20 summit in New Delhi.

Context :- The synthesis report presents 17 key findings, painting a concerning

picture of the world's progress towards Paris Agreement targets. While there is
a limited window for corrective action, the report echoes previous warnings that
global efforts are falling short.
वैश्विक स्टॉकटेक

यह रिपोर्ट कु ल 17 प्रमुख निष्कर्ष प्रस्तुत करती है, जिसमें पेरिस समझौते के

लक्ष्यों की प्राप्ति की दिशा में विश्व की चिंताजनक प्रगति को दर्शाती है।
सुधारात्मक कार्रवाई की संभावना के बावजूद रिपोर्ट से यह जानकारी मिलती है
कि इस दिशा में वैश्विक प्रयास कम हुए हैं।
What is Global Stocktake?
The Global Stocktake is a periodic review mechanism established under
the Paris Agreement in 2015.
The stocktake takes place every five years, with the first-ever stocktake
scheduled to conclude at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP28) at
the end of 2023.
Its primary objectives are to assess individual countries' efforts to reduce
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and transition to renewable energy
sources.
In 2015, when countries committed in Paris to keep global temperatures
from rising beyond 2 degrees Celsius by the end of the century and “as
far as possible” below 1.5 degrees Celsius, they also agreed to periodically
review, or take stock of efforts, made by individual countries in containing
greenhouse gasses.
 While countries have laid out their Nationally Determined Contributions
(NDC), they are expected to — but not obliged to — increase their
ambitions every five years.
.
What are the Key Recommendations of the Report?
1.Galvanizing Effect of Paris Agreement:
The Paris Agreement has galvanised countries into setting goals and
signalling the urgency of the climate crisis.

2.Equitable Economic Transition:

While rapid change could be “disruptive,” countries should work on
ensuring that the economic transition is equitable and inclusive.
 Much more ambition is needed to reduce global GHG emissions by 43% by
2030 and further by 60% in 2035 and reach net zero CO2 emissions by
2050 globally.

3.Scaling Up Renewable Energy and Halting Deforestation:

Renewable energy has to be scaled up and all ‘unabated fossil fuels are
to be rapidly eliminated.
Deforestation and land-degradation have to be halted and reversed and
agricultural practices critical to reducing emissions and conserving and
enhancing carbon sinks have to be encouraged.

4.Fragmented Adaptation Efforts:

While the world, as a whole, has committed to scale up steps to help
adapt to the unfolding and future impacts of climate change, most
efforts were “fragmented, incremental, sector-specific and unequally
distributed across regions.”
 Transparent reporting on adaptation could facilitate and enhance
understanding, implementation and international cooperation.

5.Addressing Loss and Damage:

Averting, minimising and addressing ‘loss and damage,’ requires urgent
action across climate and development policies to manage risks
comprehensively and provide support to impacted communities.

6.Enhancing Climate Finance Access:

Financial flows needed to be made consistent with climate-resilient
development to meet urgent and increasing needs.
A substantial shift in financial flows is essential to support low
greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development.
 Tripling renewable energy

1.Tripling renewable energy capacity by 2030 (to at least 11,000 GW by

2030) and collectively double the global energy efficiency improvements
from around 2% to over 4% every year until 2030.

2.Phase-down of unabated coal power

3.Accelerating efforts globally towards net zero by around mid-century

4. Accelerating zero and low emissions technologies e.g., Nuclear, CCUS,

Hydrogen
5. Transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy systems, in a just, orderly and equitable manner, so as to achieve net zero by 2050

5.It noted that there is a need to cut 43% of GHG emissions by 2030,
6. Reducing non-CO2 emissions e.g., methane emissions globally by 2030

compared to 2019 levels and countries are off-track in meeting their

7. Emissions reductions from road transport

climate goals.
8. Phasing out of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies
 United Nations Environment Programme, Conference of
Parties(COP28), Global Cooling Pledge, Kigali Amendment, India
Cooling Action Plan (ICAP)

Why in News?
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has proposed an
action plan aimed at significantly reducing emissions from the global
cooling sector in its recent report titled “Keeping it Chill: How to meet
cooling demands while cutting emissions.”

कू ल कोएलिशन साझेदारों का एक वैश्विक नेटवर्क है जो सभी के लिये कु शल,

जलवायु-अनुकू ल शीतलन सुनिश्चित करने के लिये कार्य कर रहा है।
UNEP ने सतत् विकास लक्ष्यों के लिये 2030 एजेंडा तथा पेरिस समझौते के बीच
तालमेल से पहले वैश्विक सम्मेलन में कू ल कोएलिशन का शुभारंभ किया।
भारत कू ल कोएलिशन का सदस्य है।
 This initiative carries the potential to make a substantial impact on the
predicted 2050 greenhouse gas emissions, reducing them by 60%.
The report is released in support of the Global Cooling Pledge, a joint
initiative between the United Arab Emirates as host of the Conference of
Parties(COP28) and the Cool Coalition.

Note :-
The Cool Coalition is a global network of partners working to provide
efficient, climate-friendly cooling for all.
The UNEP launched the Cool Coalition at the First Global Conference on
Synergies between the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals
and the Paris Agreement.
India is a member of the Cool Coalition.
COP28 के लिये वैश्विक शीतलन प्रतिज्ञा (Global Cooling Pledge):
इसमें हस्ताक्षरकर्ता के रूप में 66 राष्ट्रीय सरकारें शामिल हैं जो वर्ष 2050 तक
वर्ष 2022 के स्तर के सापेक्ष वैश्विक स्तर पर सभी क्षेत्रों में शीतलन-संबंधी
उत्सर्जन को कम से कम 68% कम करने के लिये मिलकर कार्य करने हेतु
प्रतिबद्ध हैं।
 Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA)

CONTEXT :- As the search for a mutually agreeable position on

fossil fuel elimination continued at the COP28 Summit in Dubai,
negotiators at the climate meeting took a small first step on
initiating greater action on adaptation.
अनुकू लन पर वैश्विक लक्ष्य
Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA):
The draft text is titled as ‘Global Goal on Adaptation’.
GGA is an attempt to identify a common global goal on adaptation, just
like keeping temperatures below the 1.5 degrees Celsius threshold is a
global goal on mitigation.
It has been a long pending-demand of the developing countries, primarily
to ensure more focus and resource mobilisation on adaptation.
The draft text talks about the following issues:
1. Reducing climate-induced water scarcity,
2. Making food and agriculture production climate-resilient,
3. Strengthening resilience against climate-related health impacts.
The text also asks countries to make an assessment of their risks and
vulnerabilities, prepare and implement adaptation plans, and put
monitoring and evaluation systems in place.
वैश्विक अनुकू लन लक्ष्य अनुकू ली क्षमताओं को बढ़ाने और सतत विकास के लिये
भेद्यता/संवेदनशीलता को कम करने पर कें द्रित है।
 22 countries have pledged to triple the global nuclear installed capacity by
2050, at the COP28 climate meeting.

Triple Nuclear Energy

India and Nuclear Power

India currently has 6,780 MW of installed nuclear capacity, and is

constructing new reactors, which will add almost an equal amount – 6,800
MW, thereby doubling its capacity in the near future.

COP28 में की गई घोषणा का लक्ष्य वर्ष 2050 तक वैश्विक परमाणु ऊर्जा क्षमता
को तीन गुना बढ़ाना है।
 Powering Past Coal Alliance(PPCA):
PPCA is a coalition of national and sub-national governments,
businesses and organizations working to advance the transition
from unabated coal power generation to clean energy.
PPCA at COP28 welcomed new national and subnational
governments, and called for cleaner energy alternatives.
India is not part of PPCA as it has not committed to phasing out of
coal
पावरिंग पास्ट कोल अलायंस (पीपीसीए) 170 देशों, शहरों, क्षेत्रों और संगठनों का एक
समूह है, जिसका लक्ष्य कोयले से चलने वाले बिजली स्टेशनों से जीवाश्म-ईंधन चरण
को तेज करना है , के वल कु छ को छोड़कर जिनके पास कार्बन कै प्चर और भंडारण है
Coal Transition Accelerator:
France, in collaboration with various countries and organizations,
introduced the Coal Transition Accelerator.
Objectives include knowledge-sharing, policy design, and financial support
to facilitate just transitions from coal to clean energy.
The initiative aims to leverage best practices and lessons learned for
effective coal transition policies.
 U.S.A recently unveiled a new carbon offset scheme called
Energy Transition Accelerator (ETA) for climate finance.

It will be developed by the US along with the Bezos Earth Fund and the
Rockefeller Foundation and receive inputs from public and private sectors.
It is a new carbon offset plan that will allow companies to fund clean
energy projects in developing countries and gain carbon credits that they
can then use to meet their own climate goals, at least partly.
 Coalition for High Ambition Multilevel Partnership (CHAMP) for
Climate Action:

Context :- A total of 65 national governments signed CHAMP commitments to

enhance cooperation, where applicable and appropriate, with subnational
governments in the planning, financing, implementation, and monitoring of
climate strategies.
जलवायु कार्रवाई के लिए उच्च महत्वाकांक्षा बहुस्तरीय भागीदारी गठबंधन
 Global Renewables and Energy Efficiency Pledge

The Pledge stipulates that signatories commit to work together to triple the
world’s installed renewable energy generation capacity to at least 11,000 GW
by 2030 and to collectively double the global average annual rate of energy
efficiency improvements from around 2% to over 4% every year until 2030.
Climate Club :-
It is led by Germany and Chile, the Club has garnered support from 36
member countries including Kenya, the European Union, Switzerland and
others.
It aims to make decarbonisation of industries successful for climate and
businesses.
The activities of the club are divided into three key pillars:-
1. Pillar 1: Advancing ambitious and transparent climate change mitigation
policies.
2. Pillar 2: Transforming industries
3. Pillar 3: Boosting international cooperation and partnership

Two co-chairs will be elected for two-year terms for the Club. Currently,
Germany and Chile serve as the co-chairs
A secretariat will be formed to implement the work program.
Currently, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and
International Energy Agency are the joint interim heads of secretariat.
Two global initiatives — Partnership for Net Zero Industry and The Global
Matchmaking Platform — were announced at COP28 as part of the new
Climate Club.
Both initiatives aim to support developing countries in decarbonising their
heavy-emitting sectors like steel and cement.
Africa Green Industrialisation Initiative (AGII):

Launched on December 2 at the 28th Conference of Parties (COP28) to

the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change at Dubai,
UAE.
It aims to upscale and accelerate green industries and businesses across
Africa was launched by presidents and representatives from Kenya,
Angola, Burundi, Djibouti, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal
and Zambia.
The initiative underscores the importance of green industrialisation to
harness Africa’s vast and quality resources to secure prosperity for all.
Why Africa
??
Africa has 40 per cent of the world’s critical minerals necessary for
energy transition such as bauxite, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, iron,
etc.for instance it contains the world’s largest reserves of manganese
needed for making solar panels etc.
The continent’s potential of exporting green steel through reserves of iron
ore and production of green hydrogen.
There are huge bauxite reserves for green aluminium and renewables
assets in the Sahel region.
It has the world’s largest natural carbon sink.