Professional Documents
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
The increasing demand of nurses all over the world greatly affects the decisions of the
people. Though the news about the nurse’s jobs is getting scarce they still take the nursing
course. And in order to become competitive among the millions of nursing students, one must
start it in school through studying hard, performing well and retaining information.
Bean and Metzner (1985) describe academic factors as student’s primary involvement
with the academic process at the college and purports that among non traditional, student’s
academic factors are less important than environmental factors in influencing retention (Metzner
and Bean, 1987). Academic Integration, sometimes been used to describe a cluster of academic
factors that can influence retention, and has been defined as “the development of a strong
affiliation with the college environment both inside and outside of class” (Nora, 1993 p. 235)
For nursing students, the academic factors deemed most important for retention include
Gender, Age, Personal Study Skills, Study Hours, Attendance, Class Schedule, General
Academic Services (college library, college counseling, and computer library), Teaching
Personal study skills, refers to specific elements, attitudes about the responsibility for
study and effort expended on academic pursuits, affect nursing student retention through
academic performance and psychological outcomes. Consistent with higher education, the
increasingly academically diverse nursing student population presents with varying study skills
(Heller, Oros and Durney-Crowley, 2000; Tanner, 1998). Additionally, used of varied study
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skills has been associated with better academic outcomes (Napoli & Wortman, 1998), which in
turn positively influence retention. Effort expended on planning and study activities yields better
In the NURS model, personal study hours refer to the number of hours allocated
exclusively to positive study activities in which positive study behaviors and attitudes are
actively used. In this model, students with more personal study hours are expected to have more
positive academic outcomes and retentions than with students with inadequate personal study
hours. Adequate study hours are individually based and are defined as the least number of
personal study hours needed to achieve the short-term academic outcomes (passing exam,
completing accurate care plan, etc.) and long-term academic outcomes (successfully completing
The Metzner and Bean (1987) model included absenteeism as an academic variable
influencing attrition; however, the NURS model focuses on attendance. Nevertheless, the
literature regarding attendance reveals several interesting phenomena that are relevant for
nursing education. First, attendance (or absenteeism) should be monitored to help identify at-risk
students. Second, attendance should be monitored in relation to other variables with the purpose
of identifying students most at risk for attrition. In nursing, attendance is somewhat more
complex than it is among the general college population. Consequently, students may not
comprehend, value, or expect rigid attendance policies will be upheld, especially among
such as theoretical (classroom hours), skills laboratory, and/or clinical hours. Clearly, clinical
attendance is a valuable dimension to learning and assists the student in connecting theoretical
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relation to other variables and to the other dimensions of the NURS model if at risk students are
to be identified early.
Availability of courses, flexibility of courses, and convenience are factors that can
influence retention through academic and psychological outcomes (Bean and Metzner, 1985;
Burr, Burr, & Novak, 1999). Consistently, across three study samples, most nursing students
have identified “class schedule” as influencing retention. Responses ranged from “severely
restrictive” to “greatly supportive” (Jeffreys, 1993, 1998, 2000, 2002). Class schedule is included
in the NURS model because students’ perceptions of class schedule, with its physical demands
and time constraints can influence retention positively or negatively and in varying degrees.
General academic services are designed to assist students with their academic goals and
are available to all college students, regardless of academic major. They include the library,
General academic services that are convenient accessible, and helpful will encourage
(Lehna, Jackonen, & Wilson, 1996). Greater, comprehensive use of services, in conjunction with
other academic factors, positively influences retention by enhancing academic and psychological
outcomes. For example, maximizing use of various library services appropriate to course
objectives can assist with improved study skills and academic integration, thus enhancing
retention. Counseling services have shown to be beneficial to nursing student academic and
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psychological outcomes (Lehna et at., 1996). Higher education literature reports that counseled
students have higher rates than non-counseled students (Turner & Berry, 2000; Wilson, Mason,
& Ewing, 1997), Kraemer (1997) stated that commuter students who frequently use computer
laboratory facilities on campus are more involved in cognitive development than are other
In addition to the General Academic Services that may influence retention would be the
teaching strategies that a clinical instructor offers the students along with their relationship with
the students. These factors affect the learning of the students since it is in the class where the
theoretical knowledge is learned more. And if a clinical instructor displays their lectures in a
such academic factors as overall. Similarly, non-academic factors associated attrition from
attrition...” this article states that nursing programs become successful in retaining information to
The extent of student’s learning in academics may be determined by the grades a student
earns for a period of learning has been done. It is believed that a grade is a primary indicator of
such learning. If a learner earns high grades it is concluded that they may also have learned a lot
while low grades indicate lesser learning. However, many experiences and studies found out that
there are also several factors that would account for the grades. No single factor can be definitely
pointed out as predicting grades. However, at this point in time, there searchers would like to
investigate the possible relationship of the level of performance on Related Learning Experience
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of nursing students with regards to knowledge, skills and attitude and the factors affecting to the
academic achievement of under graduate nursing students of Central Mindanao University. The
investigation of on this area thus becomes a real and compelling motivation for the researchers to
1. What is the level of performance on Related Learning Experience of Nursing student with
2. What are the factors that contribute to a group when grouped to: students (study skills, age,
gender, and personality), instructors (attitude, teaching strategy), and school (facility)?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the cited academic factors and the students’ Related
C. Objectives
1. Determine the most common academic factors (personal study skill; study hours; attendance;
general academic services like library services, counseling services, laboratory services and
computer laboratory services; class schedule; teaching strategy of the clinical instructors and
teacher-student relationship) that greatly influenced the RLE of the 4th year nursing students.
2. Evaluate the results of their performance in their hospital duty hours through their grades.
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3. Determine whether there is a relationship between the academic factors cited and the Related
This study will help the nursing students to know the academic factors that will lead to
academic achievements, such as Personal Study Skills, Study Hours, Attendance, Class Schedule,
General Academic Services (college library, college counseling, and computer library) Teaching
Strategies that the clinical instructors offers and Teacher-Student relationship that may affect their
RLE performance.
This study is focused on the nursing aspect of learning of the selected nursing students who are
currently studying in Central Mindanao University. The researchers will only be focusing on the
All information needed to come up with this case study will only be taken from the data that the
students will provide on the questionnaire that will be given by the researchers and from their Related
F. Definition of Terms
Academic Integration- sometimes been used to describe a cluster of academic factors that can
influence retention, and has been defined as “the development of a strong affiliation with the
Information Retention- the act of retaining information learned or the state of being retained
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Personal Study Skills- refers to specific elements, attitudes about the responsibility for study
Study Hours- refer to the number of hours allocated exclusively to positive study activities in
Clinical Attendance- an act of attending; the number of person present during hospital duties;
valuable dimension to learning and assists the student in connecting theoretical information,
Class Schedule- it is a program of events in a class in which a timetable is made and time
General Academic Services- are services designed to assist students with their academic goals
and are available to all college students, regardless of academic major. They include the library,
Teaching strategy- refers to the overall planning of actions made by the clinical instructors
when teaching.
Related Learning Experience (RLE)- refers to a subject for nursing students which focuses on
their hospital-setting experiences where theoretical knowledge is being put into action.
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CHAPTER II
Retention
Bean and Metzner (1985) describe academic factors as student’s primary involvement
with the academic process at the college and purports that among non traditional student’s
academic factors are less important than environmental factors in influencing retention (Metzner
student’s study should have at least three hours out of class for every hour spent in class. They
also said that a student must have a special place to study with plenty of room to work. And
students should not be cramped. They presuppose that study time will go better if a learner takes
a few minutes at the start to straighten things up. A desk and straight-backed chair is usually
best. “Don’t get too comfortable--a bed is a place to sleep, not to study” as what they said. A
student must have everything close at hand (book, pencils, paper, coffee, dictionary, computer,
calculator, tape recorder, etc.) before starting to study. Students are not suggested to spend on
time jumping up and down to get things. The PBCC suggests also that distracting noise should
be minimized however they said that there are some people need sound and some like silence. In
this case, a learner must find what works for him or her. Culprits are family and friends.
Consider a "do not disturb" sign and turning on your answering machine is the way also to have
Frank Pogue(2000) did a research project to determine why students fail. What he founds
to be true in that study habits survey was that more than 30 years ago still rings true today--
students fail because they do not know how to study .The best advice he can give is to develop
sound study skills. He said that a student should make sure that he/she has a good study
environment, a good desk, a sturdy chair, good light, comfortable room temperature and a quiet
atmosphere. That means he/she should eliminate all external and internal distractions. Second,
get a good overview of the assignment before starting the work. Know what skills, facts and
ideas that are expected to master and the ground that are expected to cover. Start with most
difficult subject first, while the mind is freshest and most receptive.
Professors in the developing countries said that the undergraduate students should be
fully equip with high level of analytical skills, the capacity for critical reasoning, self-reflection
and conceptual grasp and ability to learn autonomously and exercise flexibility of mind
(Simmons2003). Study habits are said to be improving because of the advent and wide use of the
Internet, hypertext, and multimedia resources which greatly affects the Study Habits (Liu, 2005).
Karim and Hassan (2006) also note the exponential growth digital information, which changes
the way students perceive studying and with printed materials that are to be use in facilitating
study. Liu (2005) and Ramirez (2003) report that student’s print material from the Internet in
order to study and read later on. Igun (2005) also found that Nigerians study from materials
Academic Integration, sometimes been used to describe a cluster of academic factors that
can influence retention, and has been defined as “the development of a strong affiliation with the
college environment both inside and outside of class” (Nora, 1993 p. 235)
Use of varied study skills has been associated with better academic outcomes (Napoli &
Wortman, 1998), which in turn positively influence retention. Effort expended on planning and
The Metzner and Bean (1987) model included absenteeism as an academic variable influencing
Availability of courses, flexibility of courses, and convenience are factors that can influence
retention through academic and psychological outcomes (Bean and Metzner, 1985; Burr, Burr, &
Novak, 1999).
Consistently, across three study samples, most nursing students have identified “class
The assessment of nursing students’ perceptions of general academic services is valuable (Lehna,
psychological outcomes (Lehna et at., 1996). Higher education literature reports that counseled
students have higher rates than non-counseled students (Turner & Berry, 2000; Wilson, Mason,
& Ewing, 1997), Kraemer (1997) stated that commuter students who frequently use computer
laboratory facilities on campus are more involved in cognitive development than are other
Flynn (2003) added that boosting self-esteem could be a potent tool for helping the
students achieve in school. Logic suggests that having a good dollop of self-esteem would
enhance striving and persistence in school, while making students less likely to succumb to
school. it has grreat importan ce in the life of the students especially when acquiring and
B. Conceptual Framework
Academic factors
Personal Study Skill RLE performance grade according to
their clinical instructor
Study Hours
Attendance
General Academic
Services (library,
counseling, laboratory and
computer laboratory
services)
Class Schedule
Teaching Strategy of
clinical instructors
Teacher-Student
Relationship
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C. Research Paradigm
INPUT
Academic Factors
1. Students Factor
Personal Study Skill
Study Hours
Attendance
2. General Academic Services
Library services OUTPUT
Counseling services
Laboratory services
Computer laboratory 1. Grades
services
3. Teacher Factor
Class Schedule
Teaching Strategy of the
Clinical Instructor
Teacher-Student
Relationship
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Experience with regards to skills, knowledge and attitude and the factors that contributes
with the Related Learning Experience performance mainly students, teacher and school
factors.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the procedures to be done by the researchers to attain their needed
data. This includes the Research Design, Scope and Delimitations, Population and Locale of the
The locale of this study will be in College of Nursing, Central Mindanao University—
Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon . This will be conducted on the 1st semester of the year 2010-2011.
The researchers chose respondents in some of the Nursing Students following a certain
criteria. That the respondents should have their record grades of Nursing Care Management
(NCM) 66.1 to use as the basis of this research study. Forty eight (48) respondents were used in
this study.
Survey Research will be used in the study to determine the performance of the students.
This will be conducted through a paper-pen questionnaire. Here, the researchers will be using
questionnaires and photocopies of the RLE grades for measuring instrument in collecting data
and to determine the academic factors and their Related Learning Experience (RLE)
The first step that will be done by the researchers will be to select for the potential
respondents of these study. The researchers will take samples through Non-Probability scheme.
They will be using Quota Sampling which is a type of Non-probability Sampling. In a non-
randomized form, the researchers will be selecting the respondents from the cross-section of the
population. A help from friends of the researchers who are also a nursing students will be sought
to identify and locate the respondents of this study. Thus the identification of the respondents
After they had identified and located the respondents, the researchers will approach and
visit them personally to introduce self, build rapport and state the objectives of their study.
After the respondents agree to participate in the study, a questionnaire will be given to
answer. They will also be asked whether they can photocopy their RLE performance grade. All
the respondents will be assured that their grades and response are highly appreciated and will be
treated confidentially.
E. Research Instruments
The primary tool that will be used in this study is a Questionnaire. Because this consists
of simplified questions addressed to the respondents. The researchers will be using Likert scale
For the RLE performance grade of the nursing students, the grades from NCM 66.1 will be
F. Statistical Analysis
The researchers will compile and tabularize all the data to organize the RLE grades of the
selected nursing students. They will also use the questionnaires and photocopied RLE grades of
The data gathered were arranged, tabulated and were analyzed using the standard
deviation (SD) and Two Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to know the significant
relationship of the academic factors and their Related Learning Experience grades. Additionally,
the researchers had choosen the Pearson R Formula for their research study.
Standard Deviation
s = Ʃ (x - )²
x = raw data
= sample mean
n = sample size
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Pearson r
CHAPTER IV
This chapter presents the analysis and presentation of the gathered data.
Personal study skills refer to specific elements, attitudes about the responsibility for study
and effort spended on academic pursuits; affect nursing students’ retenti0n through academic
performance and psychological outcomes. Consistent with higher education, the increasing
academically diverse nursing student population presents with varying study skills (Heller, Oros
Use of varied study skills has been associated with better academic outcomes (Napoli &
Wortman, 1998) which in turn positively influence retention. Furthermore, Concentration and
Memory Assessment is done to determine how information retention is being done by students,
The result showed an average mean of 3.40, which means that the techniques cited were
only done sometimes. Though, A2 and A6, where students study in a place free from auditory
and visual distractions and that they learn with the intention of remembering are being practiced
most of the time with the mean of 3.56 and 3.69, respectively. While the rest are only being done
sometimes.
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MEA QD
N
A1. I have the "study-place" habit, that is, merely being at a certain place 3.33 Sometimes
at a certain time means time to study.
3.56 Most of the
A2. I study in a place free from auditory and visual distractions. time
3.40 Sometimes
A3. I find that I am able to concentrate - that is, give undivided attention
to the task for at least 20 minutes
3.12 Sometimes
A4. I am confident with the level of concentration I am able to maintain.
3.40 Sometimes
A5. I have an accurate understanding of the material I wish to remember.
3.69 Most of the
A6. I learn with the intention of remembering. time
3.25 Sometimes
A7. I practice the materials I am learning by reciting out loud.
6. I try to find the best method to do a given job. 3.71 Most of the time
7. I solve a problem by focusing on its main point. 3.79 Most of the time
Total 3.568948 Sometimes
Writing Mean QD
1. I find that I am able to express my thoughts well in 3.58 Most of the time
writing.
2. I write rough drafts quickly and spontaneously from 3.77 Most of the time
notes.
3. I put aside a written assignment for a day or so, and 3.19 Sometimes
then rewrite it.
4. I review my writing for grammatical errors. 3.40 Sometimes
5. I have someone else read my written work and 3.85 Most of the time
consider their suggestions for improved writing.
6. I am comfortable using library sources for research. 3.02 Sometimes
7. I am able to narrow a topic for an essay, research 3.08 Sometimes
paper, etc.
8. I allow sufficient time to collect information, organize 3.40 Sometimes
material, and write the assignment.
Total 3.28646 Sometimes
Questions: Mean QD
1. Supersensitive to criticism of his or her students. 3.52 Most of the time
2. Teacher is well prepared for class session and full of 3.52 Most of the time
ideas during classes.
3. Accepts responsibility for making positive 3.60 Most of the time
contribution to a situation and is good in facilitating
the class.
4. Easily irritated during class discussions. 3.06 Sometimes
5. Provide consultation hours for students. 3.63 Most of the time
6. Accepts gracefully and understands quickly the 3.65 Most of the time
suggestion of the students.
7. Even tempered, cheerful and happy person. 3.56 Most of the time
8. Have excellent ideas and explaining things to 3.58 Most of the time
students.
9. Treated all students fairly. 3.29 Sometimes
10. Sympathetic and patient in sharing and understanding 3.40 Sometimes
thoughts and difficulties to students.
11. Keeps from worrying and feeling depressed. 3.29 Sometimes
12. Spend time reflecting on things that is related to class 3.54 Most of the time
discussions.
13. Patient and tolerant to students and accepts mistake 3.50 Sometimes
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Survey Questioner on the General Academic Services of the College Nursing in Central
Mindanao University
Questions: Mean QD
1. The library provides books, research and reference 3.50 Sometimes
materials.
2. The books in the library are well arranged. 3.35 Sometimes
3. Your classroom and demo room has proper lighting 3.85 Most of the time
condition.
4. Classroom provides adequate ventilation. 3.31 Sometimes
5. The library is free from undue noise and distraction. 3.42 Sometimes
6. Related learning experience laboratory provides 3.42 Sometimes
complete facility that aids you in learning.
7. Materials in related learning laboratory are always 3.40 Sometimes
ready for use.
8. The library is provided with spacious working and 3.40 Sometimes
reading areas.
9. All of the classrooms in your college provide good- 3.44 Sometimes
audio visual facilities.
10. Students are encourage to seek counseling (college 3.56 Most of the time
counselor) for advice regarding academic facilities.
11. You are provided with individual counseling when 3.50 Sometimes
problems regarding your grades arise.
Total 3.46780 Sometimes
3
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