Chelyabinsk Meteor

Coordinates: 55.150°N 61.
410°E
Chelyabinsk meteor
The Chelyabinsk meteor was a superbolide that entered Earth's
atmosphere over Russia on 15 February 2013 at about 09:20 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor
YEKT (03:20 UTC). It was caused by an approximately 20 m
(66 ft) near-Earth asteroid with a speed of 19.16 ± 0.15 kilometres
per second (60,000[5]–69,000 km/h or 40,000[5]–
42,900 mph).[6][7] It quickly became a brilliant superbolide
meteor over the southern Ural region. The light from the meteor
was brighter than the Sun, visible up to 100 km (62 mi) away. It
was observed over a wide area of the region and in neighbouring
republics. Some eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the Play media
fireball.
(image link)
Due to its high velocity and shallow angle of atmospheric entry, Meteor fireball seen from Kamensk-
the object exploded in an air burst over Chelyabinsk Oblast, at a Uralsky where it was still dawn, in an
height of around 29.7 km (18.5 mi; 97,000 ft).[7][8] The explosion oblast north of Chelyabinsk
generated a bright flash, producing a hot cloud of dust and gas
that penetrated to 26.2 km (16.3 mi), and many surviving small
fragmentary meteorites, as well as a large shock wave. The bulk
of the object's energy was absorbed by the atmosphere, with a
total kinetic energy before atmospheric impact estimated from
infrasound and seismic measurements to be equivalent to the blast
yield of 400–500 kilotons of TNT (about 1.4–1.8 PJ) range – 26
to 33 times as much energy as that released from the atomic bomb
detonated at Hiroshima.[9] Location of the meteor
The object was undetected before its atmospheric entry, in part Date 15 February 2013
because its radiant (source direction) was close to the Sun. Its Time 09:20 YEKT
explosion created panic among local residents, and about 1,500 (UTC+06:00)
people were injured seriously enough to seek medical treatment.
Location Russia
All of the injuries were due to indirect effects rather than the
meteor itself, mainly from broken glass from windows that were Chelyabinsk Oblast
blown in when the shock wave arrived, minutes after the Kurgan Oblast
superbolide's flash. Some 7,200 buildings in six cities across the
Orenburg Oblast
region were damaged by the explosion's shock wave, and
authorities scrambled to help repair the structures in sub-freezing Bashkortostan
temperatures. Sverdlovsk Oblast
Tyumen Oblast
With an estimated initial mass of about 12,000–13,000
tonnes[7][8][10] (13,000–14,000 short tons, heavier than the Eiffel
Tower), and measuring about 20 m (66 ft) in diameter, it is the Kazakhstan
largest known natural object to have entered Earth's atmosphere
since the 1908 Tunguska event, which destroyed a wide, remote, Aktobe Province
forested, and very sparsely populated area of Siberia. The Kostanay Province
Chelyabinsk meteor is also the only meteor confirmed to have
Coordinates 55.150°N 61.410°E[1]
resulted in many injuries. No deaths were reported.
Also known Chelyabinsk meteorite[2]
The earlier-predicted and well-publicized close approach of a as
larger asteroid on the same day, the roughly 30 m (98 ft) 367943 Cause Meteor air burst
Duende, occurred about 16 hours later; the very different orbits of
the two objects showed they were unrelated to each other. Non-fatal 1,491 indirect injuries.[3]
injuries
Property Over 7,200[4] buildings
Contents damage damaged, collapsed
factory roof, shattered
Initial reports windows
Atmospheric entry
Injuries and damage
Reactions
Frequency
Origin
Meteorites
Media coverage
Impactor orbital parameters
Coincidental asteroid approach
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Initial reports
Local residents witnessed
extremely bright burning
objects in the sky in
Chelyabinsk, Kurgan,
Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, and
Orenburg Oblasts, the
Republic of Bashkortostan,
and in neighbouring regions
in Kazakhstan,[11][12][13]
The meteor's path in relation to the when the asteroid entered the
ground. Earth's atmosphere over
Russia.[14][15][16][17][18] Comparison of possible sizes of the
Amateur videos showed a Chelyabinsk (CM mark) and
fireball streaking across the sky and a loud boom several minutes Tunguska meteoroids to the Eiffel
Tower and the Empire State Building.
afterwards.[19][20][21] Some eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from
the fireball.[22]
The event began at 09:20:21 Yekaterinburg time,[7][8] several minutes after sunrise in Chelyabinsk, and
minutes before sunrise in Yekaterinburg. According to eyewitnesses, the bolide appeared brighter than the
sun,[12] as was later confirmed by NASA.[23] An image of the object was also taken shortly after it entered the
atmosphere by the weather satellite Meteosat 9.[24][25] Witnesses in Chelyabinsk said that the air of the city
smelled like "gunpowder",[24] "sulfur" and "burning odors" starting about 1 hour after the fireball and lasting
all day.[8]
Atmospheric entry
The visible phenomenon due to the passage of an asteroid or
meteoroid through the atmosphere is called a meteor.[26] If the object
reaches the ground, then it is called a meteorite. During the
Chelyabinsk meteoroid's traversal, there was a bright object trailing
smoke, then an air burst (explosion) that caused a powerful blast
wave. The latter was the only cause of the damage to thousands of
buildings in Chelyabinsk and its neighbouring towns. The fragments
then entered dark flight (without the emission of light) and created a Illustrating all "phases", from
strewn field of numerous meteorites on the snow-covered ground atmospheric entry to explosion.
(officially named Chelyabinsk meteorites).
The last time a similar phenomenon was observed in the Chelyabinsk region was the Kunashak meteor shower
of 1949, after which scientists recovered about 20 meteorites weighing over 200 kg in total.[27] The
Chelyabinsk meteor is thought to be the biggest natural space object to enter Earth's atmosphere since the 1908
Tunguska event,[28][29][30] and the only one confirmed to have resulted in many injuries,[31][Note 1] although a
small number of panic-related injuries occurred during the Great Madrid Meteor Event of 10 February
1896.[32]
Preliminary estimates released by the Russian Federal Space Agency indicated the object was an asteroid
moving at about 30 km/s in a "low trajectory" when it entered Earth's atmosphere. According to the Russian
Academy of Sciences, the meteor then pushed through the atmosphere at a velocity of 15 km/s.[17][24][33] The
radiant (the apparent position of origin of the meteor in the sky) appears from video recordings to have been
above and to the left of the rising Sun.[34]
Early analysis of CCTV and dashcam video posted online indicated that the meteor approached from the
southeast, and exploded about 40 km south of central Chelyabinsk above Korkino at a height of 23.3 km (14.5
miles, 76,000 feet), with fragments continuing in the direction of Lake Chebarkul.[1][35][36][37] On 1 March
2013 NASA published a detailed synopsis of the event, stating that at peak brightness (at 09:20:33 local time),
the meteor was 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000 feet) high, located at 54.8°N, 61.1°E. At that time it was travelling
at about 18.6 km/s (11.6 mi/s), (about 67,000 km/h, or about 41,750 mph) —almost 60 times the speed of
sound.[1][38] In November 2013, results were published based on a more careful calibration of dashcam videos
in the field weeks after the event during a Russian Academy of Sciences field study, which put the point of
peak brightness at 29.7 km altitude and the final disruption of the thermal debris cloud at 27.0 km, settling to
26.2 km, all with a possible systematic uncertainty of ±0.7 km.[7][8]
The United States space agency NASA estimated the diameter of the bolide at about 17–20 m and has revised
the mass several times from an initial 7,700 tonnes (7,600 long tons; 8,500 short tons),[14] until reaching a final
estimate of 10,000 tonnes[14][39][40][41][42] (11,000 short tons, greater than the total weight of the Eiffel
Tower).[1][43] The air burst's blast wave, when it hit the ground, produced a seismic wave which registered on
seismographs at magnitude 2.7.[44][45][46]
The Russian Geographical Society said the passing of the meteor over
Chelyabinsk caused three blasts of different energy. The first
explosion was the most powerful, and was preceded by a bright flash,
which lasted about five seconds. Initial newspaper altitude estimates
ranged from 30–70 km, with an explosive equivalent, according to
NASA, of roughly 500 kilotonnes of TNT (2,100 TJ), although there
is some debate on this yield[47][48] (500 kt is exactly the same energy
released by the Ivy King nuclear explosion in 1952). According to a
A sample found by Ural Federal
paper in 2013, all these ~500 kiloton yield estimates for the meteor
University scientists at Lake
airburst are "uncertain by a factor of two because of a lack of
Chebarkul. The object is part of the calibration data at those high energies and altitudes".[7][8]
Chelyabinsk meteorite.
The hypocentre of the explosion was to the south of Chelyabinsk, in
Yemanzhelinsk and Yuzhnouralsk. Due to the height of the air burst,
the atmosphere absorbed most of the explosion's energy.[49][50] The explosion's blast wave first reached
Chelyabinsk and environs between less than 2 minutes 23 seconds and 2 minutes 57 seconds later.[51] The
object did not release all of its kinetic energy in the form of a blast wave as some 90 kilotons of TNT
(about 3.75 × 1014 joules, or 0.375 PJ) of the total energy of the main airburst's fireball was emitted as visible
light according to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory,[1][52] and two main fragments survived the primary
airburst disruption at 29.7 kilometres (18.5 mi); they flared around 24 kilometres (15 mi), with one falling apart
at 18.5 kilometres (11.5 mi) and the other remaining luminous down to 13.6 kilometres (8.5 mi),[8] with part of
the meteoroid continuing on its general trajectory to punch a hole in the frozen Lake Chebarkul, an impact that
was fortuitously captured on camera and released in November 2013.[53][54]
The infrasound waves given off by the explosions were detected by

20 monitoring stations designed to detect nuclear weapons testing run
by the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO)
Preparatory Commission, including the distant Antarctic station, some
15,000 kilometres (9,300 mi) away. The blast of the explosion was
large enough to generate infrasound returns, after circling the globe, at
distances up to about 85,000 kilometres (53,000 mi). Multiple arrivals
involving waves that travelled twice around the globe have been Play media
identified. The meteor explosion produced the largest infrasounds This visualization shows the
ever to be recorded by the CTBTO infrasound monitoring system, aftermath observations by NASA
which began recording in 2001,[56][57][58] so great that they satellites and computer models
reverberated around the world several times, taking over a day to projections of the plume and meteor
dissipate.[59] Additional scientific analysis of US military infrasound debris trajectory around the
data was aided by an agreement reached with US authorities to allow atmosphere. The plume rose to an
altitude of 35 km and once there, it
its use by civilian scientists, implemented only about a month before
was rapidly blown around the globe
the Chelyabinsk meteor event.[18][59]
by the polar night jet.[55]
A preliminary estimate of the
explosive energy by
Astronomer Boris Shustov, director of the Russian Academy of
Sciences Institute of Astronomy, was 200 kilotonnes of TNT
(840 TJ),[60] another using empirical period-yield scaling relations
and the infrasound records, by Peter Brown of the University of
Western Ontario gave a value of 460–470 kilotonnes of TNT (1,900–
A full view of the smoke trail with the 2,000 TJ) and represents a best estimate for the yield of this airburst;
bulbous section corresponding to a there remains a potential "uncertainty [in the order of] a factor of two
mushroom cloud's cap. in this yield value".[61][62] Brown and his colleagues also went on to
publish a paper in November 2013 which stated that the "widely
referenced technique of estimating airburst damage does not reproduce the [Chelyabinsk] observations, and
that the mathematical relations found in the book The Effects of Nuclear Weapons which are based on the
effects of nuclear weapons—[which is] almost always used with this technique—overestimate blast damage
[when applied to meteor airbursts]".[63] A similar overestimate of the explosive yield of the Tunguska airburst
also exists; as incoming celestial objects have rapid directional motion, the object causes stronger blast wave
and thermal radiation pulses at the ground surface than would be predicted by a stationary object exploding,
limited to the height at which the blast was initiated-where the object's "momentum is ignored".[64] Thus a
meteor airburst of a given energy is "much more damaging than an equivalent [energy] nuclear explosion at
the same altitude".[65][66] The seismic wave produced when the primary airburst's blast struck the ground
yields a rather uncertain "best estimate" of 430 kilotons (momentum ignored),[66] corresponding to the seismic
wave which registered on seismographs at magnitude 2.7.[44][45][46]
Brown also states that the double smoke plume formation, as seen in
photographs, is believed to have coincided near the primary airburst
section of the dust trail (as also pictured following the Tagish Lake
fireball), and it likely indicates where rising air quickly flowed into the
center of the trail, essentially in the same manner as a moving 3D
version of a mushroom cloud.[67] Photographs of this smoke trail
portion, before it split into two plumes, show this cigar-shaped region
glowing incandescently for a few seconds.[68] This region is the area A picture taken of the smoke trail
in which the maximum of material ablation occurred, with the double with the double plumes visible either
plume persisting for a time and then appearing to rejoin or close side of the bulbous "mushroom
up.[69] cloud" cap.
Injuries and damage

The blast created by the meteor's air burst produced extensive ground
damage over an irregular elliptical area around a hundred kilometres
wide, and a few tens of kilometres long,[70] with the secondary effects
of the blast being the main cause of the considerable number of
injuries. Russian authorities stated that 1,491 people sought medical
attention in Chelyabinsk Oblast within the first few days.[3] Health
officials said 112 people had been hospitalised, with two in serious
condition. A 52-year-old woman with a broken spine was flown to
Moscow for treatment.[24] Most of the injured were hurt by the
Shattered windows in the foyer of the secondary blast effects of shattered, falling or blown-in glass.[24][71]
Chelyabinsk Drama Theatre
The intense light from the meteor, momentarily 30 times brighter than
the Sun,[48] also produced injuries, leading to over 180 cases of eye
pain, and 70 people subsequently reported temporary flash
blindness. [72] Twenty people reported ultraviolet burns similar to sunburn, possibly intensified by the presence
of snow on the ground.[72] Vladimir Petrov, when meeting with scientists to assess the damage, reported that
he sustained so much sunburn from the meteor that the skin flaked only days later.[73]
A fourth-grade teacher in Chelyabinsk, Yulia Karbysheva, was hailed as a hero after saving 44 children from
imploding window glass cuts. Despite not knowing the origin of the intense flash of light, Karbysheva thought
it prudent to take precautionary measures by ordering her students to stay away from the room's windows and
to perform a duck and cover maneuver and then to leave a building. Karbysheva, who remained standing, was
seriously lacerated when the blast arrived and window glass severed a tendon in one of her arms and left thigh;
none of her students, whom she ordered to hide under their desks, suffered cuts.[74][75] The teacher was taken
to a hospital which received 112 people that day. The majority of the patients were suffering from cuts.[75]
After the air blast, car alarms went off and mobile phone networks
were overloaded with calls.[76] Office buildings in Chelyabinsk were
evacuated. Classes for all Chelyabinsk schools were cancelled, mainly
due to broken windows.[24] At least 20 children were injured when
the windows of a school and kindergarten were blown in at 09:22.[77]
Following the event, government officials in Chelyabinsk asked
parents to take their children home from schools.[78]
Approximately 600 m2 (6,500 sq ft) of a roof at a zinc factory

collapsed during the incident.[79] Residents in Chelyabinsk whose The collapsed roof over the
windows were smashed quickly sought to cover the openings with warehouse section of a zinc factory
anything available, to protect themselves against temperatures of in Chelyabinsk
−15 °C (5 °F).[80] Approximately 100,000 home-owners were
affected, according to Chelyabinsk Oblast Governor Mikhail
Yurevich.[81] He also said that preserving the water pipes of the city's district heating was the primary goal of
the authorities as they scrambled to contain further post-explosion damage.[24]
By 5 March 2013 the number of damaged buildings was tallied at over 7,200, which included some 6,040
apartment blocks, 293 medical facilities, 718 schools and universities, 100 cultural organizations, and 43 sport
facilities, of which only about 1.5% had not yet been repaired.[4] The oblast governor estimated the damage to
buildings at more than 1 billion rubles[82] (approximately US$33 million). Chelyabinsk authorities said that
broken windows of apartment homes, but not the glazing of enclosed balconies, would be replaced at the
state's expense.[83] One of the buildings damaged in the blast was the Traktor Sport Palace, home arena of
Traktor Chelyabinsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). The arena was closed for inspection, affecting
various scheduled events, and possibly the postseason of the KHL.[84]
The irregular elliptical disk shape/"spread-eagled butterfly"[85] ground blast damage area, produced by the
airburst,[86] is a phenomenon first noticed upon studying the other larger airburst event: Tunguska.[87]
Reactions
The Chelyabinsk meteor struck without warning. Dmitry Medvedev, the Prime Minister of Russia, confirmed
a meteor had struck Russia and said it proved that the "entire planet" is vulnerable to meteors and a spaceguard
system is needed to protect the planet from similar objects in the future.[19][88] Dmitry Rogozin, the deputy
prime minister, proposed that there should be an international program that would alert countries to "objects of
an extraterrestrial origin",[89] also called potentially hazardous objects.
Colonel General Nikolay Bogdanov, commander of the Central Military District, created task forces that were
directed to the probable impact areas to search for fragments of the asteroid and to monitor the situation.
Meteorites (fragments) measuring 1 to 5 cm (0.39 to 1.97 in) were found 1 km (0.62 mi) from Chebarkul in the
Chelyabinsk region.[90]
On the day of the impact, Bloomberg News reported that the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
had suggested the investigation of creating an "Action Team on Near-Earth Objects", a proposed global
asteroid warning network system, in face of 2012 DA14 's approach.[91][92] As a result of the impact, two
scientists in California proposed directed-energy weapon technology development as a possible means to
protect Earth from asteroids.[93][94] Furthermore, the NEOWISE satellite was brought out of hibernation for its
second mission extension to scan for near-earth objects.[95]
Frequency
It is estimated that the frequency of airbursts from objects 20 metres across is about once in every 60 years.[96]
There have been three incidents in the previous century involving a comparable energy yield or higher: the
1908 Tunguska event, the 1930 Curuçá River event, and in 1963 off the coast of Prince Edward Islands in the
Indian Ocean.[97] Two of those were over unpopulated areas.
Centuries before, the 1490 Ch'ing-yang event, of an unknown magnitude, apparently caused 10,000
deaths.[98] While modern researchers are skeptical about that 10,000 deaths figure, the Tunguska event would
have been devastating over a highly populous district.[98]
Origin
Based on its entry direction and speed of 19 kilometres/second, the Chelyabinsk meteor apparently originated
in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. It was probably a fragmented asteroid. The meteorite has veins
of black material which had experienced high-pressure shock and were once partly melted, due to a previous
collision. The metamorphism in the chondrules in the meteorite samples indicates the rock making up the
meteor had a history of collisions and was once several kilometres below the surface of a much larger LL-
chondrite asteroid. The Chelyabinsk asteroid probably entered an orbital resonance with Jupiter (a common
way for material to be ejected from the asteroid belt) which increased its orbital eccentricity until its perihelion
was reduced enough for it to be able to collide with the Earth.[99]
Meteorites
In the aftermath of the air burst of the body, many small meteorites fell
on areas west of Chelyabinsk, generally at terminal velocity, about the
speed of a piece of gravel dropped from a skyscraper.[100] Analysis of
the meteor showed that all resulted from the main breakup at 27–
34 km altitude.[7] Local residents and schoolchildren located and
picked up some of the meteorites, many located in snowdrifts, by
Strewnfield map of recovered
following a visible hole that had been left in the outer surface of the
meteorites (253 documented find snow. Speculators were active in the informal market that emerged for
locations, status of 18 July 2013). meteorite fragments.[100]
In the hours following the visual meteor sighting, a 6-metre (20 ft)
wide hole was discovered on Lake Chebarkul's frozen surface. It was not immediately clear whether this was
the result of an impact; scientists from the Ural Federal University collected 53 samples from around the hole
the same day it was discovered. The early specimens recovered were all under 1 centimetre (0.39 in) in size
and initial laboratory analysis confirmed their meteoric origin. They are ordinary chondrite meteorites and
contain 10% iron. The fall is officially designated as the Chelyabinsk meteorite.[2] The Chelyabinsk meteor
was later determined to come from the LL chondrite group.[101] The meteorites were LL5 chondrites having a
shock stage of S4, and had a variable appearance between light and dark types. Petrographic changes during
the fall allowed estimates that the body was heated between 65 and 135 degrees during its atmospheric
entry.[102]
In June 2013, Russian scientists reported that further investigation by magnetic imaging below the location of
the ice hole in Lake Chebarkul had identified a 60-centimetre (2.0-foot)-size meteorite buried in the mud at the
bottom of the lake. Before recovery began, the chunk was estimated to weigh roughly 300 kilograms
(660 lb).[103]
Following an operation lasting a number of weeks, it was raised from the bottom of the Chebarkul lake on 16
October 2013. With a total mass of 654 kg (1,442 lb), this is the largest found fragment of the Chelyabinsk
meteorite. Initially, it tipped and broke the scales used to weigh it, splitting into three pieces.[104][105]
In November 2013, a video from a security camera was released
showing the impact of the fragment at the Chebarkul lake.[7][106] This
is the first recorded impact of a meteorite on video. From the
measured time difference between the shadow generating meteor to
the moment of impact, scientists calculated that this meteorite hit the
ice at about 225 metres per second, 64 percent of the speed of
sound.[7]
Media coverage A 112.2 gram (3.96 oz) Chelyabinsk

meteorite specimen, one of many
The Russian government put out a brief statement within an hour of found within days of the airburst, this
the event. Serendipitously the news in English was first reported by one between the villages of
the hockey site Russian Machine Never Breaks before heavy Deputatsky and Emanzhelinsk. The
coverage by the international media and the Associated Press ensued, broken fragment displays a thick
with the Russian government's confirmation less than two hours primary fusion crust with flow lines
afterwards.[107][108][109] Less than 15 hours after the meteor impact, and a heavily shocked matrix with
videos of the meteor and its aftermath had been viewed millions of melt veins and planar fractures.
times.[110] Scale cube is 1 cm (0.39 in).
The number of injuries caused by the asteroid led the Internet-search

giant Google to remove a Google Doodle from their website, created External video
for the predicted pending arrival of another asteroid, Meteor air burst
2012 DA14 .[111] New York City planetarium director Neil deGrasse Two videos, first from a car and
Tyson stated the Chelyabinsk meteor was unpredicted because no
from street (https://www.youtube.co
attempt had been made to find and catalogue every 15-metre near-
m/watch?v=m9WooFdPGMA) on
Earth object.[112] Doing so would be very difficult, and current
efforts only aim at a complete inventory of 150-metre near-Earth YouTube
objects. The Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System, on the Extensive dashcam footage from
other hand, could now predict some Chelyabinsk-like events a day the atmospheric entry onwards (htt
or so in advance, if and only if their radiant is not close to the Sun. ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Z
xXYscmgRg) on YouTube
On 27 March 2013, a broadcast episode of the NOVA science
television series titled "Meteor Strike" documented the Chelyabinsk Explosion eyewitness (https://ww
meteor, including the significant contribution to meteoritic science w.youtube.com/watch?v=w6uOzFo2
made by the numerous videos of the airburst posted online by MQg) on YouTube
ordinary citizens. The NOVA program called the video
Bright light and sound recorded
documentation and the related scientific discoveries of the airburst
by a stationary surveillance camera
"unprecedented". The documentary also discussed the much greater
tragedy "that could have been" had the asteroid entered the Earth's (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
atmosphere more steeply.[59][113] efvP-RRuJuA) on YouTube
Video of meteor explosion that
Impactor orbital parameters stirred panic in Urals region (https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=90Omh
Multiple videos of the Chelyabinsk superbolide, particularly from the 7_I8vI) on YouTube
dashboard cameras and traffic cameras which are ubiquitous in
Q = Aphelion, q = Perihelion, a = Semi-major axis, e = Eccentricity, i = Inclination,
Ω = Ascending node longitude, ω = Argument of perihelion
Preliminary orbital solutions for impacting asteroid
Q q a e i Ω ω
Source
AU (°)
Popova, Jenniskens, Emel'yanenko 2.78 0.74 1.76 0.58 4.93 326.442 108.3
et al.; Science[7] ±0.20 ±0.02 ±0.16 ±0.02 ±0.48° ±0.003° ±3.8°
Lyytinen via Hankey; AMS[114] 2.53 0.80 1.66 0.52 4.05° 326.43° 116.0°
Zuluaga, Ferrin; arXiv[115] 2.64 0.82 1.73 0.51 3.45° 326.70° 120.6°
Borovicka, et al.; IAU[116] 2.33 0.77 1.55 0.50 3.6° 326.41° 109.7°
Zuluaga, Ferrin, Geens; arXiv[117] 1.816 0.716 1.26 0.44 2.984° 326.5° 95.5°
± 0.05 ± 0.03 ± 0.3° ± 2°
Chodas, Chesley; JPL via Sky and 2.78 0.75 1.73 0.57 4.2°
Telescope[118]
Insan[119] 1.5 0.5 3°
Proud; GRL[120] 2.23 0.71 1.47 0.52 4.61° 326.53° 96.58°
de la Fuente Marcos; MNRAS:

2.48 0.76 1.62 0.53 3.97° 326.45° 109.71°
Letters[121]
Russia, helped to establish the meteor's provenance as an Apollo asteroid.[116][122] Sophisticated analysis
techniques included the subsequent superposition of nighttime starfield views over recorded daytime images,
as well as the plotting of the daytime shadow vectors shown in several online videos.[59]
The radiant of the impacting asteroid was located in the constellation Pegasus in the Northern hemisphere.[115]
The radiant was close to the Eastern horizon where the Sun was starting to rise.[115]
The asteroid belonged to the Apollo group of near-Earth asteroids,[115][123] and was roughly 40 days past
perihelion[114] (closest approach to the Sun) and had aphelion (furthest distance from the Sun) in the asteroid
belt.[114][115] Several groups independently derived similar orbits for the object, but with sufficient variance to
point to different potential parent bodies of this meteoroid.[120][121][124] The Apollo asteroid 2011 EO40 is
one of the candidates proposed for the role of the parent body of the Chelyabinsk superbolide.[121] Other
published orbits are similar to the 2-kilometre-diameter asteroid (86039) 1999 NC43 to suggest they had once
been part of the same object;[125] they may not be able to reproduce the timing of the impact.[121]
Coincidental asteroid approach

Preliminary calculations rapidly showed that the object was unrelated to the long-predicted close approach of
the asteroid 367943 Duende, that flew by Earth 16 hours later at a distance of 27,700 km.[14][126][127] The
Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory,[34] Russian sources,[128] the European Space Agency,[129] NASA[14]
and the Royal Astronomical Society[130] all indicated the two objects could not have been related because the
two asteroids had widely different trajectories.
See also
Tunguska event
Asteroid impact avoidance
Impact event
List of meteor air bursts
Near-Earth object
Notes
1. Historical, normally accurate, Chinese records of the 1490
Ch'ing-yang event describe over 10,000 deaths, but have
never been confirmed.
References
Comparison of the former orbit of the
1. Yeomans, Don; Chodas, Paul (1 March 2013). "Additional Chelyabinsk meteor (larger elliptical
Details on the Large Fireball Event over Russia on Feb. blue orbit) and asteroid 2012 DA14
15, 2013" (http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fireball_130301.ht (smaller circular blue orbit), showing
ml). NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office. that they are dissimilar.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130430164941/htt
p://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fireball_130301.html) from the
original on 30 April 2013. "Note that [the] estimates of total
energy, diameter and mass are very approximate."
NASA's webpage in turn acknowledges credit for its data
and visual diagrams to:
Peter Brown (University of Western Ontario); William
Cooke (Marshall Space Flight Center); Paul Chodas,
Steve Chesley and Ron Baalke (JPL); Richard
Binzel (MIT); and Dan Adamo.
2. "Chelyabinsk" (http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.ph
p?code=57165). Meteoritical Bulletin Database. The
Meteoritical Society. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20130603103339/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.p
hp?code=57165) from the original on 3 June 2013.
3. Число пострадавших при падении метеорита
приблизилось к 1500 (https://web.archive.org/web/201305
02144652/http://top.rbc.ru/incidents/18/02/2013/845595.sht
ml) [The number of victims of the meteorite approached
1500] (in Russian). РосБизнесКонсалтинг [RBC]. 18
February 2013. Archived from the original (http://top.rbc.ru/i
ncidents/18/02/2013/845595.shtml) on 2 May 2013.
Retrieved 18 February 2013.
4. "Meteorite-caused emergency situation regime over in
Chelyabinsk region" (http://rbth.ru/news/2013/03/05/meteor
ite-caused_emergency_situation_regime_over_in_chelyab
insk_region_23513.html). Russia Beyond The Headlines.
Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Interfax. 5 March 2013.
5. Atkinson, Nancy (15 February 2013). "Airburst Explained:
NASA Addresses the Russian Meteor Explosion" (http://w
ww.universetoday.com/100025/airburst-explained-nasa-ad
dresses-the-russian-meteor-explosion/). Universe Today.
p://www.universetoday.com/100025/airburst-explained-nas
a-addresses-the-russian-meteor-explosion/) from the
original on 17 February 2013.
6. "O. P. Popova,et al. Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage
Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and
Characterization.Science 342 (2013)" (http://cams.seti.org/
Popova2013-ms.pdf) (PDF).
7. Popova, Olga P.; Jenniskens, Peter; Emel'yanenko,
Vacheslav; et al. (2013). "Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage
Assessment, Meteorite Recovery, and Characterization" (ht
tp://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6162/1069.abstract).
Science. 342 (6162): 1069–1073.
Bibcode:2013Sci...342.1069P (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.ed
u/abs/2013Sci...342.1069P). doi:10.1126/science.1242642
(https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1242642).
hdl:10995/27561 (https://hdl.handle.net/10995%2F27561).
PMID 24200813 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2420081
3). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2014012516543
7/http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6162/1069.abstr
act) from the original on 25 January 2014.
8. "O. P. Popova, et al. Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage
Characterization.Science 342 (2013)" (http://cams.seti.org/
Popova2013-ms.pdf) (PDF).
9. David, Leonard (7 October 2013). "Russian Fireball
Explosion Shows Meteor Risk Greater Than Thought" (htt
p://www.space.com/23423-russian-fireball-meteor-airburst-
risk.html). www.space.com. New York, NY USA: Wired
Magazine/Conde Nast.best estimate of the equivalent
nuclear blast yield of the Chelyabinsk explosion
10. Schiermeier, Quirin (6 November 2013). "Risk of massive
asteroid strike underestimated" (http://www.nature.com/ne
ws/risk-of-massive-asteroid-strike-underestimated-1.1411
4). Nature News. Nature Publishing Group.
doi:10.1038/nature.2013.14114 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2
Fnature.2013.14114). Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20131107141251/http://www.nature.com/news/risk-of-ma
ssive-asteroid-strike-underestimated-1.14114) from the
original on 7 November 2013.
11. Byford, Sam (15 February 2013). "Russia rocked by meteor
explosion" (https://www.theverge.com/2013/2/15/3991132/r
ussia-meteorite-explosion-reported). The Verge. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20130305235823/http://www.t
heverge.com/2013/2/15/3991132/russia-meteorite-explosio
n-reported) from the original on 5 March 2013.
12. Kuzmin, Andrey (15 February 2013). "Meteorite explodes
over Russia, more than 1,000 injured" (https://www.reuters.
com/article/2013/02/15/us-russia-meteorite-idUSBRE91E0
5Z20130215). Reuters. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20130222191716/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/
02/15/us-russia-meteorite-idUSBRE91E05Z20130215)
from the original on 22 February 2013.
13. Shurmina, Natalia; Kuzmin, Andrey (15 February 2013).
"Meteorite hits central Russia, more than 500 people hurt"
(https://web.archive.org/web/20130215195937/http://news.
yahoo.com/possible-meteor-shower-reported-eastern-russi
a-052833588.html). Yahoo News. Archived from the
original (http://www.news.yahoo.com/possible-meteor-sho
wer-reported-eastern-russia-052833588.html) on 15
February 2013.
14. Agle, D. C. (13 February 2013). "Russia Meteor Not Linked
to Asteroid Flyby" (http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ast
eroids/news/asteroid20130215.html). NASA news. NASA.
p://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/asteroids/news/asteroid
20130215.html) from the original on 17 February 2013.
15. Arutunyan, Anna; Bennetts, Marc (15 February 2013).
"Meteor in central Russia injures at least 500" (https://www.
usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/02/15/russia-meteorit
e/1921991/). USA Today.
16. Heintz, Jim; Isachenkov, Vladimir (15 February 2013). "100
injured by meteorite falls in Russian Urals" (http://www.mer
curynews.com/breaking-news/ci_22596238/100-injured-by
-meteorite-falls-russian-urals). Mercury News. Associated
Press. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130502223
112/http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_22596
238/100-injured-by-meteorite-falls-russian-urals) from the
original on 2 May 2013.
17. Major, Jason (15 February 2013). "Meteor Blast Rocks
Russia" (http://www.universetoday.com/99982/meteor-blast
s-rock-russia/). Universe Today. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20130217062852/http://www.universetoday.co
m/99982/meteor-blasts-rock-russia/) from the original on 17
February 2013.
18. Fountain, Henry (25 March 2013). "A Clearer View of the
Space Bullet That Grazed Russia" (https://www.nytimes.co
m/2013/03/26/science/space/in-asteroids-aftermath-a-sigh-
of-relief.html). New York Times. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20130326074701/http://www.nytimes.com/201
3/03/26/science/space/in-asteroids-aftermath-a-sigh-of-reli
ef.html) from the original on 26 March 2013.
19. "PM Medvedev Says Russian Meteorite KEF-2013 Shows
"Entire Planet" Vulnerable" (https://web.archive.org/web/20
130623084923/http://www.newsroomamerica.com/story/34
7222/pm_medvedev_says_russian_meteorite_kef-2013_s
hows_entire_planet_vulnerable_.html#). Newsroom
America. 15 February 2013. Archived from the original (htt
p://www.newsroomamerica.com/story/347222/pm_medved
ev_says_russian_meteorite_kef-2013_shows_entire_plan
et_vulnerable_.html) on 23 June 2013. Retrieved
15 February 2013.
20. Videos capture exploding meteor in sky (http://edition.cnn.c
om/video/?hpt=hp_t1#/video/world/2013/02/16/ac-boulden-
meteor-explodes-over-russia.cnn) (Television production).
United States: CNN. 16 February 2013.
21. "Meteor shower over Russia sees meteorites hit Earth" (htt
ps://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/meteor-shower-
over-russia-sees-meteorites-hit-earth-20130215-
2ei2j.html). The Sydney Morning Herald. 16 February
2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130623084
954/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/meteor-sh
ower-over-russia-sees-meteorites-hit-earth-20130215-2ei2
j.html) from the original on 23 June 2013.
22. "Russian Meteor strike eyewitnesses speak" (https://www.y
outube.com/watch?v=9Iq2h2DIqt8). YouTube. 15 February
2013. "In Russian, with translation voiceover in English"
23. Mackey, Robert; Mullany, Gerry (15 February 2013).
"Spectacular Videos of Meteor Over Siberia" (http://theled
e.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/video-captures-flaming-o
bject-believed-to-be-meteorite/). New York Times. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20130430101207/http://theled
e.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/video-captures-flaming-o
bject-believed-to-be-meteorite/) from the original on 30
April 2013.
24. "Meteorite hits Russian Urals: Fireball explosion wreaks
havoc, up to 1,200 injured (PHOTOS, VIDEO)" (http://rt.co
m/news/meteorite-crash-urals-chelyabinsk-283/). RT. 15
February 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2013
0222122928/http://rt.com/news/meteorite-crash-urals-chely
abinsk-283/) from the original on 22 February 2013.
25. "Meteor over Russia seen by Meteosat – EUMETSAT" (htt
ps://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Images/ImageLibrary/
DAT_IL_13_02_15_A.html). eumetsat.int. EUMETSAT.
26. Rubin, Alan E.; Grossman, Jeffrey N. (January 2010).
"Meteorite and meteoroid: New comprehensive
definitions". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 45 (1): 114–
122. Bibcode:2010M&PS...45..114R (https://ui.adsabs.harv
ard.edu/abs/2010M&PS...45..114R). doi:10.1111/j.1945-
5100.2009.01009.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-510
0.2009.01009.x).
27. Grady, Monica M (31 August 2000). Catalogue of
Meteorites (https://books.google.com/books?id=mkdHJR35
Q_8C&pg=PA285). London: Natural History Museum,
Cambridge University Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-521-
66303-8.
28. Brumfiel, Geoff (15 February 2013). "Russian meteor
largest in a century" (http://www.nature.com/news/russian-
meteor-largest-in-a-century-1.12438). Nature.
doi:10.1038/nature.2013.12438 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2
Fnature.2013.12438). Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20130220184343/http://www.nature.com/news/russian-m
eteor-largest-in-a-century-1.12438) from the original on 20
February 2013.
29. T.C. (15 February 2013). "Asteroid impacts – How to avert
Armageddon" (https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/
2013/02/asteroid-impacts). The Economist. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20130219143645/https://www.eco
nomist.com/blogs/babbage/2013/02/asteroid-impacts) from
the original on 19 February 2013.
30. Chang, Kenneth (15 February 2013). "Size of Blast and
Number of Injuries Are Seen as Rare for a Rock From
Space" (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/science/spac
e/size-of-blast-and-number-of-injuries-are-seen-as-rare-for-
a-rock-from-space.html). New York Times. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20130220221446/http://www.nytim
es.com/2013/02/16/science/space/size-of-blast-and-numbe
r-of-injuries-are-seen-as-rare-for-a-rock-from-space.html)
31. Ewalt, David M (15 February 2013). "Exploding Meteorite
Injures A Thousand People in Russia" (https://www.forbes.
com/sites/davidewalt/2013/02/15/exploding-meteorite-injur
es-a-thousand-people-in-russia/). Forbes. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20130408202030/http://www.forbes.c
om/sites/davidewalt/2013/02/15/exploding-meteorite-injure
s-a-thousand-people-in-russia/) from the original on 8 April
2013.
32. S.F. Chronicle (1896). "Explosion of an Aerolite in Madrid
(10 February 1896)". Notices from the Lick Observatory.
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 8
(47): 86–87. Bibcode:1896PASP....8...86C (https://ui.adsab
s.harvard.edu/abs/1896PASP....8...86C).
doi:10.1086/121074 (https://doi.org/10.1086%2F121074).
"Many injuries resulted from the panic which broke out...
Much damage was done by the force of the concussion."
33. Heintz, Jim (15 February 2013). "500 injured by blasts as
meteor falls in Russia" (https://news.yahoo.com/500-injure
d-blasts-meteor-falls-russia-105758757.html). Yahoo
News. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130624001
638/http://news.yahoo.com/500-injured-blasts-meteor-falls-
russia-105758757.html) from the original on 24 June 2013.
34. "Are 2012 DA14 and the Chelyabinsk meteor related?" (htt
p://kaira.sgo.fi/2013/02/are-2012-da14-and-chelyabinsk-m
eteor.html). Kilpisjärvi Atmospheric Imaging Receiver
Array. Finland: Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory. 15
February 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2013
0623092057/http://kaira.sgo.fi/2013/02/are-2012-da14-and-
chelyabinsk-meteor.html) from the original on 23 June
2013.
35. Barstein, Geir (18 February 2013). "Kan koste flere tusen
grammet" (http://www.dagbladet.no/2013/02/18/nyheter/ute
nriks/meteor/meteoritter/astronomi/25811137/) [(Meteorite)
can cost several thousand dollars per gram]. Dagbladet (in
Norwegian). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201305
01013304/http://www.dagbladet.no/2013/02/18/nyheter/ute
nriks/meteor/meteoritter/astronomi/25811137/) from the
original on 1 May 2013.
36. ssvilponis (16 February 2013). Chelyabinsk meteorite,
2013 February 15th (http://maps.google.ee/maps/ms?msid
=216221265233140305376.0004d5da6860954d651ba&m
sa=0&ll=55.013851,61.333923&spn=0.872465,2.458191)
(Map). Google Maps.
37. Geens, Stefan (16 February 2013). "Reconstructing the
Chelyabinsk meteor's path, with Google Earth, YouTube
and high-school math" (http://ogleearth.com/2013/02/recon
structing-the-chelyabinsk-meteors-path-with-google-earth-y
outube-and-high-school-math/). Ogle Earth. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20130228024225/http://ogleearth.
com/2013/02/reconstructing-the-chelyabinsk-meteors-path-
with-google-earth-youtube-and-high-school-math/) from the
38. Fazekas, Andrew (1 July 2013). "Russian Meteor
Shockwave Circled Globe Twice" (http://newswatch.nation
algeographic.com/2013/07/01/russian-meteor-shockwave-
circled-globe-twice/). Newswatch. National Geographic
Society. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201307132
21042/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/07/0
1/russian-meteor-shockwave-circled-globe-twice/) from the
original on 13 July 2013.
39. Cooke, William (15 February 2013). "Orbit of the Russian
Meteor" (http://blogs.nasa.gov/cm/blog/Watch%20the%20S
kies/posts/post_1360985685055.html). NASA blogs.
p://blogs.nasa.gov/cm/blog/Watch%20the%20Skies/posts/
post_1360985685055.html) from the original on 7 March
2013.
40. Malik, Tariq (17 February 2013). "Russian Meteor Blast
Bigger Than Thought, NASA Says" (https://www.huffington
post.com/2013/02/17/russian-meteor-size-blast-bigger-nas
a_n_2704164.html). Huffington Post. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20130218113911/http://www.huffingtonpo
st.com/2013/02/17/russian-meteor-size-blast-bigger-nasa_
n_2704164.html) from the original on 18 February 2013.
41. Black, Phil; Smith-Spark, Laura (18 February 2013).
"Russia starts cleanup after meteor strike" (http://www.cnn.
com/2013/02/16/world/europe/russia-meteor-shower/).
CNN. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130217025
049/http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/16/world/europe/russia-m
eteor-shower) from the original on 17 February 2013.
42. Sreeja, VN (4 March 2013). "New Asteroid '2013 EC'
Similar To Russian Meteor To Pass Earth At A Distance
Less Than Moon's Orbit" (http://www.ibtimes.com/new-aste
roid-2013-ec-similar-russian-meteor-pass-earth-distance-le
ss-moons-orbit-1109921). International Business Times.
p://www.ibtimes.com/new-asteroid-2013-ec-similar-russian
-meteor-pass-earth-distance-less-moons-orbit-1109921)
from the original on 30 April 2013.
43. "All you need to know about the Eiffel Tower" (http://www.to
ur-eiffel.fr/images/PDF/all_you_need_to_know_about_the
_eiffel_tower.pdf) (PDF). tour-eiffel.fr. Paris: Société
d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20130623092211/http://www.tour-eiffel.fr/image
s/PDF/all_you_need_to_know_about_the_eiffel_tower.pdf)
(PDF) from the original on 23 June 2013.
44. "Meteor Explosion near Chelyabinsk, Russia" (https://earth
quake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000f7rz#summ
ary). US Geological Survey. 15 February 2013. Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20130219164510/http://earthqu
ake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000f7rz#summar
y) from the original on 19 February 2013.
45. "Magnitude ? (Uncertain Or Not Yet Determined) – URAL
MOUNTAINS REGION, RUSSIA" (https://web.archive.org/
web/20130218084242/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthqua
kes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc000f7rz.php#details).
National Earthquake Information Center. U.S. Geological
Survey. 15 February 2013. Archived from the original (http
s://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quake
s/usc000f7rz.php#details) on 18 February 2013.
46. Oskin, Becky (15 February 2013). "Russia meteor blast
produced 2.7 magnitude earthquake equivalent" (http://ww
w.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0215/Russia-meteor-blast-
produced-2.7-magnitude-earthquake-equivalent). Christian
Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729 (https://www.worldcat.or
g/issn/0882-7729). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0130216182201/http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0
215/Russia-meteor-blast-produced-2.7-magnitude-earthqu
ake-equivalent) from the original on 16 February 2013.
47. "Russian meteorite blast explained: Fireball explosion
equal to 20 Hiroshimas" (http://rt.com/news/scientists-expla
in-chelyabinsk-bolide-337/). RT. 15 February 2013.
p://rt.com/news/scientists-explain-chelyabinsk-bolide-337/)
48. Sample, Ian (7 November 2013). "Scientists reveal the full
power of the Chelyabinsk meteor explosion" (https://www.t
heguardian.com/science/2013/nov/06/chelyabinsk-meteor-
russia). The Guardian. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20131109204718/http://www.theguardian.com/science/
2013/nov/06/chelyabinsk-meteor-russia) from the original
on 9 November 2013.
49. "Meteor threat wasn't expected for another 2,000 years –
Russian Emergency Minister" (http://rt.com/news/meteor-att
ack-not-expected-284/). RT. 22 February 2013. Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20130225015327/http://rt.com/n
ews/meteor-attack-not-expected-284/) from the original on
25 February 2013.
50. "Russian meteor hit atmosphere with force of 30 Hiroshima
bombs" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/98746
62/Russian-meteor-hit-atmosphere-with-force-of-30-Hiroshi
ma-bombs.html). The Telegraph. 16 February 2013.
p://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/9874662/Russian-
meteor-exploded-with-force-of-30-Hiroshima-bombs.html)
51. Метеорит в Челябинске (https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=kSrUSmJPHOE) [Meteorite in Chelyabinsk] (in
Russian). YouTube. 15 February 2013.
52. Brown, P.; Spalding, R. E.; ReVelle, D. O.; Tagliaferri, E.;
Worden, S. P. (2002). "The flux of small near-Earth objects
colliding with the Earth" (https://web.archive.org/web/2013
0430110029/http://www.stoprocks.com/gaps/new/news/bib
liotheque/Bolide/pdf/na/flux-final.pdf) (PDF). Nature. 420
(6913): 294–296. Bibcode:2002Natur.420..294B (https://ui.
adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.420..294B).
doi:10.1038/nature01238 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnatur
e01238). PMID 12447433 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go
v/12447433). Archived from the original (http://www.stoproc
ks.com/gaps/new/news/bibliotheque/Bolide/pdf/na/flux-fina
l.pdf) (PDF) on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
53. "Newly Released Security Cam Video Shows Chelyabinsk
Meteorite Impact in Lake Chebarkul by Bob King on
November 7, 2013" (http://www.universetoday.com/10622
6/newly-released-security-cam-video-shows-chelyabinsk-
meteorite-impact-in-lake-chebarkul/). 7 November 2013.
54. "Huge half-ton chunk of Russian meteorite lifted from
lakebed" (http://rt.com/news/largest-fragment-meteorite-lifte
d-258/). 16 October 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
55. "Fallout from the Russian fireball encircled Earth, research
shows" (http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0819/Fall
out-from-the-Russian-fireball-encircled-Earth-research-sho
ws). Christian Science Monitor. 19 August 2013.
56. "Russian Fireball Largest Ever Detected by CTBTO's
Sensors" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171027024647/ht
tps://newsroom.ctbto.org/2013/02/18/russian-fireball-larges
t-ever-detected-by-ctbtos-infrasound-sensors/). CTBTO. 18
February 2013. Archived from the original (http://newsroo
m.ctbto.org/2013/02/18/russian-fireball-largest-ever-detecte
d-by-ctbtos-infrasound-sensors/) on 27 October 2017.
57. Harper, Paul (20 February 2013). "Meteor explosion largest
infrasound recorded" (http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/new
s/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10866592). The New
Zealand Herald. APN Holdings NZ.
58. Schiermeier, Quirin (10 June 2013). "Russian meteor blast
was the largest ever recorded by CTBTO" (http://blogs.natu
re.com/news/2013/06/russian-meteor-blast-was-the-largest
-ever-recorded.html). Nature News Blog. Macmillan
Publishers Limited.
59. "Meteor Strike" (https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/mete
or-strike.html). NOVA. PBS. 27 March 2013. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20130421121813/http://www.pbs.o
rg/wgbh/nova/earth/meteor-strike.html) from the original on
21 April 2013.
60. http://atominfo.ru/newsd/k0520.htm
61. "Fireball Events Chelyabinsk Meteor of 15 Feb. 2013 –
Preliminary results as of Feb 16, 2013. Dr. Peter Brown" (ht
tp://meteor.uwo.ca/research/fireball/events/Chel/overview.h
tml).
62. Le Pichon, Alexis; Ceranna, L.; Pilger, C.; Mialle, P.;
Brown, D.; Herry, P.; Brachet, N. (2013). "2013 Russian
Fireball largest ever detected by CTBTO infrasound
sensors". Geophysical Research Letters. 40 (14): 3732.
Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40.3732L (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.
edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.3732L). doi:10.1002/grl.50619 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1002%2Fgrl.50619).
63. Brown, PG; Assink, JD; Astiz, L; Blaauw, R; Boslough, MB;
et al. (2013). "A 500-kiloton airburst over Chelyabinsk and
an enhanced hazard from small impactors". Nature. 503
(7475): 238–41. Bibcode:2013Natur.503..238B (https://ui.a
dsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.503..238B).
e12741). hdl:10125/33201 (https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2
F33201). PMID 24196713 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go
v/24196713).
64. "Sandia supercomputers offer new explanation of
Tunguska disaster" (http://share.sandia.gov/news/resource
s/releases/2007/asteroid.html). Sandia National
Laboratories. 17 December 2007. Retrieved 22 December
2007.
65. "Research to Address Near-Earth Objects Remains
Critical, Experts Say" (http://www.aaas.org/news/research-
address-near-earth-objects-remains-critical-experts-say).
66. Kelly Beatty (7 November 2013). "New Chelyabinsk
Results Yield Surprises" (https://archive.is/2014080611435
0/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/new-c
helyabinsk-results-yield-surprises/). Archived from the
original (https://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-new
s/new-chelyabinsk-results-yield-surprises/) on 6 August
2014.
67. "WGN, the Journal of the IMO 41:1 (2013) A Preliminary
Report on the Chelyabinsk Fireball/Airburst Peter Brown"
(http://meteor.uwo.ca/publications/wgn-chel.pdf.pdf) (PDF).
68. "O. P. Popova, et al. Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage
Characterization.Science 342 (2013). FIGURE 1" (http://ca
ms.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf) (PDF).
69. "Postcards from Chelyabinsk – SETI Institute Colloquium
Series (Peter Jenniskens) 15:10 on" (https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=aG-yy8ILItI).
70. "Map of glass damage in Chelyabinsk Oblast. From:
Popova et al. Science Science Vol. 42 (2013)" (http://cams.
seti.org/index-chelyabinsk.html).
71. Heintz, Jim; Isachenkov, Vladimir (15 February 2013).
"Meteor explodes over Russia's Ural Mountains; 1,100
injured as shock wave blasts out windows" (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20130513022402/http://www.canada.com/ne
ws/Meteor%2Bexplodes%2Bover%2BRussia%2BUral%2
BMountains%2Binjured%2Bshock%2Bwave%2Bblasts%2
Bwindows/7968297/story.html#). Postmedia Network Inc.
The Associated Press. Archived from the original (http://ww
w.canada.com/news/Meteor+explodes+over+Russia+Ural
+Mountains+injured+shock+wave+blasts+windows/79682
97/story.html) on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
"Emergency Situations Ministry spokesman Vladimir
Purgin said many of the injured were cut as they flocked to
windows to see what caused the intense flash of light,
which was momentarily brighter than the sun."
72. Grossman, Lisa (6 November 2013). "CSI Chelyabinsk: 10
insights from Russia's meteorite" (https://www.newscientist.
com/article/dn24542-csi-chelyabinsk-10-insights-from-russi
as-meteorite.html). New Scientist. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20131109031906/http://www.newscientist.co
m/article/dn24542-csi-chelyabinsk-10-insights-from-russias
-meteorite.html) from the original on 9 November 2013.
73. "Cameras for Allsky Meteor Surveillance (CAMS)" (http://ca
ms.seti.org/index-chelyabinsk.html).
74. Kramer, Andrew E. (17 February 2013). "After Assault
From the Heavens, Russians Search for Clues and Count
Blessings" (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/17/world/eur
ope/russians-seek-clues-and-count-blessings-after-meteor-
blast.html). New York Times. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20130217150820/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/0
2/17/world/europe/russians-seek-clues-and-count-blessing
s-after-meteor-blast.html) from the original on 17 February
2013.
75. "Челябинская учительница спасла при падении
метеорита более 40 детей" (https://interfax.com.ua/news/
general/140940.html). Интерфакс-Украина (in Russian).
Retrieved 28 September 2018.
76. "Meteorite explosion over Russia injures hundreds" (http
s://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/feb/15/meteorite-ex
plosion-shakes-russian). The Guardian. 15 February 2013.
p://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2013/feb/15/meteorite-expl
osion-shakes-russian) from the original on 18 February
2013.
77. Bidder, Benjamin (15 February 2013). "Meteoriten-Hagel in
Russland: "Ein Knall, Splittern von Glas" " (http://www.spie
gel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/meteoriten-hagel-in-russland-a-
883565.html) [Meteorite hail in Russia: "A blast, splinters of
glass"]. Der Spiegel (in German). Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20130218003330/http://www.spiegel.de/wiss
enschaft/weltall/meteoriten-hagel-in-russland-a-883565.ht
ml) from the original on 18 February 2013.
78. "Central Russia hit by meteor shower in Ural region" (http
s://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21468116). BBC
News. 15 February 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20130218150722/http://m.bbc.co.uk/news/world-eur
ope-21468116) from the original on 18 February 2013.
79. Campbell, Charlie (15 February 2013). "Meteorite injures
hundreds in Russia" (http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/02/15/
watch-meteorite-injures-hundreds-in-russia/). Time.
p://newsfeed.time.com/2013/02/15/watch-meteorite-injures-
hundreds-in-russia/) from the original on 15 February 2013.
80. "Chelyabinsk Station history" (http://www.wunderground.co
m/history/airport/USCC/2013/2/15/DailyHistory.html).
Weather Underground. 15 February 2013. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20130430052423/http://www.wund
erground.com/history/airport/USCC/2013/2/15/DailyHistor
y.html) from the original on 30 April 2013.
81. Zhang, Moran (16 February 2013). "Russia Meteor 2013:
Damage To Top $33 Million; Rescue, Cleanup Team
Heads To Meteorite-Hit Urals" (http://www.ibtimes.com/russ
ia-meteor-2013-damage-top-33-million-rescue-cleanup-tea
m-heads-meteorite-hit-urals-1090104). International
Business Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
130430193336/http://www.ibtimes.com/russia-meteor-2013
-damage-top-33-million-rescue-cleanup-team-heads-mete
orite-hit-urals-1090104) from the original on 30 April 2013.
82. Ущерб от челябинского метеорита превысит миллиард
рублей (http://lenta.ru/news/2013/02/15/damage/)
[Damage from Chelyabinsk meteorite exceeds one billion
rubles] (in Russian). Lenta.ru. 15 February 2013. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20130513000942/http://lenta.r
u/news/2013/02/15/damage/) from the original on 13 May
2013.
83. Сергей Давыдов: жертв и серьезных разрушений нет (h
ttps://cheladmin.ru/news/sergey-davydov-zhertv-i-sereznyh
-razrusheniy-net) [Sergei Davydov: casualties and no
serious damage]. Chelad (in Russian). 15 February 2013.
p://cheladmin.ru/news/sergey-davydov-zhertv-i-sereznyh-r
azrusheniy-net) from the original on 17 February 2013.
84. Gretz, Adam (15 February 2013). "KHL arena among
buildings damaged in Russian meteorite strike" (http://ww
w.cbssports.com/nhl/blog/eye-on-hockey/21709455/meteor
ite-in-russia-damages-khl-arena). CBS Sports. Archived (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/20130501025254/http://www.cbs
sports.com/nhl/blog/eye-on-hockey/21709455/meteorite-in-
russia-damages-khl-arena) from the original on 1 May
2013.
85. "NASA and International Researchers Collect Clues to
Meteoroid Science November 6, 2013" (http://www.nasa.go
v/content/nasa-and-international-researchers-collect-clues-
to-meteoroid-science/#.U_vfLlfvmlA). 6 November 2013.
86. "Map of glass damage in Chelyabinsk Oblast. From:
Popova et al. Science Science Vol. 42 (2013)" (http://cams.
seti.org/index-chelyabinsk.html).
87. Boyarkina, A. P., Demin, D. V., Zotkin, I. T., Fast, W. G.
Estimation of the blast wave of the Tunguska meteorite
from the forest destruction. – Meteoritika, Vol. 24, 1964, pp.
112–128 (in Russian).
88. "400 injured by meteorite falls in Russian Urals" (http://ww
w.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4345317,00.html). Y net
news. 15 February 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20130218065232/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/
0%2C7340%2CL-4345317%2C00.html) from the original
on 18 February 2013.
89. Amos, Howard (15 February 2013). "Meteorite explosion
over Chelyabinsk injures hundreds" (https://www.theguardi
an.com/world/2013/feb/15/hundreds-injured-meteorite-russ
ian-city-chelyabinsk). The Guardian. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20130218200603/http://www.guardian.co.
uk/world/2013/feb/15/hundreds-injured-meteorite-russian-c
ity-chelyabinsk) from the original on 18 February 2013.
90. В полынье в Чебаркульском районе Челябинской
области, возможно, найдены обломки метеорита – МЧС
(http://www.interfax-russia.ru/Ural/main.asp?id=381682) [In
the ice-hole in Chebarkulsky district of Chelyabinsk region,
possibly found fragments of the meteorite – MOE] (in
Russian). Interfax. 15 February 2013. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20130623230536/http://www.interfax-rus
sia.ru/Ural/main.asp?id=381682) from the original on 23
June 2013.
91. Drajem, Mark; Weber, Alexander (15 February 2013).
"Asteroid Passes Earth as UN Mulls Monitoring Network"
(https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-15/armageddo
n-not-in-the-stars-as-un-effort-takes-aim-at-asteroids.html).
Bloomberg. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201302
18004927/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-15/ar
mageddon-not-in-the-stars-as-un-effort-takes-aim-at-asteroi
ds.html) from the original on 18 February 2013.
92. David, Leonard (18 February 2013). "United Nations
reviewing asteroid impact threat" (http://www.cbsnews.co
m/8301-205_162-57569864/united-nations-reviewing-aster
oid-impact-threat/). CBS News. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20130218211409/http://www.cbsnews.com/830
1-205_162-57569864/united-nations-reviewing-asteroid-im
pact-threat/) from the original on 18 February 2013.
93. Villamarin, Jenalyn (22 February 2013). "End of the World
2013: DE-STAR Project Proposed after Asteroid 2012
DA14 Flyby, Russian Meteor Blast" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20130430154442/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/4380
42/20130222/end-world-2013-de-star-project-proposed.ht
m#). International Business Times. Archived from the
original (http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/438042/20130222/e
nd-world-2013-de-star-project-proposed.htm) on 30 April
2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
94. Barrie, Allison (19 February 2013). "Massive, orbital laser
blaster could defend against asteroid threats" (http://www.f
oxnews.com/tech/2013/02/19/massive-orbital-laser-blaster-
could-defend-against-asteroid-threats/). Fox News.
p://www.foxnews.com/tech/2013/02/19/massive-orbital-las
er-blaster-could-defend-against-asteroid-threats/) from the
95. https://hackaday.com/2020/07/22/the-wise-in-neowise-
how-a-hibernating-satellite-awoke-to-discover-the-comet/
96. Robert Marcus; H. Jay Melosh; Gareth Collins (2010).
"Earth Impact Effects Program" (http://impact.ese.ic.ac.uk/I
mpactEffects/). Imperial College London / Purdue
University. Retrieved 4 February 2013. (solution using
2600kg/m^3, 17 km/s, 45 degrees)
97. Wayne Edwards; Peter G. Brown; Douglas O. ReVelle
(2006). "Estimates of meteoroid kinetic energies from
observations of infrasonic airwaves" (http://meteor.uwo.ca/i
nfra_pub/Estimates_of_metereoid_kin_e_from_ovserv_of_
infrasonicwaves.pdf) (PDF). Journal of Atmospheric and
Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 68 (10): 1136–1160.
Bibcode:2006JASTP..68.1136E (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.
edu/abs/2006JASTP..68.1136E).
doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2006.02.010 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2
Fj.jastp.2006.02.010).
98. Yau, K., Weissman, P., & Yeomans, D. Meteorite Falls In
China And Some Related Human Casualty Events (http://a
rticles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1994Metic..29..864Y),
Meteoritics, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 864–871, ISSN 0026-1114
(https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0026-11
14), bibliographic code: 1994Metic..29..864Y.
99. Kring, David A.; Boslough, Mark (1 September 2014).
"Chelyabinsk: Portrait of an asteroid airburst". Physics
Today. 67 (9): 32–37. Bibcode:2014PhT....67i..32K (https://
ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhT....67i..32K).
doi:10.1063/PT.3.2515 (https://doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.3.25
15). ISSN 0031-9228 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-
9228).
00. Kramer, Andrew E. (18 February 2013). "Russians Wade
into the Snow to Seek Treasure From the Sky" (https://ww
w.nytimes.com/2013/02/19/world/europe/russian-scientists-
say-they-found-meteorite-fragments.html). New York
Times.
01. "NASA (YouTube) – Dr. David Kring – Asteroid Initiative
Workshop Cosmic Explorations Speakers Session" (http
s://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNkS1uHUbq8). YouTube.
21 November 2013.
02. Badyukov, D.D.; Raitala, J.; Kostama, P.; Ignatiev, A.V.
(March 2015). "Chelyabinsk meteorite: Shock
metamorphism, black veins and impact melt dikes, and the
Hugoniot". Petrology. 23 (2): 103–115.
doi:10.1134/S0869591115020022 (https://doi.org/10.113
4%2FS0869591115020022).
03. "Huge Chunk of Meteorite Located in Urals Lake –
Scientist" (http://en.rian.ru/russia/20130622/181805477/Hu
ge-Chunk-of-Meteorite-Located-in-Urals-Lake---Scientist.ht
ml). RIA Novosti. 22 June 2013. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20130623225109/http://en.rian.ru/russia/20130
622/181805477/Huge-Chunk-of-Meteorite-Located-in-Ural
s-Lake---Scientist.html) from the original on 23 June 2013.
04. Весы не выдержали тяжести челябинского метеорита
(http://www.ntv.ru/novosti/677303/) [Weighing scales
couldn't withstand the heft of the Chelyabinsk meteorite] (in
Russian). NTV. 16 October 2013. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20131017030618/http://www.ntv.ru/novosti/67
7303) from the original on 17 October 2013.
05. Herszenhorn, David M. (16 October 2013). "Lifted From a
Russian Lake, a Big, if Fragile, Space Rock" (https://www.n
ytimes.com/2013/10/17/world/europe/meteorite-pulled-from
-russian-lake-breaks-into-3-pieces.html). New York Times.
p://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/world/europe/meteorite-p
ulled-from-russian-lake-breaks-into-3-pieces.html) from the
original on 17 October 2013.
06. King, Bob (7 November 2013). "Newly Released Security
Cam Video Shows Chelyabinsk Meteorite Impact in Lake
Chebarkul" (http://www.universetoday.com/106226/newly-r
eleased-security-cam-video-shows-chelyabinsk-meteorite-i
mpact-in-lake-chebarkul/). Universe Today. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20131109034108/http://www.unive
rsetoday.com/106226/newly-released-security-cam-video-s
hows-chelyabinsk-meteorite-impact-in-lake-chebarkul/)
from the original on 9 November 2013.
07. Franke-Ruta, Garance (15 February 2013). "How a D.C.
Hockey Fan Site Got the Russian Meteorite Story Before
the AP" (https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/20
13/02/how-a-dc-hockey-fan-site-got-the-russian-meteorite-
story-before-the-ap/273225/). The Atlantic. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20130217075735/http://www.theatl
antic.com/technology/archive/2013/02/how-a-dc-hockey-fa
n-site-got-the-russian-meteorite-story-before-the-ap/27322
5/) from the original on 17 February 2013.
08. Челябинский метеорит стал одной из самых
популярных тем в мире (http://world.fedpress.ru/news/rus
sia_and_cis/1360914956-chelyabinskii-meteorit-stal-odnoi
-iz-samykh-populyarnykh-tem-v-mire) [Chelyabinsk
meteorite has become one of the hottest topics in the
world]. Federal Press World News (in Russian). Federal
Press. 15 February 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20130623094957/http://world.fedpress.ru/news/russi
a_and_cis/1360914956-chelyabinskii-meteorit-stal-odnoi-i
z-samykh-populyarnykh-tem-v-mire) from the original on 23
June 2013.
09. "How A Hockey Blog Got The Scoop on Russia's
Meteorite" (https://www.npr.org/2013/02/17/172235263/ho
w-a-hockey-blog-got-the-scoop-on-the-russias-meteor).
NPR.org. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
10. "Meteor Over Russia Hits Internet with 7.7 Million Video
Views" (https://archive.is/20130412033315/http://corp.visibl
emeasures.com/news-and-events/blog/bid/95381/Meteor-
Over-Russia-Hits-Internet-with-7-7-Million-Video-Views).
Visible Measures. Visible Measures. Archived from the
original (http://corp.visiblemeasures.com/news-and-events/
blog/bid/95381/Meteor-Over-Russia-Hits-Internet-with-7-7-
Million-Video-Views) on 12 April 2013.
11. Stern, Joanna (15 February 2013). "Asteroid 2012 DA14
Google Doodle Removed After Russian Meteor Shower
Injuries" (https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/technology/2013/0
2/asteroid-2012-da14-google-doodle-removed-after-russia
n-meteor-shower-injuries/). ABC News. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20130216092640/https://abcnews.go.c
om/blogs/technology/2013/02/asteroid-2012-da14-google-
doodle-removed-after-russian-meteor-shower-injuries/)
12. "Neil deGrasse Tyson: Radar could not detect meteor" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20130509133134/http://www.toda
y.com/video/today/50820935). Today. 15 February 2013.
Archived from the original (http://www.today.com/video/toda
y/50820935) on 9 May 2013.
13. Kaplan, Karen (27 March 2013). "Russian meteor, a 'death
rock from space,' stars on 'Nova' " (https://www.latimes.co
m/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-russian-meteor-chel
yabinsk-nova-20130327,0,853927.story). Los Angeles
Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2013032815
1932/http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-
sci-sn-russian-meteor-chelyabinsk-nova-20130327%2C
0%2C853927.story) from the original on 28 March 2013.
14. Hankey, Mike (15 February 2013). "Large Daytime Fireball
Hits Russia" (http://www.amsmeteors.org/2013/02/large-da
ytime-fireball-hits-russia/). American Meteor Society.
p://www.amsmeteors.org/2013/02/large-daytime-fireball-hit
s-russia/) from the original on 21 May 2013.
15. Zuluaga, Jorge I.; Ferrin, Ignacio (2013). "A preliminary
reconstruction of the orbit of the Chelyabinsk Meteoroid".
arXiv:1302.5377 (https://arxiv.org/abs/1302.5377) [astro-
ph.EP (https://arxiv.org/archive/astro-ph.EP)]. "We use this
result to classify the meteoroid among the near Earth
asteroid families finding that the parent body belonged to
the Apollo asteroids."
16. "CBET 3423 : 20130223 : Trajectory and Orbit of the
Chelyabinsk Superbolide" (https://web.archive.org/web/20
130423104342/http://www.webalice.it/mizar02/articoli/Mete
orb.dat). Astronomical Telegrams. International
Astronomical Union. 23 February 2013. Archived from the
original (http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iau/cbet/003400/
CBET003423.txt) on 23 April 2013. (registration required)
17. Zuluaga, Jorge I.; Ferrin, Ignacio; Geens, Stefan (2013).
"The orbit of the Chelyabinsk event impactor as
reconstructed from amateur and public footage".
arXiv:1303.1796 (https://arxiv.org/abs/1303.1796) [astro-
ph.EP (https://arxiv.org/archive/astro-ph.EP)].
18. Beatty, Kelly (6 March 2013). "Update on Russia's Mega-
Meteor" (http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skybl
og/newsblog/Update-on-the-Russian-Mega-Meteor-19555
3631.html). Sky and Telescope. Sky Publishing Corp.
19. Вибе, Дмитрий (25 March 2013). Семинар по
Челябинскому метеориту: российская наука выдала
"официальную" информацию (http://www.computerra.ru/6
0969/seminarmeteoritsai/) [Seminar in Chelyabinsk
meteorite: Russian science has given "official" information]
(in Russian). Компьютерра [Computerra]. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20130623093748/http://www.comput
erra.ru/60969/seminarmeteoritsai/) from the original on 23
June 2013.
20. Proud, S. R. (16 July 2013). "Reconstructing the orbit of the
Chelyabinsk meteor using satellite observations".
Geophysical Research Letters. 40 (13): 3351–3355.
Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40.3351P (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.
edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.3351P). doi:10.1002/grl.50660 (ht
tps://doi.org/10.1002%2Fgrl.50660).
21. de la Fuente Marcos, C.; de la Fuente Marcos, R. (1
September 2014). "Reconstructing the Chelyabinsk event:
pre-impact orbital evolution". Monthly Notices of the Royal
Astronomical Society: Letters. 443 (1): L39–L43.
arXiv:1405.7202 (https://arxiv.org/abs/1405.7202).
Bibcode:2014MNRAS.443L..39D (https://ui.adsabs.harvar
d.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.443L..39D).
doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slu078 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnr
asl%2Fslu078).
22. "Astronomers Calculate Orbit of Chelyabinsk Meteorite" (ht
tp://www.technologyreview.com/view/511691/astronomers-
calculate-orbit-of-chelyabinsk-meteorite/). The Physics
arXiv Blog. MIT Technology Review. 25 February 2013.
"Their conclusion is that the Chelyabinsk meteorite is from
a family of rocks that cross Earth’s orbit called Apollo
asteroids."
23. Rincon, Paul (26 February 2013). "Russia meteor's origin
tracked down" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-enviro
nment-21579422). BBC News. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20130226191142/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/sci
ence-environment-21579422) from the original on 26
February 2013.
24. Geens, Stefan (9 March 2013). "Chelyabinsk meteoroid
trajectories compared using Google Earth and YouTube" (h
ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmjawUCkO84).
YouTube.
25. Borovička, Jiří; Spurný, Pavel; Brown, Peter; Wiegert, Paul;
Kalenda, Pavel; Clark, David; Shrbený, Lukáš (6
November 2013). "The trajectory, structure and origin of the
Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor". Nature. 503 (7475):
235–7. Bibcode:2013Natur.503..235B (https://ui.adsabs.ha
rvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.503..235B).
e12671). PMID 24196708 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go
v/24196708).
26. Plait, Phil (15 February 2013). "Breaking: Huge Meteor
Explodes Over Russia" (http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_a
stronomy/2013/02/15/breaking_huge_meteor_explodes_o
ver_russia.html). Slate. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20130216173203/http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astro
nomy/2013/02/15/breaking_huge_meteor_explodes_over_
russia.html) from the original on 16 February 2013.
27. Уральский метеорит отвлек научный мир от
знаменитого астероида (http://ria.ru/science/20130215/92
3059266.html) [Ural meteorite distracted (sic) from the
scientific world famous asteroid] (in Russian). Moscow:
РИА Новости (RIA Novosti). 15 February 2013. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20130317124315/http://ria.ru/
science/20130215/923059266.html) from the original on 17
March 2013.
28. Elenin, Leonid (15 February 2013). "Siberian fireball
(video)" (http://spaceobs.org/en/2013/02/15/siberian-firebal
l/). SpaceObs (in Russian). Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20130304075307/http://spaceobs.org/en/2013/02/1
5/siberian-fireball/) from the original on 4 March 2013.
29. "Russian Asteroid Strike" (http://www.esa.int/Our_Activitie
s/Operations/Russian_asteroid_strike). ESA.int. European
Space Agency. 15 February 2013. Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20130221092602/http://www.esa.int/Our_Ac
tivities/Operations/Russian_asteroid_strike) from the
30. Marson, James; Naik, Gautam (15 February 2013). "Falling
Meteor Explodes Over Russia" (https://www.wsj.com/article
s/SB10001424127887324162304578305163574597722).
The Wall Street Journal. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20130215202817/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000
1424127887324162304578305163574597722.html) from
the original on 15 February 2013.
Attribution
This article contains portions of text translated from the corresponding article of the Russian
Wikipedia. A list of contributors can be found there in its history (https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/inde
x.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%
D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%
B0_%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B2_2013_%D0%B3%D0%BE%
D0%B4%D1%83&action=history) section.
Further reading
Balcerak, E. (2013). "Nuclear test monitoring system detected meteor explosion over Russia".
Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 94 (42): 384. Bibcode:2013EOSTr..94S.384B
(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EOSTr..94S.384B). doi:10.1002/2013EO420010 (http
s://doi.org/10.1002%2F2013EO420010).
Barry, Ellen; Kramer, Andrew E. (15 February 2013). "Shock Wave of Fireball Meteor Rattles
Siberia, Injuring 1,200" (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/world/europe/meteorite-fragments
-are-said-to-rain-down-on-siberia.html). NYTimes.com. (website).
Also published as "Meteor Explodes, Injuring Over 1,000 in Siberia". New York Times (New
York ed.). 16 February 2013. p. A1. (print).
Borovička, J.; Spurný, P.; Brown, P.; Wiegert, P.; Kalenda, P.; Clark, D.; Shrbený, L. (2013). "The
trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor". Nature. 503 (7475):
235–237. Bibcode:2013Natur.503..235B (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.503..23
5B). doi:10.1038/nature12671 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12671). PMID 24196708 (http
s://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24196708). S2CID 4399008 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Corp
usID:4399008).
Brown, P. G.; Assink, J. D.; Astiz, L.; Blaauw, R.; Boslough, M. B.; Borovička, J.; Brachet, N.;
Brown, D.; Campbell-Brown, M.; Ceranna, L.; Cooke, W.; de Groot-Hedlin, C.; Drob, D. P.;
Edwards, W.; Evers, L. G.; Garces, M.; Gill, J.; Hedlin, M.; Kingery, A.; Laske, G.; Le Pichon, A.;
Mialle, P.; Moser, D. E.; Saffer, A.; Silber, E.; Smets, P.; Spalding, R. E.; Spurný, P.; Tagliaferri,
E.; et al. (2013). "A 500-kiloton airburst over Chelyabinsk and an enhanced hazard from small
impactors". Nature. 503 (7475): 238–241. Bibcode:2013Natur.503..238B (https://ui.adsabs.harv
ard.edu/abs/2013Natur.503..238B). doi:10.1038/nature12741 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnatur
e12741). hdl:10125/33201 (https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F33201). PMID 24196713 (https://p
ubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24196713).
Gorkavyi, N.; Rault, D. F.; Newman, P. A.; Da Silva, A. M.; Dudorov, A. E. (2013). "New
stratospheric dust belt due to the Chelyabinsk bolide". Geophysical Research Letters. 40 (17):
4728–4733. Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40.4728G (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..4
0.4728G). doi:10.1002/grl.50788 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fgrl.50788).
hdl:2060/20140016772 (https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F20140016772).
Gorkavyi, N. N.; Taidakova, T. A.; Provornikova, E. A.; Gorkavyi, I. N.; Akhmetvaleev, M. M.
(2013). "Aerosol plume after the Chelyabinsk bolide". Solar System Research. 47 (4): 275–279.
Bibcode:2013SoSyR..47..275G (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SoSyR..47..275G).
doi:10.1134/S003809461304014X (https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS003809461304014X).
S2CID 123632925 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123632925).
Kohout, Tomas; Gritsevich, Maria; Grokhovsky, Victor I.; Yakovlev, Grigoriy A.; Haloda, Jakub;
Halodova, Patricie; Michallik, Radoslaw M.; Penttilä, Antti; Muinonen, Karri (2013).
"Mineralogy, reflectance spectra, and physical properties of the Chelyabinsk LL5 chondrite –
Insight into shock-induced changes in asteroid regoliths". Icarus. 228 (1): 78–85.
arXiv:1309.6081 (https://arxiv.org/abs/1309.6081). Bibcode:2014Icar..228...78K (https://ui.adsab
s.harvard.edu/abs/2014Icar..228...78K). doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.09.027 (https://doi.org/10.101
6%2Fj.icarus.2013.09.027).
Le Pichon, A.; Ceranna, L.; Pilger, C.; Mialle, P.; Brown, D.; Herry, P.; Brachet, N. (2013). "The
2013 Russian fireball largest ever detected by CTBTO infrasound sensors". Geophysical
Research Letters. 40 (14): 3732–3737. Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40.3732L (https://ui.adsabs.harva
rd.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.3732L). doi:10.1002/grl.50619 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fgrl.5061
9).
Miller, Steven D.; Straka, William; Bachmeier, Scott (5 November 2013). "Earth-viewing satellite
perspectives on the Chelyabinsk meteor event" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM
C3831432). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (45): 18092–18097.
Bibcode:2013PNAS..11018092M (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PNAS..11018092M).
doi:10.1073/pnas.1307965110 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1307965110). PMC 3831432
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3831432). PMID 24145398 (https://pubmed.ncb
i.nlm.nih.gov/24145398).
Popova, Olga P.; Jenniskens, Peter; Emel’yanenko, Vacheslav; Kartashova, Anna; Biryukov,
Eugeny; Khaibrakhmanov, Sergey; Shuvalov, Valery; Rybnov, Yurij; Dudorov, Alexandr;
Grokhovsky, Victor I.; Badyukov, Dmitry D.; Yin, Qing-Zhu; Gural, Peter S.; Albers, Jim; Granvik,
Mikael; Evers, Läslo G.; Kuiper, Jacob; Kharlamov, Vladimir; Solovyov, Andrey; Rusakov, Yuri
S.; Korotkiy, Stanislav; Serdyuk, Ilya; Korochantsev, Alexander V.; Larionov, Michail Yu.;
Glazachev, Dmitry; Mayer, Alexander E.; Gisler, Galen; Gladkovsky, Sergei V.; Wimpenny,
Josh; Sanborn, Matthew E.; Yamakawa, Akane; Verosub, Kenneth L.; Rowland, Douglas J.;
Roeske, Sarah; Botto, Nicholas W.; Friedrich, Jon M.; Zolensky, Michael E.; Le, Loan; Ross,
Daniel; Ziegler, Karen; Nakamura, Tomoki; Ahn, Insu; Lee, Jong Ik; Zhou, Qin; Li, Xian-Hua; Li,
Qiu-Li; Liu, Yu; Tang, Guo-Qiang; Hiroi, Takahiro; Sears, Derek; Weinstein, Ilya A.;
Vokhmintsev, Alexander S.; Ishchenko, Alexei V.; Schmitt-Kopplin, Phillipe; Hertkorn, Norbert;
Nagao, Keisuke; Haba, Makiko K.; Komatsu, Mutsumi; Mikouchi, Takashi; (the Chelyabinsk
Airburst Consortium) (2013). "Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery,
and Characterization" (http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6162/1069.abstract). Science.
342 (6162): 1069–1073. Bibcode:2013Sci...342.1069P (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013
Sci...342.1069P). doi:10.1126/science.1242642 (https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1242642).
hdl:10995/27561 (https://hdl.handle.net/10995%2F27561). PMID 24200813 (https://pubmed.nc
bi.nlm.nih.gov/24200813).
Proud, S. R. (2013). "Reconstructing the orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteor using satellite
observations". Geophysical Research Letters. 40 (13): 3351–3355.
Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40.3351P (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.3351P).
doi:10.1002/grl.50660 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fgrl.50660).
Tauzin, B.; Debayle, E.; Quantin, C.; Coltice, N. (2013). "Seismoacoustic coupling induced by
the breakup of the 15 February 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor" (https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-0
0855474/document). Geophysical Research Letters. 40 (14): 3522.
Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40.3522T (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.3522T).
doi:10.1002/grl.50683 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fgrl.50683).
Yau, Kevin; Weissman, Paul; Yeomans, Donald (1994). "Meteorite falls in China and some
related human casualty events". Meteoritics. 29 (6): 864–871. Bibcode:1994Metic..29..864Y (htt
ps://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Metic..29..864Y). doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1994.tb01101.x
(https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.1994.tb01101.x). ISSN 0026-1114 (https://www.worldc
at.org/issn/0026-1114).
Synopsis: "A calculation based on the number of casualty events in the Chinese
meteorite records suggests that the probability of a meteorite striking a human is far
greater than previous estimates."
External links
"Meteor vapour trail from space" (https://www.flickr.com/photos/simon_rp/8478844942/). Image
captured by EUMETSAT satellite.
"Satellite views of meteor vapor trail over Russia" (http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/archive
s/12356). CIMSS Satellite Blog.
Метеоритный удар по Челябинску (http://chelyabinsk.ru/text/news/621775.html) [Collection of
videos and photographs of the meteor and resulting damage]. Chelyabinsk website (in
Russian).
"The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor" (http://www.astro.u
wo.ca/~wiegert/chelyabinsk/). Animations hosted by Paul Wiegert.
"Postcards from Chelyabinsk – SETI Institute Colloquium Series (Peter Jenniskens) (video)" (ht
tps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aG-yy8ILItI). SETI institute.
"Meteor Strike" (https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/meteor-strike.html). NOVA documentary
broadcast, 53 minutes, aired 27 March 2013. PBS. "Includes extensive scientific analysis of the
worldwide infrasound monitoring network data from which the megaton energy estimates were
made."
Animation of meteor explosion (http://ing.dk/video/animation-saa-kraftfuld-var-asteroiden-over-r
usland-175877), by "Strip the Cosmos"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chelyabinsk_meteor&oldid=969790818"
This page was last edited on 27 July 2020, at 12:54 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this
site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Chelyabinsk Meteor

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chelyabinsk Meteor

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Coordinates: 55.150°N 61.

The infrasound waves given off by the explosions were detected by

Injuries and damage

Approximately 600 m2 (6,500 sq ft) of a roof at a zinc factory

Media coverage A 112.2 gram (3.96 oz) Chelyabinsk

The number of injuries caused by the asteroid led the Internet-search

Insan[119] 1.5 0.5 3°

Proud; GRL[120] 2.23 0.71 1.47 0.52 4.61° 326.53° 96.58°

de la Fuente Marcos; MNRAS:

Coincidental asteroid approach

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chelyabinsk_meteor&oldid=969790818"

This page was last edited on 27 July 2020, at 12:54 (UTC).

You might also like