JOURNAL READING

HUBUNGAN KARAKTERISTIK DEMOGRAFI (USIA, JENIS KELAMIN, PENDIDIKAN,

PEKERJAAN, STATUS PERNIKAHAN, RIWAYAT KELUARGA) IMT DAN LINGKAR PERUT
TERHADAP ANGKA KEJADIAN HIPERTENSI DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS
PESANTREN 1 KOTA KEDIRI BULAN JANUARI 2020

Dosen Pembimbing:

dr. Gita Sekar Prihanti, M.Pd.Ked

Disusun Oleh:

Thasia Isabelita 201820401011109

Muhammida Fahriana Syahhaq 201820401011104

Dian Sella Rahmasari 201820401011108

Juliatika 201820401011120

Syamsul A Hidayat 201820401011165

STASE ILMU KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2020
 Variabel Judul Daftar pustaka Hasil Kutipan Resume Nama

BMI Association Hossain, F. B., Adhikary, For each 5 kg/m2 increase in Our study adds to the BAB VI, hal 47 Thasia
between body G., Chowdhury, A. B., & BMI, the ORs for hypertension evidence suggesting that
mass index Shawon, M. S. R., 2019, there are ethnic differences Studi yang
were 1.79 (95% CI: 1.65–1.93), dilakukan oleh
(BMI) and Association between body in the strength of the
1.59 (95% CI: 1.58–1.61), and Hossain
hypertension mass index (BMI) and association between BMI
in south hypertension in south Asian 2.03 (95% CI: 1.90–2.16) in and hypertension. South menunjukkan ada
Asian population: evidence from Bangladesh, India, and Nepal, Asian populations may be at perbedaan etnis
population: nationally-representative respectively. The associations greater risk of developing pada kuat
evidence surveys. Clinical between BMI and hypertension hypertension with tidaknya
from hypertension, 25(1), 1-9. increasing BMI than any hubungan antara
were consistent across various
nationally- other ethnic groups [30]. IMT dan
subgroups defined by sex, age, hipertensi.
representativ BMI has been found to be
urbanicity, educational Populasi Asia
e surveys associated with
attainment and household’s hypertension, diabetes, and Selatan memiliki
wealth index. other NCDs in South Asian resiko yang lebih
populations, at a much besar menderita
lower threshold level than hipertensi seiring
the level for other dengan
populations. The possible bertambahnya
reasons for such differences IMT dibanding
could be genetic and dengan kelompok
metabolic variations, as well etnis lainnya. Hal
as clustering of ini kemungkinan
environmental, dietary, and disebabkan oleh
social factors associated perbedaan pada
with hypertension. genetik dan
metabolisme,
diet, dan faktor
sosial yang terkait
dengan hipertensi
(Hossain et al,
2019).

Education Association Hong, X., et al., 2017, When age and sex were Surprisingly, participants BAB 2 (hal 21) Thasia
 of Association of demographic, stratified, serum biomarkers with university degrees Penelitian yang
demographic, lifestyle factors and serum such as blood urea nitrogen and were more likely to be at dilakukan Hong
lifestyle biomarkers with triglycerides showed a risk for elevated blood et al. (2017)
factors and hypertension in elderly significant difference for pressure than those with less dalam penelitian
serum Chinese people, Ageing & hypertension, while lifestyle education (OR = 1.75, 95 % tersebut
biomarkers Society, 37(4), 661-674. behaviours including university CI = 1.12–2.72), and males menyebutkan
with degree, alcohol use, Body Mass with high education were 89 bahwa sampel
hypertension Index and psychological stress percent more likely to have penelitian yang
in elderly (job and married life) were also high blood pressure (OR = memiliki
Chinese associated with hypertension. 1.89,95% CI = 1.01–3.56). pendidikan tinggi
people (memiliki gelar
sarjana) lebih
cenderung
menderita
hipertensi

BMI Change in Ren, Q., et al., 2016, The risk of incident The results of this study BAB 2 hal 17 Thasia
Body Mass Change in body mass index hypertension increased as the showed that increased BMI
Index and Its and its impact on incidence quartile of the BMI difference was positively associated Hasil penelitian
Impact on of hypertension in 18–65- value (D-value) increased in with the incidence of yang dilakukan
Incidence of year-old Chinese men (OR and 95% I for the hypertension after oleh Ren et al
Hypertension adults, International journal highest quartile vs. the lowest adjustment for some (2016)
in 18–65- of environmental research quartile: 2.303, 1.560–3.401, important potential menunjukkan
Year-Old and public health, 13(3), respectively, p for trend < 0.001) confounding factors, both in bahwa
Chinese 257. and women (OR and 95% CI for men and women. peningkatan IMT
Adults the highest quartile vs. the secara positif
lowest quartile: 1.745, 1.199– berhubungan
2.540, respectively, p for trend = dengan kejadian
0.004). Compared with non- hipertensi setelah
overweight subjects in 2011, the baik pada pria
ORs of incident hypertension maupun wanita.
were all significantly higher for
overweight subjects, regardless
of their overweight status at
baseline (p < 0.05).
WC Comparative Shimotake, Y., et al., 2020, Hypertension was more Overall, the present study BAB VI (hal 48) Thasia
valuation of Comparative evaluation of prevalent in males (38.3%) found that anthropometric
anthropometr anthropometric compared to females (26.4%). measurements were Zhang dan
ic measurements and When considering adiposity associated with the risk of Shimotake dalam
measurement prevalence of hypertension: indices, WC was higher in hypertension. The measures studi yang
s and community based cross- females than males (35.7% vs for adiposity, in particular berbeda juga
prevalence of sectional study in rural male 10.6% females vs males), the BMI and WC had a higher menunjukkan
hypertension: and female same for WHtR (55.0% vs capacity to predict bahwa obesitas
community Cambodians. Heliyon, 6(7), 30.9% females vs males). In the individual hypertension risk sentral (dinilai
based cross- e04432. multivariate analysis, for males, among males while only dengan mengukur
sectional in addition to high BMI [aOR WC applied for females. LP) memiliki
study in rural 4.37 (1.01–18.81)], high WC hubungan positif
male and [aOR 7.55 (1.42–39.99)] was dan signifikan
female associated with the risk of terhadap kejadian
Cambodians developing hypertension. hipertensi pada
Whereas for females, only WC kelompok usia
[aOR 3.24 (1.54–6.83)] was <60 tahun (Zhang
associated with the concerned et al, 2016;
risk. Shimotake et al,
2020).
WC Comparison Park, S. H., & Kim, S. G., Age, gender, WC, and The results of the study BAB VI hal 48 Thasia
of 2018, Comparison of BMI had correlations indicated that WC and age
Hypertension hypertension prediction with hypertension (p < are positively associated Hal ini
Prediction analysis using waist 0.05). In logistic with hypertension and berbanding
Analysis measurement and body mass regression gender, and BMI has a weak terbalik dengan
Using Waist index by age group. Osong analysis,increased age association with beberapa
Measurement public health and research and WC were hypertension according to penelitian
and Body perspectives, 9(2), 45. significantly the results of logistic sebelumnya
Mass Index correlated with a analysis. dimana lingkar
by Age higher incidence of perut memiliki
Group hypertension (p < 0.05). pengaruh positif
However, gender and terhadap angka
BMI did not affect the kejadian
incidence of hipertensi (Utami,
hypertension (p >0.05). 2020; Abdalla,
Interestingly, WC was 2019;
significantly Lashkardoost,
associated with the 2019; Park, 2018)
 incidence of
hypertension more than
age (p < 0.05) Analysis
of the WC impact upon
hypertension using the
ROC curve, showed that
the old age group (≥ 65
years) had a higher
cutoff value than the
young (18–39 years) and
the middle aged (40-64
years) groups (p <0.05)
(Table 3).
Gender Hypertension Bâ, H. O., et al., 2018, Mean was 47 years. High blood Hypertension prevalence is BAB VI hal 41 Thasia
and Hypertension and associated pressure (HBP) prevalence was high and associated factors
Menurut
Associated 21.1 and 24.7%, respectively, in were age group in rural area penelitian (Taing,
factors in rural and urban
Factors in rural and urban setting. In rural and age group, female sex, 2016) juga
Rural and areas Mali: Data from the area age group signifcantly and body mass index in terdapat factor
Urban Areas step 2013 predicted hypertension with age urban area. Opposed to resiko jenis
Mali: Data of 60 years having more-than-4- fnding in rural area, age, kelamin dengan
survey. International journal hipertensi bahwa
from the times risk of hypertension, female sex, and body mass
of hypertension, 2018. laki laki lebih
STEP 2013 whereas, in urban area age index were found to be
berpengaruh dari
Survey group, sex and body mass index predictive for HTN in urban pada dengan
were predictors with OR: HTN area. wanita.
raising from 2.06 [1.24–3.43] for Sedangkan
30–44 years old to 7.25 [4.00– menurut Ba
13.13] for 60 years and more Oumar, 2017
using <30 years as reference. pada penelitian
adanya pengaruh
Female sex was protective with
jenis kelamin
OR of 0.45 [0.29–0.71] and dengan terjadinya
using normal weight as hipertensi yang
reference OR for overweight lebih pengaruh
was 1.54 [1.04–2.27] and 2.67 pada jenis
[1.64–4.36] for obesity. kelamin
 perempuan

Education Physical, Geleta, G. T., Cheme, M. The overall prevalence of In this study; age, BMI, BAB 2 hal 21 Thasia
behavioral C., & Roro, E. M. , 2019, hypertension was 34.9% among educational status and Khat
Hal ini juga
and Physical, behavioral and the adult population. Of them, chewing had a positive sesuai dengan
sociodemogr ociodemographic only 52.7% know their status, association with the penelitian yang
aphic determinants of and 22.4% were on prevalence of hypertension. dilakukan oleh
determinants hypertension among the antihypertensive medication. The prevalence of Geleta, Cheme &
of adult population in Nekemte The prevalence of hypertension hypertension was found to Roro (2019) yang
hypertension town, western Ethiopia: was higher among the older be high among adults older menyebutkan
bahwa status
among the community based aged; AOR 5.85 (95% CI 1.74– than 18 years in Nekemte
pendidikan yang
adult study. BMC research 20), Obese and over-weighted; town. Older age, higher lebih tinggi
population in notes, 12(1), 1-6. (AOR 1.71 (95% CI 1.09– educational status, dikaitkan dengan
Nekemte 2.67)), Khat chewers in the past overweight/obesity, and prevalensi
town, year; AOR 2.44 (95% CI 1.05– Khat chewing were hipertensi yang
western 5.68), and with higher formal associated with a high tinggi.
Ethiopia: education (college and above); prevalence of Hypertension.
community AOR 2.75 (95% CI 1.26–6.03)
based study than their respective
counterparts. Community-level
prevention and treatment of
hypertension should get due
attention.

Education Socio- Baldisserotto, J., et al., A total of 2482 users were The prevalence of BAB 2 hal 21 Thasia
demographic 2016, Socio-demographic interviewed (response rate of 71 hypertension and diabetes
caracteristics caracteristics and prevalence %). The median age was 64 increases with age and Namun pada studi
and of risk factors in a (IQR = 55.7) and the majority gender, being women more yang dilakukan
prevalence of hypertensive and diabetics were women (68 %), and affected. The educational oleh Baldisserotto
risk factors in population: a cross-sectional married (52 %). Whereas 66.5 % level is also associated with et al. (2016)
a study in primary health care (CI 95 % 64.5-68.3) of the the prevalence of these menyatakan
hypertensive in Brazil. BMC Public sample had only hypertension, chronic conditions and sebaliknya,
and diabetics Health, 16(1), 1-9. 6.5 % (CI 95 % 5.5-7.5) had people having both are more bahwa pendidikan
population: a diabetes and 27.1 % (CI 95 % likely to have more yang lebih pendek
 cross- 25.3-28.8) had both diseases.
sectional The prevalence of diseases
study in increased with age and with
primary fewer years of study (p < 0.05).
health care in Subjects with both diseases had
Brazil significantly more associated
comorbidities.
Marital Urban and Daştan, İ., Erem, A., & Although the HT prevalence was
status rural Çetinkaya, V.,2017, Urban higher in rural areas (28.4%)
differences in and rural differences in than in urban areas (23.9%), in
hypertension hypertension risk factors in this study, urbanization was
risk factors in Turkey. Anatolian journal of found to be a contributing factor
Turkey cardiology, 18(1), 39. in multivariate regression
analysis. Furthermore, separate
regressions for urban and rural
settings revealed that age,
obesity, diabetes,
hyperlipidemia, and smoking
were independently and
positively associated (p<0.05)
with HT in both settings, while
marital status, employment type,
mental health, and lifestyle
patterns; nutritional habits; and
amount of physical activity and
sedentary time (p<0.05) were
risk indicators in urban areas
comorbidities. The majority dikaitkan dengan
of people with hypertension meningkatnya
and diabetes were above 40 prevalensi
years of age and these hipertensi
conditions increase
significantly with age.
These patients tend to have
a lower education and are
predominantly women.
This study found that certain BAB VI hal 45 Thasia
factors associated with HT
were effective in only urban Demikian pula
settings: marital status, didukung oleh
employment type, and
penelitian yang
lifestyle patterns such as
sedentary time and diet. In dilakukan Dastan
this study, marital status et al (2017)
was found to be a predictor
bahwa wanita
of HT only for urban
residents, having no effect urban yang sudah
in rural areas, and it menikah memiliki
impacted women and men
risiko lebih tinggi
differently; marriage was
found to increase the terjadi hipertensi
likelihood of HT occurrence karena terjadi
in women but decrease it transisi
among urban males. This
perkawinan yang
inverse association between
HT and the single urban kemudian
 only. male may be explained by melibatkan
poor dietary habits and perubahan gaya
psychological factors, such
hidup yang dapat
as stress and lack of social
support. Married urban berdampak
women, on the other hand, negatif pada
were found to have higher
kesehatan.
ORs of HT, possibly due to
marital transition, which
involves lifestyle changes
that may negatively affect
physical health and increase
the risks for certain
diseases.

Variabel Judul Daftar pustaka Hasil Kutipan Resume Nama

BMI Body mass Landi, F., Calvani, R., Among enrollees with a normal The overweight status, BAB I, hal.2 Muham
index is Picca, A., Tosato, M., BMI, the prevalence of which reflects increased mida
strongly Martone, A. M., Ortolani, body fat mass, was Bertambahnya
hypertension was 45% compared berat badan akan
associated E., ... & Marzetti, E. 2018. demonstrated to be an
with 67% among overweight menyebabkan
with Body mass index is strongly independent risk factor for
hypertension: associated with participants, 79% in obesity hypertension, which was lemak dalam
Results from hypertension: Results from class I and II, and up to 87% consistent with previous subkutan dan
the longevity the longevity check-up 7+ among participants with obesity studies showing an visceral dalam
check-up 7+ study. Nutrients, 10(12), class III (p for trend < 0.001). association between high tubuh bertambah
study 1976. body fat levels and sehingga
After adjusting for age,
hypertension. However, the menimbulkan
significantly different tekanan darah
exact mechanism underlying
distributions of systolic and dalam tubuh
the association of visceral
diastolic blood pressure across fat and hypertension seseorang
BMI levels were consistent. remains unknown. meningkat,
Overall, the average systolic Inflammatory processes namun
blood pressure and diastolic have been shown to play an mekanisme pasti
important role in the yang mendasari
blood pressure increased
mechanisms involved in the asosiasi lemak
significantly and linearly across
 BMI levels. pathogenesis of viseral dan
hypertension hipertensi masih
belum diketahui

Age, Differences Wang J, Sun W, Wells GA, The prevalence of hypertension Common risk factors for BAB VI, hal.42 Muham
education, in prevalence et al., 2019, Differences in was significantly higher in rural hypertension among urban mida
gender of prevalence of hypertension and rural residents included Tingkat
areas than urban areas (25.93% pendidikan
BMI hypertension and associated risk factors older age; male; married;
versus 22.73%, respectively). merupakan faktor
and in urban and rural resident employed; less education;
associated of the northeastern region Hypertension prevalence in rural overweight/obese; greater pendukung
risk factors in of the People’s Republic of areas was still significantly abdominal waist hipertensi.
urban and China: a cross-sectional greater than in urban areas circumference; family Tingkat
rural resident study, PlosOne Journal, (adjusted OR = 1.22; 95%CI: history of hypertension, pendidikan yang
of the 13(4): e0195340. stroke, or coronary heart lebih rendah
1.10, 1.36; p < 0.001).
northeastern https://doi.org/10.1371/ disease; current smoker; untuk masyarakat
region of the journal.pone.0195340 alcohol consumption; higher di pedesaan dapat
People’s visceral adiposity index; and menyebabkan
Republic of higher body fat percentage. gaya hidup yang
China: a tidak sehat dan
cross- terjadi kurangnya
sectional pengetahuan
study tentang
pencegahan
hipertensi.

BMI, Is Waist-to- Li, N., Yang, T., Yu, W. Q., The best predictor of incident In both males and females, BAB VI, hal.49 Muham
waist Height Ratio & Liu, H. 2019. Is waist-to- hypertension was general the scores of BMI were the mida
circumfere Superior to height ratio superior to highest among all BMI dan Waist
obesity (p < 0.001, adjusted circumference
nce Body Mass body mass index and waist anthropometrics, which
hazard ratio [HR] 1.9, 95% CI dapat
Index and circumference in predicting indicated that BMI was the
Waist the incidence of 1.6–2.2). The results stratified best predictor of incident memprediksi
Circumferenc hypertension?. Annals of by sex showed that BMI and hypertension. insiden hipertensi
e in Nutrition and Metabolism, WC were the more powerful lebih baik dari
Predicting 74(3), 215-223. predictors of hypertension in Increasing BMI might result ketebalan lipatan
the Incidence in increases in serum kulit, waist-to-hip
males (adjusted HR 1.8 and 1.3,
of glucose, insulin, ratio, dan waist-
95% CI 1.4–2.3 and 1.1–1.5, aldosterone, and renin levels to-height ratio
Hypertension
respectively) as well as in along with increased dalam populasi
?
 females (adjusted HR 2.0 and
1.4, 95% CI 1.6–2.4 and 1.2–
1.6, respectively).
sympathetic tone. These Tionghoa.
factors mentioned above
were likely to increase
blood pressure by increasing
vascular volume or
peripheral resistance

Age, sex, Socio- Mishra, S. R., Ghimire, S., The prevalence of hypertension In low-income countries, BAB VI, hal.43 Muham
education economic Shrestha, N., Shrestha, A., was 19.5% (95% CI: 18.3–20.7). hypertension is more mida
inequalities & Virani, S. S. 2019. Socio- Participants with secondary common among the rich Kemungkinan
in economic inequalities in (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.20–1.76) despite having access to hipertensi
hypertension hypertension burden and and higher education (OR:1.42, health services. Because in meningkat
burden and cascade of services: 95% CI:1.10–1.83), compared to this setting, unhealthy diet dengan
cascade of nationwide cross-sectional those with no and sedentary lifestyle is pendidikan yang
services: study in Nepal. Journal of education/preschool, and those more common among the lebih tinggi (p-
nationwide human hypertension, 33(8), in urban residency (OR: 1.28, rich trend <0,0001)
cross- 613-625. 95% CI: 1.09–1.50) compared to dengan odds
sectional rural areas, and in province-4 meningkat 24%
study in (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.14–1.96) tiap tingkat
Nepal and province-5 (OR: 1.34, 95% pendidikannya
CI: 1.04–1.72), compared to dan pendidikan
province-1, had higher odds of tinggi tidak
being hypertensive. menunjukan
signifikansi
statistik dengan
pengobatan
hipertensi

Age, Hypertension Khader, Y., Batieha, A., Te age-standardized prevalence Our study showed that BAB VI, hal.46 Muham
married, in Jordan: Jaddou, H., Rawashdeh, S. was 33.8% among men and 57.7% of men and 62.5% of mida
BMI prevalence, I., El-Khateeb, M., Hyassat, 29.4% among women. Of those women were aware of Riwayat keluarga
awareness, D., ... & Ajlouni, K. 2019. with hypertnsion, 57.7% of men hypertension. Te systematic hipertensi juga
control, and Hypertension in Jordan: and 62.5% of women were review of studies in Arab dikaitkan dengan
its associated prevalence, awareness, aware of hypertension. countries showed that the kemungkinan
factors control, and its associated awareness of hypertension hipertensi yang
factors. International journal varied from 18% to 79.8% lebih tinggi pada
of hypertension, 2019. with an overall rate of 46%. wanita.
 A systematic review of
studies worldwide showed
that the awareness rates
ranges from 25 to 75%.
Almost half to two-thirds of
patients with hypertension
in developed countries were
aware of their diagnosis.
The rate of hypertension
awareness in Jordan
increased signifcantly from
39.8% in 2009 to 57.7% in
2017 among men and from
51.8% in 2009 to 62.5% in
2017 among women.

Gender, Study of Momin, M. H., Desai, V. K., Prevalence of hypertension was Prevalence of hypertension BAB VI, hal.44 Muham
married socio- & Kavishwar, A. B. 2012. 30.4% and prehypertension was was noted highest among mida
demographic Study of socio-demographic 34.5%. Out of 455 found as separated/divorcee/widow/w Penelitian lain
factors factors affecting prevalence hypertensive, 258 (56.70%) idower (55.5%) followed by juga
affecting of hypertension among bank were not having any symptoms married (31.8%) and menyebutkan
employees of Surat City. at the time of examination. unmarried (12.4%). Chances bahwa
prevalence of
Indian journal of public Prevalence was high among of getting hypertension kemungkinan
hypertension
health, 56(1), 44.. persons with age 50 years and among married was nearly terjadinya
among bank
above (48.5%); among male about 2.5-fold higher as hipertensi 2,5 kali
employees of lipat lebih tinggi
Surat City (32.5%) as compared to female compared to singles (odds
(23.1%); among employees ratio = 2.54). terjadi pada orang
having small family size; among yang sudah
separated/divorcee person menikah dari
(40.0%). pada orang yang
masih single
BMI, The Peltzer, K., & Pengpid, S. Te prevalence of hypertension The study aimed at BAB VI, hal.42
education prevalence 2018. The prevalence and among study participants was assessing the prevalence and
and social social determinants of 33.4 % (95 % CI: 32.7-34.0), determinants of Prevalensi
determinants hypertension among adults among males 31.0% (95% CI: hypertension, including hipertensi yang
of in Indonesia: a cross- 30.2, 31.9), and among females sociodemographic variables, tinggi terjadi di
hypertension sectional population-based 35.4% (95% CI: 34.6, 36.3). weight status, health kelompok dengan
among adults national survey. Among hypertensives, 42.9% behaviour, and psychosocial pendidikan
in Indonesia: International journal of were aware, 11.5% were treated, stress and support risk rendah atau tidak
a cross- hypertension, 2018. and 14.3% were controlled. In factors. mengenyam
sectional fully adjusted analyses, in both pendidikan sama
population- men and women, older age, no sekali, hal ini
based or elementary education, being mungkin terkait
national overweight or obese, and having juga dengan
survey visited an outpatients health faktor risiko lain
facility in the past 4 weeks were seperti stress,
positively associated kebiasaan makan
hypertension. Signifcant linear yang buruk dan
relationships of hypertension kurangnya akses
were found with age (P for trend layanan
<0.001) and body mass index kesehatan.
(BMI) (P for trend <0.001). In
addition, among men having quit
tobacco use and depressive
symptoms were positively
associated with hypertension,
while current tobacco use was
negatively associated with
hypertension. Moreover, among
women lower subjective
economic status was associated
with hypertension.

Age, Hypertension Lashkardoost, H., Hoseyni, In this cross-sectional study, the Various studies have also BAB VI, hal.48
education, and its F., Rabbani, E., Moqadam, prevalence of systolic blood shown that there is a strong
waist Relation with F. Q., Hosseini, L., Azizi, pressure was 14.78% and correlation between the Lingkar perut
circumfere Waist to Hip S., & Hamedi, A. 2019. diastolic blood pressure was WHR index and memiliki
nce Ratio in Hypertension and its 15.65%. So waist to the hips hypertension, especially in pengaruh positif
Women Relation with Waist to Hip showed the highest correlation women, which can be terhadap angka
Referred to Ratio in Women Referred to with the changes in attributed to the differences kejadian
Bojnurd Bojnurd Urban Health hypertension. in the effect of hormones on hipertensi.
Urban Health Centers in 2014. The Open the distribution of body fat
Centers in Hypertension Journal, 11(1). in women.
201

Age, BMI, Risk Factors Putri, A. W., & Sartika, R. The prevalence of obesity in
Gender for Obesity in A. D. 2020. Risk Factors for patients with hypertension was
Patients with Obesity in Patients with 47.4%.Risk factors that were
Hypertension Hypertension. EXECUTIVE significantly related to obesity in
EDITOR, 11(01), 982. patients with hypertension
included age groups 25–44 and
45–59, female gender and
excessive energy intake (p =
0.009, 0.050, 0.025 and 0.039,
respectively and odds ratio =
2.43, 1.73, 1.85 and 1.85,
respectively).
In the present study, risk BAB I, hal.2
factors for obesity
complications in patients Hipertensi dapat
with hypertension were mengakibatkan
found to be age, gender and masalah
energy intake. Residential kesehatan
area,consumption of red dikarenakan dapat
meat, family history of menimbulkan
diabetes, family history of komplikasi serius
hypertension and family seperti penyakit
history of heart disease stroke, penyakit
could not be analysed due to jantung koroner
limited secondary data. serta gagal ginjal.

BAB VI, hal.42

Sebagian besar
pasien dengan
hipertensi sebanyak
65,1% berstatus
pendidikan rendah

Age, Prevalence Nyarko, S. H. 2016. The study found that the overall The study further found that BAB VI, hal. 45
Education, and Prevalence and prevalence of hypertension married or cohabiting
Menikah atau
married sociodemogr sociodemographic history among the respondents women and widows, pernah hidup
 aphic determinants of was 7.5%; however, there were
determinants hypertension history among vast variations within most of
of women in reproductive age the sociodemographic
hypertension in Ghana. International categories. Age, level of
history journal of hypertension, education, marital status, work
among 2016. status, and wealth status had a
women in significant relationship with
reproductive hypertension history among the
age in Ghana. respondents. Women in
advanced age groups, highly
educated, married, and
widowed/divorced/separated,
nonworking women, and women
from wealthy households were
at higher risk of having
hypertension history.
divorcees, or separated bersama pasangan
women were more likely to yang kemudian
have hypertension history selanjutnya
berpisah akan
than women who were
mungkin terjadi
never married. It was hipertensi
observed that existing dibandingkan
studies that examined yang tidak pernah
determinants of menikah pernah
hypertension among a menikah
number of different
populations hardly
considered marital status of
respondents. Even though it
is quite unclear why married
and widowed, divorced, or
separated women were more

susceptible to hypertension
history, it is possible that
this may be due to the
inevitable “vicissitudes of
marriage.”

Variabel Judul Daftar Pustaka Hasil Kutipan Resume Nama

Body Association Aronow, Wilbert S, 2017, Based on some research and Canadians aged 18 to 74 BAB VI hal 40 Dian
Mass of obesity Association of obesity with studies (meta-analysis) years, the prevalence berdasarkan usia sella
Index, age with hypertension, Cardiology performed by many scientist dapat
hypertension Division, Westchester showed that body weight was of hypertension in men and berpengaruh
Medical Center and New associated with hypertension. in women increased with dengan hipertensi
Annals of York dimana rentan
Translational increasing body mass index,
especially in those aged 18 usia menyatakan
Medicine Medical College Ann Transl 30 tahun hingga
Med 2017;5(17):350. to
50 tahun beresiko
 34 years (6). In the younger terjadi hipertensi
adults, men and women 5 kali lipat
with

a body mass index of more

than 30 kg/m2 had a 5 times

higher prevalence of
hypertension than persons
with a

body mass index less than

20 kg/m2

(6). A cohort of 82,473

female nurses in the United

States, aged 30 to 55 years
were

followed every 2 years since

1976 (7). In 1992, the body

mass index was positively

associated with the
development

of hypertension

Age Impact of Sudharsanan, N., & Coming demographic changes in The analysis included 770 BAB VI hal 40
Coming Geldsetzer, P, 2019, Impact middle-income countries will 121 adults of age ≥40 years
Demographic of Coming Demographic overpower even ideal prevention across penderita
Changes on Changes on the Number of efforts. Middle-income hipertensi
the Number Adults in Need of Care for the surveys, The median age 770.121 orang
countries will need to massively of participants varied from dewasa dengan
 of Adults in Hypertension in Brazil, expand healthcare services for 51 in usia ≥40 tahun
Need of Care China, India, Indonesia, aging-related diseases, such as 64% dapat
for Mexico, and South Africa: hypertension, if they are Indonesia to 60 in China, berpengaruh
Hypertension A Modeling and the percentage of terjadinya
in Brazil, Study. Hypertension, 73(4), to meet the virtually inevitable participants hipertensi dengan
China, India, 770-776. future increase in care needs for factor resiko
these conditions. who are women varied from
Indonesia, 51.8% in India to 64.4% in berdasarkan usia
Mexico, and South dengan adanya
South Africa perubahan
Africa. revalence schedule demografis yang
Hypertension of hypertension remains meningkat
AHA unchanged until 2050, berdasarkan usia.
demographic changes alone

will increase the number of

adults in need of
hypertension care by 319.7

Gender, Prevalence, Abdul-Razak, S., Daher, A. The age-adjusted prevalence was BAB VI hal 46
awareness, M., Ramli, A. S., Ariffin, F., 42.0 % (CI: 40.9–43.2) and was Overweight and obese Hal serupa juga
Level of treatment, Mazapuspavina, M. Y., higher in men [43.5 % (CI: participants in this study ditemukan dalam
education, control and Ambigga, K. S., ... & 41.2–45.0)] were found to have the penelitian yang
socio Yusoff, K, 2016, highest prevalence of dilakukan oleh
Body than women [41.0 % (CI: 39.8– hypertension compared to
Mass demographic Prevalence, awareness, Abdul-Razak
determinants treatment, control and socio 42.3)]. Participants from rural those in the other BMI dimana dalam
Index, areas (APR: 1.12, CI: 1.04–
of demographic determinants categories. Participants who studinya
hypertension of hypertension in 1.20); aged at least 40–49 years were overweight (APR 1.31; ditemukan bahwa
in Malaysian Malaysian adults. BMC CI: 1.20–1.42) and obese mereka yang
(APR: 1.86, CI: 1.62–2.14); who
adults public health, 16(1), 1-10. (APR 1.71; CI: 1.58–1.86) masuk dalam
were overweight (APR: 1.24,
were found to be more kategori
BMC Public CI: 1.15–1.34) and obese (APR:
likely to have hypertension, Overweight dan
Health 1.54, CI: 1.43–1.6) were
which support the Obese menurut
more likely to have postulation that obesity are IMT memiliki
hypertension. The Indigenous risk factors for prevelaensi
 ethnic group was less likely to
be aware (APR: 0.81, CI: 0.69–
0.92)
and to be on treatment (APR:
0.66, CI: 0.55–0.79). Those in
rural areas were less likely to
have their hypertension
controlled (APR: 0.61, CI: 0.49–
0.75). On the other hand, control
was more likely in females
(APR: 1.25, CI: 1.01–1.54)
and Indigenous group (APR:
1.64, CI: 1.19–2.25).
mengalami
hypertension. It was hipertensi yang
reported that Asian lebih tinggi
populations are more dibanding
inclined to obesity with kategori lain.
increased insulin resistance
compared to their Western
counterparts. Hence, with
increasing globalization
together with hazardous
behaviour which are highly
prevalent in Malaysia e.g.
smoking, high fat intake and
low physical activity;
concerted efforts need to be
taken to reduce these
modifiable risk factors in
our population.

Gender, Association Hossain, F. B., Adhikary, G., The prevalence ranged BAB VI hal 47
Body between body Chowdhury, A. B., & Shawon,
from 17.4% in 35–44 South Asian populations
M. S. R, 2019, Association may be at greater risk of
Mass mass index years to 34.9% in ≥55
between body mass index
Index, (BMI) and years in Bangladesh, developing hypertension
(BMI) and hypertension in Populasi Asia
Level of hypertension south Asian population: from 4.6% in 18– with increasing BMI than
Selatan memiliki
education in south evidence from nationally- any other ethnic groups.
resiko yang lebih
Asian representative 24 years to 28.6% in 45– BMI has been found to be
surveys. Clinical besar menderita
population 54 years in India, and associated with
hypertension, 25(1), 1-9. hipertensi seiring
evidence from 3.8% in 18–24 years hypertension, diabetes, and
dengan
from to 39.2% in ≥55 years in other NCDs in South Asian
bertambahnya
nationallyrep Nepal. Men were populations, at a much
IMT dibanding
resentative lower threshold level than
more likely to be hypertensive dengan kelompok
the level for other
 surveys than women in India and Nepal,
but not in Bangladesh.
Clinical Overweight and obesity
Hypertension
, 2019 using both WHO and South
Asian cut-offs were associated
with higher odds of hypertension environmental, dietary, and
in all countries. For
each 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI,
the ORs for hypertension were
1.79 (95% CI: 1.65–1.93), 1.59
(95% CI: 1.58–1.61), and
etnis lainnya. Hal
populations. The possible ini kemungkinan
reasons for such differences disebabkan oleh
could be genetic and perbedaan pada
metabolic variations, as well genetik dan
as clustering of metabolisme,
diet, dan faktor
social factors associated sosial yang terkait
with hypertension. dengan hipertensi

2.03 (95% CI: 1.90–2.16) in

Bangladesh, India, and Nepal,
respectively. The associations
between BMI and

hypertension were consistent

across various subgroups
defined by sex, age, urbanicity,
educational attainment and

household’s wealth index.

Age, Trajectories Guo, B., Shi, Z., Zhang, W., The studies have identified 12 BAB VI hal 47
Gender, of body mass Zhao, H., He, K., Hu, X., ... distinct trajectories of In this longitudinal
Marital index (BMI) & Tian, Q, 2020, population-based study, we Guo et.al dalam
Status, and Trajectories of body mass BMI during the follow-up period observed that the risk of penelitiannya
Body hypertension index (BMI) and in middle-aged and hypertension for a stable pada tahun 2020
Mass risk among hypertension risk among trajectory was higher than menemukan
elderly people in China and bahwa pada orang
Index middle-aged middle-aged and elderly that of a downward
demonstrated that such tra- dengan trajektori
and elderly Chinese people. Journal of trajectory and lower than
Chinese Human Hypertension, 1-9. jectories are associated with the that of an upward trajectory, IMT stabil
people development of hyper- memiliki resiko
when the baseline BMI was hipertensi yang
Journal of tension. Our study findings similar. Therefore, weight lebih rendah
Human suggest that regardless of loss is considered a critical dibanding orang
Hypertension lifestyle modification to dengan trajektori
control hypertension for IMT yang
current weight status, it is normal weight people, not meningkat. Selain
necessary to maintain one’s just overweight or obese itu, mereka
people dengan trajektori
current weight and even lose
IMT yang
weight to reduce the risk of
menurun
memiliki resiko
hipertensi yang
hypertension. Future studies lebih rendah
should address the under- dibanding orang
dengan trajektori
lying mechanisms and examine
IMT stabil
whether the findings of
maupun
meningkat. Dari
hal tersebut dapat
our study can be translated into disimpulkan
prevention and interven- bahwa weight
tion measures. loss atau
penurunan berat
badan adalah
salah satu
modifikasi gaya
hidup yang
memiliki peran
krusial dalam
mengendalikan
hipertensi tidak
hanya pada orang
 overweight, dan
obese namun juga
pada orang
dengan IMT
normal

Age, Prevalence Singh, S., Shankar, R., & From the results of this study, it One of the possible BAB II, hal.5-7
Gender, and Singh, G. P, 2017, can be concluded that the explanations for this gender
Education, Associated Prevalence and associated disparity in Hipertensi atau
Marital Risk Factors risk factors of hypertension: prevalence of both tekanan darah
status, of a cross-sectional study in prehypertension and hypertension prevalence tinggi
Occupatio Hypertension urban hypertension is very could be partially due to didefinisikan
n, A Cross- Varanasi. International biological dengan
high in urban Varanasi. This abnormalitas
socialecon Sectional journal of makes the people of this area sex difference and partially
omic Study in hypertension, 2017. tingginya tekanan
due to behavioral risk darah arteri
status, Urban vulnerable to several chronic factors
BMI, Varanasi diseases and other unbearable
Waist like smoking, alcohol
International health consequences. consumption, or physical BAB 2 hal.6
circumfere
Journal of Specifically men are at more risk activity. We
nc
Hypertension of Faktor resiko
speculate that absentia from terjadinya
being hypertensive than female. alcohol and smoking might hipertensi antara
Increasing age is proved to lain, usia, jenis
be few of those protective kelamin, edukasi/
be an independent risk factor for factors against hypertension
hypertension. Programs are tingkat
in pendidikan, status
needed to improve the
surveillance systems and imple- women. Other than that, perkawinan,
women are more interested status
mentation of community based in health sosioekonomi,
screening programs for early BMI serta lingkar
care services utilization and perut (Singh,
also more frequently report 2017).
their
detection of hypertension is also poor health and therefore
needed. As the awareness of they are more likely to have
better BAB 2 hal.7
the hypertension status among
hypertensive cases was very health. Age was found to be Rendahnya
an important risk factor for tingkat
poor, improving health literacy hyper- pendidikan yang
to increase the awareness of dimiliki akan
tension. As the age was memberikan efek
hypertension is also the need of advancing so did the negatif terhadap
the hour. Interventions like prevalence of hypertension kejadian
weight management, increased among both the sexes. Table hipertensi.
physical activity, increased 5 revealed that education Semakin tinggi
was significantly asso- tingkat
fruits and vegetables pendidikan yang
consumption, and reduction in ciated with hypertension (χ2 dimiliki setiap
tobacco = 17.049, df = 6 and p value individu
= 0.009); however, when menghasilkan
and alcohol use are required and adjusted effect of education pengetahuan yang
recommended. on lebih baik tentang
hypertension was observed hipertensi
by logistic regression, then maupun informasi
no kesehatan lain,
sehingga
statistical association was berpengaruh
observed.Though some terhadap
studies had kesehatan
individu tersebut
shown a significant
(Singh, 2017).
association of these two
variables
BAB VI, hal.44

Seorang yang
mempunyai
pasangan dapat
membantu
melakukan
pemantauan
kesehatannya satu
sama lain saling
mengingatkan,
sehingga status
pernikahan
berhubungan
dengan kejadian
hipertensi

BAB 6, hal 44

Singh et al.
(2017) dalam
penelitiannya
juga melaporkan
bahwa pekerjaan
memiliki
hubungan yang
bermakna dengan
status hipertensi
pada subjek
penelitian (p
<0,05).
Age, Role of Wu, X., & Wang, Z., 2019, Among these people, 17,676 Age is another important BAB VI hal 40
Gender, Socioeconom Role of socioeconomic responded to the factor associated
Education ic Status in status in hypertension terdapat
level, Hypertension among chinese middle-aged question about hypertension, and with hypertension signifikan denga
Working _among and elderly 5,177/17,676 (29.3%) had prevalence. Compared with nilai (P<0.05)
status, Chinese individuals. International the youngest bahwa usia 40-54
doctor-diagnosed hypertension. tahun dan pada
BMI Middle journal of Males were more likely to suffer group of 45–54 years, the
hypertension, 2019. usia 65 – 74
International hypertension than females other three age groups are tahun adanya
Journal of sig- peningkatan
based on the CHARLS results (P
Hypertension 0.038, OR 0.038, 95% CI nificantly more likely to resiko terjadinya
have hypertension (P < hipertensi..
0.595–0.986). Age is another 0.05), es-
important factor associated
pecially the 65–74 years old
with hypertension prevalence. group, with an OR value of
Compared with the youngest 2.032 and 95% CI value of
1.455–2.839.

group of 45–54 years, the other

three age groups are sig-

nificantly more likely to have

hypertension (P < 0.05), es-

pecially the 65–74 years old

group, with an OR value of
2.032 and 95% CI value of
1.455–2.839. +e 55–64 and older
than

75 years groups presented OR

values of 1.436 and 1.672, and

95% CI values of 1.085–1.900

 and 1.031–2.714, respectively.

Besides, consistent with most

other studies investigating risk

factors of hypertension and

CVD, overweight and diabetes

were significantly associated

with hypertension (P < 0.05);

the OR values were as high as

2.473 and 3.159, with 95% CI

values of 1.462–4.183 and

2.129–4.687, respectively.

In summary, in this study, we

found that older age, male,
overweight, diabetes, and poor
society support were asso-

ciated with the prevalence of

hypertension among middle-

aged and elderly individuals in

China. Our study provides

implications for better control

and management of
hypertension.

Age, The Xiao, X., Wang, W., Sa, R., The with gender, respectively. BAB VI hal 41
Gender, Investigation Qiu, L., & Liu, F. 2019, The Mean BMI value for males
Education of Sex Investigation of Sex prevalence of hypertension was bahwa terdapat
status, Differences Differences in the Effect of between two genders was in line hubungan jenis
21.74±1.74 kg/m2 and for kelamin dengan
BMI in the Effect Body Mass Index. with the prevalence of females was 24.39±3.54 terjadinya
of Body International journal of overweight, with males having a kg/m2 Te prevalence of hipertensi dengan
Mass Index hypertension, 2019. higher overweight and obesity was hasil (P<0,05)
International 17.38 % and pada laki-laki dan
Journal of prevalence of hypertension than 17,65% dan
Hypertension their female counterparts 6.21 % in males and 17.65 7,61% pada
% and 7.61 % in females. perempuan
(27.63% > 26.94%, p< 0.05). In Te
general, females had a lower
prevalence of hypertension
education attainment than males between two genders was in
especially at high school line
or above (7.73% < 10.24%, P < with the prevalence of
0.05). Males constituted the overweight, with males
majority of smoking participants having a higher
whereas half of females did prevalence of hypertension
not smoke, and salt consumption than their female
in males was slightly higher counterparts

than in females. (27.63% > 26.94%, p<

0.05).
In general, the prevalence of
hypertension was higher

when BMI was bigger and age

was older in both genders

(Table 3). Te prevalence of

hypertension had the highest

value among the participants

aged 68 years or above and

BMI≥28 in females and

 males. As age
decreases, both gen-

ders were less likely to get

hypertension since the preva-

lence reached the minimum

value in people aged 17-45.
overweight and obesity were
risk factors for hypertension

in both genders. Tere was a

positive relationship between

the BMI and the risk of getting

hypertension for males and

females, respectively, and

combined.

Age, The Peltzer, K., & Pengpid, S, Among hypertensives 42.9% Of those who had BAB 2 2
Gender, Prevalence 2018, The prevalence and were aware that hypertension only 42.9% (hal.21)
Education and Social social determinants of were aware
Level, Determinants hypertension among adults they had hypertension, which Penelitian lain
BMI of in Indonesia: a cross- was signifcantly higher in (44.9% among 40 years and yang dilakukan
Hypertension sectional population-based older) and 11.5% were oleh Peltzer &
women (50.1%) than men using Pengpid (2018)
among national survey. (33.7%) and in urban (44.5%)
Adults in International journal of yang menilite
prescribed antihypertensive prevalensi dan
Indonesia A hypertension, 2018. than rural areas (41.1%). Of the medication (13.8% among
Cross- population with hyperten- determinan sosial
40 dari penyakit
Sectional
sion, 11.5% were currently using years and older) in this ipertensi pada
Population-
prescribed antihypertensive 2014-15 survey. orang dewasa di
Based
National Indonesia juga
medication, and 14.3% had older age and lower menyebutkan
controlled their blood pressure
Survey (<140 mm Hg and diastolic educational level were bahwa sampel
blood pressure <90 mm Hg). yang memiliki
International among both men and tingkat
Journal of Women (14.0%) were more ofen women associated with pendidikan
Hypertension than men (8.4%) and urban hypertension. rendah/tidak
dwellers (13.0%) more ofen than Lower subjective economic memiliki riwayat
rural dwellers (9.9%) using status was among women pendidikan secara
but postif
currently prescribed berhubungan
antihypertensive medication. Of not among men associated dengan kejadian
those with hypertension. Although hipertensi
the
participants with hypertension, BAB VI (hal. 42)
only 14.3% controlled their prevalence of hypertension
increased overall and for Prevalensi
blood pressure. Mean systolic both hipertensi yang
blood pressure was 1.1 mmHg tinggi terjadi di
sexes by age group from 18 kelompok dengan
higher for men than for women, to 29 years to 70 years and
pendidikan
while mean diastolic blood
rendah atau tidak
above, the prevalence of
pressure was 0.2 mmHg higher mengenyam
hypertension was higher
for women than for men. Te pendidikan sama
among
sekali, hal ini
prevalence of BMI obesity was males than females at the mungkin terkait
higher in women (42.0%) than age 18 to 29 years, while juga dengan
from 40 faktor risiko lain
in men (23.0%), while the
seperti stress,
current tobacco use prevalence years and older the kebiasaan makan
was prevalence of hypertension yang buruk dan
signifcantly higher in men was higher kurangnya akses
(67.2%) than in women (3.0%). among women than men. layanan kesehatan
Te prevalence of hypertension
increases overall and for Regarding weight variables,
 both sexes by age group from 18 being underweight was pro-
to 29 years to 70 years and
tective and being
above (P for trend <0.001). Te overweight or obese
prevalence of hypertension increased the odds of having
hypertension.
is higher among males than
females at the age 18 to 29
years,

while from 40 years and older

the prevalence of hypertension

is higher among women than

men. Further the prevalence

of hypertension decreases
overall and for both sexes (and

stronger for females) by

education from having no
education

to having higher education (P for

trend <0.001)

Variabel Judul Daftar pustaka Hasil Kutipan Resume Nama

Age Abdominal Wiviane et al, 2020. verall, 805 women participated This important life stage BAB VI hal 39 juliatik
obesity and Abdominal obesity and in the study, aged 40 to more 65 starts when the woman is a
association association with approximately 40 years old semakin tinggi
years mean: 50.8 years usia semakin
with sociodemographic, and lasts until the age of 60–
(SD±6.98); median: 50 years. besar risiko
sociodemogr behavioral and clinical data 65 years. It is characterized
aphic, in climacteric women The prevalence of women with by hormonal changes and terjadinya
behavioral assisted in primary care, abdominal obesity was functional, morphological, hipertensi dan
and clinical State University of Montes 62.4%.arterial hypertension psychogenic and physical dalam penelitian
data in Claros, Montes Claros, (p<0.001). we found that the modifications [3]. It is Wiviane
menyebutkan
 climacteric Minas Gerais, Brazil, women who were irregularly
women active and sedentary, those with
assisted in altered cholesterol levels, and
primary care
the hypertensivewomen
remained associated with
abdominal obesity.
believed that, of life’s sampel penelitian
several phases, the yang didapatkan
climacteric is the one that rata-rata memiliki
causes the greatest impact usia 40 hingga >
on the woman’s health, One 65 tahun
of the studies was conducted penderita
with 456 postmenopausal hipertensi
women aged 45–69 years,
In relation to the mean of
the abdominal
circumference, a study [39]
carried out with
postmenopausal women
found a mean of 94.8 cm. In
another study [40] involving
women aged between 40
and 65 years, the mean was
95.7 cm. These results are
similar to the ones found in
our study and show that the
climacteric brings changes
in body composition

Age Traditional Women (n=8107) MEN (n=3816) participants aged 40–65 (men) BAB VI hal 39
risk factors ViolettaA, at al, 2019 Cases of incident hypertension and 35–65 (women) Age, y
for essential Traditional risk factors for (SD) 50.1(9.1) hypertension risiko usia
(n=1046) Non-cases (n=7061) Cases
hypertension: essential hypertension: terhadap
of incident hypertension (n=589)
analysis of analysis of their specifc hipertensi bahwa
Non-cases (n=3227) Age, y (SD) responden
their specifc combinations in the
combinations EPICPotsdam cohort 50.1(9.1) 45.6(8.6) 52.2 (7.48) 49.5 penderita
in the (7.6) hipertensi
EPICPotsda (2019) 9:1501 | memiliki usia
m cohort https://doi.org/10.1038/s4159 rata-rata lebih
8-019-38783-5 dari 50 tahun

Age Prevalence Enoch et al, 2019 Prevalence Logistic regression analysis Logistic regression analysis BAB VI hal 39
and lifestyle- and lifestyle-related risk indicated that age group 50–59 indicated that the elderly pada faktor usia
related risk factors of obesity and years [aOR ¼ 5.43; 95% CI IRMBDs (aged 50–59 years dengan penderita
 factors of unrecognized hypertension
obesity and among bus drivers in Ghana,
unrecognized Department of Molecular
hypertension Medicine, School of
among bus Medicine and Dentistry,
drivers in College of Health Science,
Ghana Kwame Nkrumah University
of Science and Technology,
Kumasi, Ghana
(3.20 to 9.21); p < 0.0001], 60– and 60–69 years) were 5 times hipertensi
69 years [aOR ¼ 5.09; 95% CI increased odds of developing menunjukan 39%
(2.12 to 12.25); p ¼ 0.0004], hypertension, shows the terjadi pada usia
current smokers [aOR ¼ 7.09; socio-demographic 50 tahun hingga
95% CI (1.48 to 33.81); p ¼ characteristics of study usia > 60 tahun.
0.0066], former smokers [aOR participants. The mean age Sesuai pada
¼ 1.83; 95% CI (1.08 to 3.08); p of participants was 44.07 penelitian ini
¼ 0.0128], alcoholic beverage years and the most responden yang
intake [aOR ¼ 3.19; 95% CI represented age group was didapatkan
(2.13 to 4.76); p < 0.0001], 40–49 years (39.0%) dominan pada
current sleep inhibitor use [aOR usia lebih dari 50
¼ 3.24; 95% CI (2.00 to 5.25); p tahun.
< 0.0001], high calorie intake
[aOR ¼ 2.43; 95% CI (1.18 to
5.02); p ¼ 0.0167], longduration
sitting whilst eating [aOR ¼
3.87; 95% CI (2.18 to 6.83); p <
0.0001], eating under stressful
conditions [aOR ¼ 4.68; 95% CI
(3.14 to 6.96); p < 0.0001] and
eating late at night [aOR ¼ 8.17;
95% CI (5.49 to 12.17); p <
0.0001] were independent risk
factors for unrecognized
hypertension after adjusting for
age, ethnicity and family history
of hypertension.

Gender is waist-to- Ana et al, 2018 Is waist-to-
height ratio height ratio the best
predictive indicator of
the best
hypertension incidence? A
predictive
cohort study, Nutrition and
indicator of Health Post Graduation
hypertension Program, Nutrition School,
incidence? A Federal University of Goiás,
cohort study Rua 227, Quadra 68 s/n.
Setor Leste Universitário,
The risk of new HTN cases was
82.0% for obese individuals
(RR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.07 to
3.09), 71.0% for an increased
WC (RR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.15 to
2.54) and 66.0% for an increased
WHtR (RR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.08
to 2.56) in women. The
associations were not significant
for men after adjustment (p >
Male 152 (32.3) 74 (35.8) BAB VI hal 42
78 (29.6) Female 319 (67.7)
133 (64.2) 186 (70.4) The faktor resiko
berdasarkan jenis
cut-off points that showed
kelamin di
the best predictive capacity
for the HTN risk in the dapatkan
present study based on signifikansi, dan
sensitivity and specificity lebih banyak pada
were similar to the currently perempuan
recommended values (25 dibandingkan
Goiânia, Goiás 74.605-080, 0.05) kg/m2 and 80 cm) [10, 28] dengan penderita
Brazil for excess weight according hipertensi laki-
to BMI (both genders) and laki
increased WC (in women)
Age, Prevalence of Jugal K, 2016 Prevalence of Gander male n 54 (13.8%) Similarly hypertensionwas BAB VI hal 41
gender Hypertension Hypertension and hipertensi more prevalent among those
and Determination of Its Risk with raised cholesterol and faktor yang
Determinatio Factors in Rural Delhi, Female n 88 (14.3) triglycerides level, density mempengaruhi
n of Its Risk Community Medicine, lipoprotein, menopause, tekanan darah,
P value (0,05) pada jenis
Factors in Vardhman Mahavir Medical affect the process of
Rural Delhi, College, New Delhi 110029, atherosclerosis and result in kelamin
Community India high blood pressure perempuan
Medicine, cenderung
Vardhman menderita
Mahavir hipertensi dari
Medical pada laki-laki.
Perempuan akan
mengalami
peningkatan
resiko tekanan
darah tinggi
(hipertensi)
setelah
menopause,diman
a kadar kolesterol
hdl rendah dan
tingginya
kolesterol ldl (low
density
lipoprotein)
mempengaruhi
terjadinya proses
aterosklerosis dan
mengakibatkan
tekanan darah
 tinggi

Age, Body Mass Dua S, Monika B, Pankhrui Age was found to have positive Age was positively BAB VI hal 41
gender Index Relates S, Meenal D, Satwant K. and statistically significant correlated with blood
factor resiko
to Blood correlation with both SBP (r = pressure (both SBP and berdasrakan jenis
2016 body mass index
Pressure 0.21, P < 0.01) and DBP (r = DBP). The relationship kelamin denga
Among relates to blood pressure 0.18, P < 0.01) among males and between blood pressure and hipertensi bahwa
Adults among adults. for females the correlation age was found to be perempuan lebih
between age and blood pressure significant and was stronger beresiko
(SBP and DBP) was r = 0.44, P in women than men in the terjadinya
hipertensi
< 0.01 and r = 0.27, P < 0.01, present study. Many studies
disbanding laki-
respectively. There was have found the relationship laki dengan hasil
statistically significant positive between blood pressure and signifikan
correlation between blood age (both SBP and DBP) to (P<0.01) yang
pressure (both SBP and DBP) be significant among both berarti jenis
and anthropometric males and females.[ kelamin
measurements, pulse rate, fat berhubungan
dengan terjadi
percentage, and BMI among
hipertensi
males and females, respectively
Gender Socioeconom Rana J et al, 2020, The prevalence of hypertension Of 13,436 participants, BAB VI hal 42
ic Socioeconomic differentials was higher in Nepalese men than 7,790 (58%) were women, dari 13.436
differentials in hypertension based on women. The likelihood of being and 5,645 (42%) were men, peserta, 7.790
(58%) adalah
in JNC7 and ACC/AHA 2017 hypertensive was significantly with a mean age of 40.7 (SE
perempuan dan
hypertension guidelines mediated by BMI higher in the higher education ±0.10) years More than half 5.645 (42%)
based on group compared with the lowest (61.1%) of the population adalah laki-laki
JNC7 and or no education group for men lived in urban areas with no denga adanya
ACC/AHA (OR 1.89 95% CI: 1.36, 2.61) significant sex difference. signifikan
2017 and for women (OR 1.20 95% (P<0.001) (P<0.01) yang
guidelines CI: 0.79, 1.83). People in the berarti adanya
hubungan jenis
mediated by richest group were more likely
kelamin dengan
body mass to be hypertensive compared terjadinya resiko
index: with people in the poorest group hpertensi dimana
Evidence for men (OR 1.66 95% CI: 1.26,
 from Nepal 2.19) and for women (OR 1.60 yang lebih
demographic 95% CI: 1.20, 2.12). The berpengaruh pada
and health associations between SES jenis kelamin
perempuan.
survey (education) and hypertension
were partially modified by sex
and fully modified by urbanity.
BMI mediated these
associations.

Variabel Judul Daftar pustaka Hasil Kutipan Resume Nama

Body Association Linderman GC, Lu J, Lu Y, The study included 1 727 411 Our analysis of the general Linderman (2018) Syamsu
mass of Body et al. 2018. Association of participants (1 027 711 women association between BMI menunjukkan l
index Mass Index Body Mass Index With and 699 700 men; mean [SD] and BP is generally dalam studinya
With Blood age, 55.7 [9.8] years). Among consistent with yang dilakukan
Blood Pressure Among 1.7
Pressure the study sample, the mean (SD) previous literature; for every pada populasi
Among 1.7 Million Chinese BMI was 24.7 (3.5), the mean 1-kg/m2 increase in BMI, China bahwa
Million Adults. JAMA Netw Open. (SD) systolic BP was 136.5 our analysis shows a 1.3– setiap kenaikan
Chinese (20.4)mmHg, and the mean (SD) mm Hg increase for men sebesar 1kg/m2
Adults diastolic BP was 81.1 and a 1.4–mm Hg increase pada IMT akan
(11.2)mmHg. The increase of for women, compared with menyebabkan
BP per unit BMI ranged from a 1.4–mm Hg increase for kenaikan tekanan
0.8 to 1.7mmHg/(kg/m2) for men and a 1.2–mm Hg darah sebesar 1,3
95%of the subgroups not taking increase for women in a mmHg pada laki-
antihypertensive medication. western study and a 1.7–mm laki dan 1,4
The association between BMI Hg increase for men and a mmHg pada
and BP was substantially weaker 1.4–mm Hg increase for wanita. Hal ini
in subgroups of patients taking women in a Chinese study. berbeda pada
antihypertensive medication populasi barat,
compared with those who were dimana setiap
untreated. In untreated kenaikan 1kg/m2
subgroups, 95%of the pada IMT akan
coefficients varied by less than menyebabkan
1mmHg/(kg/m2). kenaikan tekanan
darah sebesar 1,4
mmHg pada laki-
laki dan 1,2
 mmHg pada
wanita
(Linderman,
2018).

Body Body Mass Fan B et al, 2019. Body Four distinct trajectory groups The observations of this BAB VI hal 47- Syamsu
mass Index Mass Index Trajectories were identified using latent class study provide new insights 48 l
index Trajectories During Young Adulthood growth mixture model: low- into origins of obesity-
trajectorie stable (n=1497), medium- related hypertension in early Hal serupa juga
During and Incident Hypertension:
s increasing (n=1421), high adult life and emphasize the ditemukan dalam
Young A Longitudinal Cohort in increasing (n=291), sharp- importance of the level- penelitian yang
Adulthood Chinese Population. J Am increasing (n=62). Model- independent BMI dilakukan di
and Incident Heart Assoc. estimated levels and linear trajectories during ages 20 kalangan populasi
Hypertension slopes of BMI at each age point to 30 years for assessing China yang
:A between ages 20 and 40 were hypertension risk in later dilakukan oleh
Longitudinal calculated in 1-year intervals life. Fan ada tahun
using the latent class growth 2019, dimana
Cohort in
mixture model parameters and trajektori IMT
Chinese their first derivatives, pada usia 20-30
Population respectively. Compared with the tahun memiliki
low-stable group, the hazard hubungan yang
ratios and 95% CI were 2.42 cukup kuat
(1.88, 3.11), 4.25 (3.08, 5.87), terhadap angka
11.17 (7.60, 16.41) for the 3 kejadian
increasing groups, respectively. hipertensi (Fan et
After adjusting for covariates, al, 2019).
the standardized odds ratios and
95% CI of model-estimated BMI
level for incident hypertension
increased in 20 to 35 years,
ranging from 0.80 (0.72–0.90) to
1.59 (1.44–1.75); then decreased
gradually to 1.54 (1.42–1.68).
The standardized odds ratios of
level-adjusted linear slopes
increased from 1.22 (1.09–1.37)
to 1.79 (1.59–2.01) at 20 to 24
years; then decreased rapidly to
 1.12 (0.95–1.32).

Sociodem Sociodemogr Liew SJ, Lee JT, Tan CS, et Among 10 215 participants Age at interview was BAB IV hal 27- Syamsu
ographic aphic factors al. 2019 Sociodemographic (47.2% Chinese, 26.0% Malay derived from the date of 28 l
factors in relation to factors in relation to and 26.8% Indian), hypertension birth.
hypertension prevalence, prevalence was estimated to be Highest education level was Usia ditentukan
hypertension dari tanggal
awareness, treatment and 31.1%. Older age, Malay categorised into three levels:
prevalence, control in a multiethnic ethnicity, male, lower (1) primary school kelahiran. Usia
awareness, Asian population: a educational level and being education or lower, (2) responden
treatment and crosssectional study. BMJ homemaker or secondary school dihitung
control in a Open retired/unemployed were factors education/Institute of berdasarkan ulang
significantly associated with Technical tahun terakhir
multi-ethnic
hypertension. Stratified analysis Education/National yang telah
Asian dijalani saat
suggested that age and education Technical Certificate and
population: a penelitian.
were consistently associated (3) tertiary education or
crosssectiona with hypertension across all higher.
l study ethnic groups. The proportions Work status was classified Tingkat
of being unaware, untreated and into three categories: (1) pendidikan
uncontrolled were 49.0%, 25.2% employed (working adults dikategorikan
and 62.4%, respectively. or full-time studying), (2) menjadi 3
Ethnicity and younger age were homemaker (housewife or tingkatan: (1)
associated with unawareness; non-working individual who pendidikan
younger age, male and lower manages a home) and (3) primer atau lebih
educational level were retired/unemployed. rendah, (2)
associated with untreated The majority of the retirees pendidikan
hypertension and older age was and unemployed sekunder atau,
associated with uncontrolled participants were older institusi edukasi
hypertension. adults aged ≥60 years teknikal atau,
(53.0%). Compared with sertifikat teknik
adults who were working or nasional dan (3)
studying full time, pendidikan tersier
participants who were atau lebih.
retired or unemployed
(AOR=1.51, 95% CI 1.02 to Pekerjaan
2.24) were more likely to diklasifikasikan
have uncontrolled menjadi tiga
hypertension. kategori: (1)
bekerja (orang
dewasa yang
bekerja atau
sedang
menempuh
pendidikan), (2)
pengurus rumah
tangga (ibu rumah
tangga atau
individu non-
pekerja yang
mengurus rumah
tangga) dan (3)
pensiunan/tidak
bekerja.

Status pernikahan
dibagi secara
dikotomi menjadi
menikah dan
tidak menikah.

BAB VI hal 44
Penelitian yang
dilakukan Liew et
al. (2019)
melaporkan hasil
yang berbeda
yakni
dibandingkan
dengan yang
bekerja atau
belajar penuh
waktu, menjadi
ibu rumah tangga
 atau pensiunan /
pengangguran
secara signifikan
meningkatkan
kemungkinan
hipertensi
(keseluruhan p
<0,001) tetapi
mayoritas
pensiunan dan
individu yang
menganggur
adalah orang
dewasa yang
berusia ≥60 tahun
(53,0%) jadi
kemungkinan
perbedaan hasil
ini juga terkait
dengan factor
usia.

Socioecon Socioeconom Rana J, Ahmmad Z, Sen The prevalence of hypertension Women were having lower BAB VI hal 42, Syamsu
ic, BMI ic KK, Bista S, Islam RM, was higher in Nepalese men than prevalence of hypertension 43 l
differentials 2020. Socioeconomic women. The likelihood of being compared with men for both
measured (16.0%, 95% CI: Pada peneliatan
in differentials in hypertension hypertensive was significantly (Rana J, 2020)
14.8, 17.3 vs. 22.8%, 95%
hypertension based on JNC7 and higher in the higher education CI: 21.2, 24.5) and medical dari 13.436
based on ACC/AHA 2017 guidelines group compared with the lowest hypertension (21.7%, 95% peserta, 7.790
JNC7 and mediated by body mass or no education group for men CI: 20.4, 23.0 vs. 29.1%, (58%) adalah
ACC/AHA index: Evidence from Nepal (OR 1.89 95% CI: 1.36, 2.61) 95% CI: 27.4, 30.8) and the perempuan dan
differences were significant 5.645 (42%)
2017 demographic and health and for women (OR 1.20 95%
statistically in both adalah laki-laki
guidelines survey. PLoS ONE CI: 0.79, 1.83). People in the denga adanya
measurements (p< 0.001).
mediated by richest group were more likely signifikan
body mass to be hypertensive compared Our study, including 13,436 (P<0.01) yang
index: with people in the poorest group people from a nationally berarti adanya
Evidence for men (OR 1.66 95% CI: 1.26, representative survey, finds hubungan jenis
from Nepal 2.19) and for women (OR 1.60 that people kelamin dengan
with increasing levels of terjadinya resiko
demographic 95% CI: 1.20, 2.12). The
SES (education and wealth) hpertensi dimana
and health associations between SES are at an increased risk of yang lebih
survey (education) and hypertension having hypertension in berpengaruh pada
were partially modified by sex Nepal, with the association jenis kelamin
and fully modified by urbanity. (education) moderated by perempuan.
BMI mediated these gender.
Namun ada
associations. perbedaan hasil
penelitian kami
dengan penelitian
yang dilakukan di
Nepal dengan
memeriksa
hubungan
pendidikan dan
hipertensi
mendapatkan
kemungkinan
menjadi
hipertensi secara
signifikan lebih
tinggi pada
kelompok
pendidikan tinggi
dibanding
pendidikan
rendah karena
memiliki
hubungan positif
dengan BMI yang
lebih tinggi juga
yang
menyebabkan
kejadian
 hipertensi (Rana
et al, 2020).

Socioecon Socioeconom Rosengren A, Smyth A, Major cardiovascular events Major cardiovascular events BAB VI hal 42- Syamsu
omic ic status and Rangarajan S, were more common among were more common among 43 l
status risk of Ramasundarahettige C et al, those with low levels of those with low levels of
education in all types of Rosengren et al
cardiovascula 2019. Socioeconomic status education in all types of country (2019)
country studied, but much
r disease in and risk of cardiovascular studied, but much more so in more so in low-income menyimpulkan
20 low- disease in 20 low-income, low-income countries. After countries. After adjustment dalam
income, middle-income, and high- adjustment for wealth and other for wealth and other factors, penelitiannya
middle- income countries: the factors, the HR (low level of the HR (low level of peristiwa
education vs high level of kardiovaskular
income, and Prospective Urban Rural education vs high level of
education) was 1·23 (95% seperti hipertensi
high-income Epidemiologic (PURE) education) was 1·23 (95% CI dan diabetes pada
CI 0·96–1·58) for high-
countries: the study. Lancet Glob Health 0·96–1·58) for high-income tingkat
income countries, 1·59
Prospective countries, 1·59 (1·42–1·78) in (1·42–1·78) in middle- pendidikan
Urban Rural middle-income countries, and income countries, and 2·23 rendah dibanding
Epidemiologi 2·23 (1·79–2·77) in low-income (1·79–2·77) in low-income tingkat
c (PURE) countries (pinteraction<0·0001). countries pendidikan tinggi
(pinteraction<0·0001). adalah 1.23 (95%
study We observed similar results for
CI 0 · 96-1 · 58)
all-cause mortality, with HRs of untuk negara-
1·50 (1·14–1·98) for high- negara
income countries, 1·80 (1·58– berpenghasilan
2·06) in middle-income tinggi, 1.59 (1.42-
countries, and 2·76 (2·29–3·31) 1.78) di negara-
in low-income countries negara
berpenghasilan
(pinteraction<0·0001).
menengah, dan
2.23 (1.79–2.77)
di negara-negara
berpenghasilan
rendah (p <0,
0001).

Body fat, Anthropometri Brackmann LK, Buck C, Measures of systolic and Overweight/obesity and BAB VI hal 47 Syamsu
Body c and Nyangasa MA, Kelm S, diastolic blood pressure as well hypertension were highly l
mass Biochemical Sheikh M and Hebestreit A as proportion of prevalent (>47% of adults Ditemukan
index, Predictors for (2019) Anthropometric and overweight/obesity and >40 years are overweight or pengaruh
waist Hypertension Biochemical Predictors for hypertension both increased with obese and >69% are signifikan
circumfere in a Cross- Hypertension in a Cross- hypertensive in the same
age. Overweight and obesity overweight/obesit
nce Sectional Sectional Study in Zanzibar, age group) in our sample.
Tanzania. Front. Public were significantly associated Weight status was as terhadap
Study in
Health with hypertension in adults. confirmed as a correlate of kejadian
Zanzibar,
Tanzania. Moreover, thinness seems to be high blood pressure in our hipertensi pada
associated with hypertension as sample from Zanzibar, dewasa dimana
well. We observed a Tanzania. dari >69% pasien
significantly reduced chance of hipersensitif
hypertension for higher urinary >47% adalah
sodium-to-potassium compared dewasa usia >40
to a lower ratio in children. tahun dengan
obesitas
(Brackman,
2019).

Socioecon Urbanization Osman S, et al 2019. The overall prevalence of Although there was no BAB VI hal 45 Syamsu
omic and Urbanization and reported hypertension was found significant variation by l
disparities Socioeconom Penelitian yang
Socioeconomic Disparities to be 10.5%. After adjustment marital status, hypertension
ic Disparities dilakukan oleh
in Hypertension among for age, marital status, work prevalence was significantly
in Osman et al.
Hypertension Older Adult Women in status and urban/rural location, higher among those with
(2019) juga
among Older Sudan. Annals of Global better wealth and higher secondary schooling
menyatakan
Adult Health. education were independently compared to no or little
bahwa prevalensi
Women in and positively associated with schooling (22.3% vs. 9.1–
Sudan hipertensi secara
hypertension prevalence rates. 16.0%, respectively) and
signifikan lebih
However, when stratified by among the not working
tinggi di antara
urbanicity, the relationship compared to the working
yang tidak
between wealth and population (11.0% vs.
bekerja
hypertension lost its significance 8.2%).
dibandingkan
for women in urban areas but
dengan penduduk
 maintained it in rural areas, yang bekerja
increasing significantly and (11,0% vs 8,2%).
consistently with each increase
in quintile index (adjusted odds
ratio, aOR1 = 1.95 95% CI =
1.08–3.52; aOR2 = 5.25, 95% CI
= 3.01–9.15; aOR3 = 8.27, 95%
CI = 4.78–14.3; and aOR4 = and
11.4, 95% CI = 6.45–20.0;
respectively). By contrast,
education played a greater role
in increasing the odds of
hypertension among women in
urban locations but not in rural
locations (aOR = 2.14, 95% CI =
1.25–7.90 vs. aOR = 0.79, 95%
CI = 0.27–2.30, respectively).

Body Prevalence Princewel, Fuh., Samuel N. Age greater than 40 years, Systolic and Diastolic blood BAB VI hal 46- Syamsu
mass and risk C., Judith A. K., et al.. 2019. harmful alcohol intake for more pressure was observed to 47 l
index factors Prevalence and risk factors than 10 years, physical inactivity increase with BMI;
associated with hypertensive participants Dalam penelitian
associated and obesity (BMI ≥ 25Kg/m2)
hypertension among adults had a higher BMI than non- yang dilakukan
with in a rural setting: the case of were variables associated with hypertensive participants.
hypertension hypertension on univariate oleh Princewel
Ombe, Cameroon. This indicated a positive
among adults analysis. Following multivariate ditemukan bahwa
PanAfrican Medical association between
in a rural Journal Vol. 37 analysis, independent risk hypertension and BMI. terdapat
setting: the factors for hypertension in our hubungan positif
case of study were: physical inactivity antara IMT dan
. kejadian
Ombe, (Adj. OR 2.6, 95%CI: 1.3-4.4, p
Cameroon = 0.021), regular alcohol hipertensi,
consumption for more than 10 dimana penderita
hipertensi
 years (Adj. OR 2.9, 95%CI: 1.6- memiliki IMT
5.1, p = 0.014) and being older yang lebih tinggi
than 40 years of age: Adj. OR dibanding mereka
2.5, 95%CI: 1.02-4.1, p = 0.002 yang non-
in age category 41-60 years and hipertensi
this age related risk was even (Princewel et al,
higher in persons older than 60 2019).
years of age Adj. OR 4.5,
95%CI: 2.1-6.3, p = 0.002.

Socioecon Prevalence of Marques, Aline Pinto., Célia Hypertension was the most It is well known that obesity BAB VI hal 47 Syamsu
omic arterial prevalent risk factor among is a strong predictor for l
Landmann S., Paulo Marques dalam
factors, hypertension Brazilian adults aged 30 years or cardiovascular diseases.
Roberto Borges de Souza- older (40.7%). It was strongly penelitiannya
obesity in Brazilian Data from the Brazilian
associated with the aging juga menemukan
adults and its Junior et al, 2019. National Health Survey
process (prevalence ratio, PR bahwa obesitas,
associated Prevalence of arterial 3.51), obesity (PR 1.73), heart showed that obesity (BMI ≥
factors and 30 kg/m2) resulted in an yang
disease (PR 1.67) and stroke (PR
hypertension in Brazilian didefinisikan
activity 1.86). Furthermore, limitations increase of 5.6 mmHg in
limitations: a adults and its associated associated with hypertension systolic blood pressure and menggunakan
cross- were more prevalent among 3.1 mmHg in diastolic blood IMT, memiliki
factors and activity
those with comorbidities from hubungan yang
sectional pressure among men and,
limitations: a cross-sectional noncommunicable diseases kuat dengan
study. relating to hypertension respectively, 3.8 mmHg and
study. SaoPaulo Medical 2.0 mmHg among women. prevalensi
complications (stroke PR 1.47;
terjadinya
Journal heart disease PR 1.69) and with
incomplete elementary education hipertensi. Data
(PR 1.19). dari Brazilian
National Health
survey yang
digunakan dalam
penelitian
Marques
menunjukkan
bahwa obesitas
 (IMT >30 kg/m2)
menyebabkan
kenaikan tekanan
darah sistolik
sebesar 5.6
mmHg dan
kenaikan tekanan
darah diastolik
sebesar 3.1
mmHg pada pria,
sedangkan pada
wanita
kenaikannya
sebesar 3.8
mmHg untuk
tekanan darah
sistolik dan 2.0
mmHg untuk
tekanan darah
diastol (Marques
et al, 2019).

Socioecon Socioeconom Folb N, Bachmann MO, Blood pressure was uncontrolled This study, performed in a BAB VI hal 43 Syamsu
omic ic and Bateman ED, Steyn K, in 60% (1 917/3 220) of patients cohort of hypertensive low- l
status modifiable Levitt NS et al, 2016. at baseline, which was less income patients with Sejalan dengan
likely in patients with a higher generally low levels of penelitian Folb
predictors of Socioeconomic and
level of education (p=0.001) and formal education attending (2016),
blood modifiable predictors of in English compared with public sector primary care
pressure blood pressure control for menunjukkan
Afrikaans respondents clinics, confirms both
control for hypertension in primary care tingkat
(p=0.033). Treatment was patient and clinic-related
hypertension attenders in the Western intensified in 48% (892/1 872) factors that are associated, pendidikan yang
in primary Cape, South Africa. S Afr of patients with uncontrolled first, with the likelihood of rendah
care attenders Med J. blood pressure at baseline, blood pressure control menyebabkan
which was more likely in (patient factors), and menurunnya
in the
patients with higher blood secondly, treatment
Western pressure at baseline (p<0.001), intensification during the kesadaran dalam
Cape, South concurrent diabetes (p=0.013), study period (patient and pengobatan yang
Africa more education (p=0.020), and clinic-related factors). menyebabkan
those who attended clinics
meningkatnya
offering off-site drug supply
(p=0.009), with a doctor every angka kejadian
day (p=0.004), or with more hipertensi di
nurses (p<0.001). tingkat pelayanan
primer Afrika
Selatan.